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8/9/2019 Plant Breeding Slides
1/216
.
T.E.I.
..
. ,
,
2007
8/9/2019 Plant Breeding Slides
2/216
.
. &
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3/216
.
,
8/9/2019 Plant Breeding Slides
4/216 .
,,
- ,
- 8 9 ..
,
, ,
8/9/2019 Plant Breeding Slides
5/216 .
:
:: ( )
8/9/2019 Plant Breeding Slides
6/216 .
Gregor Mendel
1854,
Mendel
20 , (Haldane )
8/9/2019 Plant Breeding Slides
7/216 .
::
(
)
8/9/2019 Plant Breeding Slides
8/216 .
()
(Pathobreeding)
(Ecobreeding)
8/9/2019 Plant Breeding Slides
9/216 .
::
(Germplasm)
(variety)
(land race)
(Population)
(Openpollinated population)
(inbred line)
(Isogenic lines)
F1 (F1 hybrid)
(Synthetic variety)
8/9/2019 Plant Breeding Slides
10/216 .
(Germplasm):
( ) (variety): .
(land race):
(Population):
(Open pollinated
population):
8/9/2019 Plant Breeding Slides
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(inbred line):
.
(Isogenic lines):
F1 (F1 hybrid):
(Synthetic variety):
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.
(1/7):(1/7): :
: .
()
: ()
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(3/7):(3/7):
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:
:
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(4/7):(4/7):
: ( ) . ()
:
:
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(5/7):(5/7):
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( ) () (
)
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(6/7):(6/7):
: , .
:
.
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2
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:
( ) ( )
()
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()
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2
n
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2
2
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1. :
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7.
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(())
(())
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::
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( )
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:
( )
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.
4
. .
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LiliumLilium sp.sp.
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.
LiliumLilium sp.sp.
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.
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.
LiliumLilium
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.
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.
( )
(ovules)
4 ( 3) 3 8 (, 2 , 3 2 )
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>
>
LiliumLilium
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.
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.
2
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.
(
):
() ()
: (1-24 h)
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
3
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::
( )
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( / )
:
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, , ,
( , , )
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.
(, , /, , )
(
)
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.
( )
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.
( ) .
F2
()
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.
() () BiBi X bibi
F1 Bibi ()
Bi, bi
F2 1 BiBi : 2 Bibi : 1 bibi
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.
F2
BiBi DmDm X bibi dmdm
BiBi DmDm Bibi DmDm bibi DmDm
BiBi Dmdm Bibi Dmdm bibi Dmdm
BiBi dmdm Bibi dmdm bibi dmdm
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.
F2 ()
(crossing over):
(cMorgan)
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.
:
,
: .
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.
()
,
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.
() ()
:
, , ,
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.
( ) F1
Fragaria
F. Virginiana X F. chiloensis
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.
DNA
,
,
:
, , :
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.
(N. Vavilov)
. ( VAVILOV)
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.
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.
4
--
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.
( )
1876 ().
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.
1.
2. ( )
3. (
, , )4.
( )
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.
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
, 1-6
1-71-8
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.
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10
,
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.
: -
-
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,
:
()
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.
((,, ,, )) ,,
((MatherMather and Jinks, 1971and Jinks, 1971))
:: __ __ __
__ _ __ _ == FF11 [(P[(P11 + P+ P22) / 2 ]) / 2 ] FF11, P, P11, P, P22
.. ((
))
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.
FF11, .
(Beal 1890)
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.
( )
( , , / :
)
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.
((dominance theory)dominance theory)
FF11
:
:
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.
bbCCddEE x aaBBccDDee
F1 AaBbCcDdEe WW = Ww = 2 ww = 0
P1 = 6, P2 = 4 F1 = 10
A b C d E
X X X X F1
a B c D e
( )
((overdominanceoverdominance theory)theory)
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.
((overdominanceoverdominance theory)theory)
(a1, a2, ...)
. (a1a2)
.
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.
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.
4
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:
(
: )
:
)
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,
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1.
2. 3.
4.
(())
1. ( ).
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2. (. )
. (, , , ). (, , )
.
3. . (, : )
. (: .). (, : )
. (, )
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(, , ,
: , : )
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5
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( , , ,
)
()
(
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, F2
)
(kg ,cm ) ( ,
, , )
FF22 1, 2, 31, 2, 3
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.
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
. . .
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.
,
,
( - )
( , ,,, )
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.
( )
East 1900
KANONIKH KATANOMH
1
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.
1.
2.
3. F1
( )
4. F2
F1
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.
F1 .
5. F2 F3 ,
F2
6. (F3, F4, ) , .
P1 P2
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.
F3 F3
F2
F1
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.
( )
: , F2
( ).
P1 P2
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.
F3 F3
F2
F1
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.
(
) (
)
V = d2/(n 1)
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.
V = d2/(n-1)
VP = VG + VE
: = VG / VP = VG / (VG + VE)
: h2 = VA + VP
0
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.
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.
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.
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.
6
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.
1.
2.
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.
1.
( , )
i
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.
i.
ii. ,
iii.
iv. (
)
v.
1.
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.
2.
3.
4. -
(, ), /(), F1,
5.
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.
6
:
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.
:
Johannsen (1903):
( )
:
Pure line selection
JohannsenJohannsen
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.
( )
. . . . .
. . . . .
1
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.
. . . . .
. . . . .
2
. (1-2 )
3
(2 x
2 )
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.
,
(Backcross):
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.
(.
)
:
:
- % RR x rr
1 - F1 Rr x rr 50,00
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.
F1 Rr x rr 50,00
2 - BC1 Rr : rr x rr 75,00
3 - BC2 Rr : rr x rr 87,50
4 - BC3 Rr : rr x rr 93,75
BC4
Rr : rr 96,87
Rr RR
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.
,
1.
2
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.
2.
3. ( )
4.
(
)
1. ( )
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.
)
2. ( :
)3.
.
(Pedigree selection)(Pedigree selection)
Mendel:
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.
:
. ( )
.
)) .
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.
(
)
.
))
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.
F1 F1
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( )
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.
)
F2 F
3
( F2
)
P1 P2
F1
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.
F3 F3
F2
F1
x F1 I I I I I . . . . . . . . F1
F2 F2 . . . . .
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.
2
F3
F4
( ) F5 F6 F7 F
8
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.
7
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.
:
1.
( )
2.
. ,
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.
,
,
(/
)
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.
:
(
)
(
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.
)
.
(
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.
)
(
50 %
( )
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.
(griding).
(Ear to row selection, )1 50 100
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.
1. 50 100
2.
3.
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.
: F1
(, ,
)
1. (
)
2.
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.
3. ( )
: F1
:
( ,
)
1.
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.
2.
()
3.
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.
( )
(F2 .)
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.
. 50 %
x=[(2-1)/2]
x
F1 100,0 % 0,0 %
F2 1 : 2 : 1 50,0 % 50,0 %
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.
F3 2 / 1 : 2 : 1 / 2 25,0 % 75,0 %
F4 12,5 % 87,5 %
F5 6,3 % 93,7 %
F6 3,1 % 96,9 %
F7 1,6 % 98,4 %
2 (F ) 5 (F ) 8 (F )
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.
2 (F3) 5 (F6) 8 (F9)
11 75,0 96,9 99,6
55 23,7 85,3 98,1
1010 5,6 72,9 96,2
2020 0,3 53,0 92,5
4040 0,001 28,1 85,5
2 F1
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.
.
:
(-1)/2
20 190 100 4950
(top cross)(top cross)
.
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.
: : (
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(, 2)
( )
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.
(, )
: (
x):
.
n ( ) =
2n ( 2) =
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.
x = ( .)
(x = 11) _
: 2n = 2x = 22 n = x = 11
: 2n = 3x = 33 - () : 2n = 4x = 44 n = 2x = 22
: 2n = 6x = 66 n = 3x = 33
.
()
(
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.
(, ,
, )
( 50 % ). : , , , ,
,
;
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:
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.
(x).
(-, -,-, -)
( , )
:
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.
(x).
: 2 - 2, : 2 - 1,
: 2 + 1, : 2 + 2
x 2 N N
- 11 33
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.
- 12 48 24
- 7 42 21
- 7 56 28
- 13 52 26 - 12 48 24
- 20 80 40
- 9 36 18 - 7 56 28
- 8 32 16
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.
() ().
, ,
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.
(1. 2. - : 2)
( , , )
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.
, )
(Colchicum autumnale)
, , (, , )
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.
() : (2n = 4x = 48), (2n = 4x = 32) : (, )
( x )
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.
(
)
(2n = 3x =
33)
: -
1. :
, , , , (
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.
)2.
(
- )
3. : , ( .)
:
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.
.
: 1 : 0
1 : 0
35 : 1 3 : 1 0 : 1
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.
( , 3-4 6-8)
,
.
1.
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.
2.
. -
3.
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.
.
. ()
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.
:, , , ,
Brassica
().
B. nigraN =8 (BB)
B. juncea
N =18 (AABB)B. carinata
N =17 (BBCC)
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.
B. campestris
N =10 (AA)
B. oleraceaN =9 (CC)
B. napus
N =19 (AACC)
Triticum monococcum X Triticum searsi2N = 14 (AA) 2N = 14 (BB)
AB ()
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.
Triticum dicocoides X Triticum tauschii
2N = 28 (AABB) 2N = 14 (DD)
ABD ()
Triticum aestivum
2N = 42 (AABBDD)
Raphanus X Brassica
x = 9 (RR) x = 9 (BB)RB ()
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.
Raphanobrassica
2N = 4x = 36 (RRBB)
Triticale = Triticum aestivum X Secale cereale
(),
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.
(
)
1.
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.
2. ( )
3. (Triticale
Brassica)
().
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.
( )
100 %
1.
2. 3.
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.
1. ( )
2.
1.
2.
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.
9
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.
( )
(land races):
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.
:
1.
2.
3. -
4.
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(resistance):
.
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.
(susceptibility):
,
(disease avoidance escape):
( ) (immunity):
(
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.
) (tolerance):
( )
(hypersensitivity):
. :
,
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.
. :
(
, )
( / )
.
:
:
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.
( )
:
( , , )
:
:
..
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.
:
:
:
:
,
(),
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.
,
()
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.
(
)
,
,
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.
() (, , )
( )
(
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.
( , ) (in situ in vitro
, ,
)
()
:
. ( , ).
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.
:
(, )
in vitro ()
()
( )
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.
(0-5 0-9)
( )
,
:
(
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.
( )
( )
( ) (
)
10
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.
10
: , , ,
:1.
2
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.
2.
:
: (, ,, , , )
()
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.
():
.
(
,
,
,
)
( )
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.
(,, , )
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.
. F1 ,
, F1
:
10
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.
10
(,, )
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.
,
:
1. 2. ( )3.
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.
4.
5.
(land races), ( )
1950 ,
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.
( )
:
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.
( )
Vavilov ( 40, 250000
): 4
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.
): 4 : 80
: 1974, (IPBGR) FAO. :
in situ (
,
) ex situ ( )
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.
:
< 10o
C RH < 30% < -18 oC, RH < 5% :
( ) ( , )
5 10
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.
(
)
11
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.
11
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.
, ( )
( )
:
:
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.
:
:
;;
( )
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.
( )
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.
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.
DNA
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.
(mRNA)
mRNA , , ()
( )
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.
)
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.
(
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.
-
( )
(
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.
)
( )
(
O )
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.
( )
:
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