Industrialization and Western Global Hegemony

1750-1914

Chronology• Begins with no particular event• Seven Year’s War, Industrial Revolution

• 1798, France takes Egypt with a small expeditionary force

• 1820’s, England tightens control over India• 1830’s, China is forced to open their

markets to the west [Opium War]• 1850’s, England and France defeat Russia

near its border [Cirmean War]

Chronology continued

• US forces Japan to open its markets in 1850’s [Admiral Perry]

• American Civil war 1861-1865 [Industrial North over non-industrial south]

• 1860-1900, Latin America, Africa, Polynesia colonized to a much larger degree

• Era Closes at the outbreak of WWI, why?

Industrial Revolution

• Led by Britain, then Western Europe and the United States

• Technological change in the form of coal powered engines (then fossil fuels) applied to production.

• Automation was steadily applied to processes that had once been labor intensive. Output increased at an exponential rate

Industrial Revolution

• Why Britain? Several favorable factors,– natural, – political, – economic, and – intellectual resources

• Plus they had a population crisis caused by a revolution in agriculture.

Industrial Revolution

• Followed previous European trends of a growing large manufacturing sector and huge advantages in world trade.

• Governments supported technological innovation with policies of economic growth, instituting laws to encourage banking, trading, entrepreneurship and inventions.

• Europe’s dominance in turn generated investment capital, profits from trade, and ultimately more market opportunities

Industrial Revolution

• Origins of Industrialization– Enclosure Movement, Scientific Agriculture– Textiles– James Watt, Steam Engine 1770– Factory System– Transportation technology:

• Steam Ship• Locomotive• Telegraph

Industrial Revolution

• Affect on Society and Culture

• Mass Migrations

• Rapid Urbanization

• New Social Divisions erupted onto the world stage

• Familial roles change in middle class, women take a step back in the merchant class from the previous era

Industrial Revolution

• Middle Class began to embrace education and not apprenticeship as a means to success

Industrial Revolution

• Effect upon the West– Increased Military Power with new weapons

technology• Standardization of parts• Mass Production

– New Forms of Transportation and Communication (Steamship, Railroad, Telegraph!!!)

This is the means for the new dominance of Western Imperialism

• What advantages do you have with a telegraph?

Suez Canal

Suez canal opened in 1869

Industrial Revolution

• Effect on the Global Markets was catastrophic

• Areas that had been dependant on western goods in exchange for raw materials now were even more dependant

• Areas that had previous manufacturing like China, India, and Latin America “de-industrialized” in the wake of their markets being flooded with cheap European goods

Lasting Effects

• Eventually the world would be divided into groups that were industrial and those that were not.

• Some Countries would seize upon the European model and attempt to industrialize themselves.

• Those that succeeded were not subsumed in the oncoming tide. . .

Population Movements

• Birth Rate declined as children became less important in the workplace (agriculture and factory)

• Urbanization

• Slave Trade ended

• New Immigrants take the place of the slaves (Asian and European)

Demographic and Environmental Changes

• End of Atlantic Slave Trade

• New Birthrate Patterns

• Disease prevention

and eradication• Food Supply

Reactions to Western Hegemony

1. Incorporation into an expanded Western Civilization with certain modifications on basic western patterns: US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand

2. Imitation of Western economic success without adopting western systems: Russia and Japan

Reactions to Western Hegemony3. Losing territories, but maintaining a weak

independent state: China and Ottoman

4. Colonized outright: Africa, India

Rise of Western DominanceScramble for Africa

Major Forces in this Era?

1. Economic. Industrialization

2. Political. Imperialism

3. Social. Racism

4. Cultural. Western

Global Society

• Technology: Steam Ships, locomotives, telegraph increased the speed and volume of transport and communication

• Suez (1869) and Panama canals (1914)

• International Corporations

• Cultural Globalization:– Soccer– Hollywood

Western Dominance of Global Society

• Economic, Political, Social, Cultural, & Artistic