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M.A. Area Studies/ M.Sc. Latin American Politics/Msc. in Globalisation and Latin American Development

THE POLITICS OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN LATIN AMERICA

(2005-2006)

Course tutor: Rachel Sieder The aim of this course is to provide you with a comprehensive introduction to human rights issues in Latin America. The course covers a number of areas: the principal analytical debates on human rights; how and why the idea of human rights came to play an important role in the domestic and international politics of Latin American countries; the role of human rights in the transition from authoritarian to democratic forms of governance; the nature of contemporary human rights issues in the region, including institutional dimensions of rule of law and debates relating to citizenship, democracy and rights. We will also consider the nature and implications of trends towards the transnationalisation of justice and their impact in Latin America. General Reading Cleary, Edward L., The Struggle for Human Rights in Latin America, Praeger (1997). Brito, Alexandra de, Human Rights and Democratization in Latin America: Uruguay and Chile, Oxford University Press (1997)* Brysk, Alison, The Politics of Human Rights in Argentina: Protest, Change and Democratization, Stanford University Press (1994)* Buergenthal, Thomas, Robert Norris and Dinah Shelton, Protecting Human Rights in the Americas: Selected Problems, International Institute of Human Rights (1995) Donnelly, Jack, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice, Cornell University Press (1989).* Fruhling, Hugo, Joseph Tulchin and Heather Golding (eds.), Crime and Violence in Latin America: Citizen Security, Democracy and the State, 2003.* Kritz, Neil J. (ed.), Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes (Vol.I), US Institute of Peace Press (1995)* Kymlicka, Will, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights, Oxford University Press (1995). Jelin, Elizabeth and Eric Hershberg (eds.), Constructing Democracy: Human Rights, Citizenship, and Society in Latin America, Westview Press (1996)* McAdams, James A. (ed.), Transitional justice and the rule of law in new democracies, University of Notre Dame Press (1997)

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Mendez, Juan E., Guillermo O'Donnell and Paulo Sergio Pinheiro (eds.), The (Un)Rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America, Notre Dame University Press (1999)* Roht-Arriaza, Naomi, Impunity and Human Rights in International Law and Practice, Oxford University Press (1995) Roniger, Luis and Mario Sznajder, The Legacy of Human Rights Violations in the Southern Cone: Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, Oxford University Press (1999) Sieder, Rachel (ed.), Multiculturalism in Latin America: Indigenous Rights, Diversity and Democracy, Palgrave Macmillan (2002). Sikkink, Kathryn, Mixed Signals: U.S. Human Rights Policy and Latin America, Cornell University Press (2004).* Stotzky, Irwin, Transitions to Democracy in Latin America: The Role of the Judiciary, Westview Press (1993) Ungar, Mark, Elusive Reform: Democracy and the Rule of Law in Latin America, Lynne Reinner (2002) * Wilson, Richard (ed.), Human Rights, Culture and Context, Pluto Press (1997) Week One. Introduction There is no set reading this week, but try and familiarise yourself with some of the general introductory texts listed above. Week Two. The concept of human rights: theoretical debates around rights. An-Na’im, Abdullahi A. ‘Human Rights in the Arab World: a Regional Perspective’ pp.701-733 in Human Rights Quarterly vol. 23 no .3, 2001. Bobbio, Noberto, The Age of Rights, , Polity Press (1986), parts I and II. Donnelly, Jack, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice, Cornell University Press (1989) Freeman, Michael, Human Rights: an Interdisciplinary Approach, Polity Press (2002), chs.2-4. Jones, Peter, Rights: Issues in Political Theory (1994). Jones, Peter, ‘Human Rights, Group Rights, and Peoples’ Rights’, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol.21 (1999).

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Jovanovic, Miodrag A. ‘Recognizing Minority Identities Through Collective Rights’, in Human Rights Quarterly Volume 27, Number 2, May 2005 Laquer, Walter and Barry Rubin (eds.), Human Rights Reader, New American Library (1979) MacPherson, C.B., ‘Problems of Human Rights in the Late Twentieth Century’, in The Rise and Fall of Economic Justice and Other Essays, Oxford University Press (1985) Nickel, James W., Making Sense of Human Rights, University of California Press (1987). Quane, Helen ‘The Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the Development Process’, in Human Rights Quarterly Volume 27, Number 2, May 2005 Robertson, Geoffrey, Crimes against Humanity: the Struggle for Global Justice, The Penguin Press (1999), chapter 1. Shute, Stephen and Susan Hurley (eds.), On Human Rights: The Oxford Amnesty Lectures 1993, Basic Books (1993) Handouts of the Universal Declaration and Covenants. Class Question: What do we understand ‘human rights’ to mean? Are certain types of political system better placed than others to guarantee human rights? Week Three. Human rights in historical perspective in Latin America (i) early influences on the thinking and practice of human rights in Latin America Guerra, François-Xavier, ‘The Spanish-American Tradition of Representation, and its European Roots’, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol.26(1) (1994). Hale, C., ‘The reconstruction of 19th century politics in Spanish America: a case for the study of ideas’, Latin American Research Review, VIII:2 (1973). Hale, Charles, ‘Political and Social Ideas in Latin America, 1870-1930’, in Cambridge History of Latin America, vol.4, Cambridge University Press (1986). Hanke, Lewis, The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America, A&M University Press (2002). Lynch, John, ‘The Institutional Framework of Colonial Spanish America’, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol.24 (1992). Pagden, Anthony, Spanish Imperialism and the Political Imagination, Yale University Press (1990) , especially chapter 1.

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Peloso, Vincent C. and Barbara Tenebaum, (eds.), Liberals, Politics and Power: State Formation in Nineteenth Century Latin America, University of Georgia Press (1996). Posada-Carbó, Eduardo, In Search of a New Order: Essays on the Politics and Society of 19th Century Latin America, Institute of Latin American Studies (1997). Safford, Frank, ‘Politics, Ideology and Society in Nineteenth Century Latin America’, in Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. 3, Cambridge University Press (1985). Seed, Patricia, ‘”Are These Not Also Men?” The Indians’ Humanity and Capacity for Spanish Civilisation, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 25(3) (1993). * Seed, Patricia, American Pentimento: The Invention of Indians and the Pursuit of Riches, University of Minnesota Press (2002). Stein, Stanley J. and Barbara H. Stein, The Colonial Heritage of Latin America, Oxford University Press (1970). Wright-Carozza, Paolo, ‘From Conquest to Constitutions: Retrieving a Latin American Tradition of the Idea of Human Rights’, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol.25 (2) 2003 * Class Question: Assess the extent to which conceptions of rights and obligations changed in Latin America after independence. Week Four. Human rights in historical perspective in Latin America (iii): rights and citizenship in the modern period Donnelly, Jack, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice, Cornell University Press (1989), ch.8. Malloy, J. (ed.), Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America, University of Pittsburgh Press (1997). Drake, P., Labor Movements and Dictatorships: The Southern Cone in Comparative Perspective, Johns Hopkins University Press (1996). Oxhorn, P., ‘The Social Foundations of Latin America’s recurrent Populism: Problems of Class Formation and Collective Action’, Journal of Historical Sociology, vol. 11 (1998). Roberts, B., ‘The Social Context of Citizenship in Latin America’, Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol. 20 (1996). Whitehead, L., ‘A Note on Citizenship’ in Leslie Bethell (ed.), Latin America: Politics and Society since 1930, Cambridge University Press (1994).

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Wiarda, H., Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America Revisited, University of Florida Press (2004). * Wiarda, H., ‘Corporatism and Development in the Ibero-Latin World: Persistent Strains and New Variants’, Review of Politics, Vol.36 (1) (1974). Newton, R., ‘Natural Corporatism and the Passing of Populism in Spanish America’, Review of Politics, Vol.36 (1) (1974). Class Question: Assess the implications of corporatism for human rights in Latin America. Week Five. Human rights abuse in the dirty wars. Americas Watch, El Salvador’s Decade of Terror: Human Rights since the Assassination of Archbishop Romero, Yale University Press (1991). Andersen, Martin Edwin, Dossier Secreto: Argentina’s Desaparecidos and the Myth of the ‘Dirty War’, Westview (1993) * Cleary, Edward L., The Struggle for Human Rights in Latin America, Praeger (1997), ch. 1 * Cornell, Angela and Kenneth Roberts, ‘Democracy, Counterinsurgency, and Human Rights: The Case of Peru’, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol.12 (1990). Corradi, Juan, P.W.Fagen and M.A.Garretón (eds.), Fear at the Edge: State Terror and Resistance in Latin America, University of California Press (1992) * Danner, Mark, The Massacre of El Mozote: A Parable of the Cold War, Vintage Books (1994). Ensalaco, Mark Chile Under Pinochet: Recovering the Truth University of Pennsylvania Press (2000) EPICA/CHRLA, Unearthing the Truth: Exhuming a Decade of Terror in Guatemala, EPICA (1996). Falla, Ricardo, Massacres in the Jungle: Ixcán, Guatemala, 1975-1982, Westview (1994). Feitlowitz, Marguerite, A Lexicon of Terror: Argentina and the Legacies of Torture, Oxford University Press (1998). Fruhling, Hugo, ‘Political Culture and Gross Human Rights Violations in Latin America’, in Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im, Human Rights in Cross-Cultural Perspectives: A Quest for Consensus, University of Pennsylvania Press, (1992) *

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Graziano, Frank, Divine Violence: Spectacle, Psychosexuality and Radical Christianity in the Argentine “Dirty War”, Westview (1992) Heinz, Wolfgang, ‘Motives for “Disappearances” in Argentina, Chile and Uruguay in the 1970s’, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, Vol.13 (1) (1995). * Osiel, Mark, Mass Atrocity, Ordinary Evil and Hannah Arendt: Criminal Consciousness in Argentina’s Dirty War, Yale (2001) * Pion-Berlin, David and George A. López, ‘Of Victims and Executioners: Argentine State Terror, 1975-1979’, International Studies Quarterly, Vol.35 (1991). Pion-Berlin, David, The Ideology of State Terror: Economic Doctrine and Political Repression in Argentina and Peru, Lynne Rienner (2001). Verbitsky, Horacio, The Flight: Confessions of an Argentine Dirty Warrior, New Press (1996). Verdugo, Patricia, Chile, Pinochet and the Caravan of Death, Lynne Rienner (2001). * Weschler, Lawrence, A Miracle, A Universe: Settling Accounts with Torturers, Pantheon (1990). Additional reading: the truth commission reports of Argentina, Chile, Brazil, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Uruguay and Peru. Class Question: How do we explain the logic of terror in Latin America’s “dirty wars”? Were terror policies ‘successful’ in their own terms? Week Six. US foreign policy and human rights. Armony, Ariel C., Argentina, the United States, and the Anti-Communist Crusade in Central America, 1977-1984, Ohio Center for International Studies (1997) * Bagley, Bruce, ‘The New Hundred Years’ War? US National Security and the War on Drugs’, Journal of Interamerican Studies (JIAS), 30 (1) (1988) * Bagley, Bruce and William Walker (eds.), Drug trafficking in the Americas, University of Miami, North-South Center, (1996). Bouvier, Virginia M., The Globalization of US-Latin American Relations: Democracy, Intervention and Human Rights, Praeger (2002) Carothers, Thomas, In the Name of Democracy: US Policy Toward Latin America in the Reagan Years, University of California Press (1991) *

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Carothers, Thomas, ‘Democracy Assistance: The Question of Strategy’, in Democratization Vol.4 (3) (1997). Carothers, Thomas, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, (1999) * Cleary, Edward L., The Struggle for Human Rights in Latin America, Praeger (1997), ch.7. Dinges, John The Condor Years (especially Chapter 1, ‘The First War on Terrorism’, and Chapter 14, ‘The Pursuit of Justice and US Accountability’) The New Press (2004) Farer, Tom (ed.), Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas, Johns Hopkins University Press (1996). Forsythe, David, The Internationalization of Human Rights, Lexington Books (1991), ch.5. Hartlyn, Jonathan, Lars Schoultz & Augusto Varas, The US and Latin America in the 1990s: Beyond the Cold War, University of North Carolina Press (1992), chapters 8 and 9. Hartmann, Hauke, ‘US Human Rights Policy under Carter and Reagan, 1977-1982’, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol.23 (2) (2001). Hirsh, Michael and John Barry ‘The Salvador Option - The Pentagon may put Special-Forces-led assassination or kidnapping teams in Iraq’ Newsweek, 8 January 2005. Text available at: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6802629/site/newsweek/ Hitchens, Christopher The Trial of Henry Kissinger Verso (2001) Kirkpatrick, Jean, ‘Dictatorships and Double Standards’ in Wiarda and Falcoff, Human Rights and US Human Rights Policy, American Enterprise Institute (1982). Kornbluh, Peter (ed.) The Pinochet Papers – A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability, National Security Archive (2004) [Note: Introduction also available to download at: ]http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB110/ LeFeber, Walter, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America, Norton (1993). Schoultz, Lars, National Security and US Policy Toward Latin America, Princeton University Press (1987). Schoultz, Lars ‘Evolving Concepts of Intervention: Promoting Democracy’ in Virginia M.Bouvier, The Globalization of US-Latin American Relations: Democracy, Intervention and Human Rights, Praeger Press (2002). Sikkink, Kathryn, Mixed Signals: U.S. Human Rights Policy and Latin America, Cornell University Press (2004) *

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US Secretary of State’s Panel on El Salvador, ‘Report of the US Secretary of State’s Panel on El Salvador’, US Department of State. Downloadable from the National Security Archive website (see below). Wiarda, Howard and Mark Falcoff (eds.), Human Rights and US Human Rights Policy: Theoretical Approaches and Some Perspectives on Latin America, American Enterprise Institute (1982) * Walker, William (ed.), Drugs in the Western Hemisphere : an odyssey of cultures in conflict, Scholarly Resources (1996). Class Question: Account for variations in the priority given to human rights concerns in US policy toward Latin America since the 1960s and assess the significance of these shifts. Week Seven. Truth and Justice in the Transition De Brito, Alexandra, ‘Justice in Democratic Transitions: Review Essay’, in Democratization, Vol.4 (4) (1997) * Benomar, J., ‘Confronting the Past: Justice After Transitions’, Journal of Democracy Vol.4(1) (1993) (shorter version published in Kritz, Transitional Justice. Vol.I) * Cleary, Edward L., The Struggle for Human Rights in Latin America, Praeger (1997), ch.3. Crocker, David A., ‘Reckoning with Past Wrongs: A Normative Framework’ in Virginia M.Bouvier, The Globalization of US-Latin American Relations: Democracy, Intervention and Human Rights, Praeger Press (2002). Garretón, Manuel Antonio, ‘Human Rights in the Processes of Democratization’, Journal of Latin American Studies, vol.26 (1), 1994. Hayner, Priscilla, Unspeakable Truths: Confronting State Atrocity and Terror, Routledge (2001) * Jelin, Elizabeth, State Repression and the Struggles for Memory, Latin America Bureau (2003). Kaye, Mike, ‘The Role of Truth Commissions in the Search for Justice, Reconciliation and Democratisation: the Salvadorean and Honduran Cases’, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol.29 (1997). Kritz, Neil J. (ed.), Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes (Vol.I), US Institute of Peace Press (1995) * [Note: Volumes II and III, Country Cases and Legal Texts/ Documents, may also be of interest]

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Malamud Goti, Jaime, ‘Dignity, Vengeance and Fostering Democracy’, The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, Vol.29, No.3 (1998). McAdams, James A. (ed.), Transitional justice and the rule of law in new democracies, University of Notre Dame Press (1997). Méndez, Juan, ‘Accountability for Past Abuses’, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol.19 (1997) * Méndez, Juan E., ‘In Defense of Transitional Justice’, in A. James McAdams, Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies, University of Notre Dame Press (1997). Nino, Carlos, Radical Evil on Trial, Yale University Press (1996). Osiel. Mark, Mass Atrocity, Collective Memory and the Law, Transaction Publishers (1997). Roht-Arriaza, Naomi, Impunity and Human Rights in International Law and Practice, Oxford University Press (1995). Pion-Berlin, D., ‘To Prosecute or Pardon? Human Rights Decisions in the Latin American Southern Cone’, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol.16(1) (1994) also in Kritz, Transitional Justice (Vol.I). Popkin, Margaret and Naomi Roht-Arriaza, ‘Truth as Justice: Investigatory Commissions in Latin America’, Law & Social Inquiry, Vol.20(1) (1995), reproduced in Kritz (ed.), Transitional Justice (Vol.I) * Sieder, Rachel (ed.), Impunity in Latin America, Institute of Latin American Studies (1995). Siegel, Richard, ‘Transitional Justice: A Decade of Debate and Experience’, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol.20 (4), pp.431-454 (1998). Teitel, Ruti, ‘How are the New Democracies of the Southern Cone Dealing with the Legacy of Past Human Rights Abuses?’, in Kritz (ed.), Transitional Justice (Vol.I). Teitel, Ruti, Transitional Justice, Oxford University Press (2000). Tepperman, J ‘Truth and Consequences’, pp.128-145 in Foreign Affairs Vol. 81 no.2 (2002) Weschler, Lawrence, A Miracle, A Universe: Settling Accounts with Torturers, Pantheon (1990). Zalaquett, Pepe, ‘Balancing Ethical Imperatives and Political Constraints: the Dilemma of New Democracies Confronting Past Human Rights Violations’, Hastings Law Journal, Vol.43 (1992), reproduced in Kritz (ed.), Transitional Justice (Vol.I) *

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Class Question: Is a trade-off between truth and justice inevitable in democratic transitions? Week Eight. Case studies: Argentina and Chile. Abregú, Martin, ‘Human Rights after the Dictatorship: Lessons from Argentina’, NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol.XXXIV July/August (2000) * Arditti, Rita, Searching for Life: The Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo and the Disappeared Children of Argentina, University of California Press (1999). Barahona de Brito, Alexandra ‘Truth, Justice, Memory and Democratization in the Southern Cone’ in Alexandra Barahona de Brito, Carmen González and Paloma Aguilar (eds.), The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies, Oxford University Press (2001) * Brysk, Alison, The Politics of Human Rights in Argentina, Stanford University Press (1994) * Correa, Jorge, ‘Dealing with Past Human Rights Violations: The Chilean Case after the Dictatorship’, Notre Dame Law Review, Vol.67 (1992). de Brito, Alexandra, Human Rights and Democratization in Latin America: Uruguay and Chile, Oxford University Press (1997) * Ensalaco, Mark, Chile Under Pinochet: Recovering the Truth, University of Pennsylvania Press (2000) * Garretón, Manuel Antonio, ‘Chile 1997-1998: the revenge of incomplete democratization’, International Affairs, Vol.75 (2) (1999). Hilbink, Lisa, ‘Un Estado de Derecho No Liberal’, pp.317-338 in Drake and Jaksic (eds) El Modelo Chileno – Democracia y Desarrollo en los noventa, LOM, Santiago (1999). Jelin, Elizabeth, ‘The Politics of Memory: The Human Rights Movement and the Construction of Democracy in Argentina’, Latin American Perspectives, vol.21(2), 1994 * Jelin, Elizabeth, ‘The Minefields of Memory’, NACLA (North American Congress on Latin America), 1998, Vol.XXXII, No.2, pp.23-29. Kritz, Neil (ed.) Transitional Justice. Vol.II: Country Studies, chs. 10 (Argentina) and 13 (Chile) * Lira, Elizabeth and Brian Loveman ‘Derechos humanos en la transición “modelo” – Chile 1988-1999’ pp.339-376 in Drake and Jaksic (eds) El Modelo Chileno – Democracia y Desarrollo en los noventa, LOM, Santiago (1999) *

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Malamud-Goti, Jaime, Game Without End: State Terror and the Politics of Justice, University of Oklahoma Press (1996). Nino, Carlos, ‘The Duty to Punish Past Abuses of Human Rights put into Context: The Case of Argentina’, in Kritz (ed.), Transitional Justice (Vol.I) * Nino, Carlos, Radical Evil on Trial, Yale University Press (1996). Pearce, Jenny, ‘Impunity and Democracy: The Case of Chile’, in R. Sieder (ed.), Impunity in Latin America, Institute of Latin American Studies (1995). Panizza, Francisco, ‘Human Rights in the Processes of Transition and Consolidation in Latin America’, Political Studies, Vol.43, Special Issue on Politics and Human Rights. Roberts, Kenneth Deepening Democracy? (– especially pp.81-117, ‘Authoritarian Rule and the Transformation of the Chilean Left’ and pp.118-162, ‘Transition, Realignment and the Struggle to Deepen Democracy’), Stanford University Press (1998). Roniger, Luis and Mario Sznadjder, The Legacy of Human Rights Violations in the Southern Cone: Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, Oxford University Press (1999) * Skaar, E., Human Rights Violations and the Paradox of Democratic Transition: A Case Study of Chile and Argentina, Michelsen Institute (1994). Wilde, Alex, ‘Irruptions of Memory: Expressive Politics in Chile’s Transition to Democracy’, Journal of Latin American Studies, May (1999) * Class Question: EITHER Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of Chile and Argentina’s respective approaches during transition to dealing with past abuses of human rights. OR Do recent resurgences of accountability claims in Chile and Argentina represent the success or failure of transitional justice settlements in those countries? Week Nine. The role of the international community: the UN in El Salvador and Guatemala's truth commissions Arnson, Cynthia (ed.), Comparative Peace Processes in Latin America (chapters on El Salvador and Guatemala), Stanford University Press (1999) * Baranyi, Stephen ‘UN Verification: Achievements, Limitations and Prospects’, in Rachel Sieder (ed.), Central America: Fragile Transition, Macmillan Press (1996) Buergenthal, Thomas, ‘The United Nations Truth Commission for El Salvador’, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol.27(3) (1994) (shorter version reproduced in Kritz (ed.), Transitional Justice. Vol.I.).

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Call, Charles (2003), ‘Democratization, War and State-Building: Constructing the Rule of Law in El Salvador, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol.35 (3). Doggett, Martha, Death Foretold – The Jesuit Murders in El Salvador Lawyers’ Committee for Human Rights (1993). Dodson, J. Michael and Donald W. Jackson, ‘Reinventing the Rule of Law: Human Rights in El Salvador’, Democratization, Vol.4(4) (1997) * Ensalaco, M., ‘Truth Commissions for Chile and El Salvador: A Report and Assessment’, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol.16(4) (1994). Forsythe, David P., ‘The United Nations, Democracy, and the Americas’, in Tom Farer (ed), Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas, Johns Hopkins University Press (1996). Kaye, Mike, ‘The Role of Truth Commissions in the Search for Justice, Reconciliation and Democratisation: the Salvadorean and Honduran Cases’, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol.29 (1997). Lawyers’ Committee for Human Rights, Improvising History: A Critical Evaluation of the UN Observer Mission in El Salvador, LCHR (1995)* Popkin, Margaret, Peace without Justice: Obstacles to Building the Rule of Law in El Salvador, Pennsylvania State University Press (2000) * Sanford, Victoria, Buried Secrets: Truth and Human Rights in Guatemala, Palgrave Macmillan (2003). * Sieder, Rachel and Patrick Costello, ‘Central America: Prospects for the Rule of Law’, in R. Sieder (ed.), Central America: Fragile Transition, Macmillan (1996). Sieder, Rachel, ‘War, Peace and Memory Politics in Central America’, in Alexandra de Brito, Carmen González and Paloma Aguilar (eds.), The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies, Oxford University Press (2001) * Stedman, Stephen John, Daniel Rothchild and Elizabeth M Cousens (eds.) (2002), Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements, Lynne Rienner. Chapters on El Salvador and Guatemala. Tomuschat, Christian, ‘Clarification Commission in Guatemala’, pp.233-258 in Human Rights Quarterly, Vol.23 (2) (2001). US Secretary of State’s Panel on El Salvador, ‘Report of the US Secretary of State’s Panel on El Salvador’, US Department of State. Downloadable from the National Security Archive website (see below).

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Weiss Fagen, Patricia, ‘El Salvador: Lessons in Peace Consolidation’ in Tom Farer (ed.), Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas, Johns Hopkins University Press (1996). Whitfield, Teresa, ‘The Role of the United Nations in El Salvador and Guatemala: A Preliminary Comparison’ pp.257-290 in C. Arnson (ed.) Comparative Peace Processes in Central America, Stanford University Press (1999). Wilson, Richard, ‘The Politics of Memory’, in Rachel Sieder (ed.), Guatemala after the Peace Accords, Institute of Latin American Studies (1998). Class Question: Compare and contrast the role of the international community in the Salvadorean and Guatemalan processes of truth, reconciliation and rule of law construction. Week Ten. Transnationalised Justice? A survey of human rights law, The Economist, Dec. 5th (1998). De Brito, Alexandra, ‘Getting Away with Murder?’, World Today, Vol.54, No.12 (1998). Boyle, Julia K., ‘The International Obligation to Prosecute Human Rights Violators: Spain’s Jurisdiction over Argentine Dirty War Participants’, Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, Vol.22, No.1 (1998) * Bradley and Goldsmith, ‘Pinochet and International Human Rights Litigation’, Michigan Law Review Vol. 97 No.7 (1999). Brysk, Alison, ‘Globalization: The Double-Edged Sword’, NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. XXXIV, No.1, July/August 2000 * Cogan, Jacob Katz, ‘The Problem of Obtaining Evidence for International Criminal Courts’ pp. 404-427 in Human Rights Quarterly vol. 22 no. 2, 2000. Davis, Madeline, review of Macedo (ed.), pp. p729-735 in Human Rights Quarterly vol. 27 no.2, 2005. de Grieff, Pablo and Ciaran Cronin, Global Justice and Transnational Politics, MIT (2002). Farer, Tom, ‘Restraining the Barbarians: Can International Criminal Law Help?’ pp.90-117 in Human Rights Quarterly vol. 22 no. 1, 2000. Goldstone, Richard, For Humanity. Reflections of a War Crimes Prosecutor. Yale University Press (c.2001).

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Human Rights Watch, ‘Beyond the Hague: The Challenges of International Justice’ in Human Rights Watch World Report 2004, see www.hrw.org Kamminga, Menno T. ‘Lessons Learned from the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction in Respect of Gross Human Rights Offenses’ pp.940-974 in Human Rights Quarterly vol 23 no. 3, 2001. Keck, Margaret and Katherine Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: advocacy networks in international politics, Cornell University Press (1998) * Lutz, Ellen and Kathryn Sikkink, ‘The Justice Cascade: The Evolution and Impact of Human Rights Trials in Latin America’, Chicago Journal of International Law, Vol.2 (1), 2001. Macedo,Stephen, Universal Jurisdiction – National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes under International Law University of Pennsylvania Press (2004) * Ratner, Michael and Beth Stephens International Human Rights Litigation in US Courts Transnational Publishers (1996). Risse, T., S.Ropp and K. Sikkink, The Power of Principles: International Human Rights Norms and Domestic Change, Cambridge University Press (1999) * Robertson, Geoffrey, Crimes against Humanity: the Struggle for Global Justice, The Penguin Press (1999) * Sands, Philippe (ed.), From Nuremberg to the Hague: The Future of International Criminal Justice, Cambridge University Press (2003). Class question: Assess the claim that we are now moving towards universal enforcement of human rights norms. Week Eleven. The Pinochet Case Aceves, William J., ‘Liberalism and International Legal Scholarship: The Pinochet Case and the Move Toward a Universal System of Transnational Law Litigation’, Harvard International Law Journal, Vol.41, No.1 (2000) * Amnesty International (2001) ‘Legal Brief on the Incompatibility of Chilean Decree Law no. 2191 of 1978 with International Law’. AI Document Ref. POL 10/001/2001, available at www.amnesty.org Bradley and Goldsmith, ‘Pinochet and International Human Rights Litigation’, Michigan Law Review Vol. 97 No.7 (1999). Brody , Reed and Michael Ratner (eds.), The Pinochet Papers, Kluwer Law International (2000).

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Davis, Madeleine (ed.), The Pinochet Case: Origins, Progress and Implications, Institute of Latin American Studies (2003). * Golob, Stephanie R., ‘Forced to be Free: Globalized Justice, Pacted Democracy, and the Pinochet Case’, in Democratization, Vol. 9(2) (2002) AND ‘The Pinochet Case: “Forced to be Free” Abroad and at Home’, in Democratization, Vol. 9(4) 2002. * Human Rights Watch, When Tyrants Tremble: The Pinochet Case, Human Rights Watch (1999). Hawthorn, Geoffrey, ‘Pinochet: The Politics’, International Affairs, Vol.75 (2) (1999). Lacabe (1998), ‘The Criminal Procedures Against Chilean and Argentinian Repressors in Spain’ at http://derechos.net/marga/papers/spain.html Píon-Berlin, David ‘The Pinochet Case and Human Rights Progress in Chile: Was Europe a Catalyst, Cause or Inconsequential?’ pp.479-505 in the Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 36 no.3 (2004). Roht-Arriaza, Naomi, The Pinochet Effect: Transnational Justice in the Age of Human Rights. University of Pennsylvania Press (2004). * Webber, Frances, ‘The Pinochet Case: the struggle for the realisation of human rights’, Journal of Law and Society, Vol.26 No.4 (1999). Weller, Marc, ‘On the hazards of foreign travel for dictators and other international criminals’, International Affairs, Vol.75 (2) (1999). Wilson, R, ‘Prosecuting Pinochet: International Crimes in Spanish Domestic Law’, Human Rights Quarterly, (November 1999) * Wilson, Richard (1996), ‘Spanish Criminal Prosecutions Use International Human Rights Law to Battle Impunity in Chile and Argentina’ at http://www.derechos.org/koaga/iii/5/wilson.html Class Question: EITHER What does the Pinochet case reveal about the transnationalisation of justice in Latin America? OR Assess the significance of the Pinochet case for domestic accountability debates in Latin America. Week Twelve. Rule of law, legal institutions and judicial reform in Latin American democracies.

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Ciurlizza, Javier, ‘Judicial Reform and International Legal Technical Assistance Latin America’, in Democratization, vol.7, no.2, (2000) * Verner, Joel, ‘The Independence of Supreme Courts in Latin America: A Review of the Literature’, in Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol.16 (1984) * Estella Nagle, Luz, ‘The Cinderella of Government: Judicial Reform in Latin America’, California Western International Law Journal, Vol.30, no.2 (2000) * Mendez, Juan, Guillermo O’Donnell and Paulo Sergio Pinheiro (eds.), The (Un)Rule of Law and Democracy in Latin America, University of Notre Dame Press (1999) * Aguero, Felipe and Jeffrey Stark (eds.), Fault Lines of Democratic Governance in the Americas, North-South Center Press (1998). Domingo, Pilar, ‘Judicial Independence and Judicial Reform in Latin America’, in Schedler, Andreas, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, (eds.), The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies, Lynne Reinner (1999) * Hammergren, Linn A. The Politics of Justice and Justice Reform in Latin America: The Peruvian Case in Comparative Perspective, Westview (1998) * Jarquin Calderon, Edmundo,(ed.) Justice Delayed: Judicial Reform in Latin America, . Inter-American Development Bank/ Johns Hopkins University Press (1998). Prillaman, William C., The Judiciary and Democratic Decay in Latin America: Declining Confidence in the Rule of Law, Praeger (2000) * O’Donnell, Guillermo, 2000, “Democracy, Law and Comparative Politics”, Kellogg Institute Working Paper, no.274. O’Donnell, Guillermo, ‘On the State, Democratisation and Some Conceptual Problems: A Latin American View with Glances as some Post-Communist Countries’, World Development, Vol.21(8) (1993). Landa, Cesar ‘The Scales of Justice in Peru: Judicial Reform and Fundamental Rights’, Occasional Paper No. 24, ILAS, London (2001). Ungar, Mark, Elusive Reform: Democracy and the Rule of Law in Latin America, Lynne Reinner (2002) * Class Question: EITHER: Why isn’t the rule of law enforced more systematically in Latin America? OR Assess the obstacles for minimally adequate justice administration in Latin America.

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Week Thirteen. International donor participation in Judicial Reform efforts Biebesheimer, Christina and Carlos Mejia (eds), Justice beyond our borders: Judicial reforms for Latin America and the Caribbean Inter-American Bank/ Johns Hopkins University Press (2000) * Burnell, Peter (ed.), Democracy assistance: International Co-operation for Democratization, Frank Cass (2000) – chapter by Santiso. Carothers, Thomas, ‘The Rule of Law Revival’ in Foreign Affairs, March-April, 1998 * Carothers, Thomas, Aiding democracy abroad: the learning curve, Carnegie Institute for International Peace (1999) * Carothers, Thomas, ‘Struggling with semi-authoritarians’ in Peter Burnell, (ed.) Democracy assistance: International Co-operation for Democratization, Frank Cass (2000). Ciurlizza, Javier, ‘Judicial reform and international legal technical assistance in Latin America’, in Democratization, vol.7, no.2 (2000) * Dakolias, Maria, The Judicial Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean: Elements of Reform, World Bank (1996) * Domingo, Pilar and Rachel Sieder, (eds.), Rule of Law in Latin America: The International Promotion of Judicial Reform, Institute of Latin American Studies (2001) * Faundez, Julio, (ed), Good Government and Law, Legal and Institutional Reform in Developing Countries, Macmillan (1997) * Gardner, James, Legal Imperialism: American Lawyers and Foreign Aid in Latin America, University of Wisconsin Press (1980). Hammergren, Linn, ‘Fifteen Years of Judicial Reform in Latin America: Where We Are and Why We Haven’t Made More Progress’, Paper presented at LASA (1998) * available online at http://darkwing.uorgeon.edu/%7Ecaguirre/lawandsociety.htm IDB, Justice and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean Jarquín, Edmundo and Fernando Carrillo, (eds.), Justice Delayed: Judicial Reform in Latin America,, Inter-American Development Bank/ Johns Hopkins University Press (1998) * Lawyers Committee for Human Rights and Programa Venezolano, Halfway to Reform: The World Bank and the Venezuelan Justice System. Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, Underwriting Injustice: AID and El Salvador’s Judicial Reform Programme.

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Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, Building on Quicksand: The Collapse of the World Bank’s Judicial Reform Project in Peru. Class Question: Assess the role of international donor organisations in the advancement of judicial reform since the 1980s in Latin America. Week Fourteen. Demilitarisation and Police Reform Caldeira, Teresa P.R., City of walls: Crime Segregation and Citizenship in Sao Paulo, University of California Press (2000) * Call, Charles T., ‘War Transitions and the New Civilian Security in Latin America’, Comparative Politics, Vol.35 (1) 2002. Chevigny, Paul, Edge of the Knife, Police Violence in the Americas, New Press (1995) * Chevigny, Paul, Police violence in Argentina: torture and police killings in Buenos Aires. Costa, Arthur and Mateus Medeiros, ‘Police demilitarisation: cops, soldiers and democracy’, Conflict, Security and Development, Vol.2 (2), 2002. * Fruhling, Hugo, Joseph Tulchin and Heather Golding (eds.), Crime and Violence in Latin America: Citizen Security, Democracy and the State, 2003.** Mendez, Juan, Guillermo O’Donnell and Paulo Sergio Pinheiro (eds.), The (Un)Rule of Law and Democracy in Latin America, University of Notre Dame Press (1999). Tanke Holm, Tor and Espen Barth Eide (eds.), Peacebuilding and Police Reform, Frank Cass (2000), chs. 5, 6 and 7. Ungar, Mark, Elusive Reform: Democracy and the Rule of Law in Latin America, Lynne Reinner (2002), chapter 3 * Jorge Zaverucha, ‘Fragile Democracy: The Militarization of Public Security in Brazil’ in Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 27, No.3 (2000) * Martha K. Huggins, ‘The Military-Police Nexus - Legacies of Authoritarianism: Brazilian Torturers’ and Murderers’ Reformulation of Memory’, Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 27, No. 2 (2000) * Martha K. Huggins, ‘Modernity and Devolution: The Making of Death Squads in Modern Brazil’, in Bruce Campbell and Arthur Brenner (eds.), Death Squads in Global Perspective: Murder With Deniability, Macmillan (2000) *

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Laura Kalmanowiecki, ‘States and Militarized Forces - Origins and Applications of Political Policing in Argentina’, Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 27, No.2 (2000) * Neild, Rachel, ‘Democratic police reforms in war-torn states’, Conflict, Security and Development, Vol.1 (1), 1999 * Latin American Perspectives Special issue, 2000, vol.27. Fruhling, H., ‘La Reforma Policial y el Proceso de Demcratizacion en América Latina’, at http://www.policiaysociedad.org/Publicaciones/Publicaciones.htm Class question: To what extent are the problems of the police forces in the region a legacy of an authoritarian past? Week Fifteen. Colombia: Rule of law and the State. Ardila, Galvis, Constanza, The Heart of the War in Colombia, Latin American Bureau (2000). Arnson, Cynthia and Robin Kirk, State of War: political violence and counter-insurgency in Colombia, Human Rights Watch (1996) * Bergquist, Charles, (ed.), Violence in Colombia: the contemporary crisis in historical perspective, SR Books (1992) * Braun, Herbert, Our guerrillas, our sidewalks: a journey into the violence of Colombia, University Press of Colorado (1994). Human Rights Watch/Americas Human Rights Watch Arms Project, Colombia’s Killer Networks: the military-paramilitary partnership and the United States, Human Rights Watch (1996). Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Second Report on the situation of human rights in the Republic of Colombia (1993). Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Third Report on the situation of human rights in the Republic of Colombia (1999). Kline, Harvey, State-building and conflict resolution in Colombia, 1986-1994, University of Alabama Press (1999) * Livingstone, Grace, Inside Colombia: Drugs, Democracy and War, Latin America Bureau (2003).

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Palacio Castañeda, German, ‘The Crisis of Alternatives to the State Judicial Monopoly at the End of the 20th Century: Exploratory Notes on the Colombian Case’, Beyond Law: Más Alla del Derecho, No.1, ILSA, Bogotá (1991). * Pearce, Jenny, Colombia: inside the labyrinth, Latin American Bureau (1990) * Posada-Carbo, Eduardo, Colombia: the politics of reforming the state, Macmillan (1998). Rodríguez, César, Mauricio García-Villegas and Rodrigo Uprimny, ‘Justice and Society in Colombia: A Sociolegal Analysis of Colombian Courts’, in Lawrence Friedman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdómo, Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization, Stanford University Press (2003). * Uprimny, Rodrigo, ‘The Constitutional Court and Control of Presidential Extraordinary Powers in Colombia’, Democratization, Vol. 10, no.4 (2003), pp.46-69. * Moser, Caroline et.al., Violence in Colombia; building sustainable peace and social capital, World Bank (1999). Class question: Examine the institutional and political obstacles to the advancement of legitimate rule of law and state authority in Colombia. Week Sixteen. International dimensions: the inter-american system. Brody, Reed and Felipe González, ‘Nunca Más: An Analysis of International Instruments on Disappearances’, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol.19 (1997). Buergenthal, Thomas, Robert Norris and Dinah Shelton, Protecting Human Rights in the Americas: Selected Problems, International Institute of Human Rights (1995). Cavallaro, James, ‘Toward Fair Play: A Decade of Transformation and Resistance in International Human Rights Advocacy in Brazil’, Chicago Journal of International Law, Vol.3 (2) (2002), pp.481-492. [available on HeinOnline]. Cerna, Christine, ‘International Law and the Protection of Human Rights in the Inter-American System’, Houston Journal of International Law, Vol.19 (1997), pp.731-759. [available on HeinOnline] * Davidson, J. Scott, The Inter-American Human Rights System, Dartmouth (1997) * Farer, Tom, ‘The Rise of the Interamerican Human Rights Regime: No Longer a Unicorn, Not yet an Ox’, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol.19 (1997) *

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Farer, Tom, ‘Collective Defending Democracy in a World of Sovereign States: The Western Hemisphere’s Prospect’, Human Rights Quarterly, vol.15 no.4 (1993). Forsythe, David P., The Internationalization of Human Rights, Lexington Books (1991), ch.4. Harris, David and Stephen Livingstone (eds.), The Inter-American System of Human Rights, Clarendon (1988). Lutz, Ellen and Kathryn Sikkink, “International Human Rights Law and Practice in Latin America,” International Organization, Vol.54, No. 3 (Summer, 2000). pp. 633-660. Lutz, Ellen, ‘Strengthening Core Values in the Americas: Regional Commitment to Democracy and the Protection of Human Rights’, Houston Journal of International Law, Vol. 19 (1997), pp. 643 – 657 [available on HeinOnline] * Medina, Cecilia, ‘The Interamerican Commission of Human Rights and the IACHR: reflections on a joint venture’, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol.12 (4) (1990) * Medina, C. ‘The role of country reports in the Inter-American system of human rights’, in Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, Dec. 1997, vol.4, no.1, pp.1-36. Medina Quiroga, Cecilia, The Battle of Human Rights: gross systematic violations and the Inter-American system, M. Nijhoff (1988). Mendez, J.E, and J. Mariezcurrena, ‘Accountability for past human rights violations: contributions of the inter-American organs of protection’, Social Justice, Winter, 1999, vol.26, no.4, pp.84-106. Moir, Lindsay, ‘Law and the Interamerican Rights System’, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol.25 (1), 2003. Molineux, H., ‘The Inter-American system: searching for a new framework’, in Latin American Research Review, 1994, vol.29, no.1 pp.215-226. Padilla, David, ‘The Inter-American system for the promotion and protection of Human Rights’, Journal of International and Comparative Law, 20 (1990) * Shifter, Michael, ‘The United States, the Organization of American States, and the Origins of the Inter-American System’, in Virginia M.Bouvier, The Globalization of US-Latin American Relations: Democracy, Intervention and Human Rights, Praeger Press (2002). Sikkink, Kathryn, ‘The Emergence, Evolution, and Effectiveness of the Latin American Human Rights Network’, in Elizabeth Jelin and Eric Hershberg, Constructing Democracy: Human Rights, Citizenship and Society in Latin America, Westview (1997) * Sikkink, Kathryn, ‘Reconceptualizing Sovereignty in the Americas: Historical Precusors and Current Practices, Houston Journal of International Law, Vol.19 (1997), pp.705-729. *

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Class Question: Assess the strengths and weaknesses of regional mechanisms for human rights protection in Latin America. Week Seventeen. Gender Rights Agosin, Marjorie, Women, Gender and Human Rights: A Global Perspective, Rutgers University Press (2001) Agosin, Marjorie and Monica Bruno, (eds.), Surviving beyond fear: women, children and human rights in Latin America. Craske, Nikki and Maxine Molyneux (eds.), Gender and the Politics of Rights and Democracy in Latin America, Palgrave Press (2002), esp. ch.1. * Jaquette, Jane, The Women’s Movement in Latin America: Feminism and the Transition to Democracy, Westview (1991). Jaquette, Jane (ed.), The Women’s Movement in Latin America, Participation and Democracy, Westview (1994) * Jaquette, Jane and Sharon Wolchek (eds.), Women and Democracy: Latin America and Central and Eastern Europe, Johns Hopkins University Press (1998). Jelin, E., (ed.), Women and Social Change in Latin America, Zed Books (1990) Radcliffe, Sarah A. and Sallie Westwood (eds.), Viva: Women and Popular Protests in Latin America, Routledge (1993). Cook, R. (ed.), Human Rights of Women: National and International Perspectives, University of Pennsylvania Press (1994). Dore, Elizabeth, Gender politics in Latin America : debates in theory and practice, Monthly Review Press (1997). Saporta Sternbach, Nancy et al., ‘Feminisms in Latin America: from Bogotá to San Bernardo’, in Arturo Escobar and Sonia Alvarez, (eds.), The Making of Social Movements in Latin America, Westview (1995). Alvarez, Sonia, Engendering Democracy in Brazil: Women’s movements in Transition Politics, Princeton University Press (1990) * Molyneux, Maxine, Women’s Movements in International Perspective: Latin America and Beyond, Palgrave (2000) * Molyneux, Maxine and Shahra Ravazi (eds.), Gender Justice, Development and Rights,

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Oxford University Press (2002), esp.the introduction. * Waylen, Georgina, ‘Women’s movement and democratisation in Latin America’, Third World Quarterly, vol.4, no.3 (1991). Phillips, Anne, Democracy and Difference, Polity Press (1993). Morrison, Andrew R and María Loreto Biehl (eds), Too Close to Home: Domestic Violence in Latin America, Inter-American Development Bank/ Johns Hopkins University Press (1999). Website of the OAS Inter-American Commission of Women at http://www.oas.org/cim/default.htm Class Question: Assess the role of women’s movements in the struggle for human rights protection, and democratisation in Latin America. Week Eighteen. Indigenous rights. Anaya, S. James and Robert A. Williams, ‘The Protection of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights over Lands and Natural Resources Under the Inter-American Human Rights System’ Harvard Human Rights Journal, Vol.14 (2001), pp.33-86. [available on HeinOnline] Assies, Willem, Gemma van der Haar and André Hoekama (eds.), The Challenge of Diversity: Indigenous Peoples and the Reform of the State in Latin America, Thela (1999), esp. chapter 1 * Dandler, Jorge ‘Indigenous Peoples and the Rule of Law in Latin America: Do they have a Chance?’ in Juan E. Mendez, Guillermo O'Donnell and Paulo Sergio Pinheiro (eds.), The (Un)Rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America, University of Notre Dame Press (1999). Díaz-Polanco, Héctor, Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: The Quest for Self-Determination, Westview (2000). Kymlicka, Will, Multicultural Citizenship, Oxford University Press (1994). Maybury-Lewis, David (ed), (2002), The Politics of Ethnicity: Indigenous Peoples in Latin American States, David Rockefeller Center Series on Latin American Studies, Harvard University.* Van Cott, Donna, Indigenous Peoples and Democracy in Latin America, InterAmerican Dialogue/St Martins Press (1994), esp. Chs. 1 and 2 *

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Van Cott, Donna Lee (1996), ‘Unity through Diversity: Ethnic Politics and Democratic Deepening in Colombia’, in Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, Vol.2(4). Lee Van Cott, Donna, The Friendly Liquidation of the Past: The Politics of Diversity in Latin America, University of Pittsburgh Press (2000), esp. Chs. 8 and 9 * Plant, Roger, ‘Indigenous Rights and the Guatemalan Peace Process: Conceptual and Practical Challenges’, in R. Sieder (ed.), Guatemala After the Peace Accords, Institute of Latin American Studies (1998) . Sieder, Rachel, ‘Multiculturalism in Latin America: Indigenous Rights, Diversity and Democracy’, introduction to Rachel Sieder (ed.), Multiculturalism in Latin America: Indigenous Rights, Diversity and Democracy, Palgrave Press (2002) * Stamatopolou, Elsa, ‘Indigenous Peoples and the United Nations: Human Rights as a Developing Dynamic’, Human Rights Quarterly, 16 (1994). Stavenhagen, Rodolfo, ‘Indigenous Peoples and the State in Latin America: An Ongoing Debate’ in Rachel Sieder (ed.), Multiculturalism in Latin America: Indigenous Rights, Diversity and Democracy, Palgrave Press (2002) * Yashar, Deborah (1996), ‘Indigenous Protest and Democracy in Latin America’ in Jorge Domínguez and Abraham Lowenthal (eds.), Constructing Democratic Governance: Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1990s, Themes and Issues, . Johns Hopkins University Press (1996). Yashar, Deborah, ‘Contesting Citizenship: Indigenous Movements and Democracy in Latin America’, Comparative Politics, Vol.31 (1), 1998 * Yashar, Deborah, Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge, Cambridge University Press (2004). Introduction and conclusion. * Shannon Speed and Jane Collier, ‘Limiting Indigenous Autonomy in Chiapas, Mexico: The State Government’s Use of the Discourse of Human Rights’, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol 22, no 4: 877-905 (2000) * World Bank, Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and Human Development in Latin America, 1994-2004 http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/0,,contentMDK Class Question: Assess the implications for citizenship of contemporaneous claims for indigenous rights in Latin America.

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Week Nineteen: Afro-Latin Americans Arocha, Jaime, “Inclusion of Afro-Colombians: Unreachable National Goal?” Latin American Perspectives, Vol.25(3) (1998), pp.70-89. Cottrol, Robert J. “The Long, Lingering Shadow: Law, Liberalism, and Cultures of Hierarchy and Identity in the Americas”, Tulane Law Review, Vol.76 (2001), pp.11-79. Available at HeinOnline. * De la Fuente, Alejandro, A Nation for All: Race, Inequality and Politics in Twentieth Century Cuba, University of North Carolina Press (2001). De la Fuente, Alejandro and Laurence Glasco, “Are Blacks ‘Getting Out of Control’? Racial Attitudes, Revolution, and Political Transition in Cuba” in Miguel Angel Centeno and Mauricio Font (eds), Toward a New Cuba? Legacies of a Revolution, Westview Press (1997). Fry, Peter, “Politics, Nationality and the Meaning of Race in Brazil”, Daedalus, Vol.129 (2) (2000), pp.83-118. Fry, Peter [CHAPTER] in Juan E. Mendez, Guillermo O'Donnell and Paulo Sergio Pinheiro (eds.), The (Un)Rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America, Notre Dame University Press (1999). Graham, Richard, The Idea of Race in Latin America 1870-1940, University of Texas Press (1990). Hasenbalg, Carlos, ‘Racial Inequalities in Brazil and Throughout Latin America: timid responses to disguised racism’, in Jelin, Elizabeth and Eric Hershberg (eds.), Constructing Democracy: Human Rights, Citizenship, and Society in Latin America, Westview Press (1996). Hooker, Juliet, “Indigenous Inclusion, Black Exclusion: Race, Ethnicity and Multicultural Citizenship in Latin America”, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. (2005), pp.285-310.* Htun, Mala, “From Racial Democracy to Affirmative Action: Changing State Policy on Race in Brazil”, Latin American Research Review, Vol.39 (1) (2004). * Lovell, Peggy A. and Charles H. Wood, “Skin Color, Racial Identity, and Life Chances in Brazil”, Latin American Perspectives Vol.25 (2) (1998) Pérez-Surday, Pedro and Jean Stubbs (eds), No Longer Invisible: Afro-Latin Americans Today, Minority Rights Group (1995).* NACLA Report on the Americas, January/February 2005, Special Report on Race in the Americas.*

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Reichmann, Rebecca (ed), Race in Contemporary Brazil: From Indifference to Inequality, Pennsylvania State University Press (1999). Reid Andrews, George, Afro-Latin America 1800-2000, Oxford University Press 2004, esp. chs. 5 and 6. * Telles, Edward, Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil, Princeton University Press (2004). Wade, Peter, Race and Ethnicity in Latin America. London: Pluto Press, 1997. * Wade, Peter, “Race and Nation in Latin America: An Anthropological View”. In Race and Nation in Modern Latin America. Edited by Nancy Appelbaum, Anne S. Macpherson and Karin A. Rosemblatt. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press): 263-281 (2003). Wade, Peter, “The Colombian Pacific in Perspective,” in special issue on “Black identity and social movements in Latin America: The Colombian Pacific region”, guest edited by Peter Wade. Journal of Latin American Anthropology, 7(2): 2-33. 2002. Class Question: Account for the historic discrimination against Afro-Latin Americans. To what extent can a rights-based paradigm challenge this? Week Twenty: Children’s Rights Alston, P. (ed.), The Best Interests of the Child: Reconciling Culture and Human Rights, Clarendon Press (1994). Archard, David, Children: Rights and Childhood, Routledge (1995) * Bartell, Ernest andAlejandra O’Donnell, The Child in Latin America, University of Notre Dame Press (2002), part II * Baratta, Alessandro ‘The Child as Subject of Rights and as Participant in the Democratic Process’ in Ernest Bartell and Alejandra O’Donnell, The Child in Latin America, University of Notre Dame Press (2002) * Basu, K. ‘Child Labour: Cause, consequence and cure, with remarks on international labour standards’, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol.37 (September 1999). Childhood: A Global Journal of Child Research, Vol.6 (1), February (1999), special issue on child labour * Ennew, J. and B. Milne, The Next Generation: Lives of Third World Children, Zed Books (1989). García Méndez, Emilio, Child Rights in Latin America: From ‘Irregular Situation’ to Full

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Protection, Innocenti Essays No.8, UNICEF International Child Development Centre, Florence (1998). Goldstein, Donna, ‘Nothing Bad Intended: Child Discipline, Punishment, and Survival in a Shantytown in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil’, in Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Carolyn Sargent (eds.), Small Wars: The Cultural Politics of Childhood, University of California Press (1998). Green, Duncan, Hidden Lives: Voices of Children in Latin America and the Caribbean, Latin American Bureau (1998) * Hecht, Tobias, At Home in the Street: street children of northeast Brazil, Cambridge University Press (1998) Kent, George, Children in the International Political Economy, Macmillan Press (1995), chapter 9. James, Allison, and Alan and Prout (eds.), Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood, The Falmer Press (1997). NACLA Report on the Americas, May/June 1994. ‘Disposable Children: The Hazards of Growing Up Poor in Latin America’. Green, Duncan, ‘Child Workers of the Americas’, NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol.32, No.4 (1999). Maclure, Richard and Melvin Sotelo, ‘Children’s Rights and the Tenuousness of Local Coalitions: A Case Study in Nicaragua’, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol.36 (1) (2004).* Maclure, Richard and Melvin Sotelo, ‘Children’s Rights as Residual Social Policy in Nicaragua: State Priorities and the Code of Childhood and Adolescence’, Third World Quarterly (2004). Marquez, Patricia, The Street is my Home: Youth and Violence in Caracas, Stanford University Press (2002). * Oren, Laura, ‘Righting Child Custody Wrongs: The Children of the “Disappeared” in Argentina, Harvard Human Rights Journal, (2001), pp.123-195. [available of HeinOnline]. Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, Death Without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil, University of California Press (1993). Scheper-Hughes, Nancy and Carolyn Sargent ‘Introduction: The Cultural Politics of Childhood’ in Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Carolyn Sargent (eds.), Small Wars: The Cultural Politics of Childhood, University of California Press (1998).*

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Scheper-Hughes, Nancy and Daniel Hoffman, ‘Brazilian Apartheid: Street Kids and the Struggle for Urban Space’, in Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Carolyn Sargent (eds.), Small Wars: The Cultural Politics of Childhood, University of California Press (1998). Seitles, Marc D., ‘Effect of the Convention on the Rights of the Child upon Street Children in Latin America: A Study of Brazil, Colombia, and Guatemala, Buffalo Journal of Public Interest Law, Vol. VXI (1997-98) [available on HeinOnline] * Question: Assess the prospects of children becoming ‘full citizens’ in contemporary Latin America. Week Twenty One. Universalism, cultural relativism, citizenship and democracy. Carrasco, Eduardo, ‘Law, Hierarchy and Vulnerable Groups in Latin America: Towards a Communal Model of Development in a Neo-Liberal World’, Stanford Journal of International Law, Vol.30(2) (1994). Dahl, Robert A., ‘Democracy and Human Rights under Different Conditions of Development’, in Asbbjorn Eide and Bernt Hagvet (eds.), Human Rights in Perspective: A Global Assessment Dahrendorf, ‘The Changing Quality of Citizenship’, in van Steenbergen, B. (ed.), The Condition of Citizenship, Sage (1994). Donnelly, Jack, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice, Cornell University Press (1989), ch.8. Falk, Richard (2002), ‘Interpreting the Interaction of Global Markets and Human Rights’ in Alison Brysk (ed.), Globalisation and Human Rights, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, pp.61-76 Howard, Rhoda E., ‘Cultural Absolutism and the Nostalgia for Community’, Human Rights Quarterly, 15 (1993). Jelin, Elizabeth and Eric Hershberg (eds.), Constructing Democracy: Human Rights, Citizenship, and Society in Latin America, Westview (1997), chs. 8, 9 and 10. Journal of Anthropological Research. Special Issue: Universal Human Rights versus Cultural Relativity, Vol.53(3) (1997). Kymlicka, Will, Multicultural Citizenship, Oxford University Press (1994). Kymlicka, Will, Liberalism, Community and Culture, Clarendon Press (1991). Kymlicka, Will, The Rights of Minority Cultures, Oxford University Press (1995).

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Mertus, Julie, ‘From Legal Transplants to Transformative Justice: Human Rights and the Promise of Transnational Civil Society’, American University International Law Review, Vol.14, pp.1335-1389 (1999) [available from Hein-Online] O’Donnell, Guillermo, ‘On the State, Democratisation and Some Conceptual Problems: A Latin American View with Glances as some Post-Communist Countries’, World Development, Vol.21(8) (1993). Penna, David and Patricia Campbell, ‘Human rights and culture: beyond universality and relativism’, Third World Quarterly, vol.19, no.1 (1998). Panizza, Francisco, ‘Human Rights: Global Culture and Social Fragmentation’, Bulletin of Latin American Research, Vol.12(2) (1993). Preis, Ann-Belinda, ‘Human Rights as Cultural Practice: An Anthropological Critique’, Human Rights Quarterly (1996). Class Questions: EITHER Are the ideas of human rights and citizenship compatible with cultural pluralism in contemporary Latin America? OR Assess the impact of economic globalisation on the prospects for citizenship in Latin America.