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Part II: The English Reformation
A saga of loyalty, disloyalty, love and lust
If we remember, England had been through a long civil war
prior to Henry VII’s succession
The objectives for this slide show are:
• You will know why the War of the Roses influenced the actions of Henry VII and Henry VIII
• Identify the reasons for Henry VIII’s split from the Catholic Church
• What role did Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn play in precipitating this split?
• Judge for yourself: did Henry remain a Catholic or not in his beliefs?
Henry VII was not the only one who had a claim to the throne
Henry had married Elizabeth of York to solidify his claim
But the War of the Roses remained in living memory.
Henry VII would be called a usurper from time to time
Henry VII had two sons and two daughters who survived
infancy
• His eldest son, Arthur, married the daughter of Catherine of Aragon.
• Catherine was the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella• Catherine was the sister of Juana de Loco—Crazy
Joanna who wouldn’t let her husband’s body be buried
Arthur died 6 months after he had married Catherine, in
1502
•Catherine had a rich dowry—England could not risk letting it go back to Spain
Later on, this would be a question of primary importance: Was the marriage of Catherine of Aragon
and Arthur consummated?• Catherine of
Aragon always insisted that they had lived together as brother and sister because of their young ages (15 and 16)
Catherine remained in England, in limbo, for seven years after Arthur
died.
• While living in England, she was impoverished and a pawn between England and Spain
• Henry VII initially tried to betroth her to his surviving son, Prince Henry.
• Henry VII dies in 1509, and his son accedes the throne as Henry VIII
• Her father, Ferdinand of Aragon, insists that she marry the younger brother of Arthur, Prince Henry
Henry VIII marries Catherine, despite the doubts of the
Pope, Julius II, and the Archbishop of Canterbury.
They expressed concern that Catherine would now have been
married to both brothers.
Initially, Catherine and Henry had a happy marriage
• They were both religious• Henry VIII even wrote a book called “The
Defense of Seven Sacraments.”
The Defense of Seven Sacraments defended the many sacraments of the
Catholic church that were being attacked by the
reformers as needless and repetitive
This book earned Henry VIII the title of “Defender of the
Faith”
Catherine bore Henry many children. They were either
still born or lived a brief time.
Only a daughter, Mary, survived.
Henry began to feel that his marriage was cursed because of
the lack of heirs.
He sought an annulment from the Pope based on the fact that Catherine had been
married to his brother.
The Pope should have granted Henry VIII the
annulment because annulments for lesser reasons had occurred
amongst European Royalty
Can you guess why he did not grant the annulment to
Henry?
Catherine objected to the divorce—and it was her nephew Charles V who supported her objection
The Pope did not want to displease the Emperor
Henry took the bold move to separate from the Catholic
Church
• He appointed Cardinal Wolsey to help him
• He asked (or forced) his followers to take an oath of supremacy
• The Act of Supremacy made the English King head of the Church of England. It was signed in 1534.
Sir Thomas More, a friend of Erasmus, was executed for refusing to sign the oath
Henry’s attitude became more
extreme over time
• Originally, he did not intend to change the doctrines at all.
• He just wanted to be the head of the church and not subject to the Pope’s authority.
• Once the separation began, many reformers in England saw this as a welcome move
These reformers closely followed the development of Lutheranism
on mainland Europe
Henry VIII was in love with Anne Boleyn—this gave him another
excuse to pursue the separation from Rome
Anne would not become his mistress. She wanted to be
Queen or nothing else
Their courtship went on for almost seven years. Henry VIII risked all for his lust of
Anne Boleyn
Never lose your mind over a woman.
Or you will keep these people in business
Henry VIII confiscated monastic lands and church wealth as the
English Reformation ensued
The monasteries were dissolved.
The land and wealth was passed out to Henry’s loyal
followers
Many monasteries and abbeys fell into disrepair and ruin
Their ruins inspired the Romantic poets of the early 19th century
Other church buildings were saved when they became
Protestant Churches
Many churches suffer vandalism when their statues and windows are smashed in an anti-Catholic
reaction
The landed classes will continue to support the Kings and
Queens of England
Henry marries Anne Boleyn in 1532
They have a daughter, Elizabeth, in 1533
• Henry moves quickly to eliminate Anne when she gives birth to a still born son a year and a half later
Anne was put on trial, and the accusations against her were
solicited under torture.
Anne was executed by a French Swordsman at the Tower of
London in 1536
She left the baby Elizabeth who will eventually become
England’s greatest Queen
Henry goes on to have four more wives.
His third wife, Jane Seymour will finally give him son. She will die ten days later
Henry will not be attracted to fourth wife, Anne of Cleves.
They have an amicable divorce
Fifth wife Catherine Howard will be found guilty of adultery/treason
She will be executed in 1542.
Six wife, Catherine Parr, survives Henry. She attempts to unite the
three half siblings, Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward
Henry VIII will not show visible regret over his bringing about the
English Reformation. His personal beliefs swayed between Catholicism and Protestantism.
He dies in 1547.
So much was at stake that he saw it
through, despite many private
disappointments
He was a complex man who became very difficult as his health
declined.
So, as we end this part of our story, we can recall the ditty:
Henry VIII had six wives—One divorcedOne beheaded
One diedOne divorcedOne beheadedOne survived
England is now Protestant. . .but stay tuned. .
The objectives for this slide show were:
• You will know why the War of the Roses influenced the actions of Henry VII and Henry VIII
• Identify the reasons for Henry VIII’s split from the Catholic Church
• What role did Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn play in precipitating this split?
• Judge for yourself: did Henry remain a Catholic or not in his beliefs?