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Past Perfect Tense
4.0
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
FORM
“ From the past perfect with the auxiliary had and the past
participle (third column in verb tables).
The past participles are in the list of irregular verb on page 268.
I had decided. She had left. We had eaten.
In speech and informal writing we use short forms (contractions):
I’d decided. She’d left. We’d eaten.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
FORM
“ Questions and negatives
Form questions by putting had before the subject.
Had she left?
Form negatives with not. In speech and informal writing we use short
forms (contractions):
She had not left. She hadn’t left.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Meaning
“ 1 Use the past perfect to show clearly that one past event
happened before another past event.
Use the past perfect for the earlier event.
Sue left at 7.00. We arrived at her house at 8.30.
When we arrived at Sue’s house, she had left.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Meaning
“ 2 When we use before or after to make the order of events
clear, we need not use the past perfect,
But it is possible to use it.
Sue left her house before we arrived.
OR Sue had left her house before we arrived.
We arrived at Sue’s house after she left.
OR We arrived at Sue’s house after she had left.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Meaning
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Meaning
“ 3 We do not use the past perfect just because an event
happened a long time ago. We use past simple.
The Chinese built the Great Wall over 2,000 years ago.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Common Uses
“ We often use the past perfect with verbs of thinking like think,
know, be sure, realize, remember, suspect, understand etc. when we
talk in the past about an event in the past
I thought I’d seen the film before, but I hadn’t
David knew he’d seen her somewhere before.
Ellen was sure she hadn’t locked the door.
When I got home I realized I’d lost my wallet.
The inspector suspected that the thief had used a special key.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Used to
Used to describes a habit or state in the past. Used to
suggests that the action or situation is no
Longer true and so makes a contrast with the present.
I used to play tennis, but now I play football. = a habit in the past
I used to have long hair when I was younger.= a state in the past
There is no present form of used to. The present simple
describes present states and habits.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
“ Questions and negatives
Form questions and negatives with did or did not and use to.
Did you use to have long hair when you were younger?
I didn’t use to play tennis, but now I play most weekends.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
“ Pronunciation
Used is pronounced /ju:st/ . This is different from the past tense of
the verb use,
Pronounced /ju:zd/.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
“ Would
Would describes repeated actions in the past, but not states.
It means the same as used to. It is more common in descriptive writing
than in speech.
On winter days, we would sit/used to sit around the fire and tell stories.
(action)
I used to own a motorbike. (NOT I would own a motorbike.)
(state)
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Past perfect and past simple
“ Situation 1: the teacher arrives at 8.00, I start writing at 7.50.
1a) I started writing at 7.50, before my teacher arrived at 8.00.
1b) When my teacher arrived at 8.00, I had already started writing.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Past perfect and past simple
“ Situation 2: the film starts at 8.00, I arrive at 8.10.
2a) The film started at 8.00, but I arrived ten minutes late.
2b) I arrived at 8.10, but the film had already started.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Past perfect and past simple
We can use the past simple for both verbs, as in 1a) and 2a). Or
we can put the event that happened first into the past perfect, as in 1b)
and 2b). The sentence type we use depends on which part of the
meaning we want to emphasize. The past we emphasize most comes
first.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Past forms used in conditionals
“ Note that the past simple and past perfect are also used in
conditional sentences (with if … ).
In these sentences they have a different meaning.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 1 Underline the errors in these sentences. Rewrite each
sentence.
1. I was using to get up early when I had gone sailing.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. After Jill was giving Nick his books, she went home.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. When I got into bed, I was falling asleep immediately.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 1 Underline the errors in these sentences. Rewrite each
sentence.
4. While I looked for my keys, I remembered I left them at home.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
5. When we had ate lunch, we were sitting in the garden.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Paula had used to play tennis when she had been at school.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 1 Underline the errors in these sentences. Rewrite each
sentence.
7. When I was finally finding the house, I was knocking at the door.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Maria would live in Sweden when she was a child.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
9. The Vikings had sailed to North America a thousand years ago.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 1 Underline the errors in these sentences. Rewrite each
sentence.
10. Juliet was sure she was seeing the tall man before.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 2 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.
1. While I had waited/was waiting/waited at the bus stop, I had
noticed/was noticing/noticed a new shop which wasn’t/hadn’t
been in the street the day before.
2. I had gone/went out into the garden to fetch my bike, but
found/was finding that someone stole/had stolen it.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 2 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.
3. When George met/was meeting Diane at the party, he
thought/was thinking that he saw/had seen/was seeing her
somewhere before.
4. Emily got off/was getting off the bus and walked/was walking into
the bank when she realized/had realized/was realizing that she
left/had left/was leaving her handbag on the bus.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 2 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.
5. After I was buying/had bought my new bike, I discovered that it
wasn’t having/didn’t have a security lock.
6. I went to the post office to ask about my package, but they had
said/said that it still hadn’t arrived/didn’t arrive.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 3 Complete each sentence using would or used to and the
verb in brackets. More than one answer may be possible.
1. I (not like) ................................................................... spinach, but now I do.
2. Tina (live) ..................................................................... in the house opposite.
3. Jack (have) ................................................... a beard but he shaved it off.
4. In the holidays we (meet) ........................................................ at the beach
every morning.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 3 Complete each sentence using would or used to and the
verb in brackets. More than one answer may be possible.
5. When I was young, the summers (be) .
................................................................... warmer.
6. Whenever our teacher let us leave early, we (cheer)
.......................................................... !
7. My mother (read) ............................................. to me every night.
8. Helen (write) ................................................................... to me often,
but now she phones.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 4: For each question, complete the second sentence so that it
means the same as the first, using no more than three words.
1. In those days, we spent the summer in the mountains.
In those days, we ………………………… the summer in the mountains.
2. Last summer, Julia got up early every morning.
Last summer, Julia used to …………………………. Early every morning.
3. Michael took a deep breath and dived into the water.
After Michael ………………………….. a deep breath, he dived into the
water.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 4: For each question, complete the second sentence so that it
means the same as the first, using no more than three words.
4. We missed the bus so we took a taxi.
We took a taxi because …………………………… the bus.
5. Terry was fatter.
Terry ………………………………………. To be so thin.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 4: For each question, complete the second sentence so that it
means the same as the first, using no more than three words.
6. Gary was sure his keys were not in his poc00ket.
Gary was sure he ……………………………. his keys.
7. When he was younger David played tennis.
David ………………………………. Tennis when he was younger.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 5: Combine the two sentences to make one sentence. Use
when and the past perfect.
1. I looked at the new dress. I asked how much it cost.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. I washed and got ready. I went out to meet my friends.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 5: Combine the two sentences to make one sentence. Use
when and the past perfect.
3. Anne went on holiday. She saved enough money.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The team finally won the match. They ran round the pitch to
celebrate.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 5: Combine the two sentences to make one sentence. Use
when and the past perfect.
5. I knew much more about the job. I visited their offices.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. I felt much more independent. I passed my driving test.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 6: Fill in the blanks with the ‚Past Perfect Tense‛ of the verbs
in brackets.
e.g. After we had finished (finish) our work, we went home.
1. After I ……………………………………………….. (have) a bath, I went to bed.
2. Before he went for a vacation, he ……………………………. (complete)
his assignment
3. When the police arrived, the thief …………………………….. (already
escape).
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 6: Fill in the blanks with the ‚Past Perfect Tense‛ of the verbs
in brackets.
4. Everyone left after the movie ………………………………………………. (end).
5. Before my sisters and I went to America, we ……………………….
(never see) snow.
6. After she ……………………………… (hear) the bad news, she rushed
home.
7. It started to rain after we ………………………………………………
(reach) the school.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 6: Fill in the blanks with the ‚Past Perfect Tense‛ of the verbs
in brackets.
8. After the children …………………………………….... (eat) their lunch, they
took a nap.
9. Before we went shopping, we …………………………………………... (go) to
the bank.
10. The show ………………………………….. (already begin) when we got
there.
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 7: Rewrite the following sentences into ‚Indirect Speech‛
beginning with the expressions given in brackets.
e.g. ‚I have eaten my breakfast.‛ (He said that…)
He said that he had eaten his breakfast.
1. ‚We went to school by bus.‛ (They said that…)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. ‚I have not locked the gate.‛ (He said that…)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 7: Rewrite the following sentences into ‚Indirect Speech‛
beginning with the expressions given in brackets.
3. ‚I have read it.‛ (He said that…)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. ‚My sister has gone out.‛ (She said that…)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. ‚I have been to Singapore.‛ (She said that…)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 7: Rewrite the following sentences into ‚Indirect Speech‛
beginning with the expressions given in brackets.
6. ‚I met an old friend at the church.‛ (She said that…)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. ‚I have seen that movie.‛ (He said that…)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. ‚I met an old friend at the church.‛ (She said that…)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 7: Rewrite the following sentences into ‚Indirect Speech‛
beginning with the expressions given in brackets.
9. ‚The birds have flown away.‛ (They said that…)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. ‚Someone has rung the bell.‛ (They said that…)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 8: Write out each sentence with the ‚Past Perfect‛ or the
‚Simple Past Tense‛ of the verbs in Brackets.
e.g. After we (have) dinner, we (go) for a walk.
After we had had diner, we went for a walk.
1. We (tell) him that we (not paint) the wall.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. The passengers (get) off after the bus (stop).
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 8: Write out each sentence with the ‚Past Perfect‛ or the
‚Simple Past Tense‛ of the verbs in Brackets.
3. I (ask) my friend what (happen) to him.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Before the firemen (arrive), the fire (burn) up the whole building.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 8: Write out each sentence with the ‚Past Perfect‛ or the
‚Simple Past Tense‛ of the verbs in Brackets.
5. After the manager (interview) Jane , he (employ) her as a
secretary.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. After I (speak) to her, she (agree) to go with me.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 8: Write out each sentence with the ‚Past Perfect‛ or the
‚Simple Past Tense‛ of the verbs in Brackets.
7. After we (wash) the clothes, we (hang) them out to dry.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. He (tear) the letter into pieces after he (read) it.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
ENG M.3 Sem. 2
Grammar
4.0
Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 8: Write out each sentence with the ‚Past Perfect‛ or the
‚Simple Past Tense‛ of the verbs in Brackets.
9. Our neighbors (say) that they (buy) a new car.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. All the workers (hurry) home after they (finish) their work.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..