Paul Schrader Transcendental Style in Film Ozu Bresson Dreyer 1

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Tacdy i Fim:

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Tye i Fim:

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Libra o Cons Caaloging in Publicaion Daa

Schrader, Paul 1946-Trasedeta s i fim: Ozu Beo eyer Paul

raer.(A a apo papeack)Reprit Oiiay pubished Berkee: Uivesi o alifornia

Ps c1972Bibiogaph: pIncludes index

1 Moio picurAheics 2 Ozu Yasujir 19031963Ciicism an inepreaion 3 rson oberCriicis annepreaion 4 reye Carl eoo 1889168Ciicis nnereaion I TileN1995S417 19889143'01dc19 88157BN 030680335 (pk)

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eet yeas m has deeoped raseetl syle style whh s ee e aos tst verse

utues o ees the Hoy Just as ahopgiss at he tuf e euy disveed hat aisas ueated ulues hadfoud simia ways t eess similar spiiu emios, s, iie, ueae mmaes have eated a osesus f

tsedetal style he ste o itisicly tasceetao eigius, ut it repeset wa tao, the roest sesef e em) rah e ascet he mater beigtseded is dieet i eah ase u the goal ad he methodae, at her pest te same

Yasuj ro aa Rert reo Fce to aese egee Ca Dryer i Dear oter rectors iaius uies ae fged a remaay omm m fmis m fom was detemie by he immaes'pesiies, uue, piis, eoomis, o moay t is iseahe esu f wo uiesa igeies he esie o epes ste sed i a he aue f e m edium I a esu o he fas a gie his stye i suiesaiy

he "spiia uiesy f ascedeta ste may

be ius ieeed b hegas, aeseiis adpsgiss but it a ly be demsae by is A hispit eeyoe must eu to he eiee oe must aaye s, ses, ad fames, hpig eat the uiesalfm he paula

us sedl sye s fuamelly ust that, ase i be isaed, aed, ad eied Aughtsede ste, ie ay f of asedea a sies

d e iebe a iisible, i is eite ieble isie isef sa se uses eis m mesamea ages, dague eigf pedetemied



4 C

r rr

rasendetal eds It has hee dsint stages and he sagesan be studied bh inddually and as pa o the lage whle

asedental syle is n a ague label lke "elgus

ilm whih a be attahed ms whh eaue earelgus hemes and ee the apppae emts s n aathbas r all the sies sbs and gsebumps ne haseerened at elgius lms t is eter a persal isn nr aoiial atehism is t neessaly typed by a a hesae Chist o the Mout or t rais amog he wes s ot eessaly sueing peahg r god will agmen t s nly necessarily a syle

a hes ea hs sle and s mepas m he nddual ass wh emly m e uueswhh nuee thse atss and m the ems us use



OCO tao, e ut ave oe arl pee al tool (aeve te t lke tg to epaate so o te ave tvel o) . ter le "taseetal, ate all , alotonuntioal i at itii, a "tle little better. Caugoe poble ta it olve "taedetal a allen ue

te uidi tion o onalee, partl arl aong it."raeetal uretl a atal te o te peiei l lot, ettg, tg, tee, a ireto are al a tae ea te ee v, a " ea eer to ating o a aea agle to a a o l ie .

"Taedetal tle, oeve, an be a eul te l rtii, a e aalzg te o etaiiae, zu, Beo, a ree, i t a beipsable e uetabe elae o aetetaad erou l riti to eplo te oept o tranene e aue tee il to be uee tate a tepetet vag egree, a evauate t ta patte o e ere ot ntede B ut beoe tee te a be oan ue to a rti e ut ave eaig e u no at tanedenal ad at "t le nd nong t, e

ot ol a a ter i enotes a pei tl e, but a lo teitial eto it i to aalze t.

EFINO o. TRNSCENDENL

e anene beo oal ee expeee, ata it tranen i b eto, te aen Beot tr ere l l e areeet abou e natre o etranendental in lie and art Taenene a been a bet

o e plooial debate ne Pla to o e aee debaee Plon an a been varol nterpree pilooper aeean, eologan anropoog andpo log . Par o e onuio sean ; te er"traedeal an ae ieet eang or deetrier I a ea, direl o ietl te aendent,te o o ea l te, or at Ro to al te "oter e ranenenal, uan at or artia i

epre oeng o te ranenden or a rea liae i anropologal tu o opaave elgion alleropanie, ( tranendene e an relgo



epeene whh may e moaed y eher deep psyhologaleed neuss (ed) o y an eernal "Ohe" ce(ung)

my hese ems an eer o genea aees osaed a wks whh inform the ewe/reade/lsene

ou he nsenden whh y he ey deon ms omeey om he ansenden sel sne no mn an know he Hly woks sh as napeed nae (ommoneen) nd dnensped pues (speaeeon) hough hs aegoy may e only heorea sneeen many elgas rega he arous pes as onlyxpesse he Hly works whch xprss he ansendenn hun een manmade manoganed manseleeds h ae me expesse o e holly her than e nddu es woks suh as he Byane kns ren ges 3 ws h ete te man epeene onsenene wh prss he sene u hen wh epeenes he ansenden wos suh asexpesss pngs any o he many psyhog noelsau egus nesn

e es senden ansendena andsee epes hey he spu heee e e ese e seet ss s es ee s bun e ses s e hese es hshs sse h uns he en eed he emp ssnepe m e aegoy he ne ene hensn o seene

C ung was eang s eneny when ewe e see u he ansendena ugh eed bse s b a aghe pesupn n hep he u unss s mns heeewe s ned s sng a hes se g hs bee sd b he nwabe ny bg b e be he e nhng an eeee

un ws ngy ann iom ne a hese ey n ny e prssiv he ansenenths ssy ee n nsenen a a whhexpesses e nsenen n he hman mo



INTRODUCTON 7

By conjoining the words "transendental, enerlly egious term, n r no one term,transendenta art, mpes that he oniders eigion nd at homogeneos. Ths, forse setion him o ro the onideable bod o rits wonsder the trnendentl otde te ovine o art

ransendene n art s oten eqated ith transendene nreigin eae tey oth draw fro a ommon gron frnendenta exeriene Transendene i the mpeiouexperiene; art and religon are ts twn maniestation, as Ce wroe,Art an Reigion are the to roads y h meesae rom irumane to estasy At and Religion are meato tt o nd2 Trnendental rt s not etaran,oever: rt an e reio, the late Gerards an derLeew wroe,or an aper to be regio bt t a e neitMoammedan nor Bdd nor Crisian Tere i no Chrsrt, any more than there a Chrstian iene There only arwhh has stood beoe the Hol3 The roper nton oransendet art s, therere, to exress te Hoy tself (thanendent), an t to ere usrate y feeng

CRIICISM AND ANCENDENTAL AT

he riil eie bot tnendentl rt sundertandabe beae te ore e and absolt h an artbeos the les e t t ts bet trnsendenta art s e-detrte oes In his td o taditonal hristan aOriental art essentiall trnsendenta art, nan aoomraway writes, r, eve e hget, s ny a meao a end, even srra ar oy a manner f 'eeng r

a as, arky, an aug is fa eer n no o eat all, the t o ionorah t oe to an end we tvion s ae to ae "4 Le tranendental reli,trsendenta art ere wt sts: bsote re mstsm it withot shae and ithout ond Absoart n nether be sen nor eard5 ta eoton to tetrnsendent in art ma eeta lead to te end o reatrodton, a it di or Colerge ater 1815. th relg a

t are gy rtisan, a wen joned under th eo transendentl exression te wl bide no eersTansendent art a toleate other os o exresin, btt nnot aept them s ea or alternatve Good rt



8 TRANSCENDNTALSYL

, ranna ar s aora ; y av anrandaby oor dfos

Le rascendeal ar, e crtcs of t rascedetalar s a selfdesrucve process I cotnull dels contradctonsverbalzaos of te eable. T e coc of

rascedeal express o n relgo or n art ecessarl les conradcton. Trascendel expresson relgon ad rtets to brng an as close o te eal, nvsble adnoable as ords, ages, nd deas can tae . Le tar, r nos a s as i , an a oeloqunt sta eent ca o a to sence Te crtcal nqury,Ror Fry a, nds at te g f of ytcs6

Aou a rc annot anayz Trascene, ecan descrbe te ae ad te aer hc sranse He ca d scover o e anen exressve oe Transcede

DFINITION No. 2: STYL

L transcendece , er syl s suscet seantc cofuso . I can ave arous eangs : can an,

as yle Syper s tates, " a coteorary e o t orld7s y a arar oai-sria , o i aman nvia xrson Rayon Drgna scrs as raon of a rsonal, a s jec, a nojc t' or8 can ean a Herc o cal le a generalrsnav or.9 T s tyl desre n s say s a yi ay a Won s a er, a s y k rit ass i syes, t xrsson of smlar ias n smlar orms dvrgent culures. Te rs o of te aboeetoed usesof sle, pers and urgnas, rspecvel descrbe e culturaan ersonl quates of a or of ar, and erefor are approprae for ar c expresses te un eperece rateran Transcenden self ol's use of syle, o te eand, s cncerned wa s unersal raer tan p arclai ars mans si r i s ia i

to sci a syl ic ses o rss oy Otroug dvergen clurs an ersonals

DINITION No3: RASCNDNA SYLE

Secaly, rancenetal syle s sply ts : ener





0 CEEL L

oo exeo o t aet oto tue deee aog te o zu, Beo, ad ee auua ad eoa e ae ae , ad ea ue eeo o te aet o .

TowARD oRKG F

a ilae a o at , bu t e a a te eoto, te go, a t outgat to elo t xlue et o ttaeeal tl a be detetd te l o a oteeo nono, oe , Pao, Boette, eo,zogu, Buuel, ao, ae o, ad Bue Bae.e o t oato o dug teetal le tat t ete ad doe bue al ot o tle . eehe Pai on f oan of Ac a be debed a a taedetalil ulge xeo, aol The Gopeoring o ahew a a taeeta l il ga to axt eal, ad Boe tte even en ro Noa a tadeta l ed o ologal ai .

o deto av dee te taeetal tle

au o z i te a t a obet Beo te e . eae tae a teletua, oat aoa o , ad te ae e uat odu o eu e ad o taedultue . e aloe le o zu lte l a teo e o eo dle l otut a la eto exe te aeet . Cal ee eo aeeta t ex teel, atoug a oteite o te t le, a e zu a eo . ee

exee te aeet a ae la to eo,otabl Oe, but e e oleted a le o leplog te taeeta te ea oud be exteddto od atoal exae o te a al ad atalu ul ue o taeeta tle eta o te l oudd Botte ad Robeto Roell . ltoug tee oudb aua ble aato o e tee, e exae ou d beuet to a e egt o e aguet.

aenea e ee o axze te e oxtee ; t ee a oetoa teeta to o eatea, aua, oog, oa, exeon,eo, ad, ia, atoal. o e taedea



INTRODUCON 1

artist rtonim i only one of many aproches to lfe, not npratv. " verytng s xland by undertndbl auets, aot Ad Ayr wr, "or y objetv termnism, evn f ter re nture ren unknon, thn'otng i r.10 Te enem o rnscendence s imanne,

whetr s xternl (relsm, ronasm) or ntryologm, xresonsm) To t ranndental arttese conntion nterpreaton o relty are emotonl naoal ontruts deved y n o dilute or xpln aay thranendnl.

In oton pctures thee contructs tk th or o htRobert Bresson s clled "creen,11 lue or tudy gude welp te viwer"undertnd vn: plo, ang,aatza, aawo, , ag, ng. ofan l ls , a ,nonexpresve (that they r not rssv o cultur oeronity; ty re rduced to ta Trnendnt ylstylize rety y mnat or nary elinatn) tolemnt h are rimrily exrve of un experenc,erby robbing the conentonl nterpreton o relty o

er reenc n ower. rnscndnta tye, k te m,nsform exerene nto a reatbe rtul wc eadly nn

In t y hr wll ny oco o drawomaron etween rnsndental yle and rler n oelgou an tt xpreson. T ot rreducbl o heao ewn rnsndn sy a rv rrimarly becuse rmtve r alwy n coy soa

wh rte reliou be If on dvdes rt into ritivia csssm Wldermar Doenn h done/2 trnndetlt nvrbly ll nto rmv olun Ung Donnaoto, ranndntl y oo rraonl ovton repetton or rton, scr oer prone, thdec over the humnst, neectu res or optl, two-dnon von ovr treedmnsionl son,rdtion over exermnt, anonyty oer ndvdulaton

he primitve-clsicl dcotomy not nessrily aronooc on; tey c e ound n cutures T reofr the nty beteen rncdnt tyle and rmtv sbvou: ot v" a world vw wi n mnn an





NTOUCTON

Left Madoa ad chil d icon, Tikhi Moaste; igt : Vigi

Chl Mast Miche!, Neherlads,

"Tanscendenta style chooses itell ectual real sm ove optcal realsmwmensona vson ove hee-dimensonal vson, he ecover the humastc

a ogt ae aea aeate e aceeta te ot cuture ; i provie exceet opportu to tu ept a gget o i actua "ork o te viee

ee , atog e cce o te traceetaeve, utate o e te (o a a o t ucto a o teevoe.

e Cocuio icu oe o te proe reb a teo o raceeta te te ciea.





Z



z



ls of Yaso Oz eeplify te tasedealstyle te as his ms this s tye is atual,

geos, ad omeally sessl, lagely ease o theaaese lte tself e oept o tasedeta eeees so iisi to apaese (ad Oietal) te, that Oz wasale o to evelop te taseetal style a to s tay witite oar oetos of] aese a O ofte deseds e "ost aese o a detors, aed respet as a gereeo ad tal a aial sessewads wih oeto teested tasedetal syle old eet to eapi the est

Oretal at geeal a e at patiula aspie tothe raseet ke pmitie a, taditioal Oeta ataes o isttos etwee the sae a te seula eOet foge a lastg lte ot of wat te Neolatoists aosts yotesze a ae ases eazed aaoyos at w "all at s te, y wosoeve t asee sa, as s ogi te t Ze, this s epessey R H Blyt "e poetal a te eligos ae ietal

states o i to te regos al tgs are oeta to teoeta ts re re os Fo thtee hed yes Zeas tate te taseeta eeee, a theaseet has fo epesso o oly eligio ad tets, also a we aety o "omoplae atviies iseesso of the aseet was ot the peste o atelletal o leal elte t eae a edei pat o heOetal etage ay thoug the ats, ad dsitio wasade etwee the e a te aa ats e dies e"oo of astato w oes o a tem like"taseee, D k pots out, eause i at eslikes ay appeal to wods Akowlegg ts seati



18 RNSCENDENTAL SYLE

Suu o, h Z e h l eee3

T u o viv h exi Tn j e uu bu a l zu eeet aiioal Japaee

ugh , d he bg th ght ritl tdito , ahi l eiu Dal Rhe hah apaee diet, pl aig Kua the le (e) u o he a ght (tadiion) 4 zu evav i ube atte ad ehod (h am a e oud o lo ), a v I m v ue e ld veov v hh h u o le" ;5 m Z hugh vlon, hv

Alhough he Japane ulural tadit i ade ue uxue h tk a ea t a e. Ceh e h ng uene r h vg ol vlu

o u e e m u u u uu lm ea le bu h m av m m u F h go eS h h e o ula l ue

ie h o le

u j m mm E o m ve hv 927 19 t m hm p pu , u e l u e S W W u h somn ge shomn-gek e o u

Th shomn g laa n lee a he etim huou , oeie bte elai h am 6 shomgek, l e omm g 120 0 J l l a b eo



icietly etehe to laugh at tel eveal ii havepoite ou he evoluio o Ou's appoah y ompaig he1932 Was Bo Bu (Uma Wa Ma Ko) wih he1959 emae, Goo Mog (Oayo) Ou's ieios i I WasBo, Bu wee soial a patiula his iteios i oo

og wee saiial ad uivesal Compae o he emae, as Bo, B was "ative athe ha otemplaie7u' ealy lm sh a I Was o, u ) wee suaelywit the oiia soi-geki coep h estatecomeie wth a t o soal coioses me aue, tewa, govemeal pessues, a eseiatio ee thesomg i geeal, a Ou i paiula he Ouhagedwhe his ligh medy slowl ued o "esigedadesshe o he sog wih him exeig muh thesame iuee ove the som gee as Jh d di oe heAmeia ese Ou's late lms wee esipive o hesomge, ut pesiptive of i

" evey Ou m, Rihie wies, "he whle wolexiss i oe amily he es of the eah ae o me isattha ouside he house8 I his ms the mdle lass is

epesee as oie woes, a i some ms, suh as EaySpg Sosu, 956, he oie "amily eplaes he householfamily it Ou foues o the esios ewee e home athe oie, the paet a e chil, whih ae extesios o thetesis ewee he old a ew Japa, ewee adiio aeseiaio, adulimaelyewee ma ad aue

owad he ed o his lie he ed i 963 a he age osixt) , Ou used his aeio o eai ms i

wihi he som his i is dama i esteems, ad i eaily is p " iues wih obius plosoe me ow Ou tol Rihie Natually, a lm must havesome i of suue o else i i s ot a m ut I eel that aptue is't god if it has too muh ama o atio Aoeig La Auum (Abyo): wa to poay a ma'shaate y elimiatig all the amai deies wa to maepeople feel what life s lie wihout elieaig all he dami

ps ad ows 0 I Ou's mid Japaese lie had esoe teai pposig fes whih he epeaedl demsaed i hisms ad alhugh hese es mus be eile, hey wuld e eie ayhg as atiial as pl



Toyo Soy " evey Ou m, he hoe old exss oe famyThe eds of he eh ae o moe d sa ha ouse he house

O' late cycle amlyce lm ttee ilm m1949 t 1962) eate te etagemet aet ad cldee cdet e tagemet ae temee emaayetty maage, elcat, ceg, ad at mt g away m me e ee ce ae te de eemet e aa te ec te ce ae calle

te prurr geeat a eteat tecmatmetag eect ce te e aetcldetagemet a ae t cmmcate, a mecaee deecy m e cce eat Ocaacte d cmmcae, a tat w e cgca g, wt cmmea ad ema tecage eetagemet elt m te l te tadtal amly tywc wa ee eally cmmcte te t lace

ate ilm O et tee g ce wt a meceetuctue ctag a aety tecageaecaacteclct a tcte Oe ty e ay gme ta a aecte cld a eea l O wa



o 21t o lmg te ame tato ove a ov aga teatdagte cc Lte Spr (Bu, 1949) ecamee medage cc te uum a eveted aatedagte colct A utum Aftroo (mm Noj 196.

t a O et tled o ceta coct to pret lm, e e ttled cea pe e o elp m eet tocct . e maty te late lm we ptgaped yY tta ad all wee wtte cllaoato wt KogNda. O ad Nda ejed a egeday elat etweedct ad w te tg we d wte dw te detalo te et , tey ae o md a e cmm mage. e talke. t a amag tg O ad oda wold deve teected lm etey te md, wd y wod ad magey mage . te exteve eaat wc tk m mt t e ea ecl O wd mecacaly e e Oa c

Smlaly, O ettled a eect gop o act adactee t aea lm e ce t gcted Ry, Set aa, N Nakama, ad

Sa ey wee O mc amy ac lm teyod play lgt aato o caacte, actg ot om tcclct wt te ee o gd awaee wc cme omayg te ame le ad eeg te ame emot may tmO ce act e ta al y actg kll,t te eeta alty catg t t a matt lle o ac ll a act a wat e 12

"he atherauhter conct o a Spig let: Setsuo Hara,Chshu Ryu beame the moheraughte ont o a Auum(ceter Hara , Yoo Tsuasa) an reverte to a atherauhter concn A Au um Aoo (rg Shma washta Ryu)



L

Bu s f a, u ened hs ehnque. Ou s nmsnsummae as hs ms ae haaeed by anabsenus g, a nen f bey and eny, an aspn he umae n an3 Bease Ous ehnque s smed and ea, an e exaned se an n eh,

a as n e as a n a eea n, au Ou e nax s s4h sed u's synax as exeped n hs gama,suue, eng, ep, and sene, and he e need ea ee s f he's seas as s sngesses

u' s aea s aays a h ee f a pesn sead nadna fashn n he taami abu hee fee abe hegund hs adna e s he e n epse, mandna ey med ed f sn I s h aude ahng, snng, s e psn m h ne sees N, hh ne paaes f he e eemny. s he esheaue he passe a ude . he aea, exe n heae nsans nee mes n e ae ms e ae nans, n es, n s u's m punuan ma s

he u, and s n e as u f ma he uxasng u maa ng, u e ng u h nes aa, u

ne us n, e, sae Ou's peab y supeay busness . I s n nessay uen neessay a fauf a de uses he sae ehnquesepeaedy n m afe Pedaly n u's ms des sem f a a f nae gnay, as des n he

ms f s s, u ahe fm he pme nep fua n hh pen s efee ae

Ou's s Ous he mae esn' ean ngs s aanf enu nnued hughu u's feme, fm hs m hs as. As he g de hee ee e and e hngshe ddn' d. hs an be seen n ny by pang he eayand ae s (I Bo Bu . . and oo Moi) u as

y mag d ases hs ae s Eumm (Buu1951) as ad n abu he mdd f u'se (psa) ped, y s mady deen fm hs asms e n e a, uum T Auum of



o oayaawa Fa oayaawa No 96), uu oo. o eampe, hs ast ms O ompeteosook eai ehies he ha se i ay Su () herkg so, of w there re ftee a Su closep w emphss o a epesso, sh s o m's

please wthg the theate, phys to o epessoios emotio, sh s the thowig ow o haerhe isgst, t o moto, tht s , t whh reks oeto y a o ito two shots, t etwee two eeoor setgs witot otoo "o pse, {6 se ofharoso, o" t ghtig, thogh hs is vey rre evei eay O Ea Su so ots tehies whih Oi o ompeely is bt me to se ess ess ()

oota (90°) ges, came tkes o evey shotaio, sees whose soe ppose ws ight omey

he ppose o hs essay, howeve, is ot o ee Oz' sstye by what e omitte, bt y what was et ae hs esgpgshis a stye, whh mght e e tseetsyle

FoLLOWG HE FiH

efoe oe a aaye the taseetl stye i O sims, oe ms mae (o aempt to make) the a yetesive is tiio betwee taseet at a he t oseea epeee wi Ou's wo o z's msepess the asee, o o hey epess O, e tre,a ma's epiee o he aseet

he is, immeie aswe mst e "bot, o ose

hee s o statree ommto wth te Hoy wo wh epesses the rseet mst lso epresshe persoaty a e of ts rtst he omes te torpoem o iivia isaes, o etemig ees ees e s io ewee taseea a a the ato aseeta epeee esoes to seea imetestos whh iee O's t more His pesoity,

A blat itio o soai ma b hl at this jcsoalit, s s i this ssa, s o hos scologicachaactistics which isigish o so om aoth, sch s hispeoccuatons, needs, ikes, dskes, idosyncrases. does o refer those subconscous, archetyal characteristcs in whch all men are sma



24 TSDT STY

e re, or e raede t? nd rtal deto otye et ted to ove tat ee ? e eroal ra, or adeo raedeal e ?

l tree rtal eod revea omeg ao O'm, ad oe a e nge ed a a et rveal

eectve nlene t o every ar tere a aroratety crtca metod, a att' eoa ly may e

eeo o rrodg, or v vera O' lm teem at eroalty a eveloed y Ze tre, ad taZe clte wa evee y a taceg eaty, e te ae e o ate te i d, rag eeeo ee i oed oe l arrve a t e a eee o O ad lm

O AND PERSONALITY

e e o o eroay o y a mater owete or ot oe o dee O' eroat m Ovoly t e demma ad lt O' mre ao te iemma ad olto o o e. O everarred, ayed at ome vg t agg moer

m are e ao te ela ton o dre to arette ard deo o marrage, ad te rama o te ayeag Foowg ral ema, oe wte acoted tat te mote tog O' ilm ecaee a o o e ot te ae t mmaerte age O' lead arate a correoded o o age, ad a O ge older araer ame more admoe to emody te oder adoa vre o aa O

te oe ad, ere ere alo ma exeree O' le e dd ot rereet o im experee a a armergeat ad a eaera ae o reeed mt a aecae egee

t mgt e me e t rae te e t O'eroalt derely. at ext a O eroaltye, ad o a exet a t repreea tve o e Zere ? O gae eroay maer o te

tradoa retal art, or ere m aa glyndvda exreo ? o enaae ee r art,dng moo pir, a ee rred ad large,arod e oe o eroal exro deo,



Caasay says, ha a he dehees nana Oena a hn ndday s n an end uny a means ' If Ou as a pesna de e, say,Fen (ha s, f he sugh ay exess hs esnay hs s), ha d see pae h n he adn f

Wesen ndduas a ahe han adna ena a he sees de bh sdes f he ssue n ne hand

h es ha O s n an ne as, he s a aseafsman f h, m s n expessn u funn, andn he he hand he saes ha Ou's appah s nere han anay Qesned ab he appaennadn hs s aeens he eped, O as aafsn h aays made hs ms he se ay e neeraed hs ay f ang a , n hs ay f edng neang and panf pess . N hs eans ha he as aafsan Bu I dn' hn he ee hgh f ha a hsand n ha egad nd h nue e d ha hee e dng u ud a h yu f hus a a nd ens f a ean , u yu ased u he meanng anyhng he dea ehnd hs pesened dea he d sh up

He asn' neesed. Ou's nne sef s hee f a see, bumy pn s ha shng as n ne f hs nens.20 Adlae, " hn ha my dng bh sdes f he mae s etand hn s he ny psn ae n a nnduasuure.2

On s examnan ne eaes ha e'snesddng s unadae, and, as h sas, e heesn sus uu dma hh s xes esen s

d n hae ued he adn Oen as.nsded n h g x f en , m nd ssuundngs ae uneneng, s s e mnd and d,nen and f any dsnn eeen hem s abay . Ou's s ey seeped n Zen e, as he nex seomanans, hen ny sd f he "nddua su Ou apartr adn en aues s meanngess. pund epaadx ne mgh sa ha Ou's nn as nnnue,

ha s, hs nsns ee fmas . hs may se heWesene as a eanngess nadn, and s a nauad any ssua aean O's s npaua adna Oena a n genea Beause en s a



26 C

utur pheomeo hat s t ours whi a pariur aremog riur ume o e) , i is ossie o sy h e uure eeopes e ididua persoaliy ut oe oese stteets u ro ers e ustuto ws oituitie he meai ut oe reies

t o persoity d uture re eeoped y raseireity

t s osse to detet s persoal ie a eies s ms, u ths does ot me th the persoalityoreedria mehod is he es aroah t his lms he priiegeiormaio grered rom his pre e y e rreet fw hapeed to ow great out te prie ie of Zeartist M Yua i woud ot eplai his oeorer s tle ome p ; siry l te fts of us pre eaot epai s myserous rasedea uses heseeets re ot ered ro ddua persoity

e ersol iterrtto of us s s eeeoure y two se rustes oe tat we simpppe to ow muh more out u ha we do ou earierrdto riss ad wo, hat u, ie a Ze oet or ate

must use iig eigs s his rw mteral e rtero sre re erieg e d te rt who turyeptes wt tr eegs my oude that their eeigsar represtte o te mmker d et he mater go tt t te rters wo re eot o sree may e ooe or ss rersett o te -er ta ohusot of tri or ug e rters u eessorrow oy trospeto) r of ass g port t s

surrodg orm wh ges the lstig ue Eherso e eoto s r of rer for wi s ot eeree t ut a epresso or rtr ot epressioo t u or uturl eper of trseeeut epresso of te Trseet tse

Eery dto is tt u dd ot attempt o epore spersoy hrog e psyoogy o is haraers thetary he mde ery aem to drai s rs o ypsyhologl e y emotio s ors rer hat eoud ore them o do he sme see wety or thirtyoseute ts t ay hit of ue or sutlety eefroe to rote utoo-e to oy e wou



o

ppoe e sene fo n oon Aos ee fobidden oe een n ons i ese dis ubed Ozu's omposiioese isnes nd mny ohers ike the seem to icta Ozu s e bgger re tha erso psyhoogreeon e sough ike e ditio Oriet rist t

emine is pesonay in oder to roose thess.

BEYOD EOAY : zu AD ZE CuUE

Muh o Ozu aoh s derived om aaese trsef nd is e dion eeens ke he "moJpnese of ieos . e os ppopie oy for thcu eemens in Ou's s s Z rt Zen i s ot oned eo ih pysi nd oi onens keShnoism o isiniy u y of vn hih hspemeed he bc of Jpese uue e Aied Poes'Regious d Cuu Divso reorted : "he tye of oucusuy exessed by he rds ese si' is essenZe n aue cocuso ehod y oth Aa ts no e. Zen is e quinessene o tdionJpnese n hi u sou o inodue no cie

n Jpanese s oy e y of m to edoine iein spinin genn he e ereoy oetraey No Judo endnd ese rts re heedens fo Ozu's s. om Mne s n Ozu'sms e suued ike e iku s puses d egtsemens u he hk of oure s oy oe eme iude i e Zen ts d in Ous s.

Peps he bs i pinip of Ze s e st koan o

Zen u e ne of neion emness nd oidmpiess si ece d s tiess re ost ive ents Ze rtnd eesen reece rther th the sec soe bk see of pper is perceved ony s aper nd res ppe Peterso its Ony b i e pper dos beme epy Much he s y the sod o the roppig o he st o cretes the se shosekno iku. e sound ives o o e siecehe

emnes. u s he use o refr to he scesbeeen e bnhes of oer rrneen ; e epness s era of om Ma u Su iter doiinor of te "on-corr stye ind on oe crer o



Yn, Lon Fhmn, he "on econe sye "The blnk see o ppe s peceve only s ppe, n emns sppe Only by llng he ppe, oes become empy.

te caa, eag te mande a e mpte, ewa a at te ait ad t t an patd acgnd m g ba lc e c e meag

te we ac te ame mae te te a Ze adege meag t te aed ace, ad t le a a gemeag e wtte tat

e ata Ze att , O dict lece ad lece a emte ae acte gediet O'm ; caate e t tem a tey wee ade dad tag ject tg c re are ay tbte, a ate b e acte lece cc Eay

umm: et aa a jt tld e aet ttt may, a de w deae tm ftr a teagmet t aet , dedt, g p ta. t ext tte ate ta t te camea le bacgd emte de me byw a a m S mae aa ema, a e epe, II 11 e ma ante mae aga ee, I11 e mte ae te m ad aaa ey tg t acgrd e ate agan ay1 11 e ce a becme electc, mc me meaa aytg m c ae a

O' m t al e t detect a emat ttteetcty ecn tye tatic nvinmnt i



o 29Ou's am l in on n a isan aion (as, ansslly oving, ol onvsing) ours In T ao of Ta O Rc (Ocazu No Aj, r is anoous xal o is : usban as us l a lngysay in Sou Ama is i, who a nxlabl lf ho

vral days arlr dd no o o aror o s h oAs hs lan dpars zu holds n h upr rgh-and orno fra Th rs o r is y an lan slolyanishs r vi I is a "full ooson, and as n hon-ornr ainngs, lan brngs u h qualy o h vo

u os of all, s xprss n zus odas slms ar sruurd bwn aon and nss bwnnors and oudoors, bn sn and oa ons ar

lways xlad n ndoors usually n long dsassonanvrsaion T sngs ay ary om, oi barsauran) bu sory s rarly forardd by anyhng bunor onvrsaions (and on or o xpins n a mar maially rual) s ndoor isussions r s oby odas sill-li sns of oudoor Japans l, mpysrs and allys, a assng ran or boa a disan mounan or

lak Rii has dsrbd Ozus s as a mbnaon o long sos, u shos, (3 los-us n usual squnf ---- Th oda sllf shos ar nsrd wn hlong sos, us lnking onvrsaional indoor by oudoorsill lis Ea o oas ss o an Ozu "paragp, usRihis rminlogy a no aprs, nly aagaphsn das T oas n Ozu s s ulill sam purps as mu bn sons n aous Ryan-i gardn : "

pinss is a o srin an s ipli, bu is no psnan rsulan snsaion is n o longing an onnss 2 nWsrn ar on would naurally assu a h as arnsrd o gv wgh o aragrahs, bu or zu, as or s rsl oos daogu gvs ag o siln, aion o sill li Ou s pma i mu; is singl arar insribd on is ob a Engau- i

"n li is mpy, as is, "i sp

as, an aimlss i rsp o uur, vauum is wi prsn2 n n a sns "inniyxpan psn is n sn an n a aca-oyu. T a rmony lbras rsn ns



a a a a a k ; L uum . l f g wg bf z f Z i i g f



meilsly edeemne al. n e sxeenenuy s many s ne nded es cha-no-yu wee lin, deemnin eveyn m e sbjects be discssen e e e e e e e dy Re ccy e mnd, ese mne es ee i, enablin

ik nin, e meless, n e wds msZein em, be siin qietly, in nin.

Simy, ' s ms a e mess, sefscieeerna n (ekaksan). is cacers . e livn in enow," ce wite, an hey ve n sy . . wen a esndies n s wl (whic s en) e is meely and nstantlyge. Tee n ss n s ere e n Resnas andBegman. Te s baely exss 0 Nsalia O'slms sc as te s cene wen e e in An Au tumn fternooeviss e b wee e arm resebles s dea wife, isn s mc nin e s n Wesen es b s mekly an exasin e esen s mili Zen We cses n wll ck, wcn e secnds cklely way, is aially ns lm me nd sychlicti, as b Mle and cie suest, but is ls ceae

md tal melessness inteal t Zen a e clck ismten; mechanical me des n c se lvng n anetr reset. Tere is n race aans the clck. sht f aclck seves h sme rse as, sy, a s f vase; isemens e n se e, u e eceemveens f e n n cnen. mnyudes t clc sts in hs cds tme is ar f the thethgess

Ou acevs he eera nw n he sam ann asco-y, thuh ta Eac ssibe even in an Ou m ane rducd t a edeemed, med and ecise ube shts f h t bw s f crtn c txtur ctantye cvrsan will esue an O cce s n a cetainlcatn, cen ye cnvesin will ense. In e meOz chaacters discuss desc anemens (nnces,huse, what te amly membes ar dn ; at the

ce ey mae cncee aneents ( e meen lacesad tmes) ; n esauan ey eminsce nd discss scialblems (mrie sals, w e embers e my



Fv G v R' , , is i cti octio cti y of cost ioill su

e dng) n b hy ense nd xpess dsusnmen

he uee gen, e) hs egnse n d, bu nhe s he m h

g e u p bu es e umb bsh u p nul b , , g s m s O' ,

pedeened shs f hh he ud nee dep us s pn u use he b s eese bunh f pne needes, s u ud us sh hesne g mg g



z 3 3expre te feen f pemanee wt tane (o awa). n tadna ental a tee w e ie perton; an aris wd pen lfe pefetg ea rsroks, ainin an epantn te ame ene w aa prfetionst ; e pet le pee a l eete

t, lmn and elmn h ame ty. e e pct aZen panter caree cl e a ngle ant mry teend ro of z's caee an be ecred a a le l

n a Zn att aetwee adenn, te tea eemny ae lee neve epeaeientially wtn ne wk A deence, owr min, isalways insr ween tw tem wch ay sm o inial Tis ay be a variaion of sh sro in a alligrailr, or a slih devatn paralle arciral trctreEven n c nealy nderble matte z ahee o hraiion of n ar Althoh it s pssle n , nlik anyohr ar, o have phoorap ntality, z epiates ien epeatn te ame ette of his mi ala, say, a h C Ry wak n te treet n fnt f me, zoul lm ea lr so saraly o te npratced eye

t may sm as if z has reprint on so ov& an ovr, singi a ozn is n ne lm, ah so is a sara niyan hr is variy ihin smin riion

Rial in rinal ar is no srr aron a s inglaai vn lik blining o Ois, for insan) , b yli, wi lil ris an fall, rvaling h imlss nnssf an an nate here Epean at narally is aon in im, Cooarasay wris, "an arrs aion or

an o lig rinal ar rrsns a oninousoninaion Th oninaion is as n h nfrasrr rial A rain arn of shos is raal wiin anz aragra, a rain arn o z ragrahs i s epeatalewiin an z l, an a rain nbr of Oz ms arraabl wiin an Oz arr Th rial is no sara froh form whi is no sara from h onn

n z lm, a n all riional rinal ar, h for

islf is rial wh ras h rnal resen kakanagv wig o mpinss an maks i ossil ovok h fr th for basi nranslaabl oos o ewhc ar sri hs y Was



TRANSCENDNTL STYL

Wee te md te mmen s sl nd ue t scled sabi. Whe the tst s een depessed sad,ad ea ee o fee ahe a gmpef smehn athe dnay and unpetento n tsncedbe suhnes," the mod s caed w Whe

the oet evoes a moe nene noa adneoneted wth aum a te vhg aay o thewo, t aled ware d wen the vo het at a unwn eve t be dsveed, te mds clled ugen.32

lu e te fuu ae bvus pesent Ozu's ms,Rce wte that Ou s pmay the at o n n awre wh e ve Tamao Nwa's ansaton, pathec

ness" e end eect an Ozu m a d of eneddnes, a calm ad nwn seent whh matans deptehe uneat f fe and the thn ths wod."33 Oz'secnque, Rce wtes esewhee, satuated wh wbecuse t pve and extdy estn" t svey dcul e veae Wese vewe appectete aare f Ou's thee te wbi s enque, mucess dstnu between the md o the fuyu. TeneseEngls dctna te dep an attemt tene dem te aesetc wns o sabi and wabi. Smplybecue te Westen vewe cat mae the dstnto betweens wbi wre ad uge Ozu' he houd notmskeny thnk ta Ou s te se bsc emn, ass muc Wesen sylc elsm e cds um e emakbly cplex, nd e deence between a

l a vae, a ai ad ut u ma mean theeence between sabi wabi nd awar Wen e t s t vse s st sown n Lae Spring evkes abi bu bye m ame s s epeaed" late n e m lsconne bot aware nd uen.

Te untned o Ze n and Zen at s a undmenunty expeence- all ns e f ne Suness" ndcmy between mn nd natue wc Zen scla T

Suuk dene a, a that conttutes w s cooly knowna a' obectve wod35 fae e Yaheh e damove te Gden of Eden he set te es on a couse th the Esa eve acepted am Natue ad Natue s e," Suuk



oz wre No mre paricipaion in each oher, u a fundamenaidey ewen he wo"8 Transad o esr ermshis coms clos o panheis a comparison e wuld naccp ecause panhesm ivolvs n arica coepulzionof a uny which is naura an spoanous . The uniy of man

a naure nds pure epression n he en gardn hen an prs casssy clps, prus weds, ad ris hs grdh is no inrferng wih Naure ecause he is Naur"37 Inis os reacinary form (a eas o esern mnds) hs uiis prssd in he analo ha as e sh swms in he waand never weares o i, s an ies in naure and suld neverir of i

Th gras conc (and he greaes rsuingdsusm in Ozu's s s no poca psychlogca,o domesic, is for wa o a er rm envronal"ha g o omn wh h oug h pas o com h r cs o oc he o worrshs aeall dimnsns of he proem ha he modrn apanese canncouncae h his envronn. Durng a disilusionin

sarinkin u a caracer in ate utum says is peoplewo d o coa l. Lf isf s vr simp Thsdspr is recd in a silar drini scne n El Spigin whch a chracer sas, The world oda isn' vernresin," an is rend relies, ha's h fa a saaiin us Jus isillsimen and loneliness" esesamns rec a reaow he radonal aid owarur i n ar How ca man compica ife ? How can he

sh coca h war This for Ozu, is h gra hra ofmdrnizao: i hreaes he radiional Onenss nd when os he rs f h srurs-ho m r. s r or pol su n nd naur has always een a heme f Japanese ar u hasgine a ceran scizod inens since modernizaion" inJapan. e aron of aprguerre apanese you (and i isexraordnar md in Ozu copard o ogr drors ie

ani an Oshma) agains arens an oiica ledrs is anxension of ir ron agais h rional cps ofa g "

Ozu rsponds o he disuni i apas evoig



36 TRNSCENDENTA STYLE

rdiiol verities o Zen r n contempoar, inemticconext. H is nturaly more prediposed to th oldr getiocue thy are closer to rditionl ulture and baue timeisel evoks ware, the ood of utumn. "I am omeht mresptheti ith the old pople than ith the oug," Outated n 1958. he thm o m ecet movs tends t dn vaues of the old geeaion nd to approve of he errtcehvior o the oug. But e od pople re dislsd b teamls reblion o the oung and pt to oppoe th.38In the trdton of e t, Ozu do no orge a tasynthss ten the od nd the yung, mn nd ntue, utstut th ent ihn the gr otex o the furyu

hih ats and nopsss rthng. he run a,aprs-guerre dughtr o Tokyo wght (oko Boshku 1957)anifests he same sympheic sdness" whih prmt hrrsee, undesandng er. e Flavor of Gree eaOve Rice is one o he la succesul o Ozu's ltr mseuse he breks hi rule o stutg seeming oits ithnhe arger ntxt of th furyu. Oz normaly resoves theoit betee prt nd chid y demonstrtig that, o

mttr ht their prsonal dieres are, oth she deepsense o moo o aare. In ree ea hov, O ttpsto portry a hange of het, conversion fom ld toaware athr than, s hs othe m ad udesdgt awar ws wy rsen. As esult, te ie'sconversion" is quite uconvncng n zu eorts to rrese o gimmc (he husnd's pane s orced to retun useof ad wethr) o mak his poin. Te fe's chnge o hear

olates e Zen lie th unity s lws pesent, and tht lmn need do is eome ognzn o t. here cnot e converson eus tht oud m ht the h d n chngtht hre there one hd n dsuty he s oy-wc woud vole e rinipl tht thre nevr hdn disuity Ozu ws proal conscious o th rror oGree ea; h nver gain ttempted such drt hang oharatr nd oe dmittd th Green ea wa no t emad."39

Bse o Ozu's nomal emphasis n uty h tnisuni, on aware ath tn onict, he s not e th dvocate o ther h od o he yog, t h vot o



he a oda f Toyo Soy "The a odas of Ozu's ms areeaimatos of atue; they ae the a s iee ad empties s.

td O H m ty ect Je ttmr y drcO te m d d yg get4

i O m, e te cd, eim . e t my dct meg

trii a m , t my crte ccmry mt t ve, metc ce te cd, e ece d emte d t m te ct etwee m d ey t mveg ycgc ev, t yegig m d t e w Ze tg d e . He det mc me t ct twee d te ,y mgt y, e tced t

Z d tr cr et Om Oe ecedet e d O tce tee t mvemt w gg Jee etmdy d ecme ted t O ece



3 C

hs saonay ama sos, Ozu on haf-faousy sad,w u o h fa ha a doy oud no oae a su a owang n, ous, s "psona aso nun sapoah o mmakng Bu kn s a who Ozus hnqusae so sma o aona n mos ha nun s

unmsakab, an on mus consqny assum ha Ozussonay, k ha o aona s, s on vauabo h xn ha xsss hs ss s ona, khose of hs chaacs, ms wh an envon sns ofono no and umae acvmen f Zn anay boms undsnushabe fom

B N CuLTU H NSNDNTL SL

Ozu nsd vrus of Zn no moon usand n he oss h uzd can emens wh w nonssay md o Jaanse cuu, bu whh can aso boun n an, nmak, a, h n Sas an whvrs ss o xss Tansnden n moon usThs a ommon quas of ansnn s and ak fom o h ogssv ss Ths son w am

o xa hs ss om Ozu's ms, an nx apon Bsson, w dsuss omonen as and he ossbes on h vw moe csy n canno anayz hansndna sy fom e scve of a sne cuug, n) o mh sm o b an xusv ouc of hacuu On mus su h ss o hs s y as us b enass n dn uues o asean s uy unvsaquas On an xa h ansndna sy fom n

cuu bu he s of s unvs a w s on s useswh

Te es of Ozu, Bsson, and o ss gs,De and oers o eess da o csac nosynonymous ms, bu a ansnden) s fomazed n had of ansndna sy, and s has no onnha hs ss oson o h ass n ahosm : "hn bgan o su n, mounans w mounans ; whn hou unsoo n, mounans we no mounans bu wen am o fu knowg of n, mounans w aganmounans The ss of anscndna se a :



z 3 vyay a mcuou pao o u,

aa coo pac o vyay vg, or wa Ar quosan azain as aling quo ."4

A on im su an approa ou av n all

"realism bu i is mor aural a slizain T esir osr e f all xrssion n byasses e raiy ay--vng wi er l es ave ns f enuine eaern rama ivn a selin inions e oi snoon a oi o souns oi is siln a slionf ans oie is sinessre is no quesion o"ry s obvius wy ransnenal aris in nmae "risi eiu) wu ose su a rersenaion li : i prpars rai or inrusion o Transnnu in wa a caoyu rars a rinking or n e moos uyu. T veray elbras arrsol o xisn, os bana ourrns wi sara living rom a psial rom maria osurrens i so many popl qua wi li sl Tevryay miulous ss u sraw man ayay

reaiy e usion a unain s nly a uninaay), so a i ma b knke wn leran ariss av us "ralism as a sringboar fr

r inrraions o li vraying seeingl risienvironmen i anasy foky xrssionis n soor Carri o xrm, is nn o ra anunrmina rai rsus n vra s o esariia "raiis ar sign wi uil-in oopols wi

l-akr an onvnnl sli roug lar in r xam aus grim "raism o Bus osvao brisls wi volai moins i s no surprisingar in lm wn os mions ass borrline infanasy Tis is n o aul uuls lm bu nly o in u s refnasy "reis s n e everyay e evryayas s u al s loools i rs all biasenrraions o rai vn ar su onvnional

apa "ralisi niqus as ararizaion mulileoin-o-vi amrawork, a soun s n vraying is xprssiv al s onss





Te openng e sho s of A u u Aoo "Te eeydayceebrtes te bre trehod of exsence t mecuouy ses up est mn o dto- r et.

O te tyat ea cmete vey t te ame et eey cmt tatc eey ct

mte eey exe a eey ct tgt aedctae act tede a a cmmet ate eet ead exay t t ext e gt ceta ama te eg a te e ae egecte



2 TNTL STYL

h acn ua ccr n h mdd f a c a ablhd hr an ca a mn cca cnvran a pac a n m hav mmprac h cvraon pa vr hm h dcinras nasd ad fd h po d

ma dra a cs B pacng ac h mddrd rs ss h ch fr as a mar pg dr n Bhr nmp h ho sr ho s dvd f har mng o ff and aan d vr apc f O mgr, acn camrark undracfa dr h hrricn vrda d h xac chn f rrcn h prhap rd r dcss cnnc h Brn f vrd

If h vrda a a d sf d a rar an a a hn a h rda ard f o rvd f ag rss rmar caharc a n aro ar B pa f rancndna h vrda car a rd m f r h rdnar ra racdd

Dspay a cua o po suy bw aa s vo wc cuaes a csv aco haa m ca u oe cs n in fr ms42

Th spr i a gr cr h d rfac vrda ra and, f n r rrcd Fra ra,

m dcrd a h cn d Th p apco o h ooa r h vr ss hahr mgh or ha o s h ho c o o h crs chorac h vr h r s gd h oo hm h o d h od g of ha a i rih h aa rd H a d fpca h drcn a a r fn pa

Dpr s cd rn f a Afr cashma d h cod cx of h vrda hn f h ra f rascdn va dpnd pn he



oz n o a mnmm o a o man as A oTh abou i i i o b anng mo an an absaan o agos o manngss uggng ns a umannsi43 n ms o ansnna r n age,n nxpab opong o man ing an a no

dqu ra Tis oring omason sms igee os suddenl and une n is no drido h mira obsd nvironmn I a an bngan a an nr ings in an unngnronmn n re us nssari b a pi bnan an nonmn nonmn nng oans ng om om

Examin o o o man dnsis a a pa n ons ompas on morean an man an ba an mo an an man anreiv Tis oassion is ard b somni and sueingi i an xnson o o agon Suh oingomasion anno om rom o nonmn o huan inin, bu om onl from oung anndngroun o bing i a oa ou-o-a oion, a brdn

her han a ool deang th an unfeelng nvinent Tegrong ak in du ura of ra ra boesn oen u, a nal, in h omn o is aion,hr is an ouurs o sirual oion oa inplibhn he vrd

Dung iari ao ah agonizng umanings an xin on rn no xpsion of Trannn nsa i onl oa unrolv nson

bn a o huan ersion an nonexssionDsri nds iriua hizorniaa u sns ofo opoing oo ir

A onl disar bn an an nare ndriszus l suggss o o man and nur besara ra an uni, i, in onx of hsaiona sur, rain os ra a sizo raionTis ipar boms oos n z xapos simlaroas ar onasing m sns A so of a no-aedmounan inr ar a iusion b a parns plainsus n o asp u am sonsrd a a an-i quarrl suggss a rdionl



44 ASCDA S

y my e i e mei wii e sw miysce. Te cds c y e sie s eme ey m d e , s y cmmey e c .

F e ms , disiy i zs ms is ceyed by

s e m desiy wc sees e ecicy bseved e me, wc, e mme ecsve c ev e b s w. is ms ee s dce cmssi wic, ey exessed, sems iee e eme ecces y ec e d me iy b e decTe viewe seses ee e dee, ed eeis s ew e sce Usy sese cmssi s bis , i s ied i ie edii cme eciesb i s m ce ce Td S, ese ciic,is e exme is i Lae Sprg e d eece e seed i ei e biddi ee esz ss e scee i is cei medic se e swi e dies wi di e ds e ttm B e e es sey

c c eci e s bes swi cmsiy bce, e e i, e . Ts is ii meme, e see i , i e cex z's s ceeydy is execed s desiy " ce sc emeic ce ws, " seieses e meme m is mde fee vey esby e s see e mveme wc decey bes e

bce4 simiy mbive me z sm esy

ees b e d symy is cces ewe e mkes is cces, s e dii scee oko Sto r (o ko oogtor, s vymy m i s bi cme imese viwew s iss, i s wiess wc s cc, cs d , i cm T dc sees

e cms si s cces, e secs eims s eeis, ye s seems e ece see.Te ccs seem e ms, ye ey s seem eeic, eses Te i sse dsiy d w



Cheo Hgshm nd Seu ko H Toyo Stoy hro o dsprt r o sleep o m dead soed

i mid diiy f e reece y torui ee iry lm trcedl tyle,

roy e temrry ui t lvi cizoid wrld ercil cter tke titde detce ree, dmor e d we e d, judmet i Te crcer ret lie wit iry d r urtreted wt roy by ter drectr rc umr i bvyret te lm Bre reyer, d Better b t l reet i te im o zu okyo Story erdmoer exree te ric mde erecty we e y r iw ueri, "W re e my ded ed. u er te me im e ere i reed wiiry e rder wce rm dice ermer er yu rd wt e i e e ero u, but e rd re e, rui yully wy uum froo e rcl t r revered tw red, we d rm, y jke wre

udiece by riorwrdly rtedi ter trdcomi, rer Hrei, ey ied mcoemi er i e m wei Hrei y imir e Hirym d e uce by redi erreme r i duer mrre ve le rTe umr i c cee mlci y rm drd



CD YL

zu aractrs ta ra tttude twrd fe e t r r z w wt dsrty e trcc

Ozu' u of chaacter ambvaec ad oy smr tt f Czch dctor M rm d ters

r ca e d we ther m Bot rfectd rm f h omedy whc ctred dmetary realmwt ah of huma desty thr comede, daty ted y a traomc attude toward haacter ad a reultay Ther ary , ve cutral derce werra ar t z atr vd rduy t fthe t coedy cateoy ad cqud a weht a yet uw

r w Ths u t tr z yrcedt ty c ucal rem t t veray drt crtermvaee oy) to uxectd dcve act zurfrm hma dty t rt dty trma ad Ozu tarted fom a aaoou bae ght comedy(Back Peer vv W Brn B zu's vlut ytze tu th tw uece f t f otwar

trt td t cct etwe Zetr d odzto zu d fced hm l tte by tte ttefy aready chzod tyle o tat he derece coud r roved but ad t e traded Te coaso fz atr m veburde ad arat thatrrchee at achevd by auhter a ht omdy t w r s t r

Freen' Bll u t rer t a rt rty terefore rd rce eac rsv

ag awa e sod vee o veda ea r of co whch tae te vewer mag hmv tt et re e v tarf aly, t decie acin a ttaly bd cl fr m se y rt f vyday reay The dcsve r t evryd tyzo t a credb vet t a w t r ta t t ot dratc fr Dreyer Ore t dcve at rc t f th dad t et r t t ow jctve



o emtiona even ihin a ata emoiness envinmen hetena to emoyed by the eveyday e to vayin deeeed otte os te ae emote. he eveyddeniated he iee emions shn hey ee o no usedisity is tiae thse emotions ugesin hat thee

mih be a ae o them, and then in the deisve aion suddenynd nexiby demands the vewe emotiona outt Howte vewe ea to th demd by a e deemines o textent the ina ste of ansenden ye, stasis beheved

Te deve to m ae ess damat andess obvos than in the m o Bes o Deye. n an Ou mthee ae ikey to be evea peudia eisive ions beoe heminant one. n o exame, eah da a deisive tiona bst of o-detiona Westens deands an emotna ott when hee is nhin on teee bt a s i-ie vie t eeive it In addiion, hee ae heeee in h the odas e ombine ith teas : he sinsedte of oode-o owe bek don n ea hen hefathe s boht ome dnk Hyamas dahte e hen

e disoves hat the yun man o e hie s aead maiedand at the onsion o the m iayama himse eeps s ienyae his dgte has been maied. n eah ase e peon eene; it s not a bi petae bt an outouin o heieeet eotin The weei ee ike Setsko as famousteas at he nusn o T s pausibe bu nexeedthe viewe ha seeminy not been epaed fo uh anemoton obst n f evey ohe evet

a bee eted wh omete to; eve we Ke dHe pay hei maiious oke on iayama he ony ndsesignedy. xet in these ae eisive momens iny and heeveyday peen any dispay o emoion

the minant deive aion Hiaamas iayweepn om Mine tes Nothing aen, has pepaedo he emoiona deph e as ene ye s a peenata imax tod whh te whoe m ha een moing 4

Thohot f Hyaa had been a aao oism; no disase od petb his had exteio. is eepyganed on atide od et nhing ae him ouy.So wen nothnad hee o mmedae ase o hs



T ds o of oyo Stoy Ssuk busito es Notg, r, s ed fo too dp o f s se, s f ows w wo s b og

weeides s dicy ee i, is deise ci se disy eie wic d bee becie d me dse demds cmmime iewecces sceei e ids cedbe d meecces d de me He cces isic scwic eis disiydee, ic, s

eei wi cd, eei eme ee, e cces

sc sc s is ee ex iss ee d cmssid wees wic d e c c ieey Tis , cse, s e Tscede

B, s e eized, smei dd ee e iewe s n uu enoon, we ejeced . sme ws e

scede sye wic e m ws sca

is i e eeydy, e e essie deees disiywic cd ssiie ecisie ci, me iedibe, d sm i i ss s



S : zen ve le hch de n elve he

b end

Sta t rdct f tracta , ect vw of f whic t ta aa a ta

t tr y cfrt th ab, bt t tchu ar r ytri tha te ad tw Thr a dtfr a aftr, a r f arty a a rd f ta, atw th a a et f darty, cv act, wctrr th xr f t Tract T tracdtaty tf tr ab r aca vr ct a aa, a f t vwr xrc ta t wt d ra.

T dcv act d t rv darty, bt frezt t ta To t tracdi d a ad atu ay btay cd cict, bt thy ar aradxcaly athe a Ou, a Z, ta ve th d f th atcary e Ma aai with atur,athuh t wtht ad th rct Nat divi. trratiaty tacd hua doubt or abui, ad i orbtt t , r ratr cct t, w trac rv

Ct ta, r frz t, t radar f art vr ctr. t t a f a craity whic ca tad bd t dary raty t eetthe Whly Othr Oz, th a ta rrted bythe a cda, a t-f vew whch cte One. i thae rtrictv viw which ba th : th uta habc a ta aa, but a ry drt wayPhap h t a tai O the thy h

f th va a dard r ar th d f e Tfahr a atr ar rar t tr at t rth a rof h w b arrd Ty ca ta abwat a c day they had, a f t wr ay ther day The dar th dahtr a a u f th fathr, but t awr Tr a ht f fatr a, a t f t atro at , a t f t va t acv a vr t tu f t fatr r Th thr a t f t aterhalfl, th a thy, t-cd t f te va aa,a a rtr t t ater w at tar , ad a iarur t th va Th va ta, a fr wch ca acct



Te n e ss autun "Sss esens e sescte e c en e e untn s e n n bu n enyeen y



o dee, otaditoy emotio ad tasom it ito a exess iof smthi uied, emaet, tasedet.

The dsiv atiothe miale o the teashas littlemeai i itsef but serves t ove the steth of the fom. Thtrasedeta styl, lie th vase, is a fom whih exresses

st dr tha tself th r uty of all ts. Ths s diiult but asolutely uial oit ; tasedetal stye is afrm, ot exeie. Th urose o trasedeta style isot to et the vewe t shae Hirayama's teas , but to ue thosetears ad itate them ito a lare fom This om, ike themass, a eomass may emotios, but it is exrssive osoethi eate tha those emotios ( do't ma to dit itoebility here, bause blieve that this uri o teas isausd by solid, homeooial reasos, but, aai, I efer td that dsuss utl a wrt from th wderestiv of Bresso's lms.

The eveyday ad dispait ae expeietial hoever ;they taut ad tease the spetator's motios. But stasis isformalisti ; t iooates those emotios ito a lae om. heeveyday ad isaity eset a obstae ouse o the

eotios : they udemi the viewe's ustomaiy osoidaith i his feelis, hoefuy iig him to the oit heehe s wili to aet d ariat a idea of life whih allmts hwver traitry, have o wer thmslvsut are oy art o a uivesal fom whih expesses the ieruity of evey heomeo Stasis by showi a stati quisetogaied se, ioes this ewoud dea o ie suessful stasis tasfos mathy ito aestheti areiatio,

expeiee ito eressio, emotios ito fom.

This distitio bewee om ad expeiee is otedati, but udameta : a form a xpress the Tasedeta exeiee aot. A fm a expess the ommo oud iwhih al thigs sha. A exeiee a ol express oe maseatio to that ommo oud. Both fom ad exeiee aead to eeriee, howeve. This ouum ehas a be

laiied by this squee of ossible evets : a etai fom (thmass, tasedetal style expesses the Tasedet A vieerpeeivi ad appeiat that om, udegoes te expeiee trasedee. He the sees to evoe that same feli i his



AA Y

e e e xcy e cd y mse, b de e e ee sceeees de ccessy c sceece s, e ee w m e m cee sye e c e c

e e Tscee, e exeece scedeeTeee, is ssbe iym exee scedec scee, d e ee eee exeece sceee c m, b be mm y emi, b y smesc e m

ese c s exc c y m i T o og o w m m Be e ecse cs ey sm e i s eded O ym es m my, e cci ss izs Ug Mog s L' cesd e z Be bc m

e ce , ew s, e m y exece B ee y y y em, ec ece c s c exs i y im Tee s e m see s yme e e e eeyy by W, m isy byFm, ec c by B m em ee Tey z ce ye i by

, b ey e excsey ced e Tscee eW y sceeye z m my em y m yss,m y bece ce e e c B m, wc m x, ce we m eme ee, s s e y

T S, ys, s ses e decy ce e cme e ceee e wy, z w eyem e w e



ttrbte th to zu tradta ee f decm ad ortey the camea f Yaujr u behave toward the chact whthe atttude f the hot towad the uet overey, thehaacter f m behve themeve a f they were uetf the hot

dere a a aect f tracedta tye rt veyay th t wvr rtty h bv tt t t t t tact yt cy w a mtve Wetra ct t z ued frtaty t covey theett of tradtioa aa, he mre mortat ed frotaythe wa reu artt have away ed frotaty : to re a-hou devotoa atitude betwee the vewe ad he wok frt he Wo aai ek to dee the root ad oi orm, ad i therefre aroate t tracedeta tye, whchek t cat the r tua e

NSNDNL YL S ND WS

e y extract mch from cuturemotaratert o wrk f rt are iearaby ked t ther

re Tracdet ty a way of beratio rm thetrra to th ter wr ety t or eceay trc t t rtcar tre from whch t Ut berat, te uece f cutre ervave

a artt mt u te aw mata h eroatyd tre Yajr z artcar em tty d by cure The aae mae itte attemt t eaate zurom hi cuture they by ad are coider hi m y a

eterame d wth reaothe it at whc etye t a tracedeta ty mt dcerb zu m t ot t taat te traedetate from wt a totay Jaae erectve oe eedvera cura erectve By demrati hw the threete f traceet tye uto th Wt Breom), t be t y t earte the tracedeta tyerom Ze cuture, bt a t hw the uty f he tye he

deece betwee Ozu ad Bre are eoa ad cturathe miaie are tyitc, but ut the momet ofracedeta a, the eoa ad cutura deece aremrat f tai ot achved there ca be roer u



ANSCENDENTL SL

f t aW mt Wtut ta t xr f t aet a wtut x f trat tr a fuata trat twutur ad wtut tlat t a uvra f rrtat

tu zu a Br a t xary tr tratal ty atu ty t y a vryaydartyta r tr ar t dta ut adrt a t at f t Wt ta f tradt r t a a t at ad Wt adzu a B rt t r

rtr a dtu tw t uturara f t rat at a Wt

We ly tat wt te Hl ctf Natu t a 't wa t exla a atazatu ad Gd a utmaty ut a tkey-t te pilpic ica e it au t Pm Me at ply te tad tart t t r f rat Ba t attt t xa t rl r t xt

f ratv tal xt tr f taut

Ruf Ott vdd tw va f tractaxe t e Way f Ufg V ad Wayf tp5 t tedd to ce au a at at a reutat arr w ad t uvrm a fry u wt ma mt ft tru

at trtv ay f t at ut aturt a tu lat t la t f Wtrtugt : ma veu atue dy vu ul at ugtt at t t wrl Wt aart fm t Butvr tr a xr f t racedt a aamay tradta xr} wthr Saaa at t der ar ttaly ud : Way fUfy V lead t tet ad t ay f

trt la t Ufy V fu tay t f yt t r a mratal ty t at a w a t Wt a a a t art



The dece betwee tascedeta exsso East

ad West s te deec betwee aoi ad coveso o (ighme) kg he a i a i nt,a om hiia i n , mhng igfom high hat hag he 5 o i a ge ah

awaes , but i ipaie iu ucixin aet, a foakig f he g a b, a aninpa ea in g uxi ha n meaigwhatsoever unless i t is folowed ect wtes"It is deret with ehteet aoi fo t tattansfm he eah ef no a u a5 he ieencebetwe tasceta xpessn Eas ad West aecs tem taea te hugh ai

The dispaiy i Ou's ms s ma tea ancaot d ate wth hsef he saty Bsso's ss piai extea man anot ve hamous wh hshi im O, th a fuie pt agtthe fat f te body ad he hostt of the evoet, as nBsso Besso, thee o esge accetace ofeiomt, as in Ou

Th isi ai n Ou' ms is a mmuna evetbe the mes f a amy o nghho he ecsvaco Beso's s ted to a oey ge tted aasta oste evot Bsso stas he udeoCstataiin f th g eem M, Chist, the pis, satsad ystcs who each hs ow fe ghted a wth the wodO oes ot stcte hs s aou a secc Chs t o aspic Cava Ou's m a um of haacte a

paiae in h Tanent thugh a numbe of eciieain

h eees between Ou an Besn ae une stas, the unatin f taceneta ste T WhOh, pi, ant imi b u







Rbe Breson decting The rial of Joan of Ac.



" C ms of Robr Brsson mify h ransndnas n h s b n zs r srand

from r cr nd r inana nscssf n dhh has bn rimarily uiv individualid nd

umanis, Bsson ok is naroisly noinuivimprson, and ionogrhic annnl l in Bron lms has o n

uo m , nr Bin, an Sun Sonagha all i iv nls o ons "Jidirion, "hnomnology o slvaion gra, d his"siiua s h qualiis of ranscndna s hav alsob hoil b Bso hms Bson is a ai mong

lmmkr h aa knos xly ha os nd hyh o i h many smns Brsso has md n inrvisn isussions, rory arangd, oud consiu an acuraanysis of his ms a samn hch cn b d o no ohrlmmk o my knodg) , an any sud of Brsson musk ino aoun is asu slf-riiism

Brsons ouu has bn g : nin lms insv Bsons rr, ik us, hs bn on ofrm, u, uk O, h r no lnghy pnicshii s m, L Aa Pubu has apanl bn"os, bu his on, L Ag u Pc islad ho ci al a "vision os u Ar L Dam uBo Bouog a lm hih ound Brsson omha os hi maral son nr ino yl o ls irsn h rsndnl syl a s rs h four ms of he

ison l da h qsions of rdo nimpsom, o, i olgil m, o ill npion "All o os lm av a ommon m : ming o onnmn i, Song "img o h rligious voion and o im a ud oinl



0 TRNSCNNT ST

B . "2 Br' r cy cncrn r r in ia ry o a Co try ri t L ora Cr Cpa i r ccr wi in c ri rdr, a capd ( Cod am! ort S' t Ecapp, 9 6 r w c r r,

ickpockt (ickpockt, i ncr wi irin, Th Tria o oa o rc L roc d a d'Arc, 6 , i r iin nin rii i n pyri. Brn r Haard, Baltaar (66ochtt 966, n U mm oc 969v xr xpndd i ri , d n y (i y o ry o v iv r i

r cycBrn' rin cyc rvd n xcn prn y y rncnn y in dp or vr rn nb prin pr i n cri ii w, c Brn n r m w r r rc r r, r r w r nrin wirndn y in i i z i rn c

y o xricd r cr in Brn i rdy d r dr Br i id rmi n rry r.

ik z, Brn i ri n i i in r p 3 Br rid, rdiby wic vri r , c n i n r. Brn i y arr j r r

Diary of Co try r t c inprrij r n Dam d Boi dBoulo n vin n in U Fm oc. i w id n irr y,Ryn Drn rr, n xrio y yi Dryr Brn w rrby iniir rcri y ir y r nd w

Si nin v n ri. Tiry, , yn, ry, ryr, nd ncin r rii d i xr Trrm, w rir i iy xr



EO 6

Tasn pa ag ad a nums pBssns samn n hs at s as acab t gus fan uas : subjc f a s n a etxt. Fm uchm ha nn uchs a vw and vats hm.

Susan Snag has gn s a as sa ha sns m

what h wats say, a satmn whh s smwhaaguus baus wh a w f a is sussu h nsn fm h fm. wud b hu say hat Bssns ms (and n anscda s) h f s hopeaive mn ds th w. h sujc matbcms h vc (h x) hugh whh h fmas. Th sbc a s n ngb ; Bssn has chs

hs subjcs v cau as h m psn das.Bu asnna s ty he fm mu b h paveen and a vy s asn : m s h univsaemnt wheas th subjec ma s ncssa acha,havn bn dnd by th aca cuu f whch ss n f a w f at s b tu anscndn abvan cuu) mus y n s nvsa mnts. atBssn has s hs s sagt am m ccud wth

th sca anguae f h ema han wh th subjct f mys.Bh Ou an Bssn a mass n h aiia

eigus man; hy us f as h ma mh fnducng bf. Ths as th vw an ac paan n hcav pcssh mus a cnxua h fm.Rgus fmasm dmads a s nwdg f audncpshg; ma must w sh f sht hw h

sca w a. aah nmus man f.mus. nd bv a h fm ads t h hhm. Nwh hhms a a pfu css h aun s bfhng s a ma f hth.

HE NSENDENL LE HE vERD

h vda n ms has ns gus a ; t swha n Byann sha cas sufaas hs . faaca atnn mnue da s vdn n Chnspcan sa cas and Byzann achcu eopoiad aumaopoke n h hdnu xaian Shl thstud Spu am a ma mnu dai h



Te eer MEsp The supertur m s ol the rel reere

more precse, resso s s"Rel thgs se close up.

lexdie exeees beleved mysic mes cld e ece r cce ec de e ex

m sceese cs s e eve, d srcced by Bess Tee s ce e m ed dc wc e s sme e s T b e sce

e w bve e sce "0 Cemce e sce cees dcmey qasi-documenary approach. Concering ,Bress ld ee " ely ws wld ms be adcmey I ve e e bd e dcme de cseve s ec e m sceele Ecpd eds Ts sy cy eed. I se dw w embelshmes Siy ebi Th Tril of o of rc reds, Tese e eec exs e te lexd exeees Bess beleves,Te serl m s ly e l edeed me ecseReal things s cse up ' 12



SO By akig al a as aiy ah a ih ni

sgiian o onnoaion Bsson as a sua o aiy Th "sua is aiv is Ay hough "a vy isho o ais os an assois ; houg gsuscad a xml sod al3 ssns "ali s aclaon val small sounds a oo ang a bding a h uning sac v is oinay sny anas uss vy obos oumnay mho auaaonsFo Monu n an aped and h a onn nonaos and "v soud h s nods o apu h oumna "uh o an vn hna-vr, only h sua Bsso oumns h suaso aiy

sson's vyay syzaio cnsss o mnaona han aion o assmiaion Bsson uhlssly s saon o is sigiian ; h gas a s i ms o is sossiiiis A smig iia ano may iusa hs : ishooing a sn n ay o a oy s Bsso isuan assis an o av a man hou a ha ak hough hakoun o h sn hn a sho im a h ass san

ol Bsson aha man as a Bssoncd hm san ha ddnt an a aad man ua man ihou a ha sson dins aiy y ha Asolal "pivaion y h quais ha an os ks y hasona o a o xampl s n as poil sam nBsso's ms h aha ma is poiay a man h aha a h v s poniay sasis A ypa s as s a hou sia s y

niiism u i is aso pia upon a hag o us asipual mapho a va unvs goah an avalho s oa

Bsso amis ha h vyay s a sham I an oan in mak mys as mu a ais as possi singoy h a maia ak o a l Bu I n up ih a aaism ha is o simpy aism Th as i sua is usha suaan h maia ak om a i is ha maia o h ans

Bsso's us o h vyay is o iv om ao o "a i u om an opposiion o onvdamaic vns i ass o al li in movs hs



4 ACEE

eminal cscsp acng camea k eiing scae "sceens "ee a many ings a epseemselves . ee ae sees. Sceens peven e vee fseeng g e sae eaiy e speaa ; eysppse a e exea eay is sfsn

Tis is y Bessn's k seems s peese tenniae iee : Besn espises a e miege liesest. His lms ae " a ey ak e vicaiexcteent sally asscae i e mvies. Bess Snagwites "is pege a e easy peases pysiclbeay an ae a ease c is me pemane meeifyn e sincee 7a e aeage mviege is ikel elnqis ese "easy peases asy. a ae esceens a "easy peses an w es Bessn ae

Plo

Le z Bessn as an aniat twad lt " tye and me in my ms t sess at eple ca p. ts a nvelist's ic. 8 e p "scen esalises a smple

acile elaisip eee e vie a even n aspeca empaies i a a e e is i age e canate fel sg in s esin e e is save) . Te veeels tat e mse as a iec cnac i e ings leand i is n sme mae ne is cn. e viee mayt kn e p i ee e i esave n e ks a aee appes e pleslin e a iec eai is eelings.

In Bessn's ims e iee's feeings ave n eec nte cme A a Esa seem a l Bessn's lmse ms pliee ; i is a a ps eak B e lesenses i any ssiiliy f ssense Condn oS'e ap a man cn�mne t ea as escaped. ne ial o oan o e viee f cse s te enig in case ay e ngis ga pea eeaste fac : S il ie. Se ms n. e eens ae

peesi y e ee's c a eseemgyBessn's.

By sig pl eke aiene empay a amas



BEO limis e ays n ic e can manipae is aience. Even e ys i e p cnsing e viee's emis eneeless es cs e es e emina eve "As a asI can I eiminae anying ic may isac m e ineiaa me e ciema is an explain iin iin e

min e camea can anying. e inenal ama is in emin Bessn seems say an emina nvlvemen i anex ena p " isacs m i. ee is emina invvemen ' b s e emina invveen ics ecgniin m)

Bessns ms cse ae n eniely evi "p eac as a sccess in evens ic ave a i se an a

a ensin an eaxain eve slig. By e em "amaeve Bessn es n me_a simpy e manipain evens b e appea e mns g e maniplain evens is s ama is smeing mpse n lms i sn enemic e cinemaic m : "amaic s ies sl etn ey ave ning aseve i cinema. tsees me en ne ies smeing amaic ilm ne is ie a man ies t amme i a sa im

ave een maves i ee an' een amaic a get in e ay20

ing.

Bessn's mst veement ennciains ae eseve racing : "I is teae a asa a.2 e acing pcess isne simpliicain e ac miies is pesnaamae mpexiies n eaivey simpe emnsale

aaceisics . " An ac even an ave a a aene acives s sipe an image a ma eing an eee aase imae22 e ae cpex. An a e ac pecs isn cmpex2

An ac is pimaiy cncene i e caacte ema e ays Bessn is cncene i e can se aac cnvey a ealiy ic is n imie any e caacee acs ms cnvenien appac a caace is

pscgy an Bessn espises psycgy : "I n likepscgy an y avi i sycgica actigmanies e spiia "g psycgical acing even me



TNNNTAL YL

s ta " psyga ating Bessn Ba pinted ts "ee t te slg u i te sg exstece5

sclgcal act s te easest ad st aealng a te seens ad teee Bessn st k te adest to

av it. t pel estaned an a exet a eatvefe i a mand i a Bess lm Bess s te ly ne odes te etg. " a e side an at. I s e eaes i is yu.

In e edue ang ysilgy Bess aeulyscs is ats expessiveess . He fes te act tslimate is pesa t at a autat anne "I t st s uc a uest o d otg as se ele avesad. s ate questi f efmig i eg aae esel n nting nesef. Exeiee as ved eat e I as e s aua' in k I as tems ving.2

Besn's eamen f ats s emakaly simia u's an same easns. * sve eimiae anyxpessi fm te at's pefmne. Neie u gve te

act "ints exain e emn at e a sldnvey ut ul gve ly peise pysia istus atat age te ea en ad fa tun te istad s ft Bt used eeated eeasas t "ea d aae tactable sefexessi gadaly tasomgfes veme nt e ain expessve intatin nt blamnne. Bess's isutins t a te astr Man caed, exai e ed a atiae en

s ey f acti Fget abut e and meai. D'tink aut a y'e saig; s t seak te dsautmaiay. e smee aks e sn't ikng at e e eve a a ats . ynee a e s sayig e us e e s m t

Comar, r am, Os samn abo L uum trssons statmnts ab rama an actng s r as, O sa sh moton n rama h acors cr o agh an hs cons sa

r hap lgs t th anc hs s mr anaton Ca wa orra a mans sa an gn b an mos me wh s h m an s Cm O O h a s, , 5



RESSON mply an ecly. hen y ae eang y eye js sngsgehe ack s n e pape s qie eay nhe page. I's y afe y have ea te s a y egn ess p the smpe sense f e pases nnan aneanngha y nepe hem. he lm ac s cnen

mself h ang hs lnes. e shl n a msef shwhat he aleay nesans hem. Pay nng expan nngA ex shl be spken as Dn Lpat pays Bach se ee sply eleases te nes nesanngn emn cme ae.8

amewok.

A ackng sh s a ma jgmen Jeanc Gance emake an s f ha mae s any camea s . Anysse shgh angle csep pancnveys a ceane a a chaace a "sceen hch smples annepets he caace Camea angles an pctal cmpsnlke msc ae exemely nsos sceens they can nemne sene i e viee's eng aae f . A s m a veica cmpsiin cn ssaniy ae e meaning f

acin iin a scene.Bessn sps e camea f s ea pwes ymtng t t ne ange ne asc cmpsn . " I cange caeaanges aey. A pesn is n e same pesn if e is se fan angle h vaes gealy fm the es. ke Bessn shs hs scenes fm ne nvayng heg nlke z pefes he seae aam psn Bessn places e cameaa e cs level f a sang pesn As n 's ms e

cmpsn s maiy fna a eas ne caace facinthe camea seemng cagh eeen e aence an hsenvonmen Agan an agan the sac ellcmpseenvnment ats as a fame f he acn : a chaace enes efame pefms an acn an exs.

Bessn's sac cameawk nlles he camea's eagaves . hen each acn s hane n essenially the samennexpessve manne te vee n nge ks e anglen cmpsiin f "cs e ain. ik a f Bessn'sevyy ecqes is caeak pspns enanvvemen a ts sage e vee "acceps Bessn's saic



TNSCNNT ST

cmsii, ye s e derd eir rse imiry, Bress ids e seseri "ei

me "ti u e mke e tu imes ecessry es3 Te eifu ie, eer rcie ikeElvir ig, r rs ike Fllii tryico , drs e

se d y rm e ier dr Te ei ime c e scree eee e sec r d te eee icrime Al J e e eer re u ieer's ide re is rerc B ress, e er d,te mes e tem r t r me,tte , sres exresi y mmei desre s, d y ie ex ime e smekid, sdde t ime my e ie eec er e ke e erce3 AdrBi ied u e icri smses s BersDiry o Cou try Prit- ri us, e miy irisms dy ceyed i eir's s32 Bre ss, i is d Bers e, reeced e s errei,emsi ised e cd cuy e res serme

Eii

Bresss ims re edi ed r eer emi cimx redri rm mx c, wee r serice r sesicie, ec s e rici r eiemet ic re isy i ericed, eer su e r is, s ediri rer em scree, ty rc rmet msed rm

w by e mmker B "erre e ci scree e , Bress reers e rer, usei c e ce descred Ec s "e eece iwc ec s, ec ee, ed y e ex t3 Bress'sed des se y rc cmrss ; ec st reec sy s w srce "e rm Bresss m, ss twres, "s drmc, t s ry er cees re ctsr, se ed ed s emsi s Tis ed csrci e stry s s rrsy sered Th Tril oJo of Arc Te ilm s ced tic, medm s ee e scee re e iexrle seece serris Te rcie e i ecd meri i ere



REO 9caie is exeme ee ae n ineles f an s. I is ave eapan nsin i ps a sap ake n emionalvlvemn3

The Soundrack

si an sn es ae e mmaks m s slelse viee is selm aae e exen i sfeeings a g mapae snak sf aof ms e a f exiali mps give e spea atexk infmain. e ea is me aive an e ee an plae a se a sn pefe sn is givesfem magain f e pl . is pnmen elsy sgs ns a an vin s 3

e yy ess ss p s ei ig n y. sn aksss pimiy naal sns s akig ispg n n. s mie sns ssf vyay i a e amea an se sp snsa lik e lsep ss f ies ns n Picpocke : eyesals a gea nen f e miniae f i. An ease

ea s m eiv an y ae s n es ma is a s m is sjBessn keenly aae f minal an eiial

ial f msi s n se i a all in e evya insa esis imse mmn mena snsAlms an ms ay in i e vay l a sn ev piee f msi ais i i ea minal!eial innains i l inep scee Bessn

ev s s ms as s in si a a sss ss ss ms s isv s fa's ss n n A an Ecaped, is eialiig lke s a si is a las minalsic in a l cnx. )

In e eveyy ssn eplas e sens afm By ang ann self e vy slnanls e viees natal esie patipae viaisl i

acin n sen. Eveya is n a cas f making a vie selif i ai ay pving m m sing ase s asm . e v ss e s (Bssns ems e s sn



0 S SY

wic wi w im t iteet te cti i cetime Te iewe des t wt ct te W y e m wic exesses i t

Te eeydy bcs te emti d teet xtei te iewe te mmet we e mst ce te

Uw Te itcte m e eeydy wi t w eiewe t y is t ieetie deices Te ieweecmes we t is eeis e ei sed ; e is ced, s i st ms, t me eite iteect emidmes wt e sees i s eeis e eite ce se i e scem e eeydy "Te e ec esect e we e m is ete ed eemtis3

t miees e emi cs cs tey eyemti iemet wi ici scees, d e c ysymize wi te iewe w stms t y of oy s te sme es e stms t s ts t "bi t te ite iewes tttde isdestdbe, is ecei is e s miste teeeydy scede s tye, d s y see ci

e m Te iewe wo sys ecizes t tee is me e eeydy, t ess s t sey ss icis ityi is dy-dy ii Te iewes emis e eeseciy eected tey e ee simtesyttized y te disi y

HE RANSCENDEA YE : ISARIY

e te des te eeydy is tt it y becme

scee i ise, sye e t styizti, ed te mes Te eeydy eimies te is emticscts b tcity sits ti e t e wd isedicte deed, cd isity demies e icstct

is ity ijects "m desity it e eeieeydy, t desity wic ws d ws t i, te mmet decisie cti, it ees ise t e siitdesity te iiti stes disity z d ess seiee tecies t ses ssic is d emti ity te cd eimet ecse zs eeydy syizti isme "ie i e diti e me esss, z



BRSSON can se a Sa cae a "eak in e gmica aance cea ispaiy as makes m s caacamivaenc an ssn es pssily cas 'sbackgn in igt cmy mply ny. ssnnke ss "ng an veempass e veyay

ceae spaiy B eve ceae ispay by gvng ecaacs a sense f smeing eepe an msves an envinmn a sens c cmnaes in cisive acn. Ate ecnqs f spay cast sspcn n eveyay ay ansgges a n ag n a place f emn.

ssn vmpasis vyay g a ssSnag cas lng. g e s pa acin anpenasc iage essn "s { even "ips eacn making a snge even appen svea ms in enays. F exampe in Pipoe icl makes a aly eny intis iay. Bessn ist ss te eny ng n n eay en e as ce ea e en ve e snack "sa n y ne e ga ans Pais nBssn ss ice aca ging in ne f ga anks ais an sing n y. e v as pinc

sam vn in e as g n skn an e isa acn.ss's avi "ing cn s ini

naan n Dary of a oun ry Pre n Ee, anPio man caac naas nscn acn n aapan naan c is fen ny an ai epay a vi as aeay esse ia o a o Pie epis cas anxisl n ica f . skp

anss vis nmng is a va s n am. css an ist ans cl agans n a e ps's vc as s sapn a an agains n Man Eed is vse s nan aas st s snly ga a aakn m . en e ga aks in s c an says"G p

ni naain s cs may s aen v's knlg ings a an vn. n ps' ee

from an Unnown Woman an ean's Brie Enoun er, exampe e eines cn ei manc xpnces gnaain eac case te eectve an snsiive femae vice s



TRNSCNNT ST

sed s cerr e rs e wrd o i ecs eee e , s s,ri d ci xds iwr's id wrd i r, wer, ss irir rri r i ro : i rro ds o ie e iwr w

i or eis, reire w rdws e iewr is ciied xc ew irior rrio isd, e es cd r or e erd

W e s i rs i w r re iesccrrey e viewe ws e s d se d-eis d i e ir reis o br ress d des db iewe' kwe r ioeci, ly es i ecei e eveCseel, re s cii rei , ere s e seseo eic e il wic is r e eerd, w ,ecs di is dd r i q i , rwi sii e si risi c rie ide eve is reis, w s e i e, i s ' relis, w is bessi w eis ?

e dois, S cld, b rr dies rdr ei seece 3 s ikey y ss , s s e ad i, eerceive r wl ediey sk w? d Wy?,qs wi Miss S ds' swr eve descrii ri xi Miss S'serceis e ei seee s rese becs eevey sy e ck sces, s se

ecse disri e s sci e kr b ired i rei r iw' odo wr x

iq ie doi c iio o rd,d x o diri o rr : i ri si Wo r wii od iro, e wi rd s i rr o issolid sii wii e r J S ssiised re evels s lei i Diry o Cou try Prit scss : e rie is , ( scisid : ri d is risirs, srd sid: eris d e wrd si 3 ries is ree



BEO o an of e emen n enonmen ; e n naue wchdoe no gure n mou cema em ole o he ueinp a e cope ud e ga and al da baere A ee Breon eme woud em o pudocua eda ecu e uedng conc

beeen ma ad eonmen one o cada eme ofdocumena a

Bu conc i moe complcaed han i a r eem.h ouce of aenaon oe o em o be nn o he neu miaro o aanoia o o henronmen (anagoc parone cemen weaer) buem ogae fom a gear exra ource he pre i a c o a mg pa wc coex

o Diary o a ou try Prit cd ago la Saioi) L by e a mog ow a o h Cro p come o az a cae a pca wegh awe wc a accp : I o eug a Our Lodhuld hae ganed me grace of leg me now odaoug e wod of m od eacer a oig roughoueern ca rmove me fom he ac choe fo me fom a

e a I wa e proer of H acred aio."A zu m e pao Diary o a Counry ri ga a a a ca ar m a rm carece ug p co o p ua awae graduaaae m ro uroundng ad e euall ead oh dea.

e e o aeaon emoaed b molu areacual exo of o ago. I fac wa eem o be areco b e eiom more accurae a rejeco b herea cau w o eag mf ubecaue e i e unwg (a r) nrume o noerwelmng ad f-mfg paon.

. cne. he prie ine eem facual eough i eal ow wae and nal fai him becaue f wha ieenuall dagoe a omac cacr. Bu hre acompcao e mo he bcome e moe amal herie refue o ae oumen or e He fee hmelfcodemed by e weg mu bear and aoca h agowh e acrca ago of Cr . H ee d or aom drehm o elfmorcao. He ea o ma pr of brea



The sacrd soliude of he counry pries t "hat seems to be a rjection by te environmet is more accuraeya ejecio by he prie and no because he wihes to est rangehims u bcause he is he unwiing ins rumnt of an overwhemingand sef-mortifying passio



BSO 5

dpped we a aoo parod o e arame. He gorehe eed o f e e eerg me u e mome of deah phcal pa eem o e real eoug u ure amguou aer or e prual maad ?

oa oue. e pre mr a ure He

md a d ep parer a re aagor o eemBu uera weer e pre acua u or epr od or eer deurg pao o a aempa mr. A r e pre eem uu paraoa he h paroer de m. e e reee a amouoe A pero o good eo ae ou o rue ourranfer . . . ." Bu e premoo come r : a f he prewled o e uwae. e our ommu a r ad omore o oward m a e woud ae had oward ae oug pr u e pre meao ur em agam Aer a uccu caem a pre eer ar Bu w e o o ee e oe. a ae Idoe o e H regu oeo e m o eeea mceu c re are aga m. e pre agoaeae e mmu a a ago c e eem

unabe o coro. acr oude. e pre uae o ope wh he

wrd o eer m or oe r. e orma reoure o aCra praer o oe o m. Neer ae I red omuc o pra e wr. Ad aer: " ae eer fe w omuc oee e pa reo agan praer." He a le org pa e oer e a oe me. e mrale ofe emp ad : How woeru a we a ge oer a

pae w e ouree o o po e race o ouremp ad. H o ago aow m oe o e emporalmea o reeae w Cur oce ad o prode. Noeo e empor meaor a a pao o eprogree exora oar e meapor o arrom.

ea ee e pre aeao orgae ere erom or me bu a oerpwegraedeal pa o e meaco pre eael dre

be e peer (M God" e wre o e car o orow I woud w o ae ea ab") u arele oce dre m urer and urer aa rom emI e org o ago aura uma reromea) o ee uperaura.



TNNNA STL

spay n he f J f "It s a shck wheJa awes he c q s wh ceyfg e ss es an cpee sega f e esnasa fey-se s n esp g he en e a

a Se aswe e jges as f se wee a peak g he acenea ces

Bresson's potagonsts , ke the coutry est , co nmeapors capable of exressig teir agoy. Tey aredmd srn : r wll a c rine asso, bcase eir sson oes no ce fom ea .erefoe tey o not respon to te envronet, bt ns tea ta sese of e Ote wic seems muc oe imeiaeHe disi ; e esson ranis l ves an-incusive col, facta evironet, ye ate tan aa ptgo a envionment, e esonds to soeg totaly seaaefm i



BEO I a c w a Ac aw cp

inior w cr orhrighn ho ad compledgad pa a pndng hrno a ra aw judg a wreead paig o r meriou ancdal oice"

ilarl i n e onaine' eie o eape urpe ormal prioer moiao He i ohing bu an embodiel o Ecap ; he iwr onl hi a a pror whoever beah e o be ree. houghou he lm Fonawear a raggd ad bood hr ad wh h alrc a pacg w co h wr rjic or wa rjc) Iad ryg w cl Faiimday ar hm up o ma p o Fan md asded b prian") h pacag dd n coa nw cohea all bu poenial rope . oher proner who had he deirebu o he paio o be free would hae used he l clohe asrop Foan' obeon i h di uali and i i greaer han dre o be iide or ouid o hoe priwal he prion a Fo onluc i onl he obecie corrlafor oane' pion. Pioe chel' ckpoceg h

he me ailiar obeie uali ; i i neiher ocologicall onaciall moaed bu inad i a i Pcpc Adwhe chel renouces ckpockeing or he loe o eae hmoiao agai lldeined he ewr ene ha chl'orburdnng pa ion ha been ranrred o Ja bu lld o w i urc.

I each ca Brso' proago repod o a speca cal which ha no aura pace heir ironme. s

icredib a Ja prior hould ac i ch a marbor a pael judg : nhng in he rday ha prpardhe iwr for oa's piriual e lfmoriig acin. Eachroagos ruggle o free hmelf from hi eerdaeiromn o id a proper meaphor for hi paion hissrugge lead ichel o prio oai o freedo ad hri ad a o marrdm.

wr d n a dima omen

gg dcay rai e ca charcr uggesspra pa dma podc a ma ra hiw wa mpaz wh Joa a he woud r aoce pero ago} e he erda rucure war h



TNSCNNT SL

tt i eein wi e o no i Be eem cte we ti t em to me tt te emtio ee, ti ti ( it m , od ome ot o m fom te ny nd det o om te te i tt we bete wie e t o eoie, te cown o te e, jt e w t o e

ti ce 3 Ti te i i te oct iity iit enity wit t wod ete ee emotion weit witi eein eiomet eeiit et te e, t ot e ce, emti *

Te eet o tneet te i tt t c teet no o ici emotio (t eey imteoy tin to me otio (to ity

Te ey demet o emotio, wete in imitie t o Bect, iteiie t otet i emtio exeience (mtiot be ojecte witot ode d etint0 nd emotiwi ot T t to t motio o di tn te of d ty, die cto, d it ee to fee temotio ito exeion, te dity int ti

oe t t of d ty, owe, Be, e, d o i mo fom t d t ite

din . on, ft, i mt oidbeeccte e tt ete m te eimet ecot iet i i cci, e ie iice ii, oein eioie o ee , e te iet id o t iod ttio o i motobi, te iet ttycet en te xit io o te ide He te teto me , wit no it o eody, tt e e owet tt te ee o ot oy i iie wi e me

cmete Beo e ettemet ionic

ne cn never be sure o udence retons but even rc Rode rgument gnst ressons relgous enomenology mkes te smeon e turlsm o Bressons mos us n rresstble ressureon us to exec e usul sos o exlton or bvour; but essooen gnoes moves, ute delbertely e never lern wy Fontnes msoned wy e ouny res s snubbed by s sones, wyMcel s ble o go brod wout sort ese re only ew o

te mny moves wteld euse o ts unresolved ressure s eroerouse onderble unese n me Precsely Rode lso rele thmny o s rdoxes vns once we mke te on unconscou eno nkng long s lnes, but reecs wt e terms te ey estoo G rce ( f B ondon edeneld Nolson, 9 44)



BR commear o hi characr A an aped ae pdever poible mom hii a iuii hi ma of cape i appear ha hi cel will be earched, hi pla dicoverad he excued, oai a i deadpa irior arraio, Idreaed he hugh o a arch. "

Ir ma e i poe or a mmar cra dp arovr a perod o ime a vewer do wa o cmpe eacce he dlemma of dipri a few do, he oe o have oeec i oi b ca ae a iroi a iudewich ieiall a waad-ee aie ch a viewr ca loo a hipari rom a iroic diace, eei i io ad umor,ad doe o have o comm himelf ke e diari whichruce , iro i a echue e o hod he caor he heaer ul h al decive aciowhich d dmadcommime.

he decive acio i a icreble ev whi h barucure. he prcrp rul of everda fal awa hr abla o muic a over mbo ad a op ca f mo heac demad cmmime b h viewr (he cra characr haalrad cmmied himf), ad wiou commim hr ca

be o ai Diar o a Coun r Prie h dc ve acio hepri' deah wh hi fra il bod fall from he fram ad hcamera hod o a baa mbol : he hadow of e cro cao a wall. A an caped i i he ocura ecape, wih icocoma ad a-mpora accp ace of grace i h peroo Jo. Pikoke i i ich impriome ad hixpcabl xpro o love for eae. I he T o oan

of Ar Joa marrdm wh h cara ho o hembo o h charrd a, which i prec edd b h expicablemo o h i dove ad hree rgg b .

Bor he deciive aco hr ave be decivemme" which aicipae he al ac. hee mome,mol wrie, he hero reaie ha he rh deire whahe deire , a from he o ieie himelf mor ad morewh h pa. "1 (he a decive aco mr

aueceore : he vewr mu h ace he emm oh proago. Ozu' earl coda he deciive momear characerze b a ba o mu c. I A Man Eped eachrude o oar a or ecom a decve



0 TNSCNNTL STL

mm As i 's s , r is sr rryri s rs iii ms ssi s risrs ry k rss uryrd, y r uks e mm r's ss " A Mn Escapd r s r

ris m d ms B msi Mr i i ris r .2 Js rr kb r rm r , mid by rddris, rs sm sr d i Th Tril oon o Arc, s d yi ss ikk iPickpock s mms r xm im rur isi i.

Pickpock y m ris y des ry disss riis s, i ss dxm r dcsi i i rsdsy. Tr is ii sri s Country Prisd on o Arc, d r s i A Mn Escpd, ytr is rsd sy, d dis i i mirs m ii i Pickpockt s i mir rydy s yii i is ik

cu wr. He s m ee, eer r

The desve aton Pkpoet "How long as n ocme t ou



BEO 8

d moe or fo Jeae a fami d. He doe owevehave a pao pk poke i obeo w pkpokeioe beod orma e of me ad uo ofmora. I oe of diuo wh e poce peo heoed a ome m ae above e aw. Bu ow do e

kow who he ae? he eo ak. e ak emeve"ihe epie. he' pa io i e wa pevoumeoed eae a ow ee o dpar h aoewa abup ed ie i appreeded ad impoedhe poe ad bee i wa a oamp fo e foome me ad i uea a e mome of apuewhher wa capured uaware o w wgy

e be capured. I h a c Mc wo a dhe free fe of me ow ja. Jeae ome o vi m io ad e i a oa uexpeed eue kie eouh he ba a How o a ake me o ome oou I a mauou e : he expeo o oe b auee ma w a ufee evrome afeeof pao rom pikpockei o Jeae.

e deve ao ore e vwe o

ofoao w e Who Ohe h woud oray avod.He ad w a expab pr ua a w a odeome a a w ow eue p apao adappova I o a o oge popoe deo. I amae wih mu be aeped o ejeed.

e deiive aio ha a uiue ee o vewewhih ma be hhei h he viewe' feei have beeoie hue oughou he evea e he

ha rage udeed eg (d pa he dve aoe dmad a emoo ommme whc e vwr gvecve aua (he wa o hae Hrayaa' earce ove Bu havg ve ta ommme e vewemu ow do oe of wo g e a reje h eg adeu o ae e m erouy or e a acomodae k o i eeg. I f e ooe e ar e avbee ve o emooa ou b e deo avecorued ow re He reae a rauc ae hou wc he a cope w boh g ad hem r ma b very mpe I a o o ou be : peope u a e ad Je ae ave pr wih



TSCNTL ST

av a c, a aaa f v I n Dar of a Coun r Prs c b :r s suc a tng as oy agny and orn d r was ts ctm Brsson uss h wr's own nara dfnss, roc cans caus of own f w o co

dca dcon Brsson ad p rdrnd for Brsson cas s on of ransforaon

T us , a a cran on, b a anfo rmaon ; f no r s no a rt43 A t mon f ransforaton a d, a a , aog, caak an un cun cra a crn, on ord by pc aor Ia notc a attr t ag s ss t xprsss t a anfor n coa w ot a ncsary fo t ags o a omg n coon opacat n a or f uo4

Musc, as oppos d to sound cts s on of t tans of ts ranforaon I u s a a ans ofanforao of a s n n5 c rory u,can rapor s no a gon ta s no ong m rra,bu rar cosc I wod n say n 46 Musc

racuous nt an t or sbo ar coponns o c acon c ca c a rafrao cao' n

Ts ra nsfoaton os no rso dspar, ac Dsary s parad f t ra xsng w ysca, ad canno b rsod y ay ay ogc a o I , a v ac akaaby ca, acc jc If vw acc

dcs acn (and dsparty) accs og s mnaconsruct a w o wc can compass ot On scrn tis rprsntd y stasis

TNSEEL YL S

ass s quscn frozn or atc scn wcc csv acn a c a rvf rna wo nn gg on a

g I Dar of a Coun r Prs adw f r, A Mn Escapd s og o f t dan sr wFontan and Jos t cdng n dtanc n Pckpock sc 's prond fac n Th Tral of oan of Arc carr stu of sta



i : T Til of Jon of c che e i o of Ac is sill physiclen u s lso h spiul expesson Jons o so s n con

Tis sic iw ss w w i wi sii sic c cxis si i si us, s f g s i wi ss xssi f g i Ts

ssis, iw is cssi w w sd icis c i i iss i fs c i, c ci i iic sii cis T c ski Jn o Arc is si si i, i is s siixssi f s m s i iss w s s i

T "sc sm s

xg ii f f ss's ssis, g Bss is w is iis t s iict, i ss qi c Tsc is w ii " A Mn Esc I i i f sxi cs wi xis i iss f



4 Y

Resstace e pesence o someg o someoe unsen a ahat decs "4 And agan I woud e m ms to be ableo ener pecepbe o an audece a eelg o a ma's soul aalso he p esece o somg supeo o ma c ca bealle o."48 ee at "someg supeo" s cae

eraorda cues" "te vsble had" or "od" taseds mmae epeee ad ma be cale f ol foaa uoes he acede

he mome he vewer creae h ow scee hemome e accepts dspa Besson has accomlsed o olhe ask o te ats bu e ask o e evaget adooaphst as well. e evagels s theoecal a ma whoevokes a converso o b s ow sops bu b brgg thelstee to oat wt te dve . e trascendal stleeher magca no neable t s tecues opes smlarl tob te vwer o cotac wh tat ascendent goud obeo stas s.

ut u s "ho" oes ts ome about ? s t ossbleor a vewe a oe po to "accept" dsp a hese ue stoae ver rc a to some egee unaseable. as thk

somethg fuametal o o e fact a dspart s aemooal exeece a emoo al sa") wereas stass s aepesso o e ascede. I t s ot eal posbe oacept" a emotoal sra (or else t woud o oge be ara bu i ossble o ace a eresso whc udeseoal elemes. d fo h easo the above ue sto mube he al accout uaserabe I s possbe o postulateho te huma emotos reat to upse ng epeece but o

oe ha eve ve a sasfao acou o ho the humashe eceves a form o ar stc exresso.

ow oes epeece tu o expesso a etur oeeece ? ll he aestetcas who adee to a epre ssoheo of ar have adrese emseves to s ues to i oea o aohe ad have ohi iue o add o he deae fac e cocep o tanseetal ste s more useul seeom w te coex o peexsng aesec ssems t a e

thoug o as om smo o expso ) o Dewe whostuded e xpenceexpesson-expeence puzze dep ehat emotos seved to caalze aesec expeso In teeveopmet o an epssve a t e emoo operaes lke a



SSON 85

gne dawng o e appopae maea apppaebecaue a an epeenced emoona an o e ae ofmnd aead mong4 on ae c g wc ea m ac; e ae an an n n aeanomd no an xpn dncy ac

p c n e wa ancdna wo og da and dpa cncn anand anale e emoon pac ng e ewe un a gowngmoo an wc cunae n e dece acon Manrl mp or mool by ae e ancendena le in eo o acee a e eoon ae ace in adee o compeend e dpa e cnna aep ooan e eda. e ece acn a ca pannedcdeac emna ac maneo appealo he emoion and make e ewe awae o e uli. hieceia a conco aeec olon o an eonallieolabe dlemma Once a aeec pecepon maderancendena e no onge an xpence b an epe onTe mon e ped neiabe ad e mnd oeowrecgne pgng o e emn pm e

ae c aciy o pce o pae And can cgnerancendena e o wa a o degned epee Tancenden en ae e epeon cope e and hewok o ar ha ned ak e ewe can eun o a l e oepeence eeng e n" emoon wc reul omaeheic paicpaon.

One can nee ful anwe ow" a acheedCi cal meod a prue e ineable a a a can ; Roger

ry gl mycm" awn w pn ancndna e rea a epn ee ea a ancenden e cc ca ne compend ow opea n a Hecan ecogn e ance en e ca d dwc bg m a eaa n b a aca wy" a realiaon a my B eo pagon cann eeo reaon eo caace Ae we en in eimo eeme codence nee reea anhng bu he

melke God me " Beon canno reea A ecnn e ae peop woe ae c n nynd w ynd n naw" o rancendena e a m een ce



AA

ane s s mace a nvse an ve e pisniecn a appens a casn sc a sc a t sccee ne an n ane te m is a mysey5 sccess Bessn pay e in ike eaina eis ais ve ccei e vne A

spa ais can peic an aienc i eac a specicm ee i e e mass anscenena sye a emmen sasis en a mees i myscsm e can yin Sna's s "e paien an as empy as pssie52 "eaence ms fee at a e nknn at nkn a i appen en ave5

In a sccess k a man expeience sasme in man expessn pesna an ca ;i a sccessf anscenenta f at e ma fms fexpressn ae tanscene by a nivesa fm f expessin estac vie a e cse 's an Bessn's ms s amiccsm e anscenena se se a en m cexpesses e Tanscenena mve iepany

ETXTS

Uni sasis e nence pesnaiy an ce ae Bressn as pevasive Bessn cas e sec mae a"peex e m ni e m is y acieve insasis e "peexs eig eaviy n e viee's min m ise peaive eemen in Bessn's ms i peaes gpesnai y an ce an is necessaiy nence y emTrasceenta sye s as c ece by Bessn's catas a t is by Zen ce Tanscenenta sye is a

cmmn masic sn sima pems n nivaces an ee a vee can appeciae e sn e msexpeience e ples

Te emaine is cape n Bessn i cnsiesme e "peexs Bessn's k : is pesnai iscra ains teca aesec an a sc an issynesis f se aiins I s ease a ese vee ecne Bessn's se f ce tan 's He may in e

ms f furu inisingisa b e kns easiynesans e naces ese egy an aeseics neac case an Bessn iie i pacia caacescsecin em ei cmmn eeen fm



BEO BSSN N H ESNLTY

Condd b f Beon eona can bemeadng o ome of Bo crc boh adm anddeaco h no on h conummae l bu ao ecoumma oddba obd hemc eccenc obed wheoogcal dlemma n an ag of oca acon. He a cuuaeacoa ad a ac evouonaand he c o haado e omewhee wh h curou nn ogc Codedol n m of h peoal Bon become an obeegou fanac a oued boodng Romanc gue hobecaue of egou ang ponof-wa xpnc ogu obeo foced o lve ou h uoe o ceen.

h cofuon u bcaue Bon un Ozu habecome alna o conempoa cuu H mdacuue ha had vual no luence on h wo Boacecm ceanl a odd wh he moe adon whc haealoul celebaed eve apec of he phca Ad h concfo pual fee wl denao ad gace onl anobue commen on conempoa Fench oce. Bon oda wha Ozu w be n e apan of he nea fuue an a

alnaed fom cuua nvonmn.Bu Bon no mpl a dpacd pon a ucdal

uoc o a eccnc geu e ao and mo poaa penae of a de and olde cuue w a no bemmdal obou o h mode w bu o eae old cuue had a wlgounded eoog adac whch oded no onl fo he oe of h ndduala bu ao o he funcon of a n a uneal mulcuual

pee. ee fom hee ado Beo o uroc oeccnc bu a efconcou a who ha a gnd hmef aea-mpobl a o upa an old ahe c no aoempoa om

In g o olde culue Beon pona" o uue o mo a. Bo Ozu and Beo n wee od buo wo on Beon uzd wa expeec (a apon n lm no ju bcaue wa o Ozubu becau h pon mapo nhe o h oogcaladon. B on ma be a ucda hmec peo bu hae alo caacec o cuu wo o wn

he mo a cc eaz Beon eoogca and



TRNSCNNT ST

esheic unerpinnins he furher he shies y fro rypschooic inrpreon of Brsson's prsoi . Brsson'spersoni hos of s chrcrs cos incrsinieniid ih his ps sion (or in Coors's ers hishesis) e cos of Cou try Pist ris is his

ody meorphosin ino he ie of he cross in siirnner i si Bresson's prsoni is eneop yrnscndenl sye hr re mny rceens in eiios ror such n ppoch reliious riss re ofe reuired o iveou he virs h porrd he ov Counci of decreed h he ssin iconorp shod e pure ndcorous Fr Aneico n his onl rcorded sn roeAr reuirs uch c nd o pin he hins of hris oneus ive h Chris Mor recny cus Mrin s edChrisn or oud h ris s n sin fBresson esires o cr sins in r rdiion os h usecoe siny hisf suiin his prsoniy o hrnscenen pssion. n he cone of his hoo c ndesheic cuure Brsson's persony hs ie vue Lie hecouny pries's s vn nuroic oi. I only hs vu o

he en i cn rnscnd isehere is hoer noher y on cn sp of Br sson'spersoniy (ihou s s previosy s resorin o Junn ni ion) n h is s his rson conri ion o heuure fro hich he operes his culir snhsi s of hisheoloic n risic riions his i consird in e r secion

THE THEG TN HE S MEPH

T prson por s nc o srn oWsern horis r hooic scooc or o iice inevy couched n ers of freo nd resr in On heeoocl eve he pson mepho s nke o heunen ody / sou dichoo ine hich is m he srns of Wsrn oh : oh Po nd e

Scriurs Shor for s Socrs dscrs s ods h so's prison .7 To S P e od of sin is rison s n in cp ivi o h of sin hch is n y rs . rche n h Who sh dir e ro he od



BO 9of i dea" Rom. n Crii oever ere redempon afer i e bod beome e empe of eHo" [ Cor. ] and Pa become e proner of te Lord"Ep. . e pron mepor in Crian i ummed up bCavin aemen a a dea e ou i freed from e pio

houe of e bo."58On one eve te pron metapor a reatve

rigforard repreenaion of te bod/ o onct. Hrae gradua reinui eir bodie muc in e amea onaine eape prion e b ep. e prion houe of hbod i e impedimen o e ou emancipaion. Joan ofr pu er fat in Cr and a n Mae oping hal f

epeng a e i ome o e aid even if b a miae. "Bu e e reaze a e mrce" of er eape w i n acbe er mrrdom e rera er fae onfeion nd cooede atng Id rater de tn endure uerng." eng before er eecuon e gven ommunon andue ed Broer ambar. Do ou beeve tat h te Chrt " e . e and e o one w can deverme" e repe. Don o ave ope n te Lord " ambart

a a or me aer and Jon repie e and i Godep a be in Parade" oan deverane beome er deah,and e eape from prion i e eape from e bod.

e bod become dened wt e prion ere i anaura tendec tward emorcao. e coutr premore bd d a te moment o deat urrender himefnt te d Gd. In Pkoket e meapor revered Mce p crme reedm n H o a

ema t e o e dea nae eon one o Bren pro cce proago wo doe noaive perecue imef aoug i abi are rather aeie freedom o i bod oicide i e freedom of hi oulad t ue cc rrece te reu of grace a teme icBro nde n dept n an ae

nerined w t e abjuraion of e bod n Breon i e veng probem of uiide f e bod eave e

ou no dero e bod ad be ree? . mbroe aedte cae ute cer Le de if e ma eave or f e bedenied eave yet e u de. God ann be oended t ten e ue i for a remed"59 and ugune and uina



0 TNSCNNT ST

rushed o coe he ru Mri e n ess onsuicid n Brsso's is hs deons rd h Bres sor iclr i his r ls hs co o ssocie hisf h dc i of Chs (cu on ohrs SArose John one Geore Brnnos hich erds sucd

s pos oo0In he prson cyce h nul su cidl exeso of h

prson hor s red ede Boh h counr res ndo i p her les (s Chs did on he cross u do odie her on hd A sucde i Counry Prs reses S Aroses s e cse hich ros sroer Au Hsr,lhzr, Mouch , d U F ouc he couess hsee coen suide u lcs he coue he counrpes i o dr nih of he soul s hr o fih i Godherupon sh cos sucde h pl cion s cler hcouess h foud sio s o free o de poner of her sicide he pes hself fees he epion osucde lhouh he hs lred chosn ore sul couse

he pson phor ns complex d deph sBrsso ex eds i o h heoloic prdo of edesion

d free he osou coic s dcho o for Breson he prefe s he soul o h od ee o he on of deh heres he pedesio/ free conflc s prdox, icnno e rsoled y deh u hs o e ccepd on fihredes io / fre i s copex d conrdicor concend Besso's pso mphor ds o hs coexidsnrns s uh o rn deres y AuuseAus ln n Jnse holds h m h een

preiousl chosen y od is o o choose God of hs onfree ill M ecoes fee hoos he redeendi of od God is Truh he u es ou free feos choos God 's ne june of loc hch seems upreoseros rom h ousd ; ye fo he nsid, ccepnceri heooicl ens is he nurl hin o do

Brso's prso ehor o for hs coex nhis s 's freedo cosiss of ei "risoe of h

ord rhr h one of he sh Jo o f Arc seeilchooses rrdo of her on free i e h soepeed ephsizes h hr fe s predeered he oenho h s rdn of Jon's posom edmsson no he



BRESON 9Cur ad u deamaor aeme a e wl de" ado' forge e mu bu" eave no ue o a o eouome e o eio a i predearaim i weher ono e wl ooe er p rdeed fae. I Di o Coun rPies e re realze e a prioer o e o ago" e

h agon on ome o umiaon we e eape from aoer pron e bod. Pickpocke Me ooe freedom bmprome n n Ecped oae ooe freedom beape e are e oppoie de of e prede ao/ free wllpaado . Ea d rue freedom roug e aepane o apredeed gre w or whou bar.

Breo' reame of e pr mepor u e oe rae r ogu aeg a a ae " Oe aed oae wa predeed Breo reped Are we a. "1Bre on redene hi raer b foreellg e ouome oheir ve he rama wheher or no he araer or eiwer) wl aep predeied fae Bre o rea vewe e ame wa a ae God rea mo ou mueae e peor ree Ad a e me me ou u maeoure oed m ou mu mae m oe e wa wh

you reder g. a o a : ow m g e orderad e way a you oe o ee em d o ee em ae me em preg m o im a ou ee m ad eem oure ad we eavg m a grea freedom wemig m fre."62

Breo ope o mae e ewer o ree (b eag muommed durg eerda ad dpari) a e vewer wbe fored o me Breo predeermied deo (durg e

deve ao) On e urfae Breo leave e peaoroal free raede Bazi poi ou omeigeah o u free o refue." Bu oe e iewer me eommme oe e aep e preee o omeguperor" e e urrender reedom" ad jo ajuge of predeiara log. Oe o e de e argumeeeed rom e oude are o ie aa

e erou oaor eeme e

predeao/ free w prado i grae Grae e aalfor relgiou ommme eaue a ae wre of enaure o good or w uh a o reaed g aahee ee wihou he ad o Grae. " Ue Cavm



9 TANSCNT ST

Jnsenism hos h coon rce is nonnirs s sp no everyone cn recive . h coms ndons o rce re nprece on ms o oh ho oeoe d how o eceve In J nsensm he r s perpshs whih s n mpresson h I he s l s h or ves

r me once o presinonnsn hnn ofhasard chnc5

he chnce o rc is he ee o A Mn cdwhos sue L Vn ou O 1 Vu" h ohhr seh rom us' conerson ih cosJohn : epresses he npreciy o c n A MnEscapd psoneprs wres ou s e/ for e. oe es hese wos o hse l s hs re

Osn s e eecue or n unsccessf escpe p (onsho o Fonne in his ce wino cose p o nrornrron n o he irin u's nshos) L r oneees h rsns hs poss or h o scpeis in nhor Bnch sys rsin h o sho yoow Ho srne i onne pies Bnch conersh s no srne n onine repes h s srne h nche shod sy h Erie n he m Fonne n hepes hve smlr conveso when Be myserouspp es n he pes's poce I 's irce onin sys. Iws ucy he pres repes. Ge s mn se mnis nFonne's e n he s s ye ony mly re o

he crc mnision o rc in A Man Ecapdoccus when Fonine h ni h eoe h s pnn scp shou wrn ven ce-m oy nme Jos . onne

mus hen ece hehe o o s or e him on n hechooses he er Ony r h e he process o escpnoes Fonn r h es o men o sc pr sonw h wihou os hi scpe wo he een fr I ws Fonn's ccpnce o Jos n he hard o rce whhowed hm o escpe even houh h en preermnedrom he ennin o h m y he e) h o escpe

In Brsson's ms rce os he proons o ccep

he pro o pres inon n r nd yre osusne o emonsr Brsson's orhooy his poin : heeedom o wll s o vod houh G rce u s hereyes ishe. B is no nouh for rce o e presen m



O 9

mu cooe recee mu choose wc a beenpreee Bcue Foe preou wed o ecape hec correc ccep e ereo o grace roug Jo .Becaue o w o beee er oce (How ou no w hai w ge oce e aed Becaue I e wl o

beee e rep e) e c reaze grace ea A e cloeo Pckocke Mce come o an accepce o grce in heero o eanne d he o er roug e br, ow a ae me cme ou." he cuman aeme fgrce b e cour pre whoe dg word re A igrce I oe ccep rcede e e grace,becaue gce wc aow e prago d e iewero be bo cpe a ree

Ge eoogic bacrop Breo preex"m ece b dere n Oz I Breon m a iChra eog, racedece i ecpe ro e pron o he bod, ecpe whic me oe imuaneou reerom n and a proer o e Lord Coeue, heawarene o e racee ca o come aer ome degreeo e -morcao weer be a regog o e in of he

e or dea ie . ro i e domi meaor ofBeon' m, bu i i a woaced mehor hi characer boh ecapg rom a pron o oe or ad urrendering o apion o aoer . Ad e pro proago umaeecpe i he o cog ro o a e bod I a ee,Breon mored hi acor ; e o o ed hem ciobu ao arc reug o ue a acor i more n onem. e acr d bee worn ou e ex m ere wa

a ew u m) cor wo d o be moredI cora Ozu d o ee e need o copre eenio beween man and nure ou and bod o a beweea prioer and a prn. Se-morcao d e pace him ere were no can, bar, erecuio, e-gelaion he ne w bod wa aaiable o ear hi caracer did noeed o undergo e dea o e old bod. Ozu ued a amil"

Whe ae f he o e Cae ay, he re i Co aa eo re "No. o ca or Jo I robbe h m of a eee o mae he m o co I rob h ce quoe iMaoie eee "ober reo, Fm Qe, XII, No rig,16,



TNSCNNT ST

The einnin o M Esap and the end ockck "Iisonen is e doinanetaho in Besson's s i t is a o-acedetaho: his otaoists ae oth escain o

ison o one so and sendein to a ison oanothe



BEO 9of or whom he dd o k o " bu u hrough he meeno m fer m. or zu gre w ehr med norunredabe bu eay able o he we of heed wa o Ozu way o g o a o Beon way of dyg.

HE AESTHETIC RDITION : COLSICISM

Beo hoogy h fao o poe obdy d ou edeao d e w g andredemo em obouly ne bu o e r from h ome hae h h aehe d r uee wereo a oe. a e Can had efeg o e he or gea and ao ne o heul " u Cea a o we aod bynem d Cnm hurh mu ad aheure dhre were merk Ca" r one RuRmbad u h o hee e deeopd a oeehe or rmoed ay moeme r. Imag" had lae he ogl heoogy heology whh oud ad exee o oom. nem ould ge Beo om o

ea !55 ad am u a woud ha ad oym a hy o a wo o a wh oug o xp aede oea mer hough agrulry f h wor o r odeed relgu ubmaer reex ." Breon he r reeed no ad or omrfrm Jaem he hd o ook elewhee fo h a

Breon mmedae ulure w ao uab o pd heehe J anenm ked. hee h been e mah

mode uue gera ad em paua o pua oblem whh oubed Beo. The a b ofou a weeheuy o abw om d ne mag he oepoay a andBro ha be o he oeo o Bu a habe o ub l dege Bro reao o do."

* t te tg s tge eg" eet Re ts u t weelg ecme mre yg el se ff f osc cocet f iividu medi en ere s boud grw u feel g teio c dsese wi suc meriisic reresenios s works ofar oce [ew ork Scocke ooks, 9]



9 TREET T

here have been, however, seeral traditions in Westeat wc copod remraly to oh Bresos theoogicalems s attc outos An loug o can everb ertain wre Bo got is ae teis, some relimiaryesearh reves tat lugh he i aented, e i not u

ei a i ptcu app pt a g, ougresty ot n m, atc o

nanda Coomaawamy wi

It should be reembered that Euroean at is o tovey et id, one Critin ad scolastic, teoter ostRenance an ron It w e einteoh rm ou essy on Eckhart, nd miht have ben

ae equay ea trough a stud of t homas an hsoucs, tt te ws ime whn Euope ad Aa ouand did actualy uderstnd e o ey w 7

he Scolastc tadt ion, wic Dr Coomy wtes,ould have apeciated te lms o Ozu an Breson Oz adBresson have itle in comon thelogicall or cutualy, ut teboth shae in e egacy o colastcm, the lat mjreReaisac ateic

Neier t oms r y h Soomn wro asecic treate o aetc, ut n At d Scholtcimacqus Marn exp a oac i a s antellectua irtue,6 a dition w coresp quelosely to Comaaswam's deiniti o si a a a dighof the reson.9 rt sees to be othn other tan a certinornation o reasn, Aquinas wrote, b whih human atsreah a deerined end hrugh detemind means0 Art or

h te Schatic helgi ad Ain artist ugh a idabeauy, ntu) wc a ot te wod a ced i t

Te coastc c p oe a cm mg paceor ast and est, ad xteso, o Ozu Beso It sa imtie tetc ad beome aditio, gtig totsel a rationalized rganon o tought while retaing itsltimte respec or myery Ideal prtraitue changed : thrimitive totm ecae a iebode ie, bu it was onl ahage in degee er em o idea, te end o ar wasstery, not oud y ay rtioalized, umaized, orseclarized concp o e A a, i e a egy ad scripte



BSSN 7a ( u Augu wd) va ; y ma o a u o o coud wh d h a oo ama ad d o hm ac lad auallou a a m wh Cmaawamy w culd e aac ahpmhc u wa maz

humaz B u umazd m hpuu my" caly m pa h a adwould xla h yl c alugh o olca ai w zu.

e cla c ac i a popia Ba cau ow a ac cua mulao da wh m Lgc wa o oppod myy u uao ma appca h Scom ampd a ako y cay vagd y ou ad uuy o aaod y ucco h myc a omah ak w a pm pac ay w a ad ac whc culd v ad ai Ea ad ca a v h mgly cadcyqua o Bo m-m

cacm Ew Pa dmad ud

cl xpi c achicu clmd Goc accu y mamac uy a a la x acad S oma Summ Theolog Goc wod ough o ca cay oug ogaaoy hugh om. I pd Pay w aaccpac ad uma cocao cadcopo . 2 h vl o cou daw ca ovoupa w Goc accu d Bo m Bh

cd cal padox wih a la m oh avh aym h a h u ev h amyy"

Gohc caa may a appopa acmapo o o m u ac pacc cacoao a ad ao ga o ow moad mo poucg o pa a u ua dpa y.Goc accu wc u ay ocd a ad ao

o ma ud am oo vuay ccd ud al a ad pvuy cam a oa ahc cameaga y cod l ad d u



98 TRANSCNDNTAL STYE

Arts tcay, resson's s ear ore reseance to Byzante ortrature, an art for hch ve out an aesthe c sar toShoastcs efore there as the nee to create an aeshetc

THE RSC TRADON : BYZANNE IcoNoGRAPHY

There unoutey are any aor an nor artstcadtons hich have nfuene Breson n one a or anothebut the ost portant, I thnk, s Byzantne conorahy. t haseen a coon threa n Wesern an renta a r an nuencethe Schoast aesthetc ; serves o further strenthen th e nkbetween Breson, Ozu, an the unversa or of eresentaton

Le renta art, Byzantne conoraphy as an art ofxe ens, an those ens ere spr ta an ea rathe thanhuan an senena he or of a as he ean o anneabe en : The aoaton of the con, St. Ba s tae,passes to the prototype, hat s to say to he Holy ersonrepreente3

To acheve these ens Byzanne art as anonyous anersona Soe cons ere escre as pctures ae thouhans," fore, rather, by racuous contact h he ornal.

o enforce anonyty Lae Byzantne osacs ts ere enone eccesastca at to ake ther repesenatons of Chrstconfor to cean reureents . Ths rue, one schoar rote,as e sne o roote, not the artst mert of he osac, buthe honor of Chrst ; a n snce the ajesty o Chrst as theranscenent ea , of hh the osac as the aera ae,ths rue ac uay hepe o ra he atenon of oh heosacst an he specaor o he ht uarter. 74 nvua

nuence as, of course, scerne, u not pereptory a rstscae an en, Byzantne conography s taye.

Byzanne conoraphy a s a uncton o h e ur hespectator's attue oar he con as the sae as hs atttueowar he ma . e na eame aoe no eoeve ode, he oeve ode hdened no a om, an hefor expresse the Transcenent. Conseuenty, he consecae styze, r, herachca, fher an further apart ro

he or of ersue an sensaon. n the Bzantne eaChrstan conoraphy ha, soy ut sure y, ce aay frothe aurn or of the senses, soarn ever hher nto a reo



BRO 99of heooca smolism ad, hrouh is aes, cari masmaiai o o e rascede ealm were imaes overedewee God a ma 75

Te Scoome wee uece, pimil oug ewiigs o e eoposs, y Byae coogapy d is

aiudes owad a Aquias asc coempoaes, e LaeByae a Romesque paes, y e e es ecyueced y Scolascism u e wee aisical simuaedb he zanie echiques e saw i imored cos ad e of efuees fro he olasc coroversies zaieoorah has een ouous uee on uroean arLog ae e dec e o zaum, s ar molded ai ers likeCmue, Ducco, Cvali, d Goo ; ece Quaroceopes e Mega ; d was e ss o Caoga,Norum ia ad Ooa a Bie a oe ucoed s me, eaig es ase lfe o sgaig,aosic ese eoies Byae icoogapy my esee o aec Bressos lms e wa i ae ced uroea aui as ae as he s eeh ceur ad soe cases , suc asRouu ad Deri, ul e pese) ; igs e orce of

specc, ec, spii ecqes o a ioed orgoBesso uses meods of reeseaio ve simla ohose emloed b yaie aes ad mosaicss, ad osome of e same reasos arlm Ameua as alreadnoed, ass e simiariies ewee ressos ms adByae ar o, he wes, ee s e diecc of coceead a srac e pom, amos e de, of e sesalad he srua, of emoio ad idea, of s aic bod and obie

m Te og ca e ced een ure ; ee aeecc s w s eoec smies ewee Bessosms ad Bye cooay

Froi, oepressve faces, erac osues,symmec composiios, a d wo-dimesoay a e commo oo T e Byanie mosacis cosuced e oepess ve acecause God sel was eond all eessio smial,esso uses he oeressve face deeude e viewrs

ues owd e Tsde Bessos s eme aouig a sem ro o e ge, eg ou cou aeee we y e Sogv Coci c oe e



sesu of hereis i ioi porriure roi i

oorh s dsd his ro so h h oo h o dires his id o hihr opio. oloe hs h ofused vero. 78 Bres so uss frol io ee espeful ooied iude wh he v erwh resu ssis ver silr o h evoed elous o

he lo oh he le ures he losed lips elk sre he frol vie he lih he ulueredboud e s ior er hese deify Bresso'spooiss s oes suile for veo Wh Mhel'sold e ss o h see fer see PickpockBresso s usi his feo o pr of Brsso 's opli Bzie fe pid hih o e l suleous evoe sese of dise (is iposhe ul d sre ssuousss (he hrdhseld

ser fe d vs osi or vrol por) . dwhe Bresso rs he res of hi s iies o ro fe i s is rhful pe i he ir Jus eforee ies ollpses i fiue o rr hlo loseveloe r dus d drk rr rees hre s lo so resso's Coury Prst hih ees oposio fil



Le g : Eia aeecey Ngic ; Fece Caez as Ja oAc; C s a elcey Byzaie ic; Maiassae Pickpocket. "eg eea e lea eaesthe cse ip e ak saete a g hese a l ie yBesss pagiss as ecssae eea

o Bynne pnn uch h Acnon oc .oph n on ony fu u n yenvionen hi he un o h ef pp y-ocuno ou o uccu o e pu h u

I po e u no po o connu noyen Beon fce n copoon n Bynn o n nn ne coon o C pn ynne ou Ch Pnoo C e Kof Kn C Mcfu C Su n n o oo one ope o o Bynnpnn o on n u u oon ouo n u of noy oon u e o

fen fo o c ny :

copon ou nccu B on o n c pon ofBynn con u u o n cn eonof i n



102

Asce sio mosac at St. Sopha ad Claude aydu i Day of aouty Pest aoie loely full ure s et a aist a emptyeviromet, s head hu to the eft, rapped oyoscur iroes a aot o succmb to the sprtal weht he must ear.



B SSON T m is m ernay sns Bressn as n e

se enqes f e sn ri Byza e ar Tese ecnes n ny re eri esire reanreiene reacns b ey as n Bresn s w a mef reresenn wic s s rs n e Es an as been

sess fy ed dzes f res. Une s e rrisi rs Byza ie cnray es Bre ssn niversa frm wc as been � e by many ar is s amn emYjr Te cmm is ra aesec an ars icd d y ress nd z eve seemyeme ses e se fr eir cemrry sys nin

YHE OF TDON: MGO E

Bress s m ( es) ree rns A s ssbe e iee ea c f ese ris ad aayze emserey n e crse f s lms ese raiins sneessariy i n s in frmin mr e r es s s insyeses Te nees sy f r syeses ws s eve in e sy f s ms be se severasris ere icee ( s s cmey) seemed

a eas is Weern min a e by an lare aere e verrn ra Ze w s ea esed rs ms



TRANSCENDNTL STYL

One o e mos neesn o Bessons syneses s sdecion o e mae o od. Imago De s e oa conce nany dscus o o Csan ar, and Besson's andn o demonsraes ow e aed Byzanne conces o orrare ases eoloy. Te ery a c a a a s soud become

volved e ae of o oroversy s deemine, van ereew conens, by e ac ha he nks h sorcall andascedenaly.79 n Csaty and he Wes erasceden s e n a inle eson, he Redeeer, boh odan man, and how o oray ha eson mus be e cucalqeson of eous ar

ocay, ee ae een o nerpreaons o mag e Easen Ooo an e Poesan, w e omanhrch sraln he area beween h ar r a comn e onal unty o od an a wen od creaed ma hs mae en. :26, 27 One cam, wc s eemed bye Poesan crces, kes as s e Eods wcohbs a rave ae he ni had bee haered b hel sndomnaed man cold no osbly dec e Holy svew was eessed a eay as e send cenry by Cemen o

Aeandria as been ainy obden s o racceeeve ar for he rohe says, ha n ake eees f ahin ha is in ea, or i he earh beneah. "80

s noon as enjoyed oninuous for, ben acuaed bye ecenry conocas, eoued more moeraederees by Ansem, e, n Ca, and assume s mosvuen om wen Cromes uns smased Enandseous sauary. Te Proesans ae aken a eoeca sand

agans reos mes o any sor aou n racce eaaes ae en oeraed , wereas e Roman Curcones o er aes o lo as ey are no worshied orveneae

On e oer and , e aser hrh akes as s ooe Pans 2:6, wc emasze e ncarnon, e facta od came down akn e om o a sean, en on ne keness o a man. Te Easern ew ods a as Crs

e mae o, so e can e wosed rou maes. Teynod o Tro 692 eazed hs oson, decreen arom now on cons soud sow . . . Crs or od n shuan sae . so a we ma be remned o s ncarnae



BESSO i."8 Th Wstern Churh saw n images to the tnt thatthy wre ermttd) ony instrution, ducation, and diatin th Eas tern Church, on th other hand, saw n images mysterieswhh ect saaton. Th Eastern Church nt ony aowedmags but rsribd the or thy shoud take

Vewed rom the Rman or Protestant whih woud asonude the ansnis t os ition resson ngages in the hrsy oEastrn ionography. The g Dei diemma oms up in heri o on o rc The inquisi tor asks oan i her owers hadmade any mags o er. Tis s a ruia qustion the R omanChurh s trying to ont her or the Eastern heresy o images.I oan rmit her oowrs to enrat images o her she i scomitting a oub sin bashemy setting herse u againstGd) and the reation o gran imags oan answers withtypica ambguty, saw ne. " resson, with hs wn ambiguity, admitting the onograhc hresy nto the theogy theWstrn Churh oan was not ony a saint in the Roman Cathicsns ( s was ater anonize) , tat is a erson wose i erseiicatin to thos who ntempate and emuate it; ut sh wasaso, Bresson sugges ts, an mag in the astern sensean on to

b nerated And resson gos on to posit an een ore insdioresytat oan is a siritua ion in a Godess unirs, thatshe shud enerated or her abiity to transend hrs,therby eressn an undeined Transendent whih i s notany seii o.

resson cannot be te down t any one heresy ; h is arti a is wn is teniues o portraitur cm romzantium, his theoogy redestinaton, ree w and grae

rom ansenism, hs aesttis rom Shoastism To eactradition e ings the irtues o the oter, an to cinema eins t irtues o a tree Peras tis i s wy no reigousdenomination has ee r emrae Bressons seemingy reigiousms ; they haent gured out wat sr of hereti he s yet.

END ETEXTS

rom tis a ing ma o traitions an sutraitions,

sm rhas more or ss ra than I hae ostuated, ressonrges what cud be ad hi traditiona curous amagamatoo Wstern skeetons Yet this synthesis is ony a rtt," thecutura eemnts resson nds easiest to work with. It seems ny



0 TANSNNTAL SL

ur or h eemns o Bresson's hisoric rdiios ocosc or hey mus prpre o me ormide opponn e w, ssul, dvidu sc r o cem, which wh diions hs ried o sqush e spriu ques ou o r hrsu in conic pi s he wo rdiions ins ech oher in

irr i-mchine mnnr : Schosic eshic ins ovishic, id porriur ins inividu porriur spiriureinemn ins drmic dvopn (he ipicions o erssion o he spiriu occurrin on i, o cour rsomewh invovd nd wi e consierd in he Concusion.)Ou o his srue coms ew or rnscndn sye I she od shic i n e w medum e sheic is miir, uh sye s ew

O e surc hr woud sem ie o in Ou ndresson eihr o hm coud me ms i he oher's courywihou periencin cuure soc hey s rd n ncienhrisinOrien eshc herie which hd en nonr disrir, espc i i oion picures Bu hir coosir o pss h rnscnn on m md h in cruci ch oo h od s hic pincps io ew r orm h

scenece n s an Wes Ozu's Late Sring Bresson'sThe Trial of Jan of Ar : "or Ou, e awareess o e rscenes y o o Bress, ay y



aeeic wa e ae e e w e ae a otrpriingy, e rean ye wa rearay iiar

Trancendenal e, l ie yzanine ar, a niveralorm beca e i can accommodae deren ari and dierenclre wiin a oon rc re yzanine ar cold reac

ro ngand and France o e Far Ea ; rancn nal ye ceac o werever men mae movie e i erene wc eeo clrally nbridgeae can o ncion wi nrancendenal ye roniy can be bo Panoraoerarcm or an be en poene ip arty can e otaiena ion beween n nd nare and an and God ai cano be a e cen vew of nare nd e ymoic ic onrncendenal yle can ere e endeic meaor o eac

cure e e ona wc a onta oen eet e a oa e a an gan t ao e teon n w man involnary encoe ye ro wcrog a dar nig o e ol e ca n ecae , oong nea



18 TASCNNTAL STL

o ene new pis on. In su nscnnl s l cn oboh culues ecuse epsses he nscen whih nowsno culur I s no or wi is rsrid o secen s ; is for wi is unirsl pril

A he oen o ssis e pes l w W of

nospecion nd he W of Uifin Vision i l o oA such oen ( f i is on enou o o) ernscenenl sl in is is unie wi rnsndlsle i n n r oscs inin flowr-rrni eo hs on he non o elios iscoplee ; now e bc ino eeine h wn lowwhee will; doesn' e once l is ce.



I t·e,er



Carl Deyer



1 .lJS essa has sought t trak own a trasenentalstea nersa orm, whh s use eret

lmmakers n erget ultures ore to exess the hoOher Ths searh has e to two retors who, alhogh a sltrall alen as two men are lkel to be, se smla

techque for sla esos asro z d Robet ressoseen hae otrast oetons of all o mansfdametal lemmas hs atttes onenn nate, death,the bo, loe, grae et the share a ommon elemet, the needto eress that the n fom, whh for the meas lm orm

fe wrtes, he s tle of trasedee does ot allowaerng or halfmeasuresto at temt t wthout omletemaster s to te saster.* ths were so, ths stu otranseetal s tle mght well end he re. u and resson are the

Aye onnus A la o o n sye netantes nspaononesenson an a ah towa the auene ae enouh to epemany wos o any tly sae meann Cm e o Ceee[as bae Ame Faya 90 p. 87) Aye's enon o hesye o ansenene es om te enton o ansenena syuse n s essay no n te nal esu o ta syle (te nvsle sevoe ae tan epesene 8] ) ut n espon o heenes wh la up o he nal esul Aye as a as I an ellnes e syl o ansenene y s en esul s nenons snne teoloy s one t no y s spe tehnues s enons y n ae a eson o he ms whh evoe he ese enpmaly e ls o esson an eye s no a eton o a snsyle os enon ean syls eemns n ese ls hemlous seleon o hhly onee eals lual puty tey Fae eeme syla on an unepheable uneablesee n e aae wh ves he sense tha e s somehnuue whh es no elon o en e oes no eonsae aleas to my mn how ese elemenspesen n many lms se la aswell as saeae wele no a pelaly ansenenal syle eauseAye enes ansnental syle by the e evoe y s sssleamles ahe than y he oanaon o s omponen pas he allsno he ap o san paa sesses o sases an also as s theas e n ees m s s sesses o ompee suesses



2 TANSNTAL STL

msers o h rnscenen sy ; hey xempiy is use inEs n Wes ny ohr hich poys rnscndensye ihou cop sery oud e in yre's e rs

diss r B h s ss o s h opposi. ny syhich is coosd o d ni oponns cn usd

coponniy. hse coponens hve heir on ideniy nuncion nd hey cn rn pri or susni succss o sven hou hey re usd in prody o h rnsndn (BunueWrho) or oy scur ends (Formn nonioni) or inservice o rnscendn hover vue u ihou copemsery (reyr Bochr osseni) .

For -r h secion o h rnsendn s ys no n esy one r ruy devod o eprss n hernscnen on us no ony sche he or supercieleens o his personiy n cuure u he us so scrceh vicrous enoymns h cinem ses uniy e oprovid phy or rcr o d on oo ny yrs o hi pr rnd sy Bresson rred hr ch uicer u no ihou onsiderenrospcion nd drin ion n h s o Cr ryr one

cn see his ru or ryer nvr oy idd o hernscndn sy h rspcd i pionrd ny o isechniues rduy c o use i ore nd more u sneve ilin o copeey oske e epressive psychooicechniues hich he s so epr s reucnc s nuniin on he conrry his dous o rnsndn yes ro hs und dous ou nr o hrnscndn in nd r hrouhou reyrs s nd h is

riins o hr rns onsisn hr o i y heher r shoud prss h rnnden or h prson(cion chrcr or -r) ho prins hrnsenden heher h rnscedn is n our riy r ie ey. or he en o his ie he died in 96 reyeseed o e movin ore n more ord n us rredoinny rnscndn sye u he nver orsoo hisunden spiriu nd hro syis icdis.

L Brsson ryr hd r ou orns in y-nin yrs H s pd ih h nidiicu is so iir o Brs son. dincs o n ond his sic nd orin ; h ived ro one ric rdsovry o



Y h n led n m nd lce een les s ece o holi ncole s hn esson's in he mosme, ofound eiod o hs d iecoil caee, fom he e ohiynine o his deh a seey-ni, e was a le o me onyi fees

Unlie u ad esson, howee, Dey w s no nnwven fomls he di d no dn snl s l hohohis ce On he cony, eye ws od of he fc h hhd en ale o cee deen syle fo ech of hs lms : Ansh cc sd o e on d hv he mession h hee les s of o lms h e sls cll comleeldieen, one fom he oh ' h moed me, fo h ssomehing ally ied o do : o nd a syle ha has alue foonl sile m 1 ye did o deo his li fe eicaion of e anscendeal syle, ye i ws oe of ec, fndmenl elemens in hs apoach o lm

Each of eye's individul lm syles is, o e moeccuae, syhess eween hee asc nd oposn syls aok n hs lms n hs s ud of eye, lde en noes oof hes oosn foces. n ode o dene e' she c

he es, one ms confon wo oos sc schools heKmm nd essinsm "2 en oes o o demonsaehow he ension eween ese schools udelies al of Dywo Tis esio, o e se, is i egl o Deyes ms, u, isems o m, is unle o ccon fo h cla, spiulualiy ein and ohes ascie o his wo A fudamenaloposiion ween Kamespiel nd eessioism ws acosise sylsic fee o he ely eman cnm, s oe

sne ons 3 ye none of he emn lms eoe wold oasceden alues i he way Deye 's ilms do hee i s, Isugges, aohe foceascendenal sylewc ieacswih oh Kmmese nd eessosm n ee's lms, nns hem ch cen sl weh whch e do nonl osses Of he he ses mee s heaisic a meil of eye's lms epessionism adanscedenl syle ac upo and diso a maeial, unin io e own ds Eessi onism nd nscendnal syle eh in opposiio o amespil, ey ae me cucilly oposii ac oe, and oe usually succeeds a eepense of h ohe



14 SCN S

h nrl of hs forcs, sls, or schools nryr ms ma b schmtz hu: () som lms rsraghtorwrd, ra tv unhamrd Kmmrsp, such asMl (19), Msr of Hous (u Sl Ar Hus ru19) wo ol ( s or 9) Grrd 196) ()

n on lm, Vr (Vyr 9) xronsmromnas ovr Kammrsl nd rnscnnl syl ( no, e od d 55 rsn somns ovr Kmmrsl n xsson nohrs, mos mporantl sso of o of Ar (L ssod dAr 19) a y of r (Vrds g 19)xrs onsm n ranscnnal sl v for conrol of hKammrl.

AMIFIM

Th l nnnh an arly twnthcnurmmrs (lrll, chmbr lys r h sls c rc for ryrs lms h nunc boh hschoc of subc n rcorl mho. Kmmrsl wr rcon ns h lbor shos s gn of lassc

drm h dr o cr n nt har" n hch c of chmbr musc could b rnsrr o h sg xRnhard foundd Krsl n 96 n ugustStrndbrg sar h ntmt Thar h foowng ar. nhs sml hrs w h m lghs n warmton woonlng, l (no mor hn hr hundr spcors coulf l h sgnicanc of sml , saton, or n loqunslnc." Th chambr s hmslv, lk hos rn by

Sndbr for hs h, w ul ntm, furn slowc drm bwn mmbrs of fmly" (or soclgrou wthn a hos (x numr of oom) hs r tlmsboh physcl and thmcn whch scologcldhs could b robd .

n m," nb ro s os, s srong, hghl sgnicn mof, bu h lm ons . W r ovo n th ramnt al frvol, a cacu cs, lc

or pplau star rol, soo numbr."5 Kammrp hav asimplc of scnc mans, rusl o us clamaor cs, sstmtc rasm, rgorou acton, n a msur mbosm



Kameie n Miael "Cope psychoocl ses e eelehh ecls sn n nsnn mnne wehyeeply el eses, n poneos slowness

h Krpi (h hr py rnfrr o h

scrn) Mi Einr wris i h pyhooic parexcece"6 Copl phooic s s wr r hroicuou sin n ininuin nnr ihy py-f urs n ponrous own I n u Krpi riinuish fro connion rwin-roo rs y ric sornnss ipicy of riic n n wihy pschooic nn

rr w no ony wr u prou o f his oriin in hini pchooic Krpi H onc crika ru Kmmrp n r si h ws f rh ikae h n cl h rs Krpi i 8 In ch orr' on cn c n of Kri iniiy dr inrior in unihd ong phiin sin h u o ur nd fcirs ion o con pschooic s pin nu n hrouhoin soriy Mas r o h Hous, for ponins o h n ; i nco inrior imr pcin s ph s on rory s u pc iwhn h mmrspi ron



TRANSCENDENTAL TYL

's roos in rsi os vin in srn o aors H s r i in is os os norss styzaon upon s tors, l xronis orrnsndnal s y, bt ass xprion ou o t hirtor s arl nvr o or is on rpron on an

to, bs an or nnot rat r nd pr oons onon. n anno s lins o y hav o aris ommslv, and it i t irtor an ator' or in no torn thm to tat pont . Conq tly Dryr t drto th n Tar, plas rat mpais on t rvatorynan o tr and prs ion n rn and Aransyhoo s o rnt yrs, aal xron s aanroht to onor and vn va and t al to ood . . .r ndos i so n il xrsson s nioan s to sokn or . . . rinkls n sll as ll s lr, ll yo nlsly bo arar"

xRSSIONISM

T in and tnqus o xrsson r in ditosition to Kammrspi. It s rvrs id o an's

syooal natr. xprions xtrnalz Kamrsplsli ntror dra, vrty xpos ts orrdndrinnis and trnorms s am aad and mardsybolis ino osq rs n h iry.Kasl lzs alis an nrstn ; xrsonislzs xrion and ovrsn b bot ar nnon syoloy, on o a olia nar.

Th o is t snta art o t xrsionst 's

nivrs; i n a nivrs s his ro o No , onjrd up by t o, a n to o dstortd no po t tooasib, no gs tur xarad T xproni loyd vry niq, vry rik t r dosl to roi o ono nvrs, n n, i s ndlssossbilts or ompe! ol, b ntral xrssionsti.

Dr pro ro to xrssonsa t donan ar or n rny nd, o a lssr xn,ndinavi A t it o xprssionm tr was alost nornan o ts Kamr bis ; t ad o an rtno isl . Alto Dryr as not an xrssons o



D R E Y no inf o f ion oo in ooi on o K r of on n rn n n o f oo n o on

ai i n io hniq hi a i a

Ao i r of non Vr i o h on o n K i ion n oBo h f ) n noo non n n) of Vr i onn ion oh rn o ron n a u of iho i a h ooi o yr no K or o inio f o ou fn n : l ir on or h ir or i on i i oo o nn of on ; o a in i

pli b h i oo o a i o, oni uir ' i o r ion f n o io i n ing oo nd niin oio Vyr i g of n ion l(srt Mtris i n inri on

xpreiim i Vy "Gray ampirewr i riewih amiiar exprei via eihe n e wih

arene aircae arhg rway an vanihingcrrir.



118 TRANSCENDENTAL STYL

Dreyer's is eons raes no ony s versa y b s iive cineac genius for varng pes of sle.Coae h a oc inire aespieli ke Master of he

House, i aso serves o sow e sees of syls c czorena one senses in reyer's is : e neasy conaon of

eine ncongenal sles ike Wihel Worrnger, he Geran aeseican hose

eories ancae Geran exressons, Dreer ene ane cas " exressons n s is as " absracon, erecng of spaa insaily no geomerc for "Abs raconaows he rcor o ge o sie e fence i hic naa ismhas soune hs eu I allos hs is o e no ereyvsa, b sra . e drecor ms sare s on aris c ansra experences w e aence. Abs racon il gve a cance of oing , of repacing reai w his on s jecveinepeaons 1 ree sees o e saing ie fohgha he consciosy uses exressonsc echnies (asracon)o eak ou of he fece of aesp e (a ua is) ; e alsosaes a e feels (like Perrn) ha exressions gives his iseir sra l weigh-n assumpon ich, of corse, i s ner

qeon n s essay en coine w aerse ,expressons erfos a crca fncon : " asracs einivia pscoogy o eai cy an visay,ransforing no a coon h esie he expessionseoreicians, I o no fee a expressionis (a e as in l) haseen ae o raise as racon o e eve of ranscenenalaareness I may give e inner psychoogy a corpoae onersa aiy, s si inner sycoogy To ocae e

soure of eer's "spi a vales one has o ook oanoer sle

TRANSCENDENAL YLE

Like exressons, ranscenena sye n reyers sses fro e Kaersiel an opose s B also oosesexpressions an s rg o conro e aerspie Expressionis s an anaea o rasceneal se : i is oe of

te "scees Besson scons I "inerpres ea, assignig o a coehense (hogh iriona) pschoogca rea Teexressons wor s isoe, unea, perhas unenrae, s noneeess ersanae eca se one sees rog



DY cetai huma yes, whethe they be he atos , iectos, ocameamas xpssioi oest eimia te aies whichstad bew spca a he y, t exaggates thmad maes h a au i hmses

Tascda sye pe s o d

Kmmspi a a ac i ds am eexea wo i sas is th mouai oos pey muh ie iti i t he eeyay t asoms th e aioae o h e wodhou hann eo oe not l on ocpoowhh tat be the sight gsu o a aco(Kammspe o a tasgued uies (expessioism)uto a caeuy ostuc pheomenoogy o aih

eryay.Te scupuous atio o day-oday eaity i Dys

ms, o ouse, has it s oigis i Kammespi oti pitusaowed mmakes to cay e ut he eaisic dcisof the nieeeth cenuy, wheh i h hmbe play o atuai st o Dey use o eeyay s o uiqe i hiseaie ms it was a Kammspi o mi

semigy isigicat mms i his at ms it camoe ascetic a essoeq, esu tig i a emy ses,xessie aogue, ata ouack, a g ta

may aeas o e a he o wtseeta s tye a Kammspie a xpessiism I thKammespil tatio he eies heaily o his aos ( has oca a oy sta by1 ), bu i hs ate m, ass, h ic i s o py hg 3 i u

ad esso, Dy as a aca cc ac, aco ca y siy epay y asp) o xaggaio pd ma xpesism) e yday i a ccy ye eKmmespie, it te s mitigaed by expsism ycaes the suac o eal, then seemily beoms eamoth h ua te, sakn h ean o h e

DpriyDyes ms a e a y gd

m hi iom o , , w Dy orat oh, Gods oo i Oe s ss hse



1 ANNNTAL L

c a no uan aporia ona i rali nd o uin i rl ioi o a ar d pari u b nion bn Krpilauraliic n) an poni (onr araompoiion and n) . u l ii nion ain

oni oloal ila bu o no plai nion o c Dr pk a an niona olrin cofor bn iir fi'a lif a o un in o rinoar 4 i ipari ( r iin pia) pri of rancnna l Drr no on rap n connional poloia n b conranrpil an pioni u alo ra ipari in mannr o racnal l b inin a arar ikon n Ord o a o coloc nrior or rioru or i rani paon a aar o i rul ool o o

n ca of Ot ipari i conr ii ion raiin of a i unpil ii our Nor uni ui conioul

ockin and onn l an o or of pro or onon fro paor iin con of rri run of ral a no annna l prr b onp of iroun in a arfu onru ana r u or ap of rannna an Karpi or pr on

ass

Drr ack o oin o rannnal bo o apparn in i failur o ai ai o oDrr n op a r or a oono o r orl ) a l a i pria u of ra anpari inica a nnl i o raancnnal ar aou noni nn of a al u or innion r r rnnion (an n o in r ) a

nr ab o i ai ina of rannna ao n a Ou a Bro i bcau i o r ri on rannnal o n a n na on of oul-b ai ourr Drr



DRYER 2ha heged s s , lang elemens Kammerspel unuhn nerwng eressonsm wh rnsenen sle hey og e ew alerne eplanns, sprual npsyhga, r dese an

k y arss w sprual nnns Dreyer uses e

fren mage bu s rul o as wha he s freeng. s efreeng he mmen wh omes fer he ese on, os e reng e sr slf, reag an endless synrme ofeahl sruggle

eaus reer nesnl use elemens rnsenenal sle n hs lms, ne ma sugges a he wasprgssng war a essanesssynss/Kmmrspxpressnsmansa sy ounAlug la Dreye Kammerspe m (Gertru has mre ofhe se lemens of rnsenena se han n earl one(ster o te Hose) , reer, as ar as one n asern,rejed mpl sass he ry nd hs aree. rs g an planan wh reyer d n hoose reaesss, wll e helpful eamne how Kmmese,eprssnsm an ransnna sy nerrelae n hre

sp ms.E PASSON OF ]DAN OF A

A mpars ew Deys a esss oan Arms s n n nenn u als ruul, llyes asg her er aues war haggraph.Dyrs lm s a passn ; Bressns s ral. h de hehrl oan, bu weres reer emhses, n n's ems

pshlg of her esene, ressn emhses hepysg es ans ae aea, wheeasDes an s reae her soa srundgs, Brsson's s a sl ay su, resnng prmry s. hs reea he sanhd an Dreer hrugh he huanss rug hr dny Bh ew n a s a sugssr wn G a man Dryr as cucd,sara am, ssn as he resurreed, glored n

passn y's Te sso of o of s n m hassin hav assia wi ansnnal s yl ha s h ly anyys passin s physal psyial an spiiual suin whasssns s alms lusivl spiiual.



Joa n at th momnt of dah, a v ual zed by y lft and

ron rght "oh vw oan a a urng ntceo btwnGod and man ryr a th cc, accal lam, on a thrrctd, gord icon

h hooal non ca ov no don ndcaa hnu D an Bon boh lo hannna l bu ha D h h lhavi h Ka an ioni Bon u

vIn Te Pssi o o Jo o Arc on a vdn n o of ub oo on aa ovn andang haa n on il o fn o a ohv fa an o ob h inivu n an h h h dod oni o h fa n Dssio, ahouh n docuna bcau of h laof au bo h on a D ob on h

oon l b a b t na fo t E f a f t l , , blb b, l lb ' co-u aa anua v faa abaonv nuan of on h fac of Joan nuo anunl o v and a o f Jan fa and bn ofo h on aon an nnon fa v

a an o hal onc d o fa hnoni i f of v aa dfn and ubiv Joan ho a v fa v andf i oiona gon



DY )For reyer he uncon o hese ds ored es, s or

expessonsm, is o cree audence empahyo py andfeao on : he resu o he coseups ws h hesecaor was s shocked as on ws, recevg he quesions ,orured y hem And, n c, i ws my eon o ge hs

esu 6 Deyes use o ces is diameicay opposed oBessons, whch civey spurns audence emphy n hs onyecoded commen on eers aion, Besson s ed, ndesand h a he time hs m was a sma evouion, buno oy see he cos hore buooneries, error-srickengimaces whic mke me wan o ee .

he omosiion nd e o ao serve e smepurpose as he ces : hey oer an expessve environmen nwch he vewe can emoonay cipae. This envronmenalso permis he viewe o ead-in chcer p sychology whichmy no e exp ci n he lm The eceding rches, each wih isseparae shadow, give e coridos n emoiona weigh o heow, and as oa moves unwngy oug em he acu esh wegh The archiecure o oans wod ieray conspesgans her e he fces o her inquisos, he has, doorwas,

fniue e on he oensive, rikng, swooing he wihobque angles, ackng he wih hd-edged hnks of cnd we Te oure chame seuece, in aicular, aamar pece o expressonsm ; i orror comes no so muchom s l y o nc pn u rom s demeed croscuroand sniser oliuiy.

Te expressionisc achecue mpemeed y ecamerwork n on reyers cmera s no s onary ke

Ous or Bessons, bu is hyperacve, aking as many as ou ove vanage pois n singe scene Dreyers emoive ieniosare oen ovous : aga and agan e does down a ongomnous e o oppessve ces , and cus uiky, on moon, oa saoay sho o oans upured, suerng ace No oy spoo oan beng acked y e udges, he arch eure, heghing, u even he camera movemen is conspiring agin eeyers use o camera ange i aso unashed : on s usuayseen rom a gh ange as conrsed wh he udges wo re sorom a ong ange A so o he eecon poo n w sodersare seen runng is ess ovous in s nen u e he ow ngle seves a udamena pupose : o ceae a drecoa scee



SCTL ST.

Th Passo o Joa o c T cding acs, ac wit itsst s haow gv th coos a otional wght of th ownan s oan ovs unwilling ly though th sh cuis that wght

eeen e vee nd e even ceen c ep pcee even n e spce oon n efec

u The Paon of Joan of Ar s uch moe hn che py h n ovey of expessonsm ke he Genexpesons s Nju o The Treare, so s ouy Paion so conns some of e eemens ofnscenenl syle hen unped by expesson s

ceok hee s eche exmnon of e such she sho of e ood spun fo Jon's ke essoneye opens s e so o ede c des efcu ecoded evdence of e I n mnn vey s oesson eye ows he ce o ne on scen fe hecon h psse Jon enes he fe opens he oo exsnd he c ods on coed doo Te exenve u e ocoe-up n c o eup so tbl evrd n

eve occons ver ve ered y ouio, n btt ou u c cconenn e eson I n hou u c ee moe



DREYER 1 2 5

eerda; ere i oe es ree to iterere wi e piriuaprogress o oa ou e a iewer ees a oeup o the er e opeig oa e, e a ear te raig hismid, ad e meiuous ee o eerda reait i reiored.

he aues of oas dsart ao see m deeer than s oit betwee Kammerspie ad epreioim, betwee simpeie and ditorted detai . oa reats emotioa o er ostieeiromet, u se a o reats piriuay to a exteradieio Se doe o o ee her iquitor a potiapa or demi gorgo a e amera ees tem), but s e aoider em repreeae o te oer word et to torturead tet er Se auses tem of beig emissaries of te de,and ahoug er reasos seem to stem primariy rom theepressioism-ided arnoia, the aso se fro a geuinead oerwhen sra ass on. he rofesses her fath simp ad raigtorward, and aough her fear ma omerom the oe u rroudig, er ait does o. ee eemetso raedea teaua eamiaio, oerempa odea i i e door opeg o ig see, a iredibe aithoi e ugge a pirua weigt i he assion of Joan

of Ac the a test of traendeta stye, stasis, howeerreyer remais ommitted to ei ter pshoog or sirtuaitexpreioim or raedeta te, ad Dreer a oommimet bege t a simiar ak o ommtmet thepeatorais s no ahieed. Dree r ses hs oda ot fortasi , as z ad resson do, b o ae the aio i a soaoe Afer a partuar grueng terrogaon, reer s

away rom oa ad oues eier o te reatio o te udgesor e mob gaered oe he iewer ee pity or Joa, butat p eer lead to ayig oo ike beie) beaue theiewer otiua i ao gien the perpetie o uommiedpeaors u we e uppoed deiie aio oursoa marrdome iewer a eauae t rom a deaedpoo, ierpreig i eier p ooga or oooga. i ompario o e two Joa o Ar m ea Smou oes

hi ruia dieree : The Tia of Joan of Ac ea h spetaoadere oary to e otar ago o e eroie. heso f Joa o Ac te eh o a marr iereg or u is



16 AA

bautiid we, th sctatrs, are reseted b the rwdwe beome, though ur intrmdiar, actrs t drama, kthe kneeing drs a meva tabeau, hands lded ad aesbathed wth tears m iteds ts to be cmimetatwad Paon ad, idd, i t is mietar, althgh o inth snse trascdeta sty, but i t als demstrates thaDryer y prmeang e Trancent emtoa ematepre me o te spray eea tg eet otranscnta ste Drs vews are eeta stuck at tht o te crss, weg ove a corse co, weeasresn wrs may rascee te ve as, pasi t somg more permaet a diyig

attmts reer ma have made at sasi s case inthe a mets Pan. a's atrdm s thw tthe smmeng socia ctt the crwd tus t rit, the siescy supress tm, iig a injurig ma his seuceis m an mpat kg manr ; h age is actiocuand th soirs are sn a eessism thrgh gated basrom overea I e a any uts, te ast s ec tas theewer o trascnnta o e may tepe oa's

death schgca, scogicay, r sirtuay, a gvsuch a hc te viwrs atura rerece is r eithe thest tw he sig sts the reer ad rss a s are ria dissimia ter he rit flwig oa'sdeath, uts back t the chad stake a as waattemtig articia t rc the viwer's thoughts havewawhi e actal rmi the has bew rss has rit ; her dath is as uctry as hr e Hs as eds with a

shot the carre sta, t es t pa war he viwer'sattetio mais eartn, ut su , as dictates hetrascedeta ste, thoetca soars uwar

he scilgica ndig Paon ustiies theiterrets he m as a study a the wman a as am which el ee' at te tw wme uhnterpreatns are iae ecaus Dreer s nt, ike resseschw agmnts as sl prsat itr cas weme urr awa y rm rancennta s e an owar theamar mpr e terra o prt adsycga cnma



DREYER 2 7AY OF WA

Dy o rh e e y eemgyspt gt d te mdde e- edmitytncndnt st te e f pdmnnt epsins pycgc Rt Ww w py t e citic

ecgze w decie s e cedetstye" n esy ee Dy o Wrah : e cedmge" Ww dcrie te duic quy Deye's mWw pi t st (tncendt s yt ft w ncsi me t ue eemplied te ecd (epe m Deye ue Dy o Wrah ecmepecipe f n m atmpig t e te piitu

ime : e cme," W we," c cet egu ym" 21 Deye te dre euy iste p y ceg egu yem" m, d pcu dcue we e uy tuted e enmity f t Bu g Dy o Wrh m me m Dee m te ye wic ud n e cme emlyce <eg egu yem ce, c, t cme

e t Dy o Wrah ce e' Me d m cdmed t, u e dnttued e d ued e e Me te ee sde e cet ee u Le , e e pedeemed ( e u y ece e e te m) , e u e m, ee ece d ug ue, , m ye e cey t um, u ce Bu nie

Me i d mpe, peu cg, d mtdm" puctn" ae uppe n eic tS ( u cucy, Deye me maugme ey ; e " e ce Dy ort ue c ei, Deye tee eg me e e d o. e mme eee te eet w m judgme

W mme u ec y o r h

pegue my e cmme S e me utBe e muc (De e") Ww e, de tm ee eue eue ce e p



Day Wath .

a hr i n rai ni urrun in wi

y i rai an narrw pa ra a r ein yn anyin on in urn rr r prin o arw ninu ia i iror in i r awe y avn ipi raai v wer nin van p in ; n i w n uran o nnin wi wi ri n y i ra inr an ron o ; a on ar he

nion inr An n r uiy in o or r in w irran iin w o r i no on o ea H a in nr

iiariy e n y arow na ayr nrine i o i ya iriairor i Bron n rr wr n ny iiar ini u in n w oo rw oo ai iir rannn in ay o rah r ri enion or iua Ki o o i o w inora nown r i iiu ii



REYER 2e e seo o Dy o h s erl

sow use o e eeissis omulhe ee n s e ee e ne o hsson o o o Ar he spul osesson wn he colel u e ecse o n Dy o Wrh, unle sson

s o me b socl ees s eune oe Ashe 's scen o s le o he es one senses h soeh he Worll hs een esroe Ths s prmlbecuse e sue emoonl elese o he mrom unconss e ec se co on e ewe o ce o ejec hes po o he ecse on es e ees lo hell ol emoonl elese n ecncllhe noucon o eicl le no reousl hoonlomoso s ecse eec o e's mro wslcule Dreer : As piipl rle oe n s h oneshll r o ee connuous owin horonll liinmoion n he lm f oe en suenl inroces ecl lnesone n is rech n nsl r eecs osce n he pcures o e ecl e us eore ishown ino e ire n Dy o h2

Wshow ons o oh he ee ee s no oeo ce' he s he hs eeins eeheless ue sses oe s sso e obous eson ee hmsepsses oe Dy o Wrth conues he Mhe epsoeecomes he smulus or ew epressons / pscholoiclm Anne (he we o Aslom one o Mhe's uescorcs wiccr houh conc wih Mre The ocus ohe l sw ches om wchcr sel o e pscholo o

cr Te cenr esion o e rs h o e isAre ere sc hins s wiches? Te cenrl eso o heseco hl s Wh oes Anne hin she s wc ? Anne' swchc s o use le Me's some rscenensorce u inense scholocl pressue

Ane e he elel ou Aslom ou olou she lls loe wh his so Mrn who hs eure omhe semnr nne n em o he heir loe

omncn onl on clese el s hs oc s eeen e eco e prsone s clusophoic n croscuc ; heels e ucolc n welli The lem o is secon s sAne ss s sin o loe ? Ths e s esole he



A Dy of "Dryr ks hr wcy sg crscr csps hr fc sf cke lf g hlf n ark

nuin h in nn' l . M h h l hh Ann' h l ih n n A i l h . h l n n h u h Th n un h n h l y o rth hn ht ht nlv li ( i vul ) hh n uninn p u n hv lun ht.

n ihf, Mh, hul phll nn h l i u iu -u nl� h n h n Al in n A An i n h i u un h h h n n lv h dn a b h a bn a l v



1

syos, sso g powers o wr wdrsors ad gg e xprssosc qsw r pra rogo he l ow sm o ardrcly on s dsgrang mnd For , wchcr s asychologcal dlso, drec rsl o r ordd lo

er Absalos da se says, e dd or or se "rn rees, Dd yo wsh h ad and n s as, loeyo h s my ony crm

bsalos mraclos d s o raoal, b sdersada : s xpresso o A's psycoss seo o D o Wt des ao (Asaomsdea) does no appen o h proagos, s sd o g heewr a dad rspece o progos Ar slosd he spcaor may be cocd o raly andmedcy o nn's sychoss, b s ly o be n srnara orc

lhoh oh sys r cossey rse n Dy r rs ha sms prmarly rasdl syl, eseod prmarly xprss onsm Praps s s asDryer cosdrd rs a xposo rd

Mr osoaly o s sge or An's rama Mare s orrd a cm r o orors sc ad sexrssos ro ould s s rspos or erwchcra, alogh Mar's sads pro ss o occehelp make he enrom rec mor o hr ormnors hao s y s rul c Mar's wrd o r psoaly s s lows ls os d sy o opra a lss cmrd mn r

drg s o malyg o sos o rshow conclds, p o mpose b y pry as s sly a ar, o dramay and sa ly Yarsow drs s rgs ro seod o e l syolc l" s orm, obl-exposr o 's aed apps m o r lm rsow oppossrscda sy prp, as ry y spc so

aes s proo xs ro e prssos sos oDa o Wt arsow s orrc, owr, n s p lcaoa sass s r d co w ral dxeral roale s r rsoled, or e orod



0RDET

3 ASCA S

ay o the elemets of trnsedetal s tle are elii t e a reyer's ms, e omes he oses t ineniqe ad eet to the work o ad Bresso reyer'se is te seod see ers o o aj Mk's pay The st ,med y Sweds deor Gst a Moade 3 , gaenk's pay a reas , raioal interretatio ; te mrae oKa Mk, Borge Trole wote o t Molader re wasintereted a a retrn to saty, aae o set exlaatiot eertheess aearg mraos to ose dety otath it

reer's adaation is obiosl anietial to

olaner's n e as i o oer eyer m oe senses teseosios se o trasedetal tyle ressiosmseemgly las o role n re : tasedeta stye oeatesfro withi he Kammerspiel ad is gie little ometitiofrom eressoni sm many ays re is a oentioaKammesem : te ato takes lae rimarily indoors, withia ed mer o rooms ad among xed gros o ididals ertai s ees ad onesatos ar e reeated, eanded, reied

ntil erta syholoial trths are reealed Te sets areatralis i ; ere is no eaggeraion i itin, amerawork,r ating

Wha seems oous o he viewe o Oet owee ma no av eso ovous o eye ea o a s aemen uio isao a ha [ejee sene fo e males o eon eye sae haThe new siee ins us owa a moe nimae unesann o

ivne powe an is een einnin o gie s a naual expanaon oins o he supenaual he on ue o Ka Muns an now som anoe ae I ave no ejee moen see o e maeo eon On he onay aj Muns pay assume ew a aesnane fo me eause e paaoxal houhs a ieas expessen pla hae en oe een pshi esea expaine hseeminl nepliale appenns o he pa an esaise aaoeson eh he supenaual ouenes a ae oun n e mLee m Cuue, No [19] p eyes saemen oes noale he a a hs Ode is unenaly moe myseious an mo

maulous a Molnes bu oes enoe e onenon o sessa ha eye's was ienoaly uas e wou noe p he sieni o he mauous us as he wol no p miaulous fo he seni



DY u e ecnques trnscendenl s le g end e

Kmmerspe, rmzng s ntur sc eemens Te se s ndgng n e me pys, ug nt dsed s eexpresss pys, wee e expresse cretg ucesof emtn w nunces se desgn nd cscu In

re weer, te ses re en sr d e gg eesn cnrst t e preus Dreer ms my e sceesare s ckngl nedmensnl te crcers rece er nesbeore a blnk bckdr s et t a g anle o e cmer Teooson s enel l s, en e aes o aout an een wn xed rme lewse e kes re lng,alwng tme r crcer w e u ds ce rm nd engge n cners wu cu ese e efmr echnques eerydy y surgg e empecqu es nur le nd mzng s cu deeerdy cees cld sylzn

e snt of e s n, a mn s tl enedfom s envrnment t he s onsdered crz e s efl Gd" e mkes n secre f eer s rue deny rs purpse : I m esus f Nzre," he stes, Pepe elee

n he ded Cs t ut nt e lng . I e cme c bewtness n een nd erm mrces " on s suc obvus Chrst sbol tht s a shck when Dreer, whcouner-srateg, subt akes hm smeng mre cu lrencrned Crst f a late ge. e ter chrcers e ree at hn s close t Gd n te emseles,et unl he decsve ctn the onl tret hm s sl

ns mdness s dsgused dnt Le n nd Mrth

he recs prmr e supernr nt hs surrundgs ke n nd Marhe h e s persecued (n ts cae, cedfo t Hs dsrt s he cuntr pres s e s cm ehol ago totll nable respnd t s cd enrnmen Mdness elaces mrtrd, t s the l st reuge e s nt whust reman wthn te rsnuse te dy

No oe elanaon fo ons madness s ven n thebdy te s ld fer, Mrten, ges psse

explntn e ws den crz y e sud Keegrd,"ut hs reecs re te ers dndeede udewrd ers des s s s e pdc



1 TACTAL TL

of oppr d ord nvron Jon nn nd o l xn Mrh r Hi urround qui nn coonc qu rd h o od Jo rforrd pronouncn r i fc ovehn liou ob o h b o uncio

c wold mk poduc o dJu Jo dn dr pr cnc o

irc i dc con pr cc In u cn r d rn Ingr fro dd Tr o co or ckr Joh co hr o re ro hco nd h do h rcl upcd uibnd dnd con fro h or

I h g of or n rdt n rror i h rncnn cr on o on pr of rr -ng ohn c con c r con fro ir o I n n or r u o no ru n n coud fu rr for hi fiu n dcv

aty oh, th fool of "oh' taghtfowadooumt, h xv fa, h ovwhlmg lgo

in i naiity t fnctin a agmatic wr, al mak ma a rc f iari t.



DR o ws ust too drast to duce ee, ut tk thsaure was tetoa ke Ozu a Bresso, Deer uses of eva , bt he shows o caoto crete stas s as te d

a m o trascedeta stye oe woud xpct tat

te aracter wo experees te pry ad mas tecsve acto woud e te cetra cractr t s s dparwh us resut stss B ut o s ot te eta characero e He s used as a aegorca gure, represtg wat eohr cters us oe o eeve te opeg see estes oet od's sgt Woe uto ever oe whoeveth o a te ht of the Wor, b the rkesspreedet t ot ave ome uo m peope ut te veo reeed me Hs peope, hs am, t rst reect m Hsrother Mhae sttes, Mraces dot pp tese days oh repeatedy redts deat, ut he s gored As ger es o ag predct s her deth d states tat e a perorm arce, but a stg vcar couters tat Mraces do't appowas o eceves te ower to peror terace whe ger's dugter Ae beeves ter

ger's resurreco te am seems to come to acceptaceo o a e represtste vg Crs mracs ,dsprt, mdess kg wt oh ater ger's eatMhe hd sad , How a oe te adess rom sese oh e, Yo o coser

ths ucture o mght tk tat re was usga roudabout rso o rscdta ste tat he caractersof he , k th vewes, hd o a ea z a oh

ws te etra gure But ater s mrace, oh aga ecomesa mor crcter e empass sts rom o's dvtak o ger's orporeaty Be ore te mrace Ma, respose to t osoato tat ger's ou as ea adstated ut oe her od too medate tr rresurreto, ger, ow sttg u er co, sss Mcaat great egt ad ver sesuousy he gr, te as t eo the , sas, Now we eg to ve ere s v a t

hs ot t o ow t otted se o s ace,hs beo e a or a sprta osesse d character keJo ts s t oppos te o martyrdom ad ahood e gr,



6 NSNNTL

e a bee yled bak o l e Deye ue e dveao o a uany do o ebody e ao eebode .

e lave abe o eeo o Odt allowoe o ee e eea o bewee Kaee ad

andnal ye. e dg o l ae a Ot obably a yologal daa a Kae l ea e a aae ave lead o ovo eoleae eo le e deee lve oe oyully auae dou a aang g abou Odt a aole uoe oug a aa ue oaedeal ye ou e ue o eve�yda ad da

ey gve Ordt a ual de oaly wou o ave e u de bak o wok o e yologadaa I a Dye aull e v fo aede e eveal e ne

ke Beo Deye value ae e a evee oed e eed o ng a a ea o evaoDeye ao lk Bo on uue a o eao o ao n oogy

la o a e eaao o e boy ad ou bu weea Bo a a o onoga eod o Dye ea boe eaaon w bodJoan'ea ea oa uava Ma da a Anne' dea lad o eb Deye oe o wan a eee o e eeual day e boy ad oul alwayve ad eo



DREYER 137

Te ra n g of nge n Ordet:decse acon and re rea oas. " a i Dreyer carefues e ee or eanscenden, e eea anen



1 8 ANSCNNAL SL

Dy' pn o pay plac m n raon o Norn Eropan ar an ooy, j t aon ' tn o ta p ac n t Son Eoanyann taon A r anc a an anaoo a om,Goc arct, a n y acan, m

on, lp pan Dy' namnta dalman laton to l

H AHEUE

ca Dy mploy, to vayn ,tancndna yl, t pon mao, ad oc mat, r a naal nncy to q lm on' an y aocaon Byantn pantn, arrn o B nc n Dy and Bonn a p a ma ; y a conran concptono annnt an o can p n l and. Dry' m ar ony ma o Byantn onoapy ot n ta y a ma o o' m nqay o Dy' lm clo to aot om o ooc actt Dy nt om Bon n

any o t a way t oc fnt om t yan apo o otc ar c pov aonvnn compaon n Bon and Dy n pnplo arc lk Bon' m ; n pacc lkryr' ola tc o Gotc acc, an y Coomaamy, Mata, an anoy, mo a o yann at and Bon' lm ; t tcnq o acl Go c catra, paclary t lat on, a n

y orrng, a ma o o o ponm an Dy'm Got a rctcr n Dry' , n art n ' yann poat n Bon', pod a apo cot nltn wtot mtn ad lat a contmpoay o an a om o lo a otc adacan ony a mapo; pnc o a ca al ndanty ffnt fom nc o cna, anda o n on my o ok n o. Gotc

ao a naiaon, o co, an o rygnaaon t an army o pon, prp tll lp



EE 19

Wihem Worriner's ear books Abstracon andmathy 0 Fom n ohc wer e maor works o eevauaive asheis he summarie everhin ha haben previouy houh riiied i an osi e new wayf hinin. Worriner wa o ne of he rs and mo imporan

heoriss of absra form in ar n an ar wor sowakenin from he se o rea ism he haione Orienahic, an mern ar . hough he i no use e ermexpressionim" his eories beame an inera pr oxpessons a. i e re Worriner vde ar in

wo aeories naurai m" an sye " Nauraism was hear o sesuouness i evoke (in heoor Lipps' rmempa" Sye" was e ar of ension i reue inabsraion " Naurais was he prou of a onenearhoun uure i was haraerie b reaisi orraiuren so ines. he s e of absraion was he re ofionn, h s rivin or he siriua i was charaerizeby idea porriur and ars anguar r perpendicuar inesOn absracion was a sy" Worriner fe nauraismws oranic and rue o ie. On hrou abrac s e coud

man expres e Tranenden For ee abra orm,iberaed from a ini nes are he ony one an h hihesn whih man can n res from he onfusion of he woricure ."25

For Worriner, boh anine an ohi r weresyes " o deired o esape e empra wrd rougabsrc b reeced empahy he bais or arorringer reied Suer urpen ar ( repreened

y yanine r and, before i, Orina r wa mre uime"a Nrer urpean r {e oic) u i peronreerece eded oward he Nordic

he ierene beeen he epressioness abra ineo Ori m d e inesied expreion eabsrac ine o Gic an is u e di erence beweena ina deniive da im born o a mos proound insighino he word and a provisiona duaim of a iuneveoe sae of knowedge ha is o sa hedi erene been subim uieim od age ane exed pao you.



0 CNTL SL

is es o see ho Worrner's heo of ensio of s rcions eeded o he Germ epressons cem, evenhouh he pro oud hve dispproved of he nehnduc devces of mn o he eress ons ilms

ohen ohc checue esul e from heoloicl

s el s risc esos A houh ooed in he covenionsof mediev r, cped he mpendi enissnce heGohc eso s he esion eeen Forence nd Bznium ;i resu s he m s pced he ceer of God s unchnnuniverse Go hic r hd o poes he ide orde of God'suniver se, d he chnin eisece of ech person o eeshe pin of p s nd presen

urin he G ohic period, he cocep o f rnscendececme o ncopore oh humnsm nhesm Beef nhe soue rscedence of God hen [er Mdde Aes] ,r his ori Ao user r es, i ved deprecion oure, us s ow [Go hc he peve phesmrouh ou s rehi i io he esse chne sh he onesided spiriu r o f he er Midde Aes, hchreeced iiion of direc eperienced rei nd

cnmon sense, hs ve o n r h mes lvid of seme, eve ou he mos supernurl, de lnd vne mer s, epe upo chevn fr-ocorrespodence i h he ur sensie re i ' n sum,Gohc r s, Wle he es he evee of he persnupo he nhumn o he omesue ion 8

Ths fundmen du sm of Goh ic, Worriercoeed, ws neiher resoved or rscede (s in rie

r ; remied perpeu in coic " s esseni n ure,he wroe, seems o e fr e h o resless ure wh ch is ues for res, is seen for deivernce, c ind nosisfcio u h of supefcion, of ioicio Ad hus heduism esoves sef ino cofused mni of ecs And "o epress ecss mie Me concuded i his s ud ofmediev r, Goh ic r mde use of is cnions, ismc of ih nd shdo eiious r hd never emped

nh of he ind efore ; i reced he eree imi of hepossie 30

he le hc cherl s e reu abu ruof he chosc mehod ih s i nn s ier



41

coaicio eeay ieloce a gagoyle,Poao cucie i, oqe ie o oce adveicas ad oioa e ie o eio oe clahaomy, acg ocu o limax ; oic a ue aramai sae bu o a amai os o which araers

ie wee ievay aw Worriger oud i oitatay a micocom o e oic ye : e ace wa oeauac e roe ac The ody, wrappe sti roe,reeeed e oer o Byaium; e ace, oe emahc,ce ou hmam o Floece Te iere coadicioo oic i ove e aac ie io er chaos The implseo he oic ma owa ue owledge, Woige wote,beig deied is aura aisacio, u exhauss iself wid aaie everyhig become wei a aaic The al ouio oic arciec ue wa oe o eega iea o deig ace, it aaced i iead o ceaigoe o ear, i trus iailiy o e heave

eyes lm coi he ame esios ad coradiciowic lague oic arctecure ie he othic aris,eyer og a ace o siiua vaue wii coealiy,

ad ie the ic ati hi earch ede i uratio,aracio, ad i ome cae, d oio Hi ms, ie teoic caea, are a usae equiiium o wor-aimigad worl-eyig impule Hi m ae ie wcoraicios : i Day o rat a ylied martyom is olowey aoral cee o ume omace; i ret he uimaeivocaio o he Hl s oowe by a sesuos ss oa fAc ugge o o ay ai v a e wih od i a ypcal

oi tugge oo wi om o te am polema he otic i, reye evoved ome o e ame oluo oliquiy, muliplciy o oal oi, cracor teme

i excele uy o s rucure ad comoiio ieye lm, Philippe Prrai a emoate a reyer'sm are compoed o aily oique verical lie wichieect a a may a ou pot i a ige comoiio iee roceig craig lie o a vaule oi caeral, hee

oiue veia ep e ye coiuay i moio Wicerai oale exce io (uch a he everyay cee i re olid horioa ie om ierecs omia verica lei reyer's lm ve i a eemgly placd cee he ee



14 S

annot resthere are alwas tensions between oreronand bacgrund between lettoriht an rihtolet l ines orce whic h cmete or attention his t ension can be reatedy csume desgn s we s set desgn nd rme cmpsitnn D o Wat, r exmpe Meree sms dur

hsekeeper saly wers an enrms seeneenhcentryhite wing collar. n the dmlit indoor scenes the onl onesn hich she apears Meretes olar picks mre ight thanher ace or her surroundns er bright shaed ollar whenxtended orms daonal intersectin lines o orce in theshae o an X When rter extended these lines o ore obeyond Meretes heaset backrbed ody and ntersectingwih the ertca iars o dorways n the ackgrnd. Meretemay s e cmmandingy her tne o ice my demandattention bt the rcial lines o orce are leadin awa romer and do not een intersect on her ace. he stridentstraigtorwrd nature o Merees speech cnits with heattenindrining lines rce and he mtiicity caoints This is not the sr sal tension which cntradictste diaoue r actin (s wen somehing is hap ening in the

backgrund anihetica the regrnd but i ndermnes treaking p ts appren uniyObliqe orientatin hether in a cathedral or a m

its are chnks o sae aainst each othr t des not n oai sace it antaonies i. Obliqe orientation resosesthat the artst es not neie o sace as nity t raheriews eery bject or part o n bject as an independent actinwithin space hereore n charate n a rame which s

splintered obliqel can seak authoitatiely rm that spaceut must e onsdered s ne a numer o ineracing orces

t times Dreers tenson een urss ut e rameIn a wellknwn comsi n ro Pon o on of c, agar artiall hiden b the et ertia rame ne is tnat oans arm he oan herse s strn to l herseotside o te right ertical rae lne he rame line seems aarbitrary restriction on a tensin whch is on the erge ng

apart The eect is similr to that which one experiences stann the nae a Ghi cthedra as te ines rce exloderm the ceng driin g thrugh te ases trough hewals and int te ing teses Te rme or te nae



D 1 ovi or r v r rii rriionpon rali i i f o iingr

Drr an oi riur r o for ofunrov iari Dipri iniiv ui oforringr' pr ii rion pr nuii

epa e o onerpar o wa e a allepa eeple wa le pe aed e "aaeveen of Mivl paining VinvvignonPi:

ang o o e a a ae lo pa o ove e ap of a weep and annered Mar. in kgro e le, ver al are e l

an or of Jerale e k i vn rone ea o ee e a ae a ann nReaae pa; ere ae e o rmpro e o re ae elar, i orli no T o no i io a ane perpeve . e fo i o uiing ou o i prinof ralior n oer-orll; an proporion o e ene are alen o e enwo inbi i 32

Th uad tugl th an n Th Passon o Joan oArc Th fam ln m an abtay tcton on atnon hch on th v of yn aat Th ct mla to tandn n th nav of a Go t cathdal at ln of foc xlod fom t cln dvng tougt al touh th all and n to th fyn butt



Gotc dspa rty t Villeeuve-A vgo Pi eta : Te Go thc fgurere ecuar, but ter word i ot Tey o ot fit nto a umanizederpective."

sa f asc s w ms O Bssn t cacs ft i to tvnmt But ws my at stys- Byntnasctaav s sp ty s ans y lGc a ss t as a 's s n Gtcctct st as s ttal spty gncg a b sta ss ss by bt t t

an capabts cpt aqat wgsa s cs sf s maca f

's scm ca c sm ltsbtw Bss a y Bssn a y bt pc ts bt ts t t ss ts tnstug abstact Bt f styl t ntuas s tactnt pty ut ca n v cuc ncs :

Bss t Byatn atst uns sac H ussg's ss v absct " t mal a cf bacg L t Ba s fa cpsts s abt wc cacs cac mvms3



n g f fo Bon o o on on o pon d po p non n pogon nd odg Agn gn Bon donn oon n h onn n g ng pogon

o oh h non onnd on d n non n h nfngbkgond nd h p p on ng p n hon Bon n p n o o pn on on fopon on non nd on onfonnh onfoo po nd o If pond oBon pond pon Bon

pdnd o h n d Bo g nodng dgn o d p h ng onfono ogh of nd n

oosons Bres son n Dreyer Byzane Goh . Beowckocket; oee Day of Wat "resso nes sae; n anyge rame here s key o e ony oe oa o reyer essae; he rme oe hs seer o ons n sees resesst os w se.



6 TANCNNAL L

Dy k oc a ac H uong' "nn o o a ac n oaaon an co mn wn am Dyam a a ca m coa a o w Dy ng acuay n on oc, nn aku o ac ; go oqonaon o o o may cy oo y ao o nx a o o ad

uccon H m cona o "nauam aoa cDy o Wrath ) an " y caocuc no Dy ofWrath), bth the expessie bstt lie (whi wls Orde)an p aac n g no c Ord)o umany conc w o uounng AnDy of an uay coc w acuauounng mayom o Ma Dy of Wrah) , oonay o Ordet) an agon ag oa Pssion) o Ho a o ac o ca a oca on wn an g am o w woam a y a og oquy w uua no foc no a ng cononaon u g a



EYE 7ultlit of resose he ve e sets o riorties thviewer is ble o respo to oe o equl vlid tesios heexperees e .

Ts ors bewee Breso d DreyerByied ohiis give teologl e by ul Tilli's e ss

o roet r " Tlli dees e rotest ri t s oeho s ite o te ol of the ross" ot dequte sbols to rere set he esurretio His rt is ll erthe oul struggle b etwee orle he uer self eo e d e ros s s ulte symbol. Tilli's roetr" the rt o isriy t is b eeso the rt o the othihedrl d e r o rl Dreyer

Bresso, o e oer d, is te rtis o e resurreiothe rtist o sts is. Te ross for Bresso is es to aresurreted ed d he is reful o o ouse he ross theresurretio ike reyer, Bresso uses suerig trough teriso etor (he symbol o he ross", ut ulike Dreer,reso trsor the rso io sol of resurreto. his er Bresso is like e Byie risi who, s

teoog er De-Rops wres, preerred e eology oory o te eoogy o e Cross. "5 Suerg o Bresso iseer ore a seppigsoe o ssis.

Dreyer d Bresso re bo gret riss, d yeio s o bee o pe hem i e sme egory, rkgoe oe e oter. Dreyer d empted o iee s s s ile, the e ight be e litle ower o Bresos lderut hs rt of isrt s st st loe. o rt

hisori woud u oi reure e expese oBie oograpy e rt is gre is ow terms .ilrly, he dspry o Dreyers ims s jus s medite ull relie s the stss o Breso's ls. s rists, bothBesso reer re equll olishe, eqully gret"

s rasedea riss, owee, ey re o eulyge Bres so reed r ore eiyg, ore peret," oe mke dul disio roug te ri eio o

treetl syle Bo Bresso d Dreyer d gre styles,u oy Bresso's ws te rsee se Bess seempy rasedea sye eres Dees e rts o rseetl stle d use e wel.





C()JliS)J



ck B W Y



'] g tis essay tee as een ne pesis tent, overiding

asstin tat te tansendental stle is te e etd

cnveying te Hly n lm Tis as een assme t i s issaly s? Wy d astety and asets stad at te ats e Tanscendent cannt te Tansendent als be xessedtg exean and exessns y s O efeed tMci Bessn t Resnais Deye t Began?

aces Matan wtes "Te s stye reserved ts at te s n eligious technique. Aye w belevsin te existence f a eligis tecniqe is n te ig ad tBen.* s nt tis essay wit its insistene n "ansendenaste n tat ig ad ?

Ts aleged "nie alty te tanscendenta s tyle ae ened sld e examined in te lig f tw peinentsieatins ne wat fs ave spiial exessin take e as t? an tw w d tese ms eate t te "new at tn ts? Ts enta st ad ts bet

cnsieatins) inevtably aises tegical and aesteicems en e se f tis essay an my inentin eeas tgt is nt t etend any "new aestetcs aet state y cncet f lmi "tansendental style witin svis tees

qe Mrii At an choastiim an the Frontiers o Poety (ork: Chrle Sriber' So 96 euroee r eveoe he moery ero i he 86 ws oe of h erie "moerr, wih i primiive qi ie icipe he pii of Gui,Cee, Kiy eree r however, locke e expres ioof spiriliy io ile form llowig o room for chge xerimeio Coideig i iiilly iovive syle h remrke m suei r ors



SPIRITUAL

5 TNSDNT STY

here are ay ways o rese he Holy art o ar str sle as crere te trasceeta maret Atoug, asarta states, there s secc regous tecque, e alsoes o sa a t s rue tha ot every style s equally sute

sare ar ay ve ar soe stles are best sute toress he sare, ohers he roae a l o style sbeter sute to exress te Hoy ha raseeal s yle

Wa sor o eeral olss a be aw ro teheere hsory o s are ar? What o he va rous exressoso he rascee have oo Wes rca sculture,u ass, yzate os, Ze gaes, lustate eeal

mascrts, ot arecture, seveteetentur e tatveerse, oraly lays, ebas ats, Hery ooresslres? s here ayt the hstory o trasceetal arhch ca be extracte, abstrace, ee, a te st agaste relatve ew eum, oto ctures Wa stnctosbewee the oly a holy eelgs have bee e other rtors a te ay to cema

he ral, ost rreucble metahor o e sacre

ar, as sa he troucto, s the exress o o rmverelo hrouh rte ar. ay o the tehques whh have s e hroo hory o exress the Holy arrae rve art. are art has ote seee o aorrtve tecques wesoaty, rotlt, te abstracte, e aretyal charcter

s a s tcto etwee the Holy a hoy eelgs ,oever, te rtiveclassica coto s, a best, oly val

rle t caot be ale to ether a secc hstorcalero or sec ecues Rece athroologca stues haveeveale at ere as a goo ea more socal cveto araersoa eo rve ar tha ts rs exoesae, a ha lassal ar, for all s atral s, coul asobe esely relous. e rmtveassca chotoy has reaortae as a eeralato, a e ust be careul o ouse as ah ore ha tha.

Neter a the rmtveclascal coty be retlyae to artst tehues ecques ormaly ascrbe tormtve sacre art ave bee successul use or classca



CCUN 53

selar) rse n te lng rn stry n ndvdaltehnqe an e asred to eer te ared or te oanehee ae o egou echnque yantne art o ealntaned tt te Hly was revealed trg artstomtn wt ne cl nt s that te vewers at entn

s ed on te fae of t snt Was sl Kandnsy n sola fo a rtv t 00 as late rot tat tertal l e eveal ost w anfos onts s tat te vee ol aea te te nnerlatons seaat nvl saes an olos2 nanter eal sevnteententr dtatv oetryantn tat vese ol es the se tog a aoosal es rton an laborte etar nemoaoets on te oer and o esre t reveal te ransendentf e slt ln an t sontd mtaho Wen ale t es to f els nqe beoes ven otrny e abstrat eres ns le w ork well nenwalds Iene ltare a ave a oletely drentet n a eatrelengt l a atetrl s trtre w etve n tree densos ma fal ltely when sed on a

tensoal ov sreen Wn oare to nea tesalr oms of tansnntal at as s ate evosly an onlton as etaors

ee te ar o elgos tene aestheralatons beome otant n nessay A tenqe ofom an nly be esrbe as elgos o tansenental)wen dened n a gly estred onet yant nengray ang) n order to aly te lessn o

tese ndvdl wrs t anoter medm on s t rely oneneralatn Conseqenly aestetans and telgans avontnally evse te gnal rtvelassal dtmya atn t to s stanes attemtng toe tat at s tnton lv meanngl Worrngesbe t a stto t ntrls an stl a de eew as te ds tnton beteen natralm andaets o lds Hley t was te derene btweentradtn" and ndvdal yle t Benjamn Rwland r a te derene etween tradtna art" and nnradnalrt" nd o and on a tse dtntn soe degre



54 RNCNN Y

iid bcaus y use isc cnus o commen onnvrsal incs e ase cian mus be connay onard : cnus cang, nces do no. n ano corra os o sir ia in ar rr a totanonarisic mtaor, one ch dos no r on ais i

chnis, t instad reers o ys o ood oks ."n Rgo a Cutur (930) acs aiain dscib

ys o ora means," and alog ey alyrialy o good orks, also ses in rering assand oogns. By exenson y can aso ee o o gnealaisc orms, saced an oan. Te s o es emoraans, andan ns (moys mors rchs ) ar hoshich o heir natr dean a can as o tangibccss. " Tis ty o good ork ssains i n a dravdorld : d b asud to dsise o rejc e, y ancssary, y ae ar o naa s o man l . habndan eans a means o e sode, aorr, andbsness man y are e mans concerned i acaliyhysical goods, and sensa ngs.

Te second means, sarse mea ns oes tmrs

auvrs ae he roe eans o sir ." h ess brdnhy ar by mae, he mor ds e, h ess visbh orcacios ey ae Tis is ecase ey are e ens or ir o e sir ." Te sars mans are no ordeed oardangl sccess oard lvaon o sirt. Bing eroer mens o isdom," y ae means o e oe andilosoer : Moa, Sae, Rembrand, Dn, omer,. Tomas.

s b ndsod," ariain ries, tha t hr is a an rarch f ths era ans." n h sarsans ar hg an aundan mans : e orl isrisng o dad eig. i rcovr is yo only hrogovry o e sir." Aog bo means a eoal, ase ans, osaing angb sccss , ae necssaily closr h oly. i anscndnal ar, sars ns a ansoaching an end closer on s o essnc o eria, te or do tora ans loyd in is srcinsh. " Bo ans ar ncssary bt no al : abnanans k h boy aiv s that th sars mans can lva s. artain ht si rssns contr st as a



OCLUSIO 1 5 5an w used abundan means nly susain his sparse meansnd wh wen his sparse means appraced her end gave up emporal means.

imiary i s ps sible say a sacred ar uses bhabundan and sparse means. h abundan means susain he

vewer's (r reader's r lisners hyscal xisence a s eanain his neres he sparse eans meanwhle elevae ssul. Te abundan means n ar rrespnd Wringersnauralism" hese means are sensual emnal humanndividualisic hey are characerzed by s lines realiscpraure heemensonaly expemenan heyencourage empahy. The sparse means in ar correspond oWrringer's syle. " he sparse eans are cld malisierac. hey are charaerized b absracin s ylzedrraure wdimensai rdiy hey encura resand appreciaon. These oppsng meas are n segregaedaegories e are bh presen and nerwrk n any ece oar parcuay sacred wors o ar.

Te ars wh wises express e ranscenden cannnegle eer e aundan r he sparse eans bu he us

knw eir prry. Te aunan means us sere o susanhe sparse means he sparse means us yeld a spiriualwareness . n a yzanne church he andan eans are hsewhch enclse space and acliae he liurgy he sarse meansare hose whch le he verca lne and congraphy demandveerain Wihn he Byzanne kn sel he bundaneans are he variain clr and reals esure hesubsdiary characers he sparse eans r e d backrn

and ronaly e cnral characer. he rai abundan sparse means o curse vares greay rm ne ar orm aner.

The rai abundan and sparse means can be a measuo he sprualy" o a wr o ar. The more a wr o ar ansuccessully ncrporae sparse eans whn a n abundansciey he nearer i appraches s rascndenal end." s n very precse easure curs bu a leas s unversallyaplcabe. can relae any han avy arsc scial rphlosopca . Beore applyng s lumsy easure o wevr wll be help ul make sm genera l saemens abuh marav naure n urs.



156 ANSCNNA S

E HE R T EREW

n is sy f e Hly in a, eas van e Leewraces te isy f te maj as fm ei igins in eligisacice t te pesent selaize sae. A is eginnings eac a

was ne wit elign t tgt te centiesrgessively see a eap f ny. Te ceemnialeigs ane evlve i te sace udus, e sace udussseqenly sivie in geis ama a li tgy, etgy in s pgessinal ecame pplaize; gtisty e cnsan en f at is fm e sae e pfaneTe Renaissance, wi is empasis naaless an inivia, sally aes te ap f e eap f nity, t van

de Leew nts t ta tis ten ges as fa ac as "te eaeetc Aenatn w ave gyts gds te scltral faces s family . nly aely in e isty f at, van e Leewcntens, ave talente aiss een ale esis e enwa seclaizai an en e eligis igins f a.

an e Leew es nt iscss cinema i is sy. isqi e ccialy te nly maj at fm ic es n in issema. in pies ee n n in eligis pacie,

nstea ae te ttally pfane spng f capial ism antecnlgy. If a eligis aist in cinema aemps t g ac ts ns , e wll n ly enteenes and tecncats .*Wen e Hly ies t ente nt te inema, e ininsicalyfane at, ee ae n e sme nsal nseqenescnseqences wic van e Leew i nt anicipae.

n is essay Te nlgy f e gapic mage,

A Bazn, nlie van e Lee, cnens a tee neve wasa iginal ity eteen eliin a a, an at a in iscase paini as alays een tn eeen amiins ne, e pmaily aeseic, namely e expessin f spiialralty weein te syml tanscened te el te e,

h rmie of h origil iy of rt religio h be o trog iiim h som writers gorilly fs o mi hsibiiy of rof r wy yr f h io of moours Alro Dell Set wro "r will he ris o mog m l i h foio i ligo Ar bsouofe i origi r bor o stify th ehi t of th to is oibl i hm hiory h boltely er xisteiio a At oo Uw 91], p :



ONUSIO 57

rey sychoogic, nme he duiion o he wodside5 From heir einning he grhic rs demonsredh hese miions one, he rimriy esheic , in heynine io, he oher, urey shoog , i he gyineh-mss . re riss, o corse, Bin dd, he wys

en e o comine he wo endencies e vn der eeuw, Bn fe he siriu in r

rduy sccumed he dn of he wod use. hogh he rey sychoogic hd awys eised i didno come ino dominne un he Renis nce. Persecie, hewries, ws he origin sin o eser inng, nd rom hime on he iria qi o r s ediy diminished.

ch oeriew, wheher monisc ie n der eeuw's ordaisic ie Bi', hod h e iiu qui y i sueres decin he exense reism, he dicaon o eiherxern r nern reiy. r hs ways een excied y hechenge of relism he isn cme he ws nd ecmescuure, he scres ecme hoograhs, he hoogrsoved. venuy h ris, in his desire o imiae i e,emed o rerodce hysic exisence ise f, no ie he

rees s o orry he hihes sensu form. VicorFrnensein's md drem ws ohic exension of dremshred y mny riss of his ge o iciy recee hmnife nd is exern srroundings . The rge o dice hexern word ws ccmnied y n r dice heiern word The romic ris scruinied nd duiyrecorded his ow eeing he was ccounae o no oher reiyhn his own he myh o he ari ersoniy cme ino u

oom, resin in oh he sychoogic icuresqe nimression, romnic erse d he schoogic noe yhe noed he simiriies in nineeenhcenry reism ndrmnicism he romic work f r, hogh verging on oafanasy, was only reism red sid in.

n heir rsi o reaiy he rs oe coeed echoher. The rs of sc enied he rs o ime nd ie ers ogrh creed sequei inigs o simue ime ; B c

sed meicuous inery descriions o eoke ce ch rdeired he reism noer dimension coud oer, nd heconining serch or n which coud e reis ic i o sce



TNSNNTL STL

d i raiy grd ar' rogre ugeo raiy

i, e dpiory r i pa d ie, g i Sypr' uroy oio ie rw ry oe io wi ury d rd wouy e

! i ruia id i i ory o l doepor , d o wi ye o b exliedoo v i o e d o oe roi ud o ob o wre iab goa o rai oug e l re reli cig o aai (oogra i ia, or pl) , i l porariy d ri u or ik e

origil i o paiig w prp, i wr, " wdd ro i b Nip d uire ieig imo barou ar, oogray rd i r ro irob io wi ik Paiig w ord, i urd o, oor u u o ad i u io rkod u uo oogra a ia o or ad r diori i y, oe ad or a ad i i ry ee, ou obeiwi ri''8

oe e e o e ex eeyo ogr woud ir or oe ive o ee m erly ordad ged e dee odui ir raiy io dr, ore oe l ia w o, Haur wro, ep o e od proaio aoid a, u d pro lbd rii ropr o e iee ey wilee o r w o o xoe e weie Fo i o

e xlid bd m ,ee iol, exri, o ode em

i l i io ecve o cmoe oig od o cooog eve e e o lmmke like O d eo, iem dd ome pogrey ro, m oge e Ie ioy o lm reo e r rye wo m eLuir i i i i e ioy o aiig e yiioograr r Goi ri w eHog i pob o ay eo, woe m be ord o ko, rid d ed e wok oeyr, woe b ord o Goi edl



OUIO 15

rl ne h s h nnll r fr stets ; e t" a rth t h t scver thsparse"

ANCNDNAL Srn : BUNDAN AND SA

See ts strc erspe ctve, te tecqes trascedeta ste cme t cearer cs Trascedeta s ters frm the prevs frs f rscendet rt n the s nem ers fr he rvs rsc ensenenl s le s he her f bnnt n ssmeas cea

rnscedeta st qte bvs erates t must sus ta te veerss terest frm e t three hrsCseqel transcenent sl s ed reltshbeee srse ens le s cpre b teract creatg a temr s el as spat rhthm trl n use ess n n re srse mesra he veer r the fmlr rl the ther rTrasceeta stle therere hs three s teps t s rgressa eatsp t c ave te same eect as tha

p a veer h as tr ate chch mvgrm the t t the sparse artstc meas cemahever s e rt hch ves s he ass ve veer t take hm r abat t srse mens One etermnthe s ta ql t" a cema se therefre s temne the manner n hch sses f ts nheent bnmes a ssttes sarse ens

he trascedetade mmaer s hsef n

a qe pst e mst prer dsp se set abdat meas (cemas eret ream" e cat grr egect these mes bt mst tr tem t hs advaageCema ma ave reed te ter ars rm ther desre t ate, as a ad Sher cte t t dd t ree tse c rtes, cem there cqred e chs esess n h rel " hs nqe allnce f me nbu mes hs s avnts s s s rbs e had sprta cema as reed rm th eed rsttetse rder t acheve a sese reasm " er the adve cema, certa res artsts attempted t rst create teu te mmet te brea tat s, thereby



6 TRANSCENENTL SY

ng rnnn Bu, or o r, r o o r erg n rng e oh n ou u rk. Be ennn n k r e o o, n go m o nx ge, em

o rek on. Hor, go m-k ogo unn n oe r . rnnn-n n k Knnk, or xou unon gnor un mn . For m, bnn n r gn ; r grr or oo. n ou o, nr o r or. B em

r n no on r ng g ; rnnen-mn k mo e nn me o o

A oon ur ro r r, h g re on ; o o unon o rnnn o e poil n k . T eh r me o re o e g o ; mkr ong nnn n e e

g unn n, n ur , o o un r gru u u r n ounn rnnn r mn r, o rggr, ru o unn mn .r no gr o nn n or ; n gru rong unn mn o o . Tr e m e e m e ge me o ee

r, n m mo j eon or nr n orer o n or. nu unn on o o gr, ron be n gr

n i o r u nn n r, oe, o n er n r r n no nn .T r o r o e , or o nm n nou nrn m. r ex rn e gron ro m n o r r, ur, ornromn. Er pro he mnor omon, b rn ou nor ne. Te



COCLUSIO 161

relit f eerd is s hrugl stlized tht it isuneetie t he srt f emth whih nturl flws asese f mreensible eirnment t is tetb eamle fthe rer use f aut mes in sare rt te untmens rete irmet ( sree) d a auiene ( i t

theter in wih srse means an eratet the stage f disrit the nit betwee udt

and srse rtisti mens bemes aprentand disturingtothe settr his nit s ersne b the rgist ; erei rdut f bundant mens, a mn in rea ist i hmn frmwhse hysil needs are li ur wn, e whse ndut i s amdel f sprseess. here is a disarit f artisti mes tere

are auat imtatie teueste prtags a ssurrungs ; an te re is te l, sarse s t wsupersedes these tehiues gi, trseden s te uses miimum f abundt meas t sustin a lm i wih te mesare bemig iresig srse .

rnsedetl stle theretill substitutes srs emns fr abudant u s hw sessful i t is in ths ert an bedetermied b he deisie tin is erl n bundat mes

a rmti r emtinl atn whi res ut fr udieempat Yet, if traseetal style is sessfu, te m will tts ate pt be s are, s sprse tat a u teiewil e n ntet t relte t the trnsfrmed rer risti mes the emathet, drm eie w seems f plae

tsis, f urse, is the nal eme f srse means eimge sml ss. e abundant mens ae bee shw t

hae little urse ; te srse meas, nw dmnt, wil sngie wy t te end e m e traseena s ye we, t is pe, se t te ewer i mt, mg m audatt sparse means, as preeg dw e ase a yter e te image stps, te ewer eeps gg, migeeper an eeper, ne migt s, nto te image s is emre f sared art it urs, the ieer hs me pstte it wer e ny temprl mes (uat r sparse) ref n i e s med ed the prine rt

e ae sema, f urse, s ery rug es tallw fr te sute itera f spse menswhih nales the trnsenental stye ssi eel f



16 ASCA S

nr over a ro of vera hour. u f rancnna yl ab o crae th movemn from abunan to ar mean, ha at e t let on nvera enton o rta arhn a ne" mm. t ha a rua roc n moon. *

OVEAD ME : HE EG F rancenntal y rerent h ror rao of

abunan to ar mean, and o raon that her houhn b lm ovrwhte o hr o h rao, l whhu ther overly abunant or ovrly ar man. hrlgou" m, her o h ctacular or nraonalvarety, rov h mot common am of t overu o thabunan artt mean.

hoe nered n conveyng th Ho ly on m eramon the rt o at temp o trn the ron medm o cren Lum lme e Paon Play a Hor n oha n89, M made a anay o hr wakn on th ater n1899, an Zcca create a ramac m ed T ogal Son 9. Snce hen mmker hav contnualy attmt to h rta drcty no lm. he habual au of uch

ectacuar and nratona" lm tm o a lar dererom a ocl bt mtken noton aot the relaon btweencnmatc and rta eay Acceptn wo aumon, ona Ayr wrte, tha he roe of cnema . . o ca n hctor he on o t Sacr," 0 an the other, byurnat, th t ecae th movn hoorh a ourne o reaty, t an ea mem or makn antay em

• here re my wys oe might escribe this spiritu process

Ihve

se Mritis terms bnt sprse mes ecuse they ave uivers ve Becuse tese terms c be ppie uiversy, howevehey ck precisio we p e to speci ms. Do Skoer, i rtice o Bressos ims oe rs mor e imic escriptio o this spruprocess. e so ivies resso's ms i this cse, M scpeno ree ae w revea a "roreve purao o e vuan erm e p iru proreon rom aunan o pare mean a ouney ou rrtive raph a nally pla eve o en

epictig these phses or zoes o the spirit themseves throuh paraeciemtic moities. e [otie the protoist] hs goe beoime spcethe rrti e grphic phses o mito remwhee this re pesete i their essee (s s Ciemicicipe i ms b Robet esso Cem Jo, IX No 969 pp 2-22



OSO 63

al' t ours of aton for t rlgous propagandst wasar would smply ut t srtua on lm T m s ral sprtual s on" lm rgo t sprtual s ral us w av r sto of nma ma t blnd ar a to sh lam o wak t daf to ar all o amra.

class dmonstraton of ts als syllogsm ocurs l DMl's Th T ommadmt (96) n t t tlsn Moss s on Mount Sna and od s osrn to t rgftr som rmotor undrn od ltrall pts tomandmnts on by on onto t srn and t awa tblan talts commandmnts rst appar as smal wrlngrballs aompad b t soud of a rusng wnd and t

uklybulng n sz al t wlzp aoss t scrn anolld wt t blan tablts u ! t smok lars and tablt s larly nsrbd. Ts sort of anry a pars n sgtly lss rulous manr n t low budgt spratonas

lly raam fatur Th Rt Har, forxampl t osmc rball s rplad by a mracous cr andonrson. n as t vwr may av mssd t sgna

f ts ats rub ld appars t nfor m ta s o sll dos work mrals rall t sator dos otav fat" n tr of ts mtods. T sapdas orso ust as unonvncng as t dn rball knows tat tovrand dlry of t commandmnts was not cond nan but n som m aoratory an tat t mraculous urwas not du to n ntrnton but to a avyanddsrtwrtr.

t xcp o o som o t mor frauntDMll-nsprd sxansand ps many of ts msnunly op to nspr rlgous blf. Ts rlgous ms t ms o transcndntal styl s a dcs aton torstall tr ntntons bout svn-gts of t way trout mral" ours Lazaus plods from s a t mussoars wy s tr o sprtual blf? trut s of our tas lms do ndu a bf t wpng mlos wo saw

a ad tr can ts ty to tat ut ts blf annotonstly b ascrbd to t Wolly Otr t s mor acuratly armatv rspos to a onnal ombnaton of cnmatorporalty and oly flns d for t many wo rur



� TACEETAL L

o more from cre r emoo experce, ee msare scie.

e coeo regiou m u ye oeco rer of cofroo e sye mp e bua rc me ere o moo pcure e iewe

ae an ecorae in hs esire o enif an emahzeh characer, l, an sen. For n hor or w he eecn becme erng, aly pero on screen i eroalprobem, gu re borbe by ume, obe, anpurfyg moe e pru rm, e e romc rm,becomes a ecpi mephor for e um rm. cofroo bewee e um pir oe eecise co i o a ueig y c oc, bu eclmio of he b mea ue hroughou he m flls vewe's faa ha pri iy c be ceevcarosy s he rec el of hs ecaon. heaba meas are iee empin o mmker, eecly he is be o roeizn Wih comparaie ee he c maken ae hes sympie wh e rs goe of ChrisBu e has o ife e vewer Chri' s eel , he ha brogh

�is own o e ewer's .e mme e o expresig e rcees e e ohe coure e mu gruy eme eaban means an he earhly onale behi hem. heoen of cofonaion can oy occr f, a he ecisve acon,he aban meas have los hei owe. f he mace c bsee n a hmansc rao, p sychoocal or socoloic,he vewer ll av a cofroo wh e rscene.

reecin s o poe oe a peo of ime cema ca crea ye of cofroo I c e e bu pre measfce o face in c wy e ae seem p refebe .

s eemigy efeve abo m s omehhch any aeshecas a heoloans, va e eencle, hae faie uersan. Van er Lee backs hscoeio rigiiy be er exprees e eepe ure othig a oe s moeme by sa g oy comme ocem, aeeicy a my e pppe eera ger e ciema." 2 He assme m wo bererce o bu ric me s bece ey repeeeeal eole in acal siaions, a ppes, wh heir



CNCLUN 1

Ovud s lo Hso i Th Commadmts." ovioal ligious ilm us s syl of i iio ooio fulill s is fasy siiualiy a aousy



66 ASA Y

s sz f ou ull k hh ut ust thost o to b tu bus m s so mh mobu" th ut t t ou so b mo ss"s s so lbet tehq t ou be mo s tz ms iqu bit to ou h immt so is i

q bl to vok th set

OvPA A T TA FL

oo ok of osps" mes s tous e utl th oss of s uto ous Thse ho stes hmslf to th out of t hh fth th huh h fols bus t ot eto o i of ss ms vss o ot m ovs hs mes th o ovess l but ul the toose o th tu u o oo o h v be l

m thefo ovess ms oulo b ose h o sus uess ms s ott shou ot be mstk fo k

o oul o sm boo ets s oessemes hos hh oo ss oo quk. oss os ot o the i o oss fom but tos ms t qus oo muh of hm m sttsss s hm uv oft lt fom

l Cuue h hs b bt o of h mh b e ovss ms it oii

sb ht h stutul lm o Msmo utel e s moomo stuul " hv sme fom b essll os tt" Wth hs e o ooooh m h beo o st ss msT s ms of s sm sss h me foz of fe hou utof

Te mos mous of hese sss ms" s Ml Sosl Walng, h s mut uut oooss t of o" oto of h s o h f l h ov movm of th



OIO 7

ha of he consany sefsicing cama hich xamns es l view close ad coser. Buce Baiie' s Sil Li s a oneshoxedame o-minue suy o wa e i impies a si ecosis ing of a abeop a oal aangemn and som aeobecs. San Bakhag's Sng 7 Mun ain is a minue

suy of a Rocky Mounain pea fom vaious anges. Sneeos ha Hary Smih once suggesed o Waho ha he i nhy e sho of Mon F whch case oe wou hve concree cse o a ascndea s ye sass he isoaion pain o an Ou ca.

on' wan coemn o bei s ms osimpy ike o suggs ha in ems o anscenenal syl hyempo ovey sars arisic means Tanscendna sye buils

aspiiua mmenum pogress ing ro abuna o spase

risic mans . o acive his eec i ss an pgessieycs cai aunda ove devices chaacer elneaio anieracon inear narraive suce he sasis s rejc evehs ev o abunan ans ; hy begin a sasis. ascennase inuces a siiual vemen om eeyday o sasis ; s assms require ha ha oemen be aeady coped Eaier

hs essay I eed o Waho's saic s S lp a mpias evryday s ; hey a aso be descibed as sasis ms. InZe es boh everyday and s asis ae he "ounainWaho's s aic ims can be hough o as eihe eyday orsasis lms bu imoray do o hin hey can be houho as boh eecing mvemn fom one o he o. Andveen om abundan o spase ans is u kinginiion of saced

or o be eecive sasis lms equie a spcalknwldge an commimen on he vie's pa ss eviewer has a nowedge o as achevmes in m an a anda comin o expoe he spiua hough a canoarecia he iovaio o inenion of hese s. Sasis msnie s of ascendena sye canno opea on a codnpaed i an a hi o an l. is hissense ha ovy spase sasis ms cann ssain anauince*

A impo iicio m be me he : hee sss lm e oovepe o he exe h e ll o e me ce m ofrceel le l evelme im m h oh



168 TRANSCNNA STY

A F TE Y

T a f aa a aa a a a a h a m f l ad a al a a d

k a l b a al a v v a a a T f a l a a l al fl I a fal a ad a f v ha

I a a a a aa

vl ad a ab da a a a a ha lvl aa l a p a Tad flly d aa a ld l ma a l

a a aa fl a , , a a

a a a a a a , a i a l p h aa h a A yl a a ak a a a al l a a z a B T l

to evoke the same awareess as Le A the it would haveecessaily ailed rom oversparseess : there smply woul have bee oam to se the sprita pocess moo. Bu most sasis ims, ththa beg a exteso o tasceetal stye, are a ieet bree o atogether he best o the stasis ms (those b ehr adowampto) attempt, i I udersta them, to evoe a rasedetaawaeess a method close o cotemporar pa tg tha to the mctasceeta stle th, or exampe that a xed-trod-oom lmlke Ere Ges eee Vey 3-mie sho o oio yitercut rom arious oom positios), woud be etter served rearprojecte a art galler or home th i a movie theater e ad sk these

lm-makers aept he abudat meas as give ad oerate oly withisparse meas his, agai, s ot to demea the im-aier, but ostguish hm rom te ilm-maker asceeta style all thstass ilmmakers ichael Sow has come closest to trascedeta style veeg ad he may act be evolvig a ew trascedetal style movies



OLSO 169

an ess fom m in gee o he ms of O n essonn aiua, ueesimas a emes hem nseenste cn ae a viee hough he is of exeiee o eexpession of e i eu im expeencefom a m egion uou b he vgies of emoio

eoni see s n big us ne o hsence, a inisibe mge, in hih he pe ies of eignan at mee inepeeae









NoTEs To ITRoucno

l g, e Sere o e Gole lower ( :H B, 9) p. ·

Cliv Bll, Ar d : h Wd, 9) p 68

; Gd va d , Saed ad Pofa e Ba uty the H oly t i ad W, 96) p 9 Ada Cmamy, "Ci d i Phphy A, hy x it oks of d a C, 94) p.

v d , p

6 g y, Viso a Desig (Ld : h d Wd,20, p. 2

Wl Syph, Roo o o Cubi sm r a iteratu re (wYk : Ald A Kp, 96) p. xx.

8 ymd Dga, Fims a Feeis d ab a, d, 96) p ; Ald H he Phiosop o Ar Hisoy k: Ald A p, 98) p. 20, b h g th hyof yl pal p A gl d Kustwolle Hh Wln, riiples o Ar Hisor ( k : Dvbli, 9) p.

Amd A, m, d," i n Ag ndmd Ay, Le Cma et le sa (P : Ed d C, 9) p T l Amd Ay t dl lgh b lip m ad, mm

, a, h d h ima A i k di Ay may p, aysy d d ma ay b him.

i vi i b B b ad ad Ml Dhay, Cahers u Cima Egsh 8, p.

Wdm D, "Pmvm d lm Th TF A y, i Wyl Syp (d. , Ar History A A hology oMode C sm k iag Bk, 96;) p. 6

E V, Relioese Plasik der Naurvoelr d ldw, Primiivism i oer Ar ( : Vg B,

96) p 9

oE APER S Amb C. :;, id y S Tma A, Sum

heo . 9 a .



17 O

Blyh Zen in ngis Lierure nd Orin Cssisw Y : P. 6 p

D ki "h l N a i B ddhm Zenuddism Ga Ciy Dbday 56 pp. 556

ald h ne se ovies (Ty ap Ta B pp. 5

5 Ibd p 59 ·6. Jph d ad Dald ihi e Jpnese im Nw

Yok : Gove Press, 1960), p. 51 ·

· Tm Ml "lav T a Ov " Sigh and Soun 2 6 p 8.

8 Id p 5·g. Qd i Dald ih "h a m Yaji O

Fm Qurr, a 99) p . " O h ak i" Cinem, 6 . ) p 5·

Qd hi "h La im . . " p. Ibid p.

. h "h La m . . p. .4 Dad ihi Yaj h yax Hi lm" im

uartery (W 66.

5 ih "Th La lms . . ," p 1g.

Blw "O p " pap ps da Bh lm I Ld Mah 68.

. Aada Cmaawamy "h a ad Oahlsphy A h Exi i Wors o Ar? (Ld: a 9

p

8. h "Yaji : Th ax . . . " p .9 hi Jpnes Moves, p ·. m Dald h Dpam m Mm

d w Y N.Y Mah g 7.

L m ald h Ap

22. Wam K. Bas ( Reigions n apan, a p ppay h lg ad lal v v ao da Ga ada h pm Cmmad ld Pws Ty (Ty : has . Tl Cmpay I. 5 P g.

. Ala W as e Spiri o Zen Nw Y v s96 · ·

. agd a he n duri ng Ar o Jpn Nw Ykv Ps 958) p 9

5 l p. 86 . W " ad in Nay Wl s (d

e ord of n Nw Y Viag Bk 96 p. h "Yaj O : h ax " p.

8. P p .. Ala W. Was e Wy o en ( Y : Pah 95



NOS 7530 ici, "ai : T Sya . . ," p 1 3 Aada K Cmaamy, "T Ty A t i Aia," e

rnsormtion o Nture in Art ( Yk: Dv Pblcatns, 956

;o-t .z Wats, e Wa o Zen . 7.

· ii, "T a i m . . ," 2

ii , "A S Gid t t A i apa im,Unijp Bu 2 cmb, 16) p 2

Ski, p 21;6 bid , p 2037 Wat, e Wa o Ze p ; A alk t O," Ciem 6 ( ) , p 7

39· "z O . . . ," . ·

4 Ansn an ch . 359·

4 Amd Ayf, "Cima t a dc," i i Ag aAmd Ay, e Cima e e sa r ai Editi d C, 61) 15 ·

2 a Sm "L Psag bt ssn," Csiersu Cinma 1 (ctb, 957 12

43· Ay, 65 ada Sat, e r t o Yasujro Ozu (Tky: apa

dpdt m, 166) p. 13 45· ic ha itd t t at "hm i aan t malicis

vn aly O s sng cmm hm h Iy amanyn nv st tat Oz is ical" (Ltt Ap , 970 vn apa did dtand iic m, it i a ay tag dipaity atd iti iic md, a d B ady

46 l, . 83

7 Szk . 3

48 S, . 2

49 Chi th Dan, Reigion n Cuture (Clvlad: WPublishing, 1958), pp. 36-37.

50 l Ott stiism East a West ( Yk : Cllk, 1962) p

1 Wa, p. 103 Wa' t pit t a itigsmatic diicly abt th tm tacdnc Etymgicalyacdc ma rans ac, a sare t cimb impyig, , tat i a m aiity it cvi ta sa tori My ,v, i d by tymlgica tc tis a t th cmmspia pinc ad by a ct .

2 . D. T. Ski, ysticsm Crs Bu s k :li ks, 6 p. 101

NoTs TO CHAPT

1 aymd Dgna, "es Anges u P n a Camn ) e Fms o f or Bresso {d : Stdi Via, 969) 2 5



OS

. S Sg, "Spiil Syl h ilm ,"Again t Intepetaton (Nw Yk S & G, 66, p. 86

viw il p h pd" e etteFan�aise, N. 8 (y , 6 .· md Dg, Film an Feeling (d d 6 p.

5 Jm Bl, xepts fom an Iteview wit h obet Besso nne, ( Agl y h 69 , p. .

6. Sg, p. 80 Qd M G, " " Film Quaely,

(Spig 96 p 68. "T Qi Ivw wih y J

odd d hl Dlhy" Cahe u Cnma n ngl N. 8 p Gv hw, Bzantine Aeteti ( Jh y

6 p. 6.

0. "xp . . . ," p. . "Pp d ," Cah ie u Cnma, (Oc

5 p

" xp . . . " p

. Amd Ay, "T Uiv B," in md. he Film of obet Beon, p. 8.

4 Iv i Ja Plgi, c Pikpocket, y Jm l,y, 6.

5. "vw," 'Expes, Dm 5

6 "h Qi," p. 5. Sg, p. .8 . Qd i y Am, Fenc nea ie 6 Vl I he

reat adition (y NJ. A. S. , 66 p. 0

od h o on oon quN. (Nw Y, 5 , p 8

0. "xp . . " p. .

Qd Sg, p. 85. Qd Am, p.

"Th Q" p 6.4. "Iviw ci p Mil Cpd"5. Ad Bai, "e Jou na dun u d apagn ad

Syliti b B," What is Cinema (Bkl viy ii P 6 p.

6 "Th " p. 6

. "Exp . . . p. .8 Qd i ld Md, "Wkg wh B," ight an

ound, 26 (Sm, 95 , p "Exp . . . ," p. 0. "Iviw ill p l pdc.

"p . p. 1 .

. Bi p. 8



S Qd Jhn l y Cinema Eye, Cinema Ea w

Yk : H d Wag 64) p 30

69

Sag pp 8835· "Exp " pp 3

36 Sag p 17

3 b 18 3.

38 J Sm esson P Ed Uv 5,

3· n v b n n n" EtesCinmatogaphies, 181 mn 162) , p 34

0 "Ex

1 a Sml "L Pon ob n" Caies Cima, 13 Ocb 5 1

2 "Exp p ·

3· "Invw" ts, n 5· Q m p 123

4 "Excp " p ·

6 Q L May n Conamn Mo 'es chapp,n m d) he ms o oe Besson, p ·

7· "Pp d b B" p 8 "Excp 4

Jh Dwy t s peience w ok : Cpn k18) , 6

50 yf "h Uv " pp Q y p 68

2 Sg 18

53· "Pp b " p 6

4 Qd H Skbch Icons Ld : Olv & Byd163 ) , p 21

5 Qd Ja Maan t an Schoasicism an theFon ties o Poe y w Yk : ha Sb' S 62, p 67

56 Ib

·a hado 6 D.

58. Cav ns I X, 2

5 Qd Mav Zman "h Scd b BnCinema VI Spg , p 3

6o bd6 Qd G p ·

62 " Qn" p 063 a p '34·

6 a Augusinus XI, p 131

65 "Th Q" p 2566 d n Ay " v " p 4 67 Aada Cmaawamy " y A A ia" he

ansoma on o aue in A ambdg: Havad Uvy P13 , 3



8. Mt, . .9. Coomswmy, . 7

78 OE

70. Aqunas, Poste. Ayst lb. , Lect. 1, N. .7. En Paoky, Gothc Achecte d Scostcs (ew

Yo Med Book, 198), pp. 829

7 .

73 · Quted i Molis Ctzids d Ad G, Byzantinend Erly Meva Pan ng New Vig ess, 1 , . 4

4 A. C. Bidge; es o f G o (d: Hdde ad Sougto9 ,

75· . , . 5 .

7. Btlmy Amegul, "Rppots ve c ' t yzati" S. Msensen, eie l N 2 ct, 6 . 7·

7 Qoed i Sobca, . 9 ·78. Ats, Pte Athooy oted n Matew, . 78.

79 · Gedus v d euw, Sacr an Profane Bauy : he Hoyn Ar (ew Y ol t Re t Wist, 193), . 304.

So uoted Hebe ead, A d Socety (ew Yo Scoceos, 196, . 8 .

81. Quote i Suc . 6

ots O A III

1 . "Bewee Heae nd Hel : eew wi C l Deye y

icel Dela ye," Ches d Ce Esh N . ,

2. Cude Pen, Cr Th Dreyer (Pas Edto Sgs, 199

tte . ie, The Han ed cren (eley ivesiy Clfi es, 199), p. 77.

4 ., . 77 · ugut Stindbeg. Oe Letters to the tte hete tn.

d e y ae Jnso (ea e : Unvesty o Wagton Pes, 199)p . 9.

6. Eine, . 179.7· Loe H. Eisner, Recontre vc Carl Dreyer," Cah ier s du

Cin ema, 9 (June, 1955) , p . 5 ·

8. "etw v Hel l . . . "

l eye, " itt l o Fi lm Style," Cnema (F ll, 970, . 0 .

10. bid., . . Ca Deye, "oug o y C," Sh d S od

(Wite, 196) , 129.

12 . "nteew wi Deye y J H. inge, Sht d Sod19 Juy, 190), . 17 .

1 3 . "Filmogie Commene," Ches d C N. 207Decembe, 1968) , p. 7

1 4 Deye, " i l e . . . ," . 10.



NOTES 1795 bd6 "Beween Heaven and Hell p 8

7 "Prp de Rber ren" Casie u Cinma 3 Obe5) ·

8 ean Sml Pan e Pr de reer Bren)"tues Cimaoapque N 89 Amn 96) p 6

Rar Rwlan wre ha e Pasion of oan of c heplendd de a pre an deermne wman" (CineTecnicianJaarebrar 5] p 5)

erge rlle wre e wedh r Ged Oen rghhen n nerprng rr wr n phlga erm he puf h gg n ha he ea wmen pa a m mrempran par han a been pevl ggeed ? "he Wrld CarlDreer" it a un , 5 Wner 9556] p 6 )

Rber Warhw Day of Wat : The nled mage" he

Immeiate xpeence Garden C Anhr B 964) p 96 reer e " p

3 rle p. 6

4 Perrn p 5 Wlem Wrrnger Ab taction an mpaty Cleveland

Wrld Pbh Cmpan 96) p 3 Wem Wrrnger om in Gothic New r hen

B 964) p 7 Ard aer e ocia Histoy of At Vl Peistoic

Anc ien tOena, Geece a ome, Mie Aes New r VageB 95) pp 435

8 Wle Spher Fo tage of R enaiance tye aren C nhr B 955) p 46

Wrrnger Fom in Go thic p 683 me Mae Religiou t fom te wefth to the ighteen th

Centuy New rk Nna re 958) p 993 Wrger om n Got i, p 3 Spher p 5·33 Anr Graba e At of te Byzati ne mpie New r

Crwn Pber 966) p 34 Pal llh eoogy of Cutue New rk Oxrd

Unver Pre 964) p 75 35 Her neRp e Cu ch in te Dak ges V

Grden C mage B 96) p 7

NoS TO CoLUSO

Jaqe Maran At an c oasticism an te ontie ofPoety New r Care Srbner Sn 96) p 3

Wa l andn Concening te piitua in At New r Gerge Wenbrn 964) 66

3 aqe Maran Relgn an Culre" he ocial anPoiica Piosoy of Jacue Maitain Garden C mage B 965)p. 9



OT

4· Gerardu van der Leeu, ac an ofan B auy NwYor Holt, nat nd Wnton, 1963), p 1 2 And Ba n, e Ontology o te Potograpc age, WhaIs Cna ? (Bekeey Unverty o Clorn r, 16, 1

6 Wle Syper, Rococo o Cubs n A an au NeYork Vntge Book, 1960), p 3 ·

d , pp 26526 Ba n , e O nto ogy , p 2 9 ect o cnea on t e pcoogcal l terature o Joyc

d Prout, or exple, d cud n Arod Hauer, h oca i oyof Art Vol Natural ism, Ipressionism F Age (e YorVntge Book, 1951) , pp 2 3239

. Ade Ay, n et trancendence, L na ? enr A and Ade Aye (Par Le Edt ion u Cer, 1961, 1 59

1 ayond Dunt, s a ngs ondon Fe Fer, 196), p 31

2 vn de Leu, 162

13 orge acuna, So Coent on uua y Ad Stney, Fm C Ra (e York Prege Pule r, 190),

· 9·



Scct1d ibliography





h ollowng ogaph poa h oo an ong egre rt nun h wtng o th a Whnvpol ognal nglh dtn ar

SHS

Agl Hnr an Am Ar e Cinma et e sar Par L dtou C 6

nh udo Ar an d Viual Percepion. r Unvrt oCaorna P 5

Ad e Cinma e Ia foi Pa ra thFaard 6

- Cin ma et mystre Par L dton Cr 96 Converson aux images? Pa L dton du Cr 64 Dieu au inma Pa Ed Pvat Pe Unvtar Fran

53an Andr What is Cinema Berele Unvet o Calrna P

67ll Clv Art Lonon Chato & Wn 3dg A C Image of God London or and Stough ton 6 Cllngwood G Th Pr in cies of A Oor andon P 38Comaawam Anana K he ransformaton o Nature in A

Cambrdge Harvard Unvrty P 34 Why xiit Works of Art? Lond Lua 43Cpe Gber e Cristianity and the Visua Arts London h Fath

P 64Dawn Crper Reigion and Cuture w or Shd an Wa48

Dewey Jn At As xpeience New r G P Ptnam Sn 934Drgnat Ramnd Fim and Feeings Cmrdg he M Pr 96Elad Ma Paen in Copaaive Reigion w o Shd an

Wad 58 The Sared an the rofane w o a & Wo

5Fr Rger Vision and Design Lonon Chao & Wndu 5Gwer Rrt Primit ivism in Modern Ar New r Hrper 938aer Arnd he Phi osophy of At istory New r A fred A n,

958 he ocia istory of Art New r Ard A np 5 xley On Art an d Artists Wrld Png 6hrwd Crer "e Poem e Relgu Nvel



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Ehumons. aronswor na Penu oos 96arrettKerr Marn Teoloy an the Ars The Scope o Theo ogy.

te y Dael T Jenns levean Worl Publsin 968un Carl G schoogy ad egon. ono Oor ersy Press

38annsky Wassly Concernng e Sprua n Ar. New ork : Geore

Wtenorn 1947aner Susanne K eeng and orm. New Yor Carles Sc rbners Sons53·

. Probems n Ar. New ork arles Srners Sons 95Mae le Regous Ar n rance o he T ree Ce ury. New ork

P Dutton 193. Regous A r rom h e Tweh o e Egh eenh eu ry. New

ork Paneon 949·Martan Jacques Ar and Scoascsm and e ron er o Poery. Ne

ork Carles Srner's Sons 962

elo an ulture The Soca and Poca hosopy oacques aran Garen y : Douleay 965 Mathe Gerase Byzanne eshecs. oon Jon Mrray 963orey harles uus Chrsan Ar. New ork : onas 35 Nieuhr H ar Crs a Cuure. Nw ork Harer an ow 5tto uolp yscsm Eas ad Wes. New ork Maclan 3Panosy r Gohc Archecure and Schoascsm. ew ork :

Meran 198. eang n he Vsua Ars. Gare Cty: obleay 955- . Sudes n conoogy. New or Oor niersty Press 93

ea Herert r a d Socey. onon: Faer

&Faer 945·- . The eang o Ar ono: Faer

&Faber 93

oan enn Jr Ar Eas and We. Cabre arvarnersty Press 954·

Sitney P Aa s Sructural F m Cuure No 4 Suer 969) Suk Daset Tetaro yscsm Chrsan an d Bu ddhs. New ork

Coler ooks 96Sypher ylie ococo o Cusm. Alre A Knop 96lh Paul Te egous Suaon New or : Meran 956. Theoogy o Cuure. New or Oor niersy Press 964van er eeuw Gerarus Sacred and roane Be auy he Ho n Ar. Ne

ork Holt ineart an Wnston 963on Oen Vot Ar and egon. New Haven ale Uniersty Press 2on enrc ass Ar. onon : Paon 952- . rncpes o Ar Hsory. New or Dover Pulcatons 195Worrner Whel Abs racon and Empahy. ono Routlee an

Kean Paul 948. orm Gohc. New ork : G P Ptnam's Sons 1927

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nerson Josep an Doa e Te Japanese m. oyo : Cares utte 99

nyon awrene The Spr o Man n As a Ar. are : Hararnversty Press 935 ·

lyth H Ze n Engsh L eraure an Orena Casscs. okyo:



SLCT BI LIOGAPH

Hokseio es, 98Gi ais, Sin an ac e Le Cinma Japnais ais : es iions d

Ce, 956Heig, Zen in e A o Ae Nw Yok aneon, 93 Mine, om "avo o Geen ea Ove Ric, Si an Soun, 3

(mn, 963)

"Oz Spcm," Cinema (Bevy His) , 6, No Rchie, ona "iiogapy, Film Comme n, 7 (Sping, 97- Japnee Movies okyo : Japan av Bea, 96 "e La ims o Yasjio Oz, lm Qua erl, 3 (Fa, 99) "A So Gie o e eseics o Japanese Fim, UniJaa

ullein, Nos - Deceme, 96 "Yas io Oz : e Synax o Hi s Fims, Film Qurer,

(Wine, 96964)Ry, Ci "io Oz, Si an So , 3 (Sping, 964) Sao, aao Te A of Yasujiro O zu okyo : apan nepnn Fim, 96

Sin,

"Zen Bism an is Reaion o , Teosopial Pa onoa, Cai, 934

Szk i, aisez eiao sas in Zen Buddism 3 vos Lonon : uza97, 933, 934

Zen udim an I nfuene on Japanese ulure Kyoo: asBs Sociey, 938

an, angon e En urin r of apan amg : Havanivesiy es, 95

Was , an Te Spir i of Zen Lonon : ay, 96 Te Wa o Zen Nw Yok : aneon 957

Woo, Roin "okyo S oy, Movie, No 3 (Smme, 965)

CHAPR : BRESSN

mes, Roy e Cinema Sine Vo Te G re Tadiion LononZwmm, 966

Be, ams Eps from a neie i Rober resso Jue Losnges : y e aho, 969

Brot, n Robert reso Pars: es Edtons d Cer, amon, an, e e Films of Rober reso onon: So Vsta, 9

Caziakis, Manois, an n Gaa Ban ine a n rl eiean ondon og Weie an Nicoson, 965 oc, a "on o ocaion, eqnce, o 3 w a, 95 og, Ro oe reon yon : mie an 4 , SRDOC, 966nein avc Ro Besson, Caier u Cin ma, No 4 (Feuay,

96)"nien avec Roe Bson, Caiers Cinma, o 4 (Fuay,

963) sve, Micel ober Bresson ais: Seges, 96Gaa, n e r of t e zanie Empre onon: Mhun 96Geen, Cavin As eoogica, Cineae, (Fa, 969)Gen, ien "n avaian ave Roe Bsson, Cairs u Ci ma

No 5 (g-Spm, 95 ) Gen aoie "Roe Besson, ilm Qarerl, 3 (Sping, 96)Hssey, M Te zanine Worl Lonon : Hchnson, 97"neviw wi Ro Besson, Moie, No 7 (Feay-Mah 963)



86 SELECE BILOGPH

aber Gav n. Noes on Rober Besson gh t a o 23 Jeee 953 .

eab W. R. ava Ar t onon : Dwo 904Maerbrg a Te Ta of Joa n of Ar" ov No. Feba

Marc 963) Monod Roand Wong w Bre son" ght a o 2 Se

95) .More ares Rf ava Art New o: Noron 942"ropo de Rober Beson" a rs ma No. 5 Ocober 95).e eo n : Inevew w Rober Breson" ahrs ma

gs No. Rode Erc owr o Ba ondon : Wedened Ncoson 966Rce Davd Tao. Byant Art ondon : Oord Unvers re 93 .R Ra d Te a Wo of Roe Besson" m C re, o z o

5.o Jean Brsso a : E ons Unversaes 959.

Skobca Henz. os ondon: Ove

Bo 963onag Sa n. Aga st trprtato New o : Fara Sras

Gro

6ao Jon Re . Ca y ma ar onon : Meen 964.W Marce de. Hstory o va h osoy 2 vos. ondon :

onga G en 93.Zean avn e Scde o Robe Breon" a Bever H )

6 Spr ng 9

H Y

Ada Henr o t-ath a hartrs New o : AeanIne o Acecs 93 .

Agee Jae Da of Wa Ag o m Boon: Beacon ress 4.Aenga Bal. "Be on e Dee" mag t o No. 6

Febar 954) Beween Heaven an d el I evew w a Dree" ahrs m

gsh, o. 4Bond K e Ba Deand of e o ove" Fm ommt 4 al

6 . Te Wo of a Dee" m Q artr 9 al 965.owse leen Te Fls o al Dee." New o : The Me o

Modern Ar 964ar reer ars a eca e No 20 eceber 6)owe ee eer a 5' Fs a Fg Marc 964) DaneRop enr r th Dak gs 2 vo New or : E .

Don o. 960.Dreer ar oor an oo F" Fs v pr 955) . Ec de ar Dreer II" ahrs a No 24 2

33 34 · A e on F Se a eve ) 6 al 90)

Meaps of Ort e e fo al T Dee " lmtr No 7 ·

o on ra" ght a o 25 Wne 95556)Dpe en ar ee Ue Bore or Toa Gen ? Fms a

F g Febrar 96)



BBIOPH

sner, e H Rasme e Irre Ce Dreyer, Caiers d Cinma N5

. Recnre avec Carl reyer, Caiers Cinma 9, N 48. eve, icel, e. eane ' c 'cran Ees Cinmaorapies

Ns 18-9 (Auumn, 9) a ass ion C ris Edes C nma orapie s Ns 10-

(Auumn, 9)nervew w reyer, Si an Son 9 (anuary, 190).eman, en reyer, Fim Cr N 35 (Wner, 94-.anvel, Rge. unch wh a Dreyer, Pein Fm eie N. 3

97anae, Anrew oc r New : raege, 97ny, B., a h Deye, enagen Dansh vernmena Flm

Fnan, 9.My Way Wking s n Relan e Fuure, A Cnversan wh

Car reyer, im Comme n, 4 (Fa, 96).

eergaar, e Car Dreer: Fm Direcors Work nn BrishFim nsue, 955aran, ippe, Bar!my mengua, an Vncen n. Dreer

Cares e oemes Edes Cinm aorapi es N. - (96)errn, Caue. Car T Dreer ars : iins Seger, 1969we, Dys Carl reye, Fim oa (1948).Rmer, ric. ne Alcese crenne: Ore Caiers Cinma, N 5wan, Rchar Car Dreyers , e Cnenican (anay

Feruary, 19 )lu, ean. Dreer as: ns nvesaes, 9

Qelqus Reins sur Dreyer e sur Bressn, Ecaio eCima, N. 16 (Ocer-Nvemer, 19) Sc, G erey. e rcecre of manism nn: Cnsale an

C., 1924.Sk r n "A ie n Fim Sye Annains, Cinem (Bevery Hils),

6 (a, 1970. Rece err, ilm Commen 4 (Fal, 19)Syper, Wylie. o r ae of ea issance le Ga ren Ciy Duleay,

195·rlle, rge e r Car reyer, Si a So 2 (Wne,

1955-5)

arsw, Rer. "Da of Wra: he ncse mage, e mmeiaxeriece Garen Ciy Duea, 92.





IJl()CX









INDEX 193

ung, Cal, 6 88

Kamrspi 11-122, 125, 128, 132

1 J J 1 3 6

Kamsi Di 114Kaninsky, Wassly, 151n 15, 160,

1n

Kikgaa, Son, 1 3

Kuosawa, Akia, 1

Ladw, Gge, 16nLat Auum g 19, 21, 22, 35, 66n,

16nLate Spring, 21, 34, 44, 49

Laydu, C laude, 95n Lazarus, 134, 163

Lan, David, Luw, Gaus van, 7 15, 157

164

L fom a Uo Woa71

LvyBul, Lucin, unLiatti, Dinu, 67

Lips, Too, 139Lumi, ouis, 158, 162Lue, Matin, 104

Ma Yan, 26, 7

Macinas, Grge, 166Malle, Emile, 140a Call d A 1 63

a Esad A 6o, 626, 66 68,g, 1, 77 79, o, S2 9, 919

92

Mangna, na, 99

Maritain, Ja cqu�, S, 9, 1, 51,

5 2 , 1 5 4Ms C Mno Moat), 6 9 , 9 , S o

Ms o h Hous 1 1 4 , 1 5, 1 1 ,

2

Mitativ Poty, 1 5

Mlis, Gogs, 1 6 2

ropolis 1 1 7

ial 114 1 1

Mlne, om, 2 7, 31 47, 48

Moguci, Knji, 10, 5 2 1 5 1

Molane, Gstav, 1 2

mno o awar 3 2 , 4 , ; ;B, 3 9

Mono Rolan, 6

Mo, Hn, 1 5 2

Moss, 5 5 , 163Moche 6o, go

Moza, olfgang, 69 , 79, So, 15 4mu 229 1

Nakama Nobuo, 2 1

natal ism (Woing, 139, 4,

1 5 · 1 55

Nicomus, 92Nipce, Nicphoe, 158Niwa, amak, 34Nju 24Noa, Kog, 1

No ama, 22, 27

Notumbian A, 99Nosrau 1 1 7

Oviaos Los 39on-con painting, 2 , z S

Op ls, Max, 71

O to 46, 52 14, 19, 120, 12-

1S, 41 , 146Osma, Nagisa, 5

Otto, Ruolf, 5 , 5 4

Otonian At, 9Ou, asujio, ; 9, 10, 12 55 5

5961, 66n, 691, 7, o, S6, 87,93, 95, g6, 101 o;, 106, 111, 113,

1 20 , 1 25, 1 28 1 J 2. 1 S, 1 4 4 · 1 51 ,

1 5 8 , 16, 169n

ansky, win, 97, 13Paain, Pilipp, 141Pasolini, Pie Paolo, 10, 52

Pason o oan o Arc Th 10, 14,

9, 212, 9, 1 , 1

Paul, 8S9oPn, Claude , 1 S , 1

personaliy, defnitin, 2nPon, Will , 2

Pikpock, 6o, , 9, 71, 7, 9

S, S9, 91, 1oo

Plat, 8S

praxis 16npstination/ will, 90 9

pmtiv art, 11, 2, 7S, 152

pivation, ;

Poga Son� Th, 12

Qaocno, , 99



, Herber, 3nhrt, Mx 1egious m, h e, 216mrn, 5, 52, 5no, e n, 0, snis, Alan, 31, 11

Retle Heart he, 3evus, ous, 5h, Don, 8, , 2, 22, 25,

2, 3, 37Rhoe, Erc, 7Romnesque Ar, Rosselln, Roberto, 0, 12ouu, Geores, owln, Benmn, Jr., 53ynj gren, 2

Ryu, Chishu, 21, 33

bi

194

Strnberg, ugst, 11 4Strglv Councl, 88 , style, eniton, 8-10

INDEX

syle (Wo�rnger), 13, 1 , 153, 15umi-e pinng, 2, 101, 153sufceestetics, , 1

Suzuk i, D. T., 17, 18, 34, 55 Syno o ruo 0Syher, Wyle 8, 10, 3, 57-15

tea ceremny, c, cha-nyuTen Cmmaments Te 163tuatpke 61Tlh, Pul, 7Tkyo Stry, 44, 4, 7Tky wlight, 3

trnscendental, enition, 7transcenena style, einton 8, T Th

Documents

Paul Schrader Transcendental Style in Film Ozu Bresson Dreyer 1