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PANOCHE VALLEY SOLAR FARM PROJECT,
PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES SURVEY REPORT, SAN BENITO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
by
John Minch and Associates, Inc. 26623 Sierra Vista
Mission Viejo, California 92692-3337 [email protected]
(949) 367-1000
Prepared for
POWER Engineers, Inc. 3940 Glenbrook Drive Hailey, Idaho 83333
(208) 788-3456
May 20, 2010
The undersigned certifies that the attached report is a true and accurate description of the results of a paleontological assessment described herein.
John A. Minch, PhD. Principal Investigator CA Professional Geologist#3269
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i
INTRODUCTION 1
METHODOLOGY OF LITERATURE AND RECORDS SEARCH 6
RESULTS OF FIELD RECONNAISSANCE 6
RESULTS OF LITERATURE AND RECORDS SEARCH 6
GEOLOGY/BIOSTRATIGRAPHY 7
PALEONTOLOGIC RESOURCES ON AND NEAR THE PROJECT SITE 9
REGIONAL PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES OF SITE UNITS 10
SENSITIVITY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF POTENTIAL
PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES 11
IMPACTS TO POTENTIAL PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES. 12
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR MITIGATION MEASURES 12
ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 14
REFERENCES 15
FIGURES
Figure 1. Regional Location Map. 2
Figure 2. Study area plotted on a portion of the. 3
El Casco USGS 7.5' Topographic Quadrangle
Figure 3.Enlarged study area plotted on a portion of the. 4
El Casco USGS 7.5' Topographic Quadrangle
Figure 4. Geologic Map of study area. (Dibblee, 2003)
(El Casco USGS 7.5' Quadrangle) 5
i JMA
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This Paleontological Resources Survey Report documents the findings of a paleontological study
conducted by John Minch and Associates, Inc. for the Panoche Valley Solar Farm Project, Panoche
Valley, San Benito County, California. The 4,717-acre Project site is located in eastern San Benito
County in the Panoche Valley area, approximately 15 miles west of Highway 5 along West Shields
Road and Little Panoche Road
The investigation study included a literature review, records search at the Natural History Museum
of Los Angeles County (LACM) and databases from the University of California Berkeley Museum
of Paleontology (UCMP), a field reconnaissance, and this report which were completed using
currently accepted paleontologic methods that satisfy mitigation requirements for paleontological
resources. This survey investigation was performed in order to: 1) evaluate existing paleontological
resources, 2) determine the impact to identified and/or anticipated paleontological resources
resulting from the proposed project, and 3) to determine appropriate mitigation measures necessary
to minimize anticipated adverse impacts, if any, to paleontological resources resulting from
construction of the project.
The majority of the project site is underlain by very young Quaternary Alluvium of Holocene
(Recent) age. These Recent sediments are, by definition, too young to contain fossils. No recorded
fossil localities are known from the project site. It is recommended that project proponents retain a
qualified paleontologist to be on call to recover any paleontological resources that may be
encountered in the previously undisturbed Pleistocene and older alluvial sediments on site. Due to
the minimal depth of the excavations the paleontologist in conjunction with the site supervisor may
determine that having the paleontologist on call is sufficient to mitigate impacts to significant
nonrenewable resources.
1 JMA
INTRODUCTION
At the request of Power Engineers, Inc. and Solargen Energy, Inc., John Minch and Associates, Inc.
[JMA] has undertaken a Paleontological Resources Survey Report for the proposed Solar Energy
Farm in Panoche Valley, San Benito County, California (Figure 1). The purpose of this Study is to
identify the potential environmental impacts associated with the proposed Panoche Valley Solar
Project (Project) on 4,717 acres in eastern San Benito County (County). This study has been
prepared in conformance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines
(Guidelines) that implement CEQA and the County’s implementation procedures for CEQA. The
survey was performed in order to: (1) evaluate existing paleontological resources at the site and
surrounding area, (2) determine if the proposed Project poses any significant adverse impact to
existing paleontological resources, and (3) to outline appropriate mitigation measures (if any) in
order to minimize adverse impacts to the paleontological resources.
The 4,717-acre Project site is located in eastern San Benito County in the Panoche Valley area,
approximately 15 miles west of Highway 5 along West Shields Road / Little Panoche Road (see
Figure 1). The site occupies most of the broad and relatively flat Panoche Valley bounded by hills.
Specifically, the Project is located in Township 15S, Range 10E, Sections 3-4, 8-11, 13-16, and
Township 15S, Range 11E, Section 19 of the USGS Cerro Colorado, Llanada, Mercy Hot Springs,
and Panoche 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle maps (Figure 2).
The site consists of relatively flat terrain, which slopes east-southeast with sloping gradients up to
approximately 30 percent. The site elevation ranges from approximately 125 feet above mean sea
level (amsl) near the southeast end of the site to approximately 1,400 feet amsl near the west end.
The moderately incised drainage channels of Panoche Creek and Los Aguilas Creek traverse the
Project site. In addition, there are several unnamed washes located throughout the site that direct
run-off to the Southeast. Historically the project area and surrounding areas have been developed
mainly as grazing land uses for more than 40 years. Vegetation within the project area consists of
ruderal weeds and grasses. Primary access to the property is along dirt roads from Panoche Road
and West Shields Road.
2 JMA
Figure 1. - Regional Location Map
3 JMA
Figure 2. - Study area plotted on an aerial photo of a portion of the Llanada, Cerro Colorado,
Mercy Hot Springs, and Panoche USGS 7.5' Topographic Quadrangles.
4 JMA
Figure 3. Geologic Map of Project area. (Dibblee, 2007 a,b,c,d) (Cerro Colorado, Mercy Hot
Springs, Llanada and Panoche USGS 7.5' Quadrangles)
5 JMA
Figure 4. - Legend for Geologic Map of Project area. (Dibblee, 2007 a,b,c,d) (Cerro Colorado,
Mercy Hot Springs, Llanada and Panoche USGS 7.5' Quadrangles)
6 JMA
METHODOLOGY OF LITERATURE AND RECORDS SEARCH
Tasks completed during field surveys:
• A walkover site survey of geologic units mapped and/or exposed on-site was conducted by John
Minch, PhD, JMAs Certified Vertebrate Paleontologist and Registered State Professional
Geologist (No. 3269).
Tasks completed during literature search:
• Review of available geologic and paleontologic literature pertinent to the site, including existing
lists of fossils and fossil localities.
• Review of available environmental impact and/or geotechnical reports pertinent to development
of the site.
• Review of records searches at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (LACM) and
databases from the University of California Berkeley Museum of Paleontology (UCMP).
RESULTS OF FIELD RECONNAISSANCE
No paleontologic resources were encountered during the May, 2010 field reconnaissance survey of
the project site that was conducted to locate and check accessible exposures for paleontologic
resources by JMA under the direction of paleontologist John Minch, Ph.D. Dr. Minch is a
Professional Geologist in the State of California (PG #3269) and an experienced, qualified vertebrate
paleontologist. The entire project is covered in ruderal grasses. Access to the underlying Quaternary
Alluvium was afforded by cut banks in stream courses incised into the present fan surface.
RESULTS OF LITERATURE AND RECORDS SEARCH
Available literature considered pertinent to the site, including previously recorded lists of fossils and
paleontological fossil localities recorded for the general site vicinity, was reviewed. The purpose of
the literature search was to determine: (1) pertinent geologic and paleontologic site information, and
(2) the paleontologic sensitivity of identified and/or anticipated geologic units underlying the site.
The literature search included a review of all available data pertinent to the site, including
environmental reports, professional geological publications, paleontological consultant reports, and
other unpublished documents related to regional and/or detailed geologic studies. The review also
included the location of geologic maps delineating the geology of the rock formations underlying the
7 JMA
project site (Dibblee, 2007 a,b,c,d).
Records searches at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (LACM) and review of
databases from the University of California Berkeley Museum of Paleontology (UCMP) provided
additional data and insured that the JMA review of the literature and records was complete.
Pertinent sections of this literature and records review report are included in this document. For
security purposes the specific locations of the fossil localities is not included in this report.
No recorded fossil localities were located within the boundaries of the project site during the review
of the LACM and UCMP records. fossil lists, published and unpublished literature. Both LACM and
UCMP have a significant fossil locality recorded in Section 13 in the fossiliferous Tulare Formation
sediments immediately adjacent to the NE edge of the project. (The original data did not cite a
specific location, beyond in the Tulare Formation, within the section.)
GEOLOGY/BIOSTRATIGRAPHY
The geology of the Panoche Valley area has been described in the area by Schoellhamer and Kinney
(1953) at a scale of 1:24,000 , Jennings and Strand (1958) at a scale of 1:250,000 and Dibblee
(1971, 2007 a,b,c,d) at a scale of 1:24,000. As delineated on the Cerro Colorado, Llanada, Mercy
Hot Springs, and Panoche geologic maps (Dibblee, 2007,a,b,c,d) (Figure 3) the majority of the
project site is underlain by Quaternary Alluvium (Qa) of Holocene (Recent) age. Older Alluvium
(Qoa) underlies a small area in the SE corner of the site and Franciscan Sediments (Fs) underlie a
small ridge near the NE corner of the site. No construction is planned in the areas underlain by Qoa
or Fs. The Quaternary Alluvium, Older Alluvium, and the Tulare Formation are discussed in this
section. The Tulare Formation does not outcrop on the site.
Geologic Units in the vicinity of Panoche valley consist of Surficial Sediments, Landslide Rubble,
Older Surficial Sediments, Tulare Formation, Monterey shale and basalt, Panoche Formation,
Glaucophane blueschist and diabase/gabbro of the Coast Range Ophiolite Complex, and graywacke
of the Franciscan Assemblage. For completeness these units, which do not outcrop on the Project,
are very briefly discussed in the geologic map legend (see Figure 3&4).
Tulare Formation (QTt - late Pliocene to middle Pleistocene)
The Tulare Formation is not exposed in the Project area. However, it underlies a belt of low foothills
8 JMA
along the northeast border of the Project area and is also exposed in the foothills on the south edge
of Panoche Valley. Due to its close proximity and fossiliferous nature it is discussed in this report.
The Tulare Formation is of Plio-Pleistocene age. It was deposited in a freshwater lake and river
environment in some areas (Woodring et. al., 1940) and as alluvial fans in the Panoche Valley area
and elsewhere (Dibblee 1971, 2007 a,b,c,d). The Tulare Formation is a sequence of interbedded
sandstone, conglomeratic sandstone, conglomerate, and siltstone deposited by streams flowing
southwest off the Glaucophane Ridge area of the Panoche Hills and southeast off the hills to the west
of the valley during the late Pliocene to middle Pleistocene (4.0 to 1.5 million years ago [MYA]).
The beds are generally tilted and deformed . This unit is known to contain highly significant fossils
and therefore assigned a high paleontologic sensitivity.
Older Alluvium (Qal - Pleistocene)
The Older Alluvium consists of poorly sorted, poorly bedded to massive, sandstones and
conglomerates that may be moderately indurated and deformed. This Older Alluvium was deposited
in the area by streams as a broad, gently sloping apron at the foot of the adjacent mountains to the
west during the middle to late Pleistocene (roughly .5 MYA to 50,000 years ago). Recent streams
generally dissect these beds. This unit is known to contain significant fossils and therefore assigned
a moderate paleontologic sensitivity.
Recent Alluvium (Qa - Holocene, 11,000 to present)
Recent Alluvium consists of undeformed, poorly sorted, poorly bedded to massive, silts, sands and
gravels. Recent Alluvium is less than 11,000 years and is not considered to contain paleontological
resources. However; it is often difficult to distinguish Recent Alluvium from Older Alluvium when
deposition was continuous.
Age of surfaces - The age of the surficial sediments underlying the current land surface is
most often difficult to determine. Pleistocene surfaces frequently exist in areas where the
processes of deposition or erosion have not affected them since their formation.
There is evidence that the surficial sediments underlying the current land surface in
Panoche Valley are late Holocene in age. Stuart (2005) mentions 1.2 feet of a Pleistocene
9 JMA
paleosol (fossil soil) bearing no caliche approximately 15.5 feet below ground level in the Kettleman
Hills area. He did not known how far the Tulare Formation was below the paleosol, nor the age of
the paleosol. Stuart (2005) also mentions at least seven feet of soil are visible immediately below
ground level along parts of the Kettleman Hills area. He indicated that if the soil deposits continue
for a considerable interval, radiocarbon dating of the soils might reveal the approximate
Pleistocene/Holocene boundary.
A similar condition exists in the Project area in Panoche Valley. During our Paleontological survey
we noted a similar paleosol three to six feet below the ground surface in Panoche Creek. Above this
soil is at least three feet of soil are present immediately below ground level. This soil appears to be
continuous over the Panoche Valley. Jeff Rosenthal of Far Western (Written communication, 2010)
stated “That most of the current project area is mapped in the Panoche series indicates that the
modern ground surface developed only recently. While the exact timing of the local floodplains
cannot be determined without further study, the weight of the regional evidence suggests that these
landforms developed within the last 2,000 years.”
As support Rosenthal cited “Meyer et al. (2010:Table 7, p.49) report nine radiocarbon dates
associated with Panoche Series soils in central California. Five dates from near-surface contexts
range between 400 and 665 BP (calibrated ages), while four dates from buried land surfaces
covered by Panoche series soils range between 185 and 2990 BP (calibrated). These dates indicate
that alluvial deposits mapped in the Panoche Soil series can be as young as about 200 years old, but
are no older than about 3,000 years.”
PALEONTOLOGIC RESOURCES ON AND NEAR THE PROJECT SITE
The review of the LACM and UCMP records, fossil lists, published and unpublished literature
indicated that no known paleontologic resource localities are recorded from the study area. However,
a fossil specimen of a horse is recorded from surface rocks of the Tulare Formation immediately
adjacent to the northeast edge of the project (locality LACM-3506, somewhere in Sec 13, T15S,
R10E). The LACM records search results also indicate that localities in the Tulare Formation in
Little Panoche Valley (Sec. 36, T13S, T10E) produced fossil specimens of bear, horse, and camel in
LACM-3505 and fossil specimens of deer and horse in LACM/CIT 348.) No other localities are
recorded in San Benito County in the Tulare, Older alluvium, or younger alluvium. Pleistocene
10 JMA
alluvial sediments, mapped as Qa and Qoa, elsewhere in California have been reported to yield
significant fossils of extinct animals from the Ice Age.
11 JMA
REGIONAL PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES OF SITE UNITS
Tulare Formation (QTt)
Woodring et. al., (1940) listed fish fossils and a horse tooth from the Tulare Formation of the
Kettleman Hills. Casteel and Hutchison (1973) documented fossils of Orthodon (a minnow),
Acipenser (a sturgeon) and a centrarchid fish (freshwater bass family) from the Tulare Formation of
Alameda County, California. Casteel (1978) cited the occurrence of fossil embiotocid (surfperch)
otoliths from the Tulare Formation south of the Project area. Jefferson (1991) listed three localities
in the Tulare Formation of Alameda County that produced three kinds of fish plus Branta (Canada
goose); those three localities apparently are the same localities mentioned by Casteel and Hutchison
(1973).
The UCMP database lists nearly 50 localities in the Tulare Formation in central California. The
McKittrick Tar Sands have produced thousands of specimens from this formation and the La Brea
Tar Pits have produced many thousands more.
These documents indicate that the Tulare Formation has a high sensitivity for paleontological
resources under the SVP (1995) criteria because of the many vertebrate fossils reported from the
formation. In accordance with SVP guidelines, fulltime monitoring would be required during earth
moving activities in this unit. However, the Tulare Formation does not outcrop within the Project.
Older Alluvium (Qoa)
Older Pleistocene alluvial sediments elsewhere in California (principally in southern California)
have been reported to yield significant fossils of extinct animals from the Ice Age (Jefferson, 1991;
Reynolds and Reynolds, 1991; Woodburne, 1991; Springer and Scott, 1994; Scott, 1997; Springer
and others, 1998, 2007), as well as fossil plants (Reynolds and Reynolds, 1991; Anderson and
others, 2002). Fossils vertebrates recovered from these Pleistocene sediments represent extinct taxa
including mammoths, mastodons, ground sloths, dire wolves, short-faced bears, saber-toothed cats,
large and small horses, large and small camels, and bison (Jefferson, 1991; Reynolds and Reynolds,
1991; Woodburne, 1991; Springer and Scott, 1994; Scott, 1997; Springer and others, 1998, 2007).
12 JMA
Recent Alluvium (Qa)
Recent Alluvium is less than 11,000 years and is not considered to contain paleontological
resources. However; it is often difficult to distinguish Recent Alluvium from Older Alluvium when
deposition was continuous and many areas mapped as Qa are really Qoa.
SENSITIVITY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF POTENTIAL PALEONTOLOGICAL
RESOURCES
Known sedimentary units of Late Pleistocene to Recent age are exposed at the site. Quaternary
Alluvium underlies the majority of the area covered by the project. The Quaternary alluvial
sediments of the area are considered to be of low paleontologic sensitivity and are not known to
contain significant fossils In the Panoche Valley. There is a low for significant paleontological
resources over most of the site underlain by Quaternary Alluvium
Tulare Formation
The fossils recovered from this unit are considered to be significant and of high scientific value. The
sediments of the Tulare Formation are assigned a high paleontologic sensitivity. Full time
monitoring will be conducted when ground disturbance occurs in this unit.
Older Alluvium
The fossils recovered from this unit are considered to be significant and of moderate to high
scientific value. The sediments of the Older Alluvium are assigned a high paleontologic sensitivity.
Full time monitoring will be conducted if/when ground disturbance deeper than five feet occurs in
this unit.
Recent Alluvium
This alluvium has low potential to contain significant nonrenewable paleontologic resources subject
to adverse impact by development-related excavation, and so is assigned low paleontologic
sensitivity. However, this unit is typically thin and can overlie units of moderate or high
paleontologic sensitivity.
A qualified vertebrate paleontologist should be on call to recover any paleontological resources that
may be encountered in previously undisturbed Pleistocene and older alluvial sediments on site. Due
13 JMA
to the minimal depth in the excavations the paleontologist in conjunction with the site supervisor
may determine that having the paleontologist on call is sufficient to mitigate impacts to significant
nonrenewable resources. If fossils are encountered then paleontological monitoring will be
necessary.
IMPACTS TO POTENTIAL PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES
The primary purpose of paleontological monitoring is to insure that if paleontological resources are
encountered during earthmoving operations that a qualified paleontologist has the opportunity to
recover and determine the importance of the find(s).
Grading and excavation operations may result in disturbance of potential paleontological resources
associated with the underlying Tulare Formation and Older Alluvium. These operations could result
in the disturbance or destruction of fossils unless proper mitigation measures are implemented. The
disturbance or destruction of fossils could provide valuable scientific information by yielding
vertebrate fossils
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION MEASURES
Careful development of this area may increase our knowledge and collections of the fossil
assemblages and environment of deposition of the rock units in this area. All impacts to the
paleontological resources of the area can be mitigated to the point of insignificance if the mitigation
measures are followed.
The excavation into shallow undisturbed subsurface sediments deposited on the majority of the site
has a low potential to impact paleontologic resources. A qualified vertebrate paleontologist should
be retained to be on call to develop a paleontologic mitigation program to mitigate impacts to
significant nonrenewable resources if fossils are encountered when excavating in sedimentary rock
units. If fossils are encountered the Paleontologist will develop a Paleontological Mitigation Plan to
guide the recovery of any paleontological resources. This PMP shall be consistent with the
provisions of the California Environmental Quality Act, as well as with regulations currently
implemented by the County and the proposed guidelines of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology.
The program will include, at a minimum, the following measures:
14 JMA
1. The qualified vertebrate paleontologist should periodically inspect the site and be on call to
recover any paleontological resources that may be encountered in the previously undisturbed
Pleistocene and older alluvial sediments on site. Due to the minimal depth in the excavations and
the low paleontologic sensitivity of the surface units the paleontologist in conjunction with the
site supervisor may determine that having the paleontologist on call is sufficient to mitigate
impacts to significant nonrenewable resources.
2. Monitoring of excavation in areas identified as likely to contain paleontologic resources by a
qualified paleontologic monitor under the supervision of a qualified paleontologist who is a
Registered Professional Geologist. Areas of concern include paleontologic sensitive sediments
of the fossiliferous Pleistocene Older Alluvium and sediments of the fossiliferous Tulare
Formation if present within the boundaries of the property.
3. If fossils are encountered then paleontological monitoring will be necessary. This may include:
salvage of significant fossils; Washing of representative samples of sediments that are likely to
contain the remains of small fossil invertebrates and vertebrates; preparation of recovered
specimens to a point of identification and permanent preservation; identification, curation, and
accession of specimens into a museum repository with permanent retrievable storage;
preparation of a report of findings with an appended itemized inventory of specimens.
4. The report, inventory, and record of accession when submitted to the appropriate Lead Agency,
will signify completion of the program to mitigate impacts to paleontologic resources.
15 JMA
ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Significant Impact Which Cannot be Avoided or Mitigated
(Section 15126(b) of CEQA Guidelines)
Development of the site may have an impact on paleontological resources that cannot be avoided.
Significant Impact Which Can be Avoided or Mitigated
Development of the site may have an impact on paleontological resources that cannot be avoided.
Impacts to these paleontological resources can however be mitigated by implementation of all
mitigation measures recommended above.
Cumulative Impacts
Impacts to paleontological resources at the site are considered to be non-Cumulative.
Residual Impacts After Mitigation (If Any)
There will be no Residual Impacts after Mitigation.
Alternatives Analysis
There is no need to consider alternatives to the project as impacts to the paleontological resources
will be reduced to insignificant levels if mitigation measures are employed.
16 JMA
PERTINENT REFERENCES
Anderson, J.Q., 1972, Cretaceous of the Coalinga area; Pacific Section of the Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Guidebook, Fall Field Trip, October, 1972, p. 11-18
Anderson, R., and Pack, R.W., 1915, Geology and oil resources of the western border of the San Joaquin Valley north of Coalinga, California; U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 603, 220 p., map scale 1:125,000
Anderson, R.S., M.J. Power, S.J. Smith, K.B. Springer and E. Scott, 2002, Paleoecology of a Middle Wisconsin deposit from southern California. Quaternary Research 58(3): 310-317.
Briggs, L.L. Jr., 1953, Geology of the Ortigalita Peak quadrangle, California; California Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin 167, 61 p., map scale 1:62,500
Casteel, R. W. 1978, Damalichthys saratogensis: a New Freshwater Fish (Embiotocidae) from the Plio-Pleistocene (Blancan) of California. Copeia 1978:293-298.
Casteel, R. W., and J. H. Hutchison. 1973, Orthodon (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae) from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of California. Copeia 1973:358-361.
Dibblee, T.W. Jr., 1971, Geology of the Panoche quadrangle, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 71-0087, map scale 1:62,500
Dibblee, T. W., Jr. 2007a, Geologic Map of the Panoche Quadrangle, Fresno and San Benito counties, California: J. A. Minch (editor), Dibblee Geology Center Map #DF-317, map scale 1:24,000
Dibblee, T. W., Jr., 2007b, Geologic Map of the Cerro Colorado Quadrangle, Fresno, Merced, and San Benito counties, California: J. A. Minch (editor), Dibblee Geology Center Map #DF-324, map scale 1:24,000
Dibblee, T. W., Jr., 2007c, Geologic Map of the Llanada Quadrangle, San Benito County, California: J. A. Minch (editor), Dibblee Geology Center Map #DF-318, map scale 1:24,000
Dibblee, T. W., Jr., 2007d, Geologic Map of the Mercy Hot Springs Quadrangle, Fresno and San Benito counties, California, J. A. Minch (editor): Dibblee Geology Center Map #DF-323, map scale 1:24,000
Hall, C.A. Jr., and Loomis, K.B., 1992, Geologic map of the Kreyenhagen Hills, Sunflower (McLure) Valley area, Freso, Kern, Kings, and Monterey counties, California; Geological Society of America Map and Chart Series MCH074, map scale 1:24,000
Jefferson, G. T. 1991, A catalogue of Late Quaternary Vertebrates from California: Part One, nonmarine lower vertebrate and avian taxa. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Technical Reports no. 5.
17 JMA
Jennings, C. W., and R. G. Strand. 1958, Geologic map of California: Santa Cruz sheet. California Division of Mines and Geology.
Padon, B., and J. D. Stewart 2003, Study of paleontological Resources for Western Area Power Administration 500-kV power transmission line between Los Banos Substation and Gates Substation, in Merced and Fresno Counties, California. Prepared by Discovery Works, Inc. for Western Area Power Administration and Steigers Corporation.
Payne, M.B., 1960, Type Panoche Formation, Panoche Hills area; Pacific Section, S.E.P.M. spring field trip
Payne, M.B., 1962, Type Panoche group (Upper Cretaceous) and overlying Moreno and Tertiary Strata on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley; California Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin 181, p. 165-175, pl. 13
Reynolds, S.F.B. and R.L. Reynolds, 1991, The Pleistocene beneath our feet: near-surface Pleistocene fossils in inland southern California basins, in Inland Southern California: the last 70 million years, M.O. Woodburne, S.F.B. Reynolds, and D.P. Whistler, eds. Redlands, San Bernardino County Museum Special Publication 38(3&4), p. 41-43.
Rose, R.L., and Colburn, I.P., 1963, Geology of the east central part of the Priest Valley quadrangle, California; in: Guidebook to the Salinas Valley and San Andreas fault; E.P. Gribi and R.R. Thorup field trip leaders; American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Sections, Annual Field Trip, 1963, p. 38-45
Rosenthal, Jeff, 2010, Far Western, Written Communication,
McCloud, S, 2010, Personal Communication in accessing LACM records search
Meyer et al. (2010:Table 7, p.49) in Rosenthal, 2010, Written Communication
Schoellhamer, J.D., and Kinney, D.M., 1953, Geology of portions of Tumey and Panoche Hills, Fresno County, California; U.S. Geological Survey Oil and Gas Inv. Map OM 128, map scale approx.1:24,000
Scott, E., 1997, A review of Equus conversidens in southern California, with a report on a second, previously-unrecognized species of Pleistocene small horse from the Mojave Desert. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17(3): 75-A.
Springer, K.B. and E. Scott, 1994, First record of late Pleistocene vertebrates from the Domenigoni Valley, Riverside County, California. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14 (3): 47A.
Springer, K.B., E. Scott, L.K. Murray and W.G. Spaulding, 1998, Partial skeleton of a large individual of Mammut americanum from the Domenigoni Valley, Riverside County, California. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18(3): 78-A.
18 JMA
Springer, K., E. Scott, J.C. Sagebiel, and L.K. Murray, 2007, The Diamond Valley Lake Local Fauna: late Pleistocene vertebrates from inland southern California. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27(3): 151A.
Springer, K.B., E. Scott, J.C. Sagebiel and K.M. Scott, 1999, A late Pleistocene lake edge vertebrate assemblage from the Diamond Valley, Riverside County, California. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19(3): 77-A.
Stewart, J. D. 2005, Summary Paleontological Resource Monitoring Report for Path 15 Project Construction. Prepared by Jones and Stokes for Maslonka & Associates. Stewart, J. D. 2005, Personal Communication
SVP (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology), 1995, Assessment and mitigation of adverse impacts to nonrenewable paleontological resources: standard guidelines: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology New Bulletin, No. 163. pp. 22-27.
SVP (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology), 1996, Conditions of receivership for paleontological salvage collections: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, No. 166, pp. 31-32.
UCMP Database, 2010, on line
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