Plant Kingdom

BRYPOPHYTA ब्रायोफाइट

Known as amphibians of plant kingdom, Dominant phase is

gametophyte.

Sex organs are known as Antheridium and Archegonium

(female part)

Divides into two types on the basis of their structure and

reproduction

Liverworts - Marchantia and Riccia

Mosses – Funaria

Pteridophyta•First terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues

and need water for fertilisation.

•Dominant phase is 'sporophytic.

•Leaves modified to form sporophylls bearing:

sporangia. Sporangia undergoes to form spores.

(i) Psilopsida – e.g., Psilotum

(ii) Lycopsida – e.g., Lycopodium and

selaginella

(iii) Sphenopsida – e.g., Equisetum

(iv) Pteropsida – e.g., Dryopteris, Adiantum and

Pteris

GymnospemaeThe gymnosperms are the naked-seeded plants (gymno-

naked; sperma-seed), i.e., their ovules are exposed and not

enclosed in ovaries and hence the seeds are naked without

fruits.

The saprophytic (dominant phase) plants are shrubs or

moderate sized or large tress; Sequoia (giant redwood tree) is

the tallest tree species.

They have tap root system; they show symbiotic

association with fungi to form mycorrhizae (as in

Pinus) or with N,-fixing cyanobacteria to "form

coralloid roots (as in Cycas).

Vascular bundles are well developed

AngiospermsThese are called flowering plants as the reproductive organs

are borne on flowers.

Vascular bundles are well developed, where Xylem has

vessels and tracheid's and helps in

Translocation of water and nutrients where as phloem has

sieve cells and companion cells and helps in transparation of

food sugar). prepared by leaves by the process of

photosyntheses

Flowers are reproductive structure, may be bisexual

or unisexual and plants may be monoecious or

dioecious. Eg: All flowering plants.

True fruits - when thalamus is not included in the

formation of fruit,

False fruit - when thalamus is included in the

formation of fruit: Eg ; Strawberry and Apple.

In Angiosperms female sex organs of a flower is the

pistil 1 gynoecium. Pistil has three parts overy, style,

stigma.

Male sex organs, each stamen has two parts - a

filament and an ather

Questions

1.Balanced fertilizer is used?

सतंुलित उर्वरक का उपयोग ककया जाता ह?ै

a) Increase production/ उत्पादकता म ेर्ृलि

b) To improve quality of food / भोजन की गणुर्त्ता में

सधुार करन ेके लिए

c) To maintain soil productivity/ लमट्टी की उत्पादकता

को बनाए रखन ेके लिए

d) All of these /उपरोक्त सभी

Exp:-Balanced fertiliser is used to increase production,

improve quality of food and maintain soil productivity.

Balanced fertilizer includes both the micronutrients and

macronutrients in a required concentration. Three main

macronutrients

• Nitrogen (N) - leaf growth

• Phosphorous (P) - Development of roots, flowers, seeds,

fruit.

Potassium (K) - Stem growth Balanced fertilizer contains

equal amount of nitrogen, phosphorous and potash.

2.Which of the following are not essential micronutrients

for plants?

लनम्नलिलखत में स ेकौन पौधों के लिए आर्श्यक सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्र्

नहीं हैं?

a) Boron/बोरॉन

b) Zinc/ जजक

c) Sodium/सोलियम

d) Copper /तांबा

Exp:-Plant nutrients are classified into two broad categories based

on the quantity in which they are required by the plants.

(A) Macronutrients

[B] Micronutrients

(A) Macronutrients:- Macronutrients are those elements, which are

generally present in large amount in plant tissues i.e. in excess of

10m mole/kg of dry matter. Eg; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorous, sulphur, potassium, calcium and magnesium.

[B] Micronutrients:- Micronutrients or trace elements are those

elements which are needed in minute quantities i.e. 0.1 mg/gram of

dry matter. Eg; Boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, zinc,

nickel and chlorine. Sodium is not a micronutrient and is not

required by the plants.

3.The type of crop which is able to fix nitrogen

from air is?

हर्ा से नाइट्रोजन स्थारीकरण करने में सक्षम फसि का

प्रकार ह?ै

a) Wheat/ गेहूँ

b) Legumes/ फलियां

c) Coffee/ कॉफी

d) Rubber/ रबर

Exp:-Legumes crop fix the nitrogen present in air by the process af

nitrogen fixation.

i. Nitrogen fixation- The process of conversion of nitrogen into

ammonia or other nitrogen compound. Lightening and UV rays

convert nitrogen into nitrogen oxides like N,O, NO and NO2

ii. Ammonification- The process by which organic nitrogenous

compounds are decomposed to produce ammonia. Most of the

ammonia is converted into nitrites and nitrates. This process is

carried out by soil bacteria that are chemoautotrophs. Ammonia is

oxidised to nitrate by nitrobacter and nitrate converted to nitrite by

nitrosomonas. The nitrites are transported to the leaves and reduced

to ammonia, which forms the amino acids.

4.Denitrification causes?

लर्नाइट्रीकरण का कारण ह?ै

a) Increase in atmospheric Nitrogen / र्ायमुंििीय नाइट्रोजन

में र्ृलि

b) Increase in Lithosphere Nitrogen / लिथोस्फीयर नाइट्रोजन

में र्ृलि

c) Amount of atmospheric and Lithosphere nitrogen

unaffected /

र्ायुमंििीय और लिथोलस्फयर नाइट्रोजन की मात्रा अप्रभालर्त

d) Extinction of nitrifying bacteria / नाइट्रट्रफाइंग बकै्टीट्ररया

का लर्िोपन

Exp:-Denitrification is the process of conversion or

reduction of the nitrates into free nitrogen. It is

carried by bacteria like pseudomonas and

thiobacillus.

5.The Bacteria responsible for Nitrogen fixation in soybean

is?

सोयाबीन में नाइट्रोजन लनधावरण के लिए लजम्मेदार बकै्टीट्ररया है?

a) Rhizobium/ राइजोलबयम

b) Rhizobium japoncium / राइजोलबयम जैपोनलियम

c) Rhizobium phaseoli / राइजोलबयम फेजोिी

d) Rhizobium trifolii / राइजोलबयम ट्राइफोिी

Exp:-The nitrogen fixation is done by bacteria, these microorganism

may be free living or symbionts. Free living nitrogen fixers includes

Azotobacter and Beijernickia (aerobes). Rhodospirillum and

clostridium (anaerobes) and cyanobacteria like Nostoc and Aulosira.

Symbiotic nitorgen fixer include Rhizobium in the roots of legumes

and Frankia in non-legumes like Alnus and casuarina.

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation takes place in the root nodules of

legumes. The bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation in soybean is

Rhizobium japonicum.

6.Pulse crop which does not fix atmospheric nitrogen is?

दाि की फसि जो र्ायुमंििीय नाइट्रोजन का स्थरीकरण नहीं करती

ह?ै

a) Gram/चना

b) Pea /मटर

c) Rajma/राजमा

d) Moong /मूंग

Exp:-The plants receive nitrogen in the form of nitrate.

Nitrates are absorbed by the plants and reduced to nitrites.

The nitrites are transported to the leaves and reduced to

ammonia, which forms the amino group.

Most of the pulse crop including gram, pea, moong fix the

nitrogen from atmosphere. Rajma is a legume crop but is

does not fix atmospheric nitrogen. Red kidney beans lack

biological nitrogen fixation due to poor nodulation. Root of

kidney beans does not form the nodules. Red kidney beans

thrives on variety of soil.

7.Leghaemolglobin is found in.....:

िघेमेोग्िोलबन .......में पाया जाता ह:ै

a) Human blood/ मानर् रक्त

b) Rabbit blood/ खरगोि रक्त

c) Legume root nodules / िगे्यमू रूट नोड्यूल्स

d) Chicken blood / लचकन (चूजा)का रक्त

Exp:-Leghaemoglobin is found in legume root nodules.

Leghaemoglobin contains nitrogen enzymes which carries nitrogen,

by the process of reduction it combines with three nitrogen and form

ammonia. Leghemoglobin also help to increase the concentration of

oxygen sensitive nitrogenase. Leghaemoglobin is an iron containing

protein. It consists of heme synthesized by root nodule and globin

formed by the cells of higher plants. Leghaemoglobin has the high

affinity for oxygen, about ten times higher than the b- chains of

human haemoglobin. This allow an oxygen concentration that is low

enough to allow nitrogenase to function, but high enough that it can

provide the bacteria with oxygen for respiration.

8.The soil in which insectivorous plants grow is

deficient in:

र्ह लमट्टी लजसमें कीटनािक पौध ेउगते हैं, उसमें कमी होती

ह:ै

a) Magnesium /मगै्नीलसयम

b) Calcium /कैलल्सयम

c) Nitrogen/ नाईट्रोजन

d) Water /पानी

Exp:- Insectivorous plants grow in

nitrogen deficient soil. Nitrogen is a

macronutrient required by the plants.

9.Consider the following organisms?

1. Agaricus/कुकुरमुत्ता

2. Nostoc / नोस्टॉक

3. Spirogyra /स्पाइरोगाइरा

Which of the above is/are used as bio fertiliser/ bio

fertilisers?

उपरोक्त में स ेकौन जैर् उर्वरक के रूप में उपयोग ककया जाता ह?ै

a) 1 and 2

b) Only 2

c) 2 and 3

d) Only 3

Exp:-Nostoc belongs to genus cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria) is

used as biofertilizer. Nostoc are phosynthesizers which use

cytoplasmic photosynthetic pigments rather than chloroplasts in

their metabolic process. They are single celled and lack a nucleus or

other internal membrane systems. The cells do not posses flagella

but are motile by a swaying motion. Division is by binary fission.

Nostoc fix the atmospheric nitrogen. Nostoc first discovered in the

19th century, is one of the most widerspread phototrophic bacteria

in the world. As a nitrogen fixer, these bacteria may provide plants

with important nutrients.

10.In which of the following crop Azolla- anabaena

biofertllizer is used?

लनम्नलिलखत में स ेककस फसि में “एजोिा- अनालबना बायोफर्टटिाइज़र”

का उपयोग ककया जाता ह?ै

a) Wheat/गेंह

b) Rice /चार्ि

c) Mustard/सरसों

d) Cotton /कपास

Exp:-Azolla - anabaena biofertilizers is used in paddy

(rice) crops. Azolla is a free-floating water fern that floats

in water and fixes atmospheric nitrogen in association with

free living nitrogen fixing blue green alga Azolla anabaena.

Azolla consists of sporophyte with a floating rhizome and

small overlapping bilobed leaves and roots. Azolla is used

as biofertilizer for wetland rice.

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