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baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

evropeistikis departamenti

Tamar jangulaSvili

progresis zneobrivi aspeqti

samecniero fantastikis prozis tradiciaSi

(filologiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili disertacia)

Mmecnier-xelmZRvanelebi: Ffilologiis doqtori, profesori

Nnino fircxalava filologiis doqtori, profesori

Tamar siraZe

baTumi

2014

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sarCevi

Sesavali 4

Tavi I.sazogadoebriv-istoriuli progresis mxatvruli sarke 9

1.1. problemis xedvis saxesxvaoba, pirvelwyaroebis mimoxilva 9

1.2. utopia, fantastikuri proza da momijnave problematika da Tematika 10

1.3. literatura, rogorc istoriis Semfasebeli da „utopiis“ cnebis

omonimuri gaTamaSeba Janris istoriaSi

12

1.4. Tanamedrove antiutopiis sawyisebi 14

1.5. kritikuli xedvis kuTxeebi da Sreebi 20

1.6. Semecnebis sagani 23

1.7. kolin uilsoni: kritikuli xedvis variaciebi 25

Tavi II. Janris tradicia da midgomis formebi 30

2.1. Janris tradicia da fantaziis Caketili sivrce 30

2.2. anglo-amerikeli avtorebi teqnologiuri progresis saorWofo

rolze Tanamedrove civilizaciaSi

33

2.3. avtori da romani 38

2.4. lavkraftis prozis Janrobrivi niSnebi 48

2.5. mxatvrulobis tradicia vs. Janris sistemuri modeli 57

2.6. samoqalaqo kritikis mxatvruli forma 61

2.7. skepsisi da ironia 63

2.8. simravlis da ricxvis Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebi 66

2.9. ormagi datvirTva 70

2.10. ”zogadis” cneba socialuri cxovrebis dagegmvaSi 72

2.11. Seteva faSizmze 74

Tavi III. evoluciuri cvlilebis kontrasti progresis tradiciul

gaazrebasTan

77

3.1. evoluciuri cvlilebebis konfliqti 77

3.2. siuJetSi ”Sesvlis” xerxi 79

3.3. Storm-bird, Storm-dreamer 83

3.4. moqmedeba 87

3.5. antiutopiis elementebis integrireba samecniero fantastikis JanrSi 96

3.6. religiis roli da adgili 107

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3.7. Suspence, horror films & prey – totalitarizmis Temis sami gamamdidrebuli

motivi

113

3.8. SciFi: momavlis SiSi da gafrTxileba 116

3.9. dro da gare samyaro 122

daskvna 124

gamoyenebuli literatura 128

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Sesavali

gasuli saukunis literaturul scenaze momxdar mniSvnelovan

Tvisobriv cvlilebaTa Soris mkveTrad gamoCnda samecniero fantastikis

Janris gaSla da momZlavreba. am Janris ganviTarebis sawyisad ukve XVI-

XVII saukuneebia miCneuli, radgan im periodis proza, sviftis

”guliveriT” dawyebuli da utopisturi literaturis modifikaciebiT

dasrulebuli, Seicavs iseT specifikur elementebs, romlebic axasiaTebs

fantastikis Janris mxatvrul arsenals. da marTlac, iqneba es sviftis

laputa Tu huinhmnebis samyaro, an deni verasis ”ambavi sevarambebis”, anda

sirano de berJerakis ”mTvareze mogzauroba” – yvelaferSi aris

mcdeloba, rom mTavari idea gaxsnan realobaSi ararsebul, magram

mxatvrulad efeqtur da azrian siuJetSi. amasTanave, vinaidan

literaturul kritikaSi gaCenilma moTxovnilebam, gamomuSavdes

maqsimalurad tevadi definicia ”samecniero fantastikis”, rogorc

terminis gasaazreblad, amitom Cvens mxriv marTebuli iqneba ara am

sxvadasxvanairi saxelebis CamoTvla da garCeva, aramed gamoviyenoT am

Janris maxvilgonivruli, sxarti da tevadi gansazRvreba, romelic

Camoayaliba gasuli saukunis avtorma, miriam alen de fordma: ”Science

fiction deals with improbable possibilities, fantasy and plausible impossibilities” (samecniero

fantastika exeba daujerebel SesaZleblobebs, fantazias da

damajerebel SeuZlebelobebs), riTac man arsobrivad da xarisxobrivad

gaaerTiana yvela is Tviseba, romelic bevrma misma winamorbedma calke

Janrad aRiqva da aRiara. am gaerTianebiT man agreTve gaabaTila sxvaTa

tendencia, rom upiratesoba romelime erTi niSnisTvis miecaT – da ar

iTvaliswinebdnen, rom am elementTa raodenobam lamis ocdaaTs miaRwia,

moicavda ra praqtikulad yvelafers, goTikiT dawyebuli, politikuri

deteqtiviT dasrulebuli – da sakiTxis amgvari gamartivebiT ganapiroba

samecniero fantastikis ufro farTo da moqnili xedvis ”legalizacia”.

sakiTxis aqtualoba. Tanamedrove sinamdvileSi, gansaxilveli prob-

lema aqtualuria da misi es niSani ar Semoifargleba dRevandelobis

specifikiT. sakiTxis saTanado SefasebisTvis gvmarTebs gaviTvaliswinoT

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misi aRmocenebis da progresirebis istoria. faqtia, rom XVIII s-dan

dawyebuli, mecnierebis da teqnikis swrafma ganviTarebam seriozul

sakiTxad daayena kacobriobis, da zogadad, civilizaciis savaraudo

evoluciis bedi. ase rom, im xanidan ukve gamoikveTa viTarebis aseTi

konfliqturi xasiaTi.

unda iTqvas, rom am konfliqtis buneba arsiT ucvleli darCa, da Tu

ram sxvaoba SeimCneva samecniero prozis ganviTarebis etapebze, es ufro

konfrontaciis formebSi aisaxa da mxareTa poziciaSi gamoixata – isic

mxolod argumentaciis ”epoqaluri atributikiT”.

kvleva efuZneba anglo-amerikeli avtorebis, hovard filips lavk-

raftis, robert Seklis, j. g. ballardis da ramdenime sxva avtoris

prozas, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba Cex mwerals

karel Capeks, da agreTve kolin uilsons da oldos haqslis, romelTa

mxatvruli produqcia samecniero fantastikis Janris CarCoebSi gani-

xileba. CamoTvlil avtorebs aerTianebs ara mxolod mikuTvneba erT

konkretul Janrisadmi, aramed kidev maTi saerTo rwmena rom kacobrioba

mosalodneli safrTxis winaSea. maT zustad amoicnes dRevandelobis is

ori didi saSiSroeba, rac emuqreba Tanamedrove sazogadoebas da amitom

gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria: es aris totalitarizmis principebis

moZaleba da teqnologiuri novaciebis Seukavebeli progresi.

xsenebul avtorTa proza aRmoCnda win gadadgmuli nabiji ara mxo-

lod literaturis esTetikis mxriv, aramed agreTve filosofiuri Tval-

sazrisiTac, radgan am mwerlebma Zalze Rrmad gaiazres is dramatizmi,

rac teqnologiur progress Semoaqvs adamianTa yofaSi: es exeba ara

mxolod fsiqologiur da zneobriv, moralur mxaresac, aramed kidev im

sagangaSo moments, rom gansxvavebiT renesansuli kulturis sulieri

paTosisgan, teqnologiur sferoSi Tanamedrove azrovneba absoluturad

stiqiuria, Seukavebeli da ar iTvaliswinebs adamianTa egzistencialur

normebs da saWiroebas.

am procesebis Seukavebloba imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom amgvari prog-

resis buneba da xasiaTi ewinaaRmdegeba Tavad progresis cnebas. aseTi

viTareba mxolod erTi mizeziT aixsneba: danergil mecnierul siaxleTa

buneba swored am teqnologiur ideaTa modifikacias aris „ayolili“, maT

emsaxureba, da ar iTvaliswinebs progresis Tavdapirvel da ZiriTad

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adresats - adamians, da swored am Temam ganapiroba gansaxilveli

avtorebis Semotanili novacia mxatvrul ideebSi da TematikaSi.

sakiTxis aqtualobas yovelTvis ganapirobebs realuri cxovre-

biseuli da epoqaluri aspeqtebi, ris gamoc nawarmoebis fabula scdeba

viwro literaturuli sferos farglebs da iqceva sazogadoebrivi

yofisa da socialuri progresis principul Temad, romelSic agreTve

igulisxmeba mecnieruli progresic. amrigad, aqtualuria ara mxolod

Seswavlili sferoebis da dargebis codna, aramed kidev TaobaTa

magaliTze gamoaSkaravebuli “socialuri fsiqologiis” momenti,

romelic avtoriseuli interpretaciiT sabediswerod warmogvidgeba.

Cvens mier ganxiluli mwerlebi wina planze wamosweven sazogadoebrivi

qcevis im formas, romelSic amoicnoba Segnebuli Tu Seugnebeli SiSi

sinamdvilisa – da es exeba absoluturad yovel avtors da nawarmoebs. A

faqtiurad, am Janrisadmi Cveni interesi ganapiroba im dinamikam, rac

axasiaTebs samecniero fantastikis publicistur aspeqts – amaSi vgulis-

xmobT iseTi problematikis da Tematikis SerCevas, romelic aRviZebs

sazogadoebas. naSromSi ganxiluli yvela avtori ver urigdeba adamianTa

im mankier mxares, romelic karnaxobs xalxs gaeqces sinamdviles. masa

mudam gaurbis “TvalebSi Caxedos” realobas da Tundac intuiciiT Caswv-

des im sazRaurs, rac ukve daimsaxura kacobriobam sinamdvilisadmi ze-

rele midgomiT. faqtis aseTi xedva gvibiZgebs agreTve misi mizezis

dadgenas, xolo mizezTa Soris unda movixsenioT masebis tendencia, rom-

lebTac mudam urCevniaT daufiqreblad, emociiT ahyvnen procesTa

dinebas, ise rom ar dainaxon Tavisive danaSauli, rac mosdevs sakuTar

upasuxismgeblobas. Tu SevajamebT am naTqvams da mivcemT mas “Teoriul

Jღeradobas”, gamodis rom ganxilul nawarmoebebs aerTianebs ori

mTavari problema: 1. sinamdvilis SiSi; iqamde, rom idiosinkreziad

warmogvidgeba WeSmaritebis mimarT; 2. sinamdvilis aRqma da ganxilva,

rogorc sazogadoebis moqmedebis Tanmdevi Sedegis da am sazogadoebis

damangreveli realobisa.

sakiTxis kvlevis mimarTuleba da meTodi. disertaciaSi

gamoyenebulia SedarebiT-SepirispirebiTi meTodi. SerCeul avtorTa

simravles, maTi nawarmoebebis SedarebiT-SepirispirebiT analizs kidev

emateba maTi originaluri da xSirad ganumeorebeli xedva. ganxiluli

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avtorebi SerCeulia sakiTxis siRrmisebri da Tematikis ganviTarebis da

varirebis diapazonis principiT. aseT midgomas exmareba problemis

istoriis gansazRvra, riTac vasabuTebT arguments arsebuli tradiciis

sasargeblod da Sesabamisad iqmneba saSualeba CamovayaliboT or

etapiani daskvna: 1. mTlianad Janris Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebis da

modifikaciis suraTi, da – 2. Janris zogadi epoqaluri da ideologiuri

konturi, romelSic wina planze zogadsakacobrio problematikaa da

meore planze gadadis calkeul erovnul literaturasTan makavSirebeli

motivebi.naTqvamis gaTvaliswinebiT, logikuria SromaSi ganxiluli

avtorebis da nawarmoebebis SerCeva da anglo-amerikel avtorebTan

erTad, kidev Cexi avtoris, karel Capekis romanis ganxilva – vinaidan

„omi salamandrebTan“ aris nawarmoebi, romelic Seqmnilia haqslis

„mamaci axali samyaros“ paralelurad da romelSic Capekma moaxerxa

daematebina damatebiTi aspeqtebi totalitarizmis haqsliseuli

versiisaTvis. rac Seexeba amerikel da inglisel avtorebs,

gansakuTrebul adgils vuTmobT lavkraftis, Seklis da ballardis

prozis analizs da agreTve kolin uilsonis „gonebis parazitebis“

interpretacias literaturul kritikaSi. amgvari meTodiT vuzrunvel-

yofT samecniero fantastikis evoluciis suraTis warmoCenas, riTac

vavlenT am JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebel tipiur „samomavlo interess“,

ramac ganapiroba mcdari stereotipis Camoyalibeba SciFi-ze, rogorc

„futurologiuri orientaciis“ Janrze. garkveuli mizeziT, nawilobriv

SemTxveviT-subieqturiTac, lavkrafti aRmoCnda avtori, romelmac Janrs

Semata TiTqmis daviwyebuli epoqaluri polusi da gamoiyena ra Jiul

vernis da edgar pos ideuri precedenti, Seqmna absoluturad gansx-

vavebuli xasiaTis da formis nawarmoebi. rac Seexeba Seklis da bal-

lards, Cven savsebiT Segnebulad miviCnieT aseTi arCevani, radgan lite-

raturuli kritikis mxridan am avtorebis prozas eTmoba gacilebiT

ufro naklebi yuradReba, vidre Janris aRiarebul da sakmaod srulad

Seswavlil klasikosebs – aizek azimovs, rei bredberis, kliford

saimaks. Sesabamisad, Seklic da ballardic arian im tipis avtorebi,

romlebic – eyrdnobian ra, SeiZleba iTqvas, savsebiT trivialur da sxva

mweralTagan mravalgzis gamoyenebul siuJetur sqemas – isini mainc

axerxeben gaacocxlon konfliqtis standartuli ConCxi da foni, swored

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tradiciuli literaturuli xerxiT – maxviliT konfliqtis

fsiqologiur da eTikur aspeqtze. garda amisa, konfliqtis

zneobriviAaspeqtis wamoweva am JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebel „novatorul“

siuJetSi agreTve migvaCnia gamoyenebuli meTodis principul punqtad,

vinaidan am faqtSi vxedavT avtoris pozicias – SeunarCunos Janris

garegnul, formalur atributikas – mxatvruli literaturis ZiriTadi

humanisturi xazi.

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Tavi I. sazogadoebriv-istoriuli

progresis mxatvruli sarke

1.1. problemis xedvis saxesxvaoba; pirvelwyaroebis mimoxilva.

SerCeuli masalis epoqaluri aqtualoba gadaWarbebiT gacxadda tota-

litarizmis ori polusis magaliTze – rogorc faSizmis, aseve erT-

partiuli komunisturi diqtaturis magaliTze. magram arsebobs kidev

wminda mxatvruli mxare, romlis wyalobiT xsenebul avtorTa produqcia

scdeba ideologiuri Setevis publicistur formas da esTetikuri

aspeqtis safuZvelze literaturul movlenad iqceva. „movlenis“ moments

gansakuTrebiT unda gavusvaT xazi, radgan ideebis da problemebis Tval-

sazrisiT, ganxilul avtorTa Soris yvelaze nayofieri avtori, karel

Capeki, rogorc moazrovne da mxatvari, Tavisi rangiT haqslis utoldeba,

romelic Camoyalibebuli tradiciis Sesabamisad, savsebiT damsaxurebu-

lad iTvleba antiutopiis klasikosad. amave dros, mxatvruli nawar-

moebis Sesafasebeli yvela parametris gaTvaliswinebiT, XX s-is evropul

literaturaSi aranaklebi adgili ekuTvnis karel Capeks. miuxedavad

amisa, kritikosTa „standartiT“ warmoCenil mweralTa galereaSi, mas

naklebi yuradReba eTmoba. aseTi ram aixsneba mxolod da mxolod im

mizeziT, rac SegviZlia mivaweroT „vadagasuli evrocentrizmis“

gamoZaxils, romelSic martooden anglo-saqsebs ar udevT brali.

marTalia, dasavluri literaturuli kritikis amgvari „ideologiuri

metropoliuri“ pozicia didi xania Searyia laTinoamerikuli mwerlobis

talRam, magram slavi avtoris saxels es ar Sexebia.

Cveni azriT, Capekis faqtobrivad disproporciuli Sefaseba am peri-

odis manZilze orma momentma ganapiroba: 1. is, rom mis ukan SedarebiT

momcro kulturuli sfero egulebodaT; da 2. is, rom „salamandrebTan

omis“ jerovani literaturuli gamoZaxili CaaxSo meore msoflio omma,

romelic daiwyo nawarmoebis gamocemidan sul raRac weliwad-naxevris

Semdeg.

- 10 -

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa am ori avtoris gamaerTianebeli elemen-

tebis gaTvaliswineba: 1. haqslis msgavsad (romlis nawarmoebs is cxadia

icnobda), Capekma aseve scada warmoedgina Tanamedroveobis sakuTari

xedva; 2. msgavsi amocanis siZneles kidev ufro arTulebs is momenti, rom

ar SeiZleba ukve gaJRerebuli motivebis gameoreba; 3. Capeks haqslisTan

akavSirebs agreTve epoqaluri moTxovniT nakarnaxevi amocana, rom

Seeqmnili nawarmoebi unda yofiliyo principulad gansxvavebuli

arsebuli memkvidreobisagan, rac datoves literaturaSi XVII-XVIII ss.

avtorebma.

gamodis, rom orive mwerlis yuradReba mipyrobilia socialuri

dramis ganmeorebiT Tvisobriv konfliqtebze. vinaidan iumoris da

ironiis gansakuTrebuli niWi gansakuTrebiT zrdis orive avtoris

literaturuli xedvis da azrovnebis Zalas, haqslic da Capekic advilad

aRweven Tavs dasaSveb lafsuss iseT siuJetur viTarebaSi, sadac isini

Segnebulad imeoreben winamorbedi avtorebis ama Tu im elements – raTa

Semdgom gaakritikon an gaaSarJon ukve ramdenime saukonovani daSorebis

prizmidan.

amrigad, am punqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT, vaskvniT, rom am mwerlebs

romanebs aerTianebs ori principuli elementi:

1. sakiTxis gaazrebis orientiri da mimarTuleba;

2. ironia, rogorc daxatuli suraTis aRsaqmelad saWiro qmediTi

toni, uromlisodac am Janris „dRevandeli etapis“ mwerloba ver

aRiqmeba Tanamedrove literaturul produqciad.

1.2. utopia, fantastikuri proza da momijnave problematika da

Tematika. mimdinare procesTa erToblioba Tanamedrove samyaroSi

imdenad rTulia, rom maTi marTebuli Sefaseba istoriuli da

socialuri TvalsazrisiT ver iqneba mxolod filosofosTa anda

istorikosTa an sociologTa prerogativa da dRevandelobis aqtualuri

problemebis gadawyvetas cdilobs bevri avtoritetuli moazrovne da

mwerali. TavisTavad cxadia, rom dRevandelobis maTeuli interpretacia

pirobiTadaa gadmocemuli, anu mxatvruli SemoqmedisaTvis misaRebi

mogonili fabuliT da metaforuli eniT da stilistikiT, magram aseTi

teqnikuri arsenalis miuxedavad, amgvari “alegoriuli gansjis” Sedegi

- 11 -

araTu pirobiTia, aramed piriqiT – xSirad ufro axlosaa realobis

ganviTarebis tendenciebTan, vidre Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebrivi

procesebis Sesafaseblad deklarirebuli mTeli rigi socio-politikuri

prognozi.

amrigad, ukve naxsenebi Capekis da haqslis garda, Cveni kvleva Ziri-

Tadad efuZneba ramdenime anglo-amerikeli avtoris prozas. inglisel

avtorTa Soris arian j. g. ballardi da kolin uilsoni. amerikuli

samecniero proza warmodgenilia hovard filip lavkraftiT da robert

SekliT. lavkraftis garda, yvela am avtors – maTi prozis

absoluturad gansxvavebuli Tematikis da miznebis miuxedavad, erTi ram

aerTianebs: maT Zalze zustad amoicnes dRevandelobis ori didi

saSiSroeba, rac emuqreba Tanamedrove sazogadoebas da amitom

aqtualuria: es aris totalitarizmis principebis moZaleba da

teqnologiuri novaciebis Tanmdevi progresi.

pirveli problema, anu totalitarizmis safrTxe da saSiSroeba

Tanamedrove samyarom da evropulma azrovnebam gaiazra ukve 1920-30-ian

wlebSi, rodesac evropis rukaze gaCnda ori didi saxelmwifo, romelTa

ideologia Zireulad daupirispirda dasavluri civilizaciisa da

humanizmis Zvel tradiciebs da amitom savsebiT logikuri iyo

adekvaturi pasuxi da is reaqcia, ramac Tavi iCina evropel moazrovneTa

da mweralTa Soris. Sesabamisad, niSandoblivia is momenti, rom zemoT

ukve aRniSnulma poziciurma da msoflmxedvelobrivma msgavsebam

haqslisa da Capeks Soris, maTi proza gadaaqcia Zalze efeqtur

mxatvrul da ideur iaraRad mosalodnel ”xifaTTa programis” im

ciklSi, rasac uqadda evropas movlenaTa ganviTarebis savaraudo da

arasasurveli gza.

rac Seexeba teqnikuri azris aCqarebul ganviTarebas, es tendencia

jer kidec XIX saukuneSi gamoikveTa Jiul vernis da herbert uelsis

romanebSi, magram avtorebis yuradRebis centrSi ar iyo moqceuli

problemis is aspeqti, romelic exeba progresis Tanmdev cvlilebebs,

rac Tavs iCens sazogadoebis saerTo fsiqologiur ganwyobasa da

atmosferoSi – da swored es momenti ganasxvavebs maT – amave Janris

Tanamedrove produqciisgan. rasakvirvelia, am naklsac aqvs Tavisi

istoriuli mizezi da axsna, rameTu cvlilebaTa Tvisobrivma da

- 12 -

absoluturma siaxlem moiTxova kidev sxva magaliTi imisa, Tu ra

aspeqtebi da rogori dramatizmi mosdevda aRmocenebul problemas. am

mxriv, “damatebiTi magaliTis” roli iTamaSa pirvelma msoflio omma da

omis Semdgomma viTarebam, rodesac msoflio sazogadoebam gaiazra is

antihumanizmi, rac Tansdevs xalxis masis dayofas da marTvas

ideologiuri, rasobrivi an partiuli ierarqiis principiT.

1.3. literatura, rogorc istoriis Semfasebeli da “utopiis” cnebis

omonimuri gaTamaSeba Janris istoriaSi. Cveni Sromis ZiriTadi masalis

analizi ganapiroba ganxiluli nawarmoebebis ideurma paralelebma or

avtorTan: haqslisTan, rogorc antiutopiis etalonuri nawarmoebis

SemqmnelTan da kolin uilsonTan, romlis romanSi vxvdebiT lavkraftis

motivebis ”gadamRerebas”. Cveni interesi uilsonis romanisadmi

ganpirobebulia swored lavkraftis amosavali ideis miseuli

interpretaciiT. faqtobrivad, vrwmundebiT rom originalobasTan erTad,

mis romanSi igrZnoba erTguleba literaturuli tradiciis mimarT. am

orive momentis erTad moxsenieba SeiZleba paradoqsulic ki Candes,

radgan isini TavisTavad TiTqos urTierTgamomricxav poziciebs

gulisxmoben. amitom varCevT, gavarkvioT orive momentis damasabuTebeli

argumentebi da Cveni analizi daviwyoT kavSiriT literaturul

tradiciasTan, raTa gamoCndes gamoyenebuli ideis da mxatvruli

elementebis tipiuroba an originaloba.

vinaidan kolin uilsonis romani ganekuTvneba antiutopisturi lite-

raturis gviandel, XX s-is modifikacias, amitom gvmarTebs ganvixiloT

am Janris literaturuli tradiciis “genealogiuri xe”, romlis

logikur da “mafxizlebel nayofs” warmoadgens haqslis romani; magram

am tradiciis ideuri Ziri platonis “saxelmwifoTi” iwyeba. is, rom aTas

welze meti dasWirda am tradiciis “reanimacias” – amis mizezad

miviCnevT evropis istoriis cvlilebaTa niuansebs da politikuri

evoluciis spirals. meore mxriv, am kategoriis nawarmoebTa sixSirem da

avtorTa simravlem ideurad aaRorZina da Sinaarsobrivad aanazRaura

TerTmetsaukunovani distanciis xangrZlivoba – es exeba Tomas moris

“utopias” (1516), tomazo kampanelas “mzis qalaqs” (1623), frensis bekonis

- 13 -

“axal atlantidas” (1627), sirano de berJerakis ”mTvareze mogzaurobas”

(sruli saxelia: “ucxo naTeli, anu mTvareze ganlagebuli qveynebi da

imperiebi”, 1657), da deni verasis “sevarambebis ambavs” (1675-79).

nawarmoebTa am rigs daemata morelis “bunebis kodeqsi” (1755), e. belamis

“asi wlis Semdeg” (1888) – da mis polemikur gamoZaxilad Cafiqrebuli,

uiliam morisis romani “arsaidan mosuli ambebi” (1891). am siis

gagrZeleba SeiZleba kidev emil verharnis dramiT, “gariJraJebi” (1898), da

kidev sxva, SedarebiT naklebi mniSvnelobis da mxatvruli Rirsebis

nawarmoebebiT, romelTa simravle TavisTavad metyvelebs am Janris

aqtualobaze.maS, riT aixsneba utopiuri Janris “platonisSemdgomi”

aRorZineba?

am faqtis gamomwvev mizezTa wyebidan, Cven gamovyofT sazogadoebriv-

politikuri aspeqtis aqtualobas, ramac Tavi iCina XVI s-dan, rodesac

aSkarad gamoCnda absoluturi monarqiis epoqis Seusabamoba istoriul

cvlilebebTan, radgan erTi pirovnebis saorWofo nebaze awyobili

saxelmwifos arsebobis da winsvlis garemoebam ukve amowura Tavisi

logikuri da zneobrivi mniSvneloba. amas adasturebs ganmanaTleblobis

xanis mauwyebeli procesebi, rodesac wina planze gamovida sazogadoebis

sistemuri Tvisobrivi evoluciis niSnebi. amaSi igulisxmeba rogorc

ekonomikis ganmaviTarebeli klasis socialur-struqturuli rolis

zrda sazogadoebaSi, aseve am klasis realuri xvedriTi wona

saxelmwifoSi. am klasis rolis zrda ganapiroba misma masam, simravlem,

anu dovlaTis Semqmneli am ”cocxali Zravis” raodenobrivma

parametrebma.

CamoTvlili niSnebi gansazRvraven im ideur preambulas, romliTac

gamovyofT Cveni kvlevis miznebisaTvis mniSvnelovan punqtebs

utopisturi literaturis ideuri arsenalidan: platonis mier

Camoyalibebuli ZiriTadi utopisturi principi gulisxmobda

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis regulaciis dawvrilebiT aRweras.

es sabazo principi, Tomas morma Semdgom ganavrco aqtualuri

socialuri detalebiT da sazogadoebas SesTavaza idealuri Temobrivi

wyobis suraTi – rogorc savaraudo realoba, an Tundac rogorc

futurologiuri sistemuri modeli, romelSic ar arsebobs kerZo

sakuTrebis da sakuTari ojaxis cneba, xolo bavSvebis aRzrdaze

- 14 -

zrunavs saxelmwifoebrivi kasta. frensis bekonis modelSi, sazogadoebas

marTavs e.w. “saxli solomonisa” – qveynis mxcovanTa da brZenTa

sakrebulo, romelic zrunavs mecnierebisa da teqnikis progresze da

mwarmoebelTa aqtiurobaze, sirano de berJerakis ideali agreTve

gamoricxavda kerZo sakuTrebis da gadasaxadebis saWiroebas

saxelmwifoSi, da a.S.

romc ar gvqondes miznad am nawarmoebTa detaluri garCeva, TvalSi

umal gvecema maTi erTi gamaerTianebeli Tviseba: ideis adreuli

precedenti TiTqos meqanikurad karnaxobs orientacias wina, adreul

modelze, da Sesabamisad, samomavlo ganviTarebis magaliTad kvlav

warsulia warmodgenili, Sesatyvisi ”vadagasuli” detalebiT da maTi

ZaldatanebiTi reanimaciis rCeviT.

Sesabamisad, ukve SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom ganxilul nawarmoebTa

idea-mizanTa da Janrobrivi gansxvavebis miuxedavad, gamoikveTa orive

ganxiluli arxis – antiutopiuri da samecniero fantastikis arxis

erTiani ideuri marcvali - sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis regulacia. es

idea gaxda Janris arsebiTi principi, da gamoiara ra Tavisi socialuri

da istoriuli evoluciis etapebi, is Tavad mivida sakuTari sawyisis

zneobriv kritikamde da negaciamde. SeuZlebelia ar gaviziaroT naTqvami,

vinaidan amis gamo gadaiwia meore planze sulierebis momentma

sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi, da aseTnairad moxda dapirispireba

dasavleTevropuli renesansis msoflmxedvelobriv principebTan.

bunebrivia, rom am momentma gamoiwvia mxolod mecnierebaze da

teqnologiaze orientirebuli ganviTarebis ideis sruli diskreditacia,

radgan aseTi ”progresi” gamoricxavs Tanamedrove civilizaciis

umTavres amocanas – SeinarCunos humanizmis tradiciebi da saxe-ieri –

Tundac umarTavi teqnologiuri progresis da msoflio sazogadoebis

Seukavebeli zrdis fonze.

1.4. Tanamedrove antiutopiis sawyisebi. sanam ganvixilavT uSualod

antiutopiis cnebas da niSanTvisebebs, saWirod migvaCnia, rom

davubrundeT termin “utopiis” semantikis sakiTxs. sxvadasxva mizezTa

gamo, gavrcelebulia am terminis aseTi axsna, rom u berZnulad “ara”-s

niSnavs, xolo topos ki “adgils, alags”. amave dros, Zalian bevri

- 15 -

mkvlevari ugulebelyofs am cnebis erTgvar “omonimiur gaTamaSebas”,

radgan berZnulad, lamis u–s msgavsi eu niSnavs “madls, sikeTes”. amis

gamoc es cneba iZens Tavisebur ormag mniSvnelobas, romelSic

JReradobis msgavsebis gamo, imaleba am cnebis TiTqmis

urTierTgamomricxavi “ormagi standarti” da “araarsebuli mxaris”

nacvlad, Cven SegviZlia amovikiTxoT raRaca msgavsi “madliT mosili

mxaris Tu alagis”.

Cven migvaCnia, rom XVII saukunis utopistebisaTvis, ideurad ufro

sasurveli unda yofiliyo terminis aseTi wakiTxva, romelic mianiSnebda

maTi mamoZravebeli ideis farul arsze. meore mxriv, arc antiutopistebi

ar iqnebodnen terminis aseTi interpretirebis winaaRmdegni, Tumca masSi

ufro sarkazms da mosalodneli safrTxis da faruli muqaris

gacxadebas igulisxmebdnen.

cnobilia, rom WeSmaritebas SevignebT da SevimecnebT Sedarebisas.

da marTlac: Tu Zveli drois utopistebi cdilobdnen CamoeyalibebinaT

is recepti, riTac kacobrioba gadurCeboda socialur Tu zneobriv

sirTuleebs, antiutopiebis avtorebi aCvenebdnen, rad ujdeboda “rigiT

moqalaqes” Tu “patara kacs”, saxelmwifos brZola “sayovelao

bednierebisaTvis”.

XX saukune iqca totalitarizmis ideebis ganxorcielebis xanad da

istoriul scenaze erTmaneTs enacvlebodnen germania da sabWoTa

kavSiri, xolo amave suliskveTebiT, gasuli saukunis dasasruls

aRmocenda Crdilo korea, oRond SedarebiT naklebi masStabiT. Zalian

mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom antiutopiis Janris aRmoceneba da

gafurCqvna daemTxva swored ruseTis revoluciis periods, e.i. im dros,

rodesac saxelmwifoSi mosuli mmarTveli Zala cdilobda sinamdvileSi,

cxovrebaSi ganexorcielebinaT utopiuri ideebi. vinaidan sabWoTa

kavSiri iqca im qveynad, sadac pirvelad didi masStabiT scades utopiis

realizacia, amitom epoqalurad logikuri gamodga evgeni zamiatnis

romani “Cven”, romelic man 1920 wels gamoaqveyna.

am mwerlis did damsaxurebad unda vaRiaroT is, rom man windawin

gaiazra is groteskuli da absurduli elementebi, romlebic

aucileblad unda gaCeniliyo “momavlis erTian saxelmwifoSi” da

romelTa monaxazebi jer kidev yalibdeboda ”futuristul” komunarul

- 16 -

proeqtebSi. e. Zamiatinma imTaviTve amoicno is mTavari saSiSroeba, rac

imaleboda “sayovelTao sikeTeze” mzrunav saxelmwifoSi: pirovnebis,

individis daTrgunva, totaluri dasmena, dakvirveba yoveli piris yovel

sityva-nabijze, saerTo qedmoxriloba axali Zalauflebis, rogorc

”abstragirebuli mmarTvelis” winaSe da adamianis “danawevreba” calke –

sulad, da calke – sxeulad. am romanis fonze sainteresod Cans

paraleli haqslisTan.

imisaTvis, rom srulad warmovadginoT gansaxilveli Temis

angariSgasawevi masStabi, saWirod migvaCnia yuradReba gadavitanoT iseT

elementebze, romlebic uSualod ar ukavSirdeba Cveni ZiriTadi kvlevis

“sabazo mwerlebs”, magram kavSiris ganmapirobebeli logikuri xazi

momdinareobs ufro arsebiTi momentidan. saamisod Cven viyenebT, ase

vTqvaT, “paralelur koncentracias”: erTi mxriv, im sawyis masalaze,

ramac saTave daudo adamianTa sazogadoebrivi arsebobis – rogorc

socialuri weswyobis formis pirvel Segnebul da novatorul analizs,

romelSic viTvaliswinebT agreTve procesis Tanmdev winaaRmdegobebs da

farTomasStabiani socialuri TeoriisTvis damaxasiaTebel

“kontradiqciebs”; meore mxriv – yuradRebas vamaxvilebT im meryev

mijnaze, sadac xSirad aRmoCndeba xolme Teoretizirebis mosurne

zogierTi kritikosi, romelic cdilobs daaxasiaTos Tanamedrove

esTetikuri azrovnebis an xelovnebis esa Tu is movlena.

pirvelad naxseneb momentTan dakavSirebiT, gvinda yuradReba

mivaqcioT im detals, romelic sainteresod axasiaTebs progresisa da

civilizaciis ideur bazad aRiarebuli postulatis SesaZlo

pirobiTobas, da saerTod, fiqtiurobis moments.

amisaTvis gavixsenoT is ramdenime “mafxizlebeli signali”, romelic

momdinareobs platonis Txzulebebis zogierT mkvlevarTagan,

vgulisxmobT d-r julia annas, arizonis universitetis profesors, kenet

feders, da agreTve a.e. teilors, romlis pozicias k. federi imdenad

iziarebs, rom pirdapir citirebas iyenebs, raTa efeqturad warmoadginos

platonisgan momdinare, magram naklebad gavrcelebuli da

arapopularuli azri, lamis “xelSeuxebel”, kritikis miRma nagulisxmev

masalaze.

- 17 -

zemoxsenebuli mkvlevarebi cdiloben ganixilon ”saxelmwifo”

moulodneli kuTxiT da utopiis meore magaliTad ganixilaven masalas

atlantidaze da Seiswavlian am Temas, rogorc mweral-moazrovnis mier,

TxzulebisaTvis gamoyenebuli literaturuli xerxis magaliTs. aqedan

gamomdinare, maTeuli poziciis Sesabamisad, atlantida warmoCenilia

rogorc mxatvruli amocanisaTvis Seqmnili virtualuri saxe Tu cneba,

romlis “angariSgasawevloba” saeWvoa, radgan am cnebis realoba da

materialuroba ver dasabuTdeba misi sarwmuno geografiuli mdebareobi..

d-r j. annas azriT:

“The idea is that we should use the story to examine our ideas of government and power.

We have missed the point if instead of thinking about these issues we go off exploring the sea

bed. Kenneth Feder points out that Critias's story in the Timaeus provides a major clue”. (idea

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cven unda gamoviyenoT es ambavi imisaTvis, rom

movsinjoT Cveni ideebi mTavrobaze da Zalauflebaze. Cven gamovtovebT

mniSvnelovan nawils Tu am sakiTxebze fiqris nacvlad daviwyebT zRvis

fskeris Seswavlas. kenet federi miuTiTebs, rom kritias istoria

timausSi gvawvdis informacias problemis mosagvareblad). (Lemert, Charles

1998)

maSasadame, atlantida mas miaCnia, platonis “ze-amocaniT” nakarnaxev

literaturul da mxatvrul xerxad da Tuki gaviziarebT am mkvlevaris

azrs, maSin saerTod, seriozuli msjeloba “saxelmwifos”, rogorc

sazogadoebrivi wyoba-sistemis modelis ganxilva iqneba gamarTlebuli

imdenadve, ramdenadac iqneba an iqneboda gamarTlebuli msjeloba

sviftis mier guliverSi warmodgenili nebismieri oTxi mogzaurobiT

nakarnaxevi saxelmwifoebrivi da sazogadoebrivi wyoba-modelebze.

Tavis mxriv, d-r j. annas pozicias mxars ubams kenet federi, oRond

naklebi gambedaobiT, vidre qali-kritikosi, radgan k. federi arCevs

pirdapir citata axsenos a.e. teiloris naTqvamidan: "We could not be told much

more plainly that the whole narrative of Solon's conversation with the priests and his intention of

writing the poem about Atlantis are an invention of Plato's fancy." (ar SeeZloT eTqvaT

ufro garkveviT, rom solonis saubari mRvdlebTan da misi ganzraxva

rom daewera poema atlantidas Sesaxeb aris platonis fantaziis nayofi).

Cveni meore SeniSvna exeba im meryev mijnas, romlis winaSec xSirad

aRmoCndeba xolme Teoretizirebis mosurne kritikosi, rodesac cdilobs

- 18 -

daaxasiaTos Tanamedrove esTetikuri azrovnebis an xelovnebis esa Tu is

movlena. amasTan dakavSirebiT, Cven gvinda SevexoT im Temas, romlis

gansjas sWirdeba ara erTi, sagangebod mis gansaxilvelad miZRvnili

kvleva, magram mainc gvinda win wamovwioT Cveni SeniSvnis logika da

kanonzomiereba: samecniero fantastikis Tematikis da literaturuli

parametrebis korpusi sakmaod “moqnilia da tevadi”, gansakuTrebiT mas

Semdeg, rac aizek azimovis siuJetebis “normatiul Tematikas” daemata

rei bredberis da kliford saimakis fantastikis WeSmaritad

literaturuli mxatvruli simdidre da ideuri diapazoni.

rasakvirvelia, aseTi viTareba gvavaldebulebs, meti sifrTxile

gamoviCinoT maSin, rodesac kvleviT an Teoriul teqstSi Semogvaqvs

raime cnebis an movlenis definicia. vinaidan aseTi ram gulisxmobs

amgvari gansazRvrebebis “mibmas” naxseneb faqtTan – igi amave dros,

imasac unda niSnavdes, rom xsenebuli movlena axorcielebs amgvari

“mibmuli maxasiaTeblebis” erTgvar “uzurpacias” Tu ara – dasakuTrebas

mainc. Tu aseTi ram ar SeimCneva, es or momentze metyvelebs, rom an: 1)

mkafiod ar aris gaazrebuli konkretuli movlenis mxatvruli niSnebi;

an: 2) gamoyenebuli mxatvruli niSnebis misadageba sxva movlenaze

metyvelebs literaturul movlenaTa Tu Janrebis Warbi da zedmeti

danawevrebis faqtze.

am poziciis dasasabuTeblad, gvinda moviyvanoT 1980w., torontoSi

gamocemuli “magiuri realizmis” krebulSi naxsenebi am mimdinareobis

definiciebi, romelTa specifika da niSnebi absoluturad misaRebia

ganxiluli nawarmoebebis mxatvruli Tvisebebis daxasiaTebebisaTvis; aqve

davsZenT, rom es termini, magic realism, pirvelad iqna gamoyenebuli 1923 w.

da jef henkokis sityvebiT, “The term was.. applied to the precise but distorted reality of

painters like Max Ernst and Max Beckmann.. Magic realism returns the marvellous to literature

and lifts fiction away from the scruffy earth. As a series of devices, magic realism, like

telescopes, microscopes and polarized filters, offers us a way of seeing truth somehow excluded

from our vision. The world can be both true to iteself and true to its books; true to the intellect

and true to the imagination”. (Hancock, Geoff 1980).

(termini gamoyenebuli iyo zusti, magram damaxinjebuli realobis

aRsaweradmxatvrebis: maqs ernestisa da maqs bekmanis msgavsad… magiuri

realizmi abrunebs saocrebebs literaturaSi da WuWyian dedamiwas

- 19 -

acilebs fantastikas. mowyobilobebis msgavsad, magiuri realizmi,

rogorc teleskopi, mikroskopi da polarizebuli filtrebi, gvTavazobs

davinaxoT WeSmariteba, romelic gamqralia Cveni mxedvelobis arealidan.

msoflio SeiZleba iyos rogorc WeSmariti TavisTavad, aseve iyos

WeSmariti wignebSi, WeSmariti ineteleqtSi da WeSmariti warmosaxvaSi).

amave Tvalsazriss “magiuri realizmis”, rogorc terminis

Taviseburebaze da mniSvnelobaze, agreTve Seesatyviseba – da amave dros,

Cvens pozicias aseve gamoadgeba meore argumentad, h.h. arnasoniseuli

gansazRvreba: “Magic realism which flourished in Europe and America in the 1930s and

1940s, is the precise, realistic presentation of an ordinary scene with no strange or monstrous

distortion: the magic arises from the fantastic juxtaposition of elements or events that do not

normally belong together”. (Arnason H.H. 2010). (magiuri realizmi, romelic

gavrcelebuli iyo evropasa da amerikaSi 1930-ian da 1940-ian wlebSi, aris

zusti, realuri warmodgena Cveulebrivi scenisa ucnauri da sazareli

damaxinjebis gareSe: magia momdinareobs elementebisa da movlenebis

uCveulo gverdigverT ganlagebisgan, romelic Cveulebriv ar ekuTvnis

erTmaneTs).

rasakvirvelia, am SeniSvnebis wamkiTxvels aucileblad gaaxsendeba

araerTgzis gamoTqmuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom realurad ar arsebobs

mkveTri gamyofi xazi JanrebsHSoris da sakmarisia gadavxedoT romelime

mimdinareobis maxasiaTebeli niSnebis CamonaTvals, rom TvalSi ar

mogxvdes maTi misadagebis SesaZlebloba romelime sxva mxatvrul

formasTan.

xsenebul “SemoqmedebiT tradiciasTan” dakavSirebiT, unda vaxsenoT

herbert uelsic, rogorc inglisuri samecniero fantastikis Janris

mamamTavari, romelmac Jiul vernTan erTad Seqmna sruliad axali

Tematika da “teritoria” civilizaciis progresiT dainteresebuli

SemoqmedebisaTvis, da saerTod, mxatvruli fantaziisTvis. Tu ramdenad

vrceli iyo da praqtikulad amouwuravi es “teritoria”. amaze

metyvelebs samecniero fantastikis swrafi ayvaveba XX saukuneSi, da

iseTi saxelebis gamoCena mwerlobaSi, rogorebic iyvnen, da dRemde arian

– rei bredberi, aizek azimovi, kliford saimaki, kingsli emisi da doris

lesingi. kolin uilsonTan erTad, yvela es avtori warmoadgens im

kalibris prozaikosebs, romelTa ideuri simdidre da fantazia imdenad

- 20 -

aris gaJRenTili mxatvrulobis normebis SegrZnebiT da esTetikuri

gemovnebiT, rom gadahyavs maTi produqcia specifikuri Janris viwro

CarCoebidan – literaturuli procesis da literaturuli samyaros

saerTo asparezze, mwerlobis erTian konteqstSi.

1.5. kritikuli xedvis kuTxeebi da Sreebi. kolin uilsoni daibada

1931 wels, 1956 wels gamoaqveyna The Outsider (ucxo), romelmac miiqcia

sayovelTao yuradReba – da drois gamocdis Semdeg, ufro ideaTa

simravliT da ekleqtikuri CamonaTvaliT, vidre filosofiuri siste-

murobiT, xolo 1967 w. – The Mind Parasites (gonebis parazitebi), romelic

warmoadgens Cvens samsjelo masalas. am nawarmoebebis garda gamoaqveyna

sxvadasxva Janris da formis produqcia da droTa ganmavlobaSi

axalgazrda TaobaSi iqna aRiarebuli, rogorc ideaTa generatori

mwerali, rasac xels uwyobda misi aqtiuri roli kulturis sxvadasxva

sferoebSi da am mxriv gamoCnda misi msgavseba sruliad sxva

literaturuli tradiciis da procesis warmomadgenlebTan: vladimir

nabokovi an iosif brodski, romelTanac msgavseba SeiZleba gamoinaxos

Semoqmedebis ganmsazRvrel cxovrebiseul peripetiebSi: am orive avtoris

msgavsad, masac aqvs leqciebis kursis wakiTxvis gamocdileba amerikaSi,

xolo brodskisTan mas agreTve akavSirebs gansxvavebuli saqmianobis

gamocdileba da profesiebis cvla.

pirveli, ramac didi roli iTamaSa uilsonis mwerlad

CamoyalibebaSi, iyo misi mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba, Wreli

biografia da sakuTari adgilis ZebnaSi gamocvlili sxvadasxva

saqmianoba da profesia. yofiTi realobis codnas daemata misi wigniereba

da nakiTxoba da amgvarma bazam saSualeba misca sruliad gansxvavebulad

Seefasebina Tanadrouli realoba da sakuTari gamocdilebis prizmiT

danaxuli sinamdvile – warmoeCina rogorc obieqturi realoba da

moexdina erTgvari “realobis obieqtivizacia”.

unda iTqvas, rom vvropuli literaturis klasikuri xanidan moyo-

lebuli, mwerlebisaTvis amgvari magaliTi iyo bunebrivi, lamis normad

Seracxuli gza da gasavleli “skola”. renesansuli xanis avtorebidan

dawyebuli, ganmanaTleblobis periodis korifeebiT damTavrebuli,

TiTqmis yvela mwerali ganazogadebda rogorc TanamdroveTa, aseve

sakuTari biografiis konkretuli epizodebiT da momentebiT

- 21 -

gamdidrebul sulier atmosferos da fsiqologiuri konfliqtebis

gamocdilebas, rac maT exmareboda Tanadrouli epoqis epikur suraTis

gaazrebaSi.

amasve cdilobda uilsoni Semoqmedebis dawyebisTanave. amitom, is

organulad erTvis ara mxolod zemoxsenebuli periodis avtorebis,

aramed ufro gviandeli xanis, maRali rangis mwerlebis pirovnul da

SemoqmedebiT tradicias – da es exeba dikenss, josef konrads da jorj

meredits. swored amitom, Cveni midgoma kolin uilsonisadmi da misi

romanisadmi – “gonebis parazitebi” – ar gansxvavdeba iseTi midgomisagan,

rasac iTxovs sxva Tanamedrove da maRali rangis romanistis, grem

grinis an uiliam goldingis proza.

uilsonis prozis specifikaze metyvelebs is produqcia, rac man

Seqmna “gonebis parazitebamde”, da upirveles yovlisa, unda vaxsenoT

“ormagi gavleniT” Seqmnili romani “ucxo” (The Outsider). ormag gavlenaSi

vgulisxmobT, erTi mxriv, ingliseli “gabrazebuli axalgazrdebis”

gavlenas, xolo meore mxriv, alber kamius amave saxelwodebis romanis

gavlenas.

uilsonis SefasebaSi unda gvaxsovdes, rom saqme gvaqvs mwerlis

naazrevTan da mis Tvalsazriss ara aqvs filosofiuri postulatis

ambicia, da amaze metyvelebs misive wigni, “axali egzistencializmi”

(Wilson C. 1966), sadac avtori gansxvavebuli kuTxiT udgeba Tavisi

“saazrovno sivrcis” Zvel avtoritetebs da sakuTar ekleqtikur xedvas

upirispirebs empirizmis da egzistencializmis nakleboptimistur ideebs.

amitom ar migvaCnia marTebulad zogierTi kritikosis midgoma,

romelSic uilsonis msjeloba ganixileba filosofiis dargobriv

konteqstSi da gvainteresebs misi msoflmxedvelobrivi azrovnebis

magaliTebi, saidanac gasagebia misi mxatvruli xedva da literaturuli

pozicia da gemovneba. uilsonis gataceba haidegeriT TvalnaTlivia iseT

magaliTebSi, sadac is mxars ubams filosofoss im mkveTr kritikaSi,

romliTac haidegeri udgeba adamianis masaSi gavrcelebuli brma

morCilebis da konformizmis niSnebs. am Tvisebis arguments is mkafiod

xedavda TviT germanuli enis struqturaSi: man spricht, man sagt, man denkt –

rac miaCnda imis sabuTad, Tu raoden advilad egueba

iniciativawarTmeuli da Rirsebaayrili socialuri erTeulis ara-qmediT

- 22 -

rols – nebismieri elementi, visac ar eTakileba Rirsebis warTmeva.

haidegeris es frazebi “ase amboben”, “naTqvamia”, “ase fiqroben” – es is

frazebia, romlebic pirdapir esadageba “gonebis parazitebis” usaxur

masas, romelsac ar gaaCnia arc individualuri azrovnebis unari da arc

imis unari, rom irwmunos misive TanamoZmis gabeduli suliskveTeba da

sakuTari nebisyofis mokrebiT Tavad Seicvalos.

Tu Cvens am SeniSvnas Janrze gavavrcelebT, maSin gamodis rom es

masa, romelsac ar udgeba termini “homo sapiens”, erTgvarad asrulebs

berZnuli qoros funqcias, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom is konfliqtis

orive mxaris “dramatul partias” ki ar ukeTebs komentars, aramed

“aSuqebs” mxolod im Semtev Zalas, saiTkenac ixreba konfliqtis

saswori, ”... da amgvari masis bralia rom progresi ferxdeba” –

ganazogadebs uilsoni.

logikuria, rom masis dadanaSauleba ukve socialuri problemis

kategorias ekuTvnis da amitom valdebulni varT gaverkveT wayenebul

braldebaSi, anu am naklis mizezSic. am kuTxiT uilsoni sakuTar azrs

mkafiod ayalibebs da ukavSirebs sviftis erT-erT pozicias – da

literaturul tradiciasac. mas miaCnia, rom xalxis masas Rupavs

absoluturad Semarcxveneli gonebrivi sizante, gansjis sizarmace.

aseT pozicias uilsoni imiT anviTarebs, rom progress da progresis

Sedegebs, igi mxolod rCeulebs miawers, istoriulad gamorCeul

pirovnebebs, visac unda umadlos civilizaciam axali da Tvisobrivad

gansxvavebuli ideebis generireba. aqve davsZenT, rom am ideis

racionalur da amasTan erTad romantikul marcvals uilsoni Tavadve

asustebs sakmaod miamituri warmodgeniT, rom sakuTari bedis

Sesacvlelad, adamians marTebs Tavisi nebisyofis daZabva.

xsenebuli “miamitobis” garda, misi idealizmis da romantikuli

poziciis damamtkiceblad migvaCnia adamianis is gansazRvreba, romelic

man scada terminad Semoetana da homo sapiens- is nacvlad homo sapientissimus

gamoiyena, anu aRmatebiT xarisxSi ayvanili Segnebuli Tu moazrovne

adamiani.

vinaidan Cveni Sromis ideuri da Tematuri specifika iTxovda

kvlevisaTvis saWiro kritikuli literaturis ares da Sinaarsis

gamoyofas, am jgufis avtorTa Soris aRmoCnda jon morgani, romlis

- 23 -

originaluri midgomis magaliTad migvaCnia ara mxolod gansxvavebuli

xedvis elementebi, aramed agreTve aseTi elementebis moxsenieba

uilsonis maneris damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis sakmaod araTanmimdevrul

konteqstSi.

uilsons is warmoaCens, rogorc “moazrovnes, romelic bevr sxva

mweralze metad, ganasaxierebs “renesansis adamianis namdvil suls”.

morganis TvaliT danaxuli uilsonis portreti warmogvidgens

praqtikulad yovlismomcveli interesebis mqone mwerals, romlis

literaturuli moRvaweobis ormocma welma Sedegi gamoiRo kulturisa

da realuri cxovrebis TiTqmis “sruli speqtris“ gaazrebamde. morgans

miaCnia, rom literaturul gemovnebasTan erTad, kolin uilsonis romani

aSkarad gviCvenebs mwerlis TiTqmis profesiul codnas da kvalifikacias

iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa filosofia, fsiqologia, kriminologia,

samecniero fantastika, misticizmi da “revoluciuri arqeologia”.

uilsonis yvelaze ufro Rirebul Tvisebad, morgani miiCnevs

mwerlis mudmiv swrafvas, amoicnos adamianis cnobierebis zRvari da

SesaZleblobebi, e.i. is obieqturi monacemebi, romelTa arsi da gamocana

uSualod epasuxeba romanis Temas.

1.6. Semecnebis sagani. saerTod, literaturuli kritika bevrs ar

igebs msjelobiT iseT Temebze, romlebsac akliaT seriozuli da

dokumentirebuli kvlevis garkveuli tradicia – da amis magaliTia

samecniero fantastikis Temebi. amitom, morganiseuli msjeloba

paranormalur movlenebze naklebad Rirebulia, radgan ar gamodgeba

obieqtur da kvalificirebul komentarad parafsiqologiis sagulisxmo

sakiTxebze, vinaidan es sfero jer Sors aris mecnierulad

dasabuTebuli codnis statusisgan. amitom ar vexebiT mis ganyenebul

spekulaciebs medicinis da fsiqologiis Temebze da ganvixilavT im

nawils, sadac kritikosi Zalian ar Sordeba teqsts da avtoris

pozicias.

am mxriv sainteresoa misi SeniSvna, rom raki Cven “vRliT gonebas

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis trivialuri problemebiT”, amis gamo Cvenive

goneba gvixatavs samyaros ara realur, aramed “tyuil suraTs”. amitom

aris, rom wvrilmanebs ayolili da wvrilmanebiT datvirTuli Cveni

goneba gvkarnaxobs faqtiurad “kapitulantur” pozicias da pirovneba

- 24 -

iZulebulia moergos sazogadoebas raime Sinagani buntis gareSe – ise,

rom arc ki aqvs gaazrebuli sakuTari mowodeba da mizani.

kidev erTi saintereso momenti exeba morganiseul versias, rogor

xedavs samyaros kolin uilsoni: kritikosis azriT, uilsoniseuli

samyaro warmoadgens “iluzias miznis gareSe”. amave dros, morgani

miiCnevs, rom “sakmarisia SevcvaloT xedvis rakursi da parametrebi da

“WianWvelas TvaliT” danaxuli samyaro SevanacvloT caSi mfrinavi Citis

”TvaliT da TvalsawieriT” danaxuli qveyniT, rom amas umal mohyveba

realobis adekvaturi aRqma da wvdoma”. TavisTavad aseTi dakvirveba

sainteresoa, magram amgvari receptis nakli agreTve aSkaraa, radgan

distanciis monacvleoba ver Secvlis movlenis Sida arss; metic – ver

Seicvleba am movlenis Tanamonawileoba misive masStabis faqtebSi. ase

rom, morganis mowodeba rom “mivaRwioT mizans ufro Zlieri

warmosaxviT”, logikas moklebulad da usafuZvlod migvaCnia. miT umetes

mcdaria warmodgena, rom “aseTi rakursis SecvliT, kidev SeiZleba

gamoaSkaravdes paranormaluri cnobierebac ki”, rac Semdeg xels uwyobs

adamians, rom Tavi igrZnos realobasTan sinqronul garemoSi.

xsenebuli SeniSvnebis konteqstSi, gacilebiT ufro sainteresod

Cans morganis kritikis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro damafiqrebeli momenti,

romelic ar aRmoCnda saTanadod gaSlili da ganviTarebuli; Cven

vgulisxmobT “Cvens nawilobriv arsebobas sinamdvileSi”. aseTi SeniSvna

aris uilsonis romanis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro efeqturi ideuri da

mxatvruli elementi, romelsac morganma ar dauTmo saTanado yuradReba.

samecniero literaturis mimoxilvaSi, meore seriozul momentTan

gvaqvs saqme, rodesac uilsonis prozaSi vxvdebiT garkveul pasaJebs, an

mcire niSnebs, romelSic masala warmogvidgeba rogorc erTgvari

gamoZaxili an aluzia egzistencializmis sartriseul modelze. aseT

faqts xeli Seuwyo uSualod romanis Temam, radgan erT-erTi mizezi, ris

gamoc adamianis Tavisufleba moeqca egzistencializmis yuradRebis

centrSi, es aris samecniero-teqnikuri progresiT gamowveuli socialuri

problemebi. egzistencialistebis versiiT, teqnikurma progresma waarTva

kacs namdvili Tavisufleba, gamoiwvia adamianis pirovnuli gaucxoeba,

ris gamoc is gvevlineba rogorc martoobaSi darCenili da martoobaze

ganwiruli msxverpli teqnologiuri progresisa da emansipaciis.

- 25 -

garkveulwilad, es exeba ara mxolod uilsonis personaJebs, aramed

saerTod, sabediswero problemis winaSe mdgar yvela personaJs am Janris

siuJetebSi.

Zalze mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia romanis erT-erTi wamyvani Temis –

adamianis bralis da danaSaulis problemis gaxsna. Ees Tema imdenad

Zireulia “gonebis parazitebSi” da iseTi dinamikiTaa warmodgenili am

romanSi, rom wina planze ayenebs “pasuxismgeblobis” da

“gadawyvetilebis” mniSvnelobas sazogadoebriv SegnebaSi. is, rogorc

warmoaCina uilsonma am ori cnebis mniSvnelobasa – da realur rols

Soris Tanamedrove sociumSi, ganapirobebs misi daskvnebis skepsiss da

aseve misi romanis sakmaod xelovnur finals. amave dros, isic cxadia,

rom gasuli saukunis bolos Seqmnili nawarmoebi veranairad ver

dastovebda uyuradRebod arsebobisa da adamianisa da garemos

urTierTobis problemebsa da Teoriebs da es qmnis paralels uilsonis

romanis detalsa da sartriseul pozicias Soris – im sakiTxSi, rodesac

adamiani yovel konkretul situaciaSi TviTon Rebulobs

gadawyvetilebebs da TviTonve unda agos pasuxi masze, nacvlad imisa

rom gadaitanos pasuxismgebloba sazogadoebaze anda bunebriv Zalaze.

Tanxvedra sartrTan kidev im TvalsazrisSi Cans, sadac is iziarebs im

azrs, rom yovel mizans adamiani isaxavs da TviTon agebs amaze pasuxs,

is yvelafers Segnebulad akeTebs, Segnebulad irCevs da amitom verafers

gadaabralebs sxva Seucnobel, aracnobier ltolvas da miswrafebas.

1.7. kolin uilsoni: kritikuli xedvis variaciebi. ganxilul

kritikul SeniSvnaTa xasiaTi warmogvidgens kolin uilsonis prozis

SefasebaTa sakmaod obieqtur suraTs. amjerad SegviZlia ganvixiloT

uilsonis mimarT arsebuli kritikuli literaturis is aspeqti,

romelSic ixsneba avtoris SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis ganmapirobebeli ideebis

wyaroebi, da jon morganis pozicia am mxriv agreTve sainteresoa.

unda iTqvas, rom uilsoni imTaviTve rTul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs

misi Semoqmedebis mkvlevarebs, radgan is ar yofila sistematuri

akademiuri ganaTlebis mimdevari an produqti da Tavisi codna man

damoukideblad SeiZina, monacvle sferoebiT dainteresebis safuZvelze,

arasistemurad. aseTi “samoyvarulo enciklopediur” codnas da

- 26 -

TviTganaTlebas yovelTvis mihyavs pirovneba ideaTa ekleqtikasTan.

saerTod iTvleba, rom msgavs viTarebaSi am ideaTa avtorebi da maTi

ideebic umeteswilad ar scdeba problemis dayenebis stadias. uilsonis

mxridan, am ideebiT gataceba imTaviTve unda yofiliyo ganwiruli,

radgan misi niWi vlindeba ideaTa mxatvrul gadmocemaSi da komentarSi

da ara maTi mkveTri amoxsnis gzebSi.

swored amgvari viTarebis mowmeni vxdebiT jon morganis statiis

magaliTze, romelic mwerlis saazrovno sivrcisa da Tematikis Semyure,

ufro emociurad, vidre dasabuTebulad acxadebs uilsons “renesansis

geniaTa” mimdevrad. amas is asabuTebs ara mwerlis interesTa farTo

speqtris safuZvelze, aramed mohyavs argumentad is rom uilsonTan

xedavs ori, erTmaneTis sapirispiro da urTierTgamabaTilebeli sawyisis

dapirispirebas, Tanmimdevrulisa da spontanuris, racionalurisa da

iracionaluris, intuiciuri Segnebis faqtebs da Tanmdev gancdas.

morgans esmis msgavsi sakiTxis Zalze safrTxilo “samsjelo veli”, da

imisaTvis rom ar daswamon “usagno” sakiTxis gansja, igi Tavis

msjelobas agebs swored uilsonis mier naxmar terminze, anu “Peak

expecrience-ze - gancdis pikze. metic: morgans es Tema Seswavlili aqvs da

aRniSnavs am terminis istorias – rac niSnavs, rom adrec arsebobda is

movlena, romelic safuZvlad daedo am terminis aRmocenebas:

literaturuli kritikis istoriaSi is momdinareobs g. k. Cestertonisgan

da cnobilia rogorc “Absurd good news” (absurduli axali ambebi).

Teoriuli msjelobisaTvis am terminis gamoyeneba sakmaod mouxer-

xebelia, magram meore mxriv, Cestertonma es ufro emociis gancdis

gadmosacemad gamoiyena da ar isaxavda miznad amaze aego raime

Teoriuli diskursi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, morgani iZleva Zalian

saintereso momentis analizs da swored aRniSnavs, rom uilsonma

gansxvavebuli rakursi Semoitana amgvari movlenis aRqmaSi da misi

emociuri potencialis gaazrebaSi: amis suraTad gamodgeba aseTi

fsiqologiuri gancdis magaliTi, romelic gavrcelebuli iyo

Cestertonis xanaSi: gancdis moulodneli sixalise hgavda imas, rasac

bavSvi ganicdis Soba-diliT – im iluzias, rac eufleba arsebas,

rodesac yofiTi sagan-faqtebis miRma sruliad sxva suraTs aRmoaCens.

morganis azriT, uilsoni am gancdas gansxvavebuli kuTxiT udgeba,

- 27 -

vinaidan acxadebs rom swored es zemoxsenebuli gancdis piki gvaZlevs

saSualebas, rom wamierad CavwvdeT gare samyaros WeSmarit arss, rameTu

yoveldRiuri yofis monotonuri proza egzistenciis iluzias uqmnis

adamians.

unda vaRiaroT, rom morganis es dakvirveba metyvelebs problemis

xedvis da sakiTxis codnis siRrmeze, oRond Cven mainc saWirod migvaCnia

kritikosis am dakvirvebas davamatoT sakiTxis kidev erTi SesaZlo

interpretacia, romelic Cesterton-uilsonis kavSirs kidev ufro

gazrdis da gadaiyvans Camoyalibebuli literaturuli tradiciis

sferoSi:

I. Tu Cestertoniseuli versiiT, sazeimo suraTis bavSvuri aRqma

gviqmnis yofiT garemos miRma aRmocenebul iluzias, xolo

uilsoniseuli xedva ki piriqiT, imas qadagebs rom wamieri xilva-iluzia

gvkarnaxobs arsebobis WeSmarit saxes da suraTs – maSin gamodis rom

aseTi sapirispiro, polusuri kombinacia TavisTavad gulisxmobs liuis

kerolis “alisas” gmiris urTierTsawinaaRmdego ukiduresobebs da

amitom savsebiT gamarTlebulia vimsjeloT mtkice literaturul

tradiciaze.

raki tradicia vaxseneT, maSin isic unda gavarkvioT, rodindelia es

tradicia, da ra daedo mas safuZvlad:

II. Cveni azriT, Tu ganvixilavT liuis kerolis zRapris xedvis

kuTxeebs da Tvalsazrisebis rakursebs – rogorc jonatan sviftis

”guliveris” ideur memkvidreobas, maSin TvalnaTlivia realuri litera-

turuli tradiciis arseboba da ideur-mxatvruli xedvis memkvidreobi-

Toba, romelic aqamde ar aris aRniSnuli literaturul kritikaSi.

amgvari mniSvnelobis daskvnis sisrulisaTvis, saWirod migvaCnia rom

kidev ufro ”Sors”, istoriul siRrmeSi gadavitanoT yuradReba, radgan

garkveulwilad saqme gvaqvs iseT literaturul elementTan, romelic

SeiZleba iTqvas, ”marginaluri semantikisaa” da ”xilviTi Janris” masale-

bisken mimarTavs Cvens yuradRebas. amas mosdevs Cveni daskvna sakiTxis

istoriul fesvebze:

III. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom istoriulad zemoxsenebuli ”peak

experience”-is sawyisi aRmocenda alegoriul JanrSi: pirvelad, uiliam

lenglendis „petre mxvnelis zmanebaSi“ ( Langland, W., ”The Vision of William

- 28 -

Concerning Piers Plowman” 1362-1399), xolo Semdeg mis aslad gagrZelda jon

banianis wignSi, ”winsvla da gezi piligrimisa“( Bunyan, J., ”Pilgrim’s Progress”,

1675).

saerTod, uilsons yvelaze metad aRizianebs masis organuli uuna-

roba, rom damoukideblad iazrovnos. da am Temas is imdenad

dramatulad ganicdis, rom cdilobs gaamagros Tavisi pozicia kidev

ufro didi da aRiarebuli avtoritetiT: ”As Nietzsche has said, much in us is still

like the worm that we evolved from, and the comfort of the muck is still more tempting than a

transcendent future which we know not of, and which we will have to strive to attain.”

(Kaufmann W. “Basic of Writings of Nietzsche”, 1966).

TandaTanobiT, roca vecnobiT uilsonze arsebul kritikas, vrwmun-

debiT rom yovelgvari mcdeloba, daviyvanoT mwerali raime erTian,

“damajamebel” daskvnamde – fuWia, da imTaviTve aris ganwiruli, vinaidan

TviT avtori ar iZleva amis safuZvels. piriqiT, nebismieri seriozuli

kvleva askvnis, rom uilsonis moRvaweobis sruli panorama ar iZleva

misi SemoqmedebiTi niWis erTmimarTulebiani ganviTarebis suraTs.

piriqiT, igi monacvleobiT swavlobs Cveni realobis sxvadasxva aspeqtebs

da amis gamo misi pasuxebi qmnian erTgvar mozaikur pannos, romlis

erTaderT ideologiur RerZad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxolod ukiduresi

individualizmis qadageba.

gansakuTrebiT sainteresod amzadebs is Temis warmoCenis ironiul

naerTs, rodesac msjelobs wamoyenebuli problemis savaraudo miTo-

logiur, da Tan mistikur fesvebze. uilsoni aRniSnavs, rom egvipturi

uZvelesi papirusis, “mkvdarTa wignis” egvipturi saTauri ase JRers: “Ru

nu pert em hru”, rac niSnavs The book of coming forth by day. garda amisa, uilsoni

gvaxsenebs am wignis tibeturi analogis arsebobas. risTvis akeTebs igi

amas? – cxadia, rom is ar aris im kategoriis mwerali, rom Tavis Tavze

aiRos “gadamwyveti” pasuxi aseTi mniSvnelobis sakiTxze. nacvlad amisa,

is arCevs gadaiyvanos istoriul-filosofiuri Seuswvleli problema –

literaturuli xumrobis dargSi, da jer mrume, lamis goTikuri

saxeebis wyebas: “dark night of the soul”, “disembodiedspirit on its night-long journey to

Amentet” – agvirgvinebs tipiuri inglisuri iumoriT, sadac gaSarJebulia

Temac da mkiTxvelic: But Karel had insisted that I should study the Tibetan Book of the

Dead – an entirely different cup of tea – and compare the two.Psychodelic, mescalin ..and

- 29 -

Huxley: terminebis es triada imis maCvenebelia, rom uilsoni seriozulad

cdilobs gaiTvaliswinos Tavisi angariSgasawevi winamorbedebis

naazrevi, raTa sakuTari daskvna maqsimalurad obieqturi da

“gaTviTcnobierebuli” gamovides.

- 30 -

Tavi II. Janris tradicia da midgomis formebi

2.1. Janris tradicia da fantaziis Caketili sivrce. SromaSi

ganxiluli masalis safuZvelze, Cven SegviZlia warmovadginoT

mxatvruli prozis am specifikuri Janris Tanmimdevruli evolucia da

davakvirdeT konkretul nawarmoebSi epoqis suliskveTebiT nakarnaxevi

ideebis garevas. SeiZleba agreTve warmovaCinoT igive ideebi, rogorc

socialuri bazis da viTarebis is panorama, romelic ganapirobebs

nawarmoebis konfliqts. orive am momentis sailustracio masala

Warbadaa, magram mTel rig SemTxvevaSi aseTi siWarbe asocirdeba ufro

zedapirul, raime efeqtur da originalur teqnikur ideasTan da rogorc

wesi, saerTod ar iTvaliswinebs, ra didi mniSvneloba aqvs am JanrisTvis

fsiqologiur damajereblobas da utyuar mxatvrul gemovnebas – es exeba

rogorc siuJets, agreTve ideasac.

amitom, Cveni kvlevis erTian konteqstSi, marTebulad migvaCnia

msjeloba mxolod im avtorebze da im nawarmoebebze, sadac samecniero

fantastikis Janri asrulebs erTgvari “viTarebis garemoebis” funqcias,

xolo nawarmoebis ZiriTadi idea saerTod ar gansxvavdeba nebismieri

Tanamedrove socialuri an fsiqologiuri romanis problematikisagan,

vinaidan aseTi kategoriis avtori fantastikur siuJets da ideas

mxolod imisTvis iyenebs, rom gansxvavebuli prizmiT danaxuli adamiani

aRmoCndes isev da isev literaturis tradiciis erTian sivrceSi.

Cven ukve vaxseneT aizek azimovi, romelic yuradRebas aqcevda

teqnologiuri progresis mimarTulebebs da tendenciebs, magram aseTma

midgomam ver gauZlo drois gamocdas, radgan Tanamedrove mkiTxveli ar

iCens aranair interess oci wlis winandeli samecniero miRwevebis

prognozebisadmi. amiT vaskvniT, rom fantastikis JanrSi, teqnologiur

progresze orientirebuli mimarTuleba calsaxad “wamgebiania”, vinaidan

ver uzrunvelyofs kvalificirebuli mkiTxvelis myar da xangrZliv

interess. naTqvamis dasasabuTeblad vaxsenebT Cvens SromaSi ganxilul

- 31 -

ballardis nawarmoebs, sadac yuradRebis koncentracia xdeba uSualod

fsiqologiur garemoze, rac uyalibdeba kacobriobas ekologiuri

forsmaJoris viTarebaSi.

Sesabamisad, aseTi interesis garantiac da mizezebic unda veZeboT

zemoxsenebuli xedva-midgomis “alternatiul” da sapirispiro litera-

turul nakadSi. am mxriv, kliford saimaki da rei bredberi, arian is

pirovnebebi, vinc moaxerxa da sicocxlis, bunebis da kulturis

sakuTari siyvaruli ganavrco da gadaitana momavlis savaraudo sferoSi.

imisaTvis rom amovicnoT maTi xangrZlivi, praqtikulad uwyveti

popularobis mizezi, sakmarisia gavaanalizoT maTi mwerlobis mTavari

ganmasxvavebeli niSani da davrwmundeT, rom isini ar gansxvavdebian

mxatvruli prozis raime sxva maRalxarisxovani nimuSisagan. erTaderTi,

raSic Tavs iCens es gansxvaveba – es Janrobrivi “kliSeebia”, e.i. is

wminda teqnikuri detalebi da terminebi, romlebic avtors sWirdeba,

raTa sinamdviles miamsgavsos monaTxrobi. am avtorTa prozas aqvs kidev

saTavgadasavlo siuJeti, rasac ukve nawarmoebis idea moiTxovs, magram

Tundac am parametris TvalsazrisiT, romelic am Janris “gasarTob”

aspeqtad aRiqmeba, am orive avtoris romanebi gacilebiT ufro

Sinaarsiania da adamianuria, vidre astronavtikis mogonili siuJetebiT

datvirTuli SciFi-is avtorebis teqnologiuri ideebi.mTavari momenti,

rac ganapirobebs kliford saimakis “goblinTa nakrZals” (“The Goblin

Reservation”, 1968), anda rei bredberis “babuawveras Rvinos” (“Dandelion Wine”,

1957) aRqmas, rogorc mxatvrul literaturas, es aris saocari

humanuroba. Cven gansakuTrebiT gvinda gavamaxviloT yuradReba am

niSanTvisebaze: saqme isaa, rom am detalis meoxebiT avtori SeiZleba

ganvixiloT rogorc Zveli humanisturi tradiciis mimdevari; magram

amasTanave, is momavalzea gaTvlili, momavalzea orientirebeuli da amiT

mkveTrad gamoxatavs rwmenas, rom kacobriobis saukunovan kulturas da

civilizacias uqmad ar Cauvlia. es aris swored is momenti, riTac am

nawarmoebebs vakavSirebT kolin uilsonis “gonebis parazitebis” jiut

optimizmTan.

uilsonis da saimakis prozis Sedarebisas, mxatvrulobis Tvalsa-

zrisiT, upiratesoba saimakis romans unda mivaniWoT, radgan uilsoni

praqtikulad ifargleba sakuTari saintereso ideis zneobriv-nebelobiTi

- 32 -

gadawyvetiT: TvalnaTliv gvaqvs avtoriseuli Carevis faqti. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom mxatvruli xerxis TvalsazrisiT, uilsoni mas xsnis

“voluntaristulad”, konfliqtis da ideuri kvanZis gaxsnas aklia is

logikuri Tanmimdevroba, rac ase damajereblad aris asaxuli siuJetSi.

es gansakuTrebiT Cans, rodesac vadarebT personaJTa gundis brZolis

peripetiebis SedarebaSi – finalis moulodnelad martiv, primitiul

scenasTan.

am mxriv mkveTr kontrasts qmnis saimakis “goblinTa nakrZali”,

romlis warmatebas ganapirobebs avtoris azrobrivi paralelebi da

xalisiani iumori.Esaimakis iumori gansakuTrebulia, radgan situaciur

garemos da maxvilgonivrul dialogebs, is uceb amatebs sruliad

absurdul viTarebas da arRvevs yvelanair siuJetur zRvars da

winapirobas. moqmedebis monawile xdeba TiTqmis yvela is pirovneba,

visac ki odesme uTamaSia raime roli civilizaciis da kulturis

progresSi, Seqspiridan dawyebuli, maqsveliT da CerCiliT

dasrulebuli. cxadia, am tipis personaJebis funqcia ormagia, da

uSualod siuJeturi rolis garda, maT kidev evalebaT warmoaCinon

kulturis miRwevebi gansxvavebuli droiTi gamocdis konteqstSi. amasTan

erTad, fantazia aZlevs saSualebas mwerals, rom warmoadginos

borotebis personificirebuli saxe, da is, rac uilsonma Seasrula

“mkvdari sagan-faqtebis” figurirebiT, saimaki amas cvlis fantastikuri

arsebebiT, romelTa roli da teqsti anviTarebs borotebis da veragobis

yvela im xriks. aRsaniSnavia kidev is momenti, rom veragobis yvela

CamoTvlili forma – garda imisa, rom savsebiT “adamianuria” da

amoicnoba socialuri uzneobis gavrcelebul magaliTebSi, yvela es

magaliTi agreTve Seicavs garkveul aluzias TviT Seqspiris

siuJetebTan. am gziT avtors Semoaqvs damatebiTi satiruli plani da

mTlianobaSi iqmneba adamianis momavlis savaraudo suraTi, romlis

wamyvan laitmotivad saimaks isev da isev adamianis buneba miaCnia, rac

gadawyvets momavali samecniero aRmoCenebis da teqnologiuri progresis

zneobriv mimarTulebas da inteleqtualur Rirebulebas.

am daskvnasTan dakavSirebiT, gvinda gamovTqvaT kidev is varaudi,

rom samecniero fantastikis Janris perioduli gaZliereba, anda

- 33 -

SesaZlebeli “minavleba”, SeiZleba agreTve aixsnas ama Tu im avtoris

ideuri warmatebiT an piriqiT, miseuli xedvis marcxiT.

2.2. anglo-amerikeli avtorebi teqnologiuri progresis saorWofo

rolze Tanamedrove civilizaciaSi. ganmanaTleblobis adreuli

etapidanve Tavi iCina Seusabamobam, romelic gamoCnda teqnikuri

progresis warmatebul miRwevebsa da adamianTa sazogadoebis

ganviTarebas Soris; im sazogadoebis, romlis Semadgeneli elementebi –

rogorc cocxali individebi, aseve am individTa Soris urTierTobebi

ver pasuxobdnen aRorZinebis xanidan Camoyalibebul warmodgenas “homo

sapiensze”, da im azrs, rom adamiani yovelive qmnilis, an “qmnadobis

gvirgvinia”.

Semdgom periodSi, ukve XIX saukuneSi, istoriulma viTarebam,

filosofiuri azris evoluciam miaRwia iseT xarisxobriv da Tvisobriv

dones, rom misi areklva literaturaSi garduvali iyo. es gamoCnda

praqtikulad yvela JanrSi: rogorc raime calke motivi poeziaSi, aseve

dramaturgiaSi da mxatvrul prozaSi. Tumc, aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom

aseTi elementis “aTviseba” mimdinareobda “rbilad” da Tanmimdevrulad,

da siuJetSi mis Setanas ufro obieqturi realobis utyuarad asaxvis

saWiroeba karnaxobda, da am mxriv henrik ibsenis piesebi saukeTeso

magaliTia.

amrigad, gviani romantizmis xanaSi – es gansakuTrebiT exeba

romantikosTa amerikul skolas da tradicias – literaturuli

JanrisTvis tipiuri gaxda antinomia, ramac Tavi iCina, erTi mxriv –

inteleqtualur sferosa, da meore mxriv – dramatuli konfliqtis

fsiqologiur fonsa da safuZvels Soris.

am ideisYyvelaze cnobil da aRiarebuli avtori iyo herbert uelsi.

misi samecniero fantastikis praqtikulad yvela konfliqti efuZneba im

moulodnel winaaRmdegobebs, romlebic aRmocendebian iseT dramatul

SetakebaSi, rodesac zneobrivi pozicia upirispirdeba teqnikuri

progresis raime novatorul produqts. vinaidan Cveni “samsjelo veli”

eTmoba teqnologiuri progresis Tanmdev da saorWofo niSnebs, rogorc

es ballards aqvs gaxsnili, gvinda agreTve im momentzec mivuTiToT,

rom aseTi Temis diagnostirebas amerikul mwerlobaSi gacilebiT adre

- 34 -

moxda (da am faqtze uTmobs Tavis kvlevaSi k. GogolaSvili

disertaciaSi iujin o’nilze (“i. o’nilis mxatvruli evolucia da

gviandeli periodis dramaturgia”, Tb. 1983), da moulodnelad gamoCnda

o’nilis eqspresionistuli periodis piesaSi, “banjgvliani maimuni” (“The

Hairy Ape”, 1922), romlis wamyvani idea, konfliqtis motivic da siuJetic,

agebulia swored iseT winaaaRmdegobaze, rac Tavs iCens humanuri

sawyisis da teqnologiuri sfero-progresis dapirispirebaSi.

msgavsi ideologiuri polusebis da sqemis miuxedavad, dramaturgi

warmogvidgeba, rogorc ufro maRali esTetikuri da profesiuli

ambiciis mqone avtori – im stereotipTan SedarebiT, rasac Cvens

warmodgenaSi vakavSirebT mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT ufro martiv,

“Tematur” prozaikosebTan. amis safuZvels gvaZlevs o’nilis

literaturuli teqnika, mxatvruli enis simdidre da teqnikuri arsenali,

romlis varirebas xels uwyobs swored dramaturgiuli Janris specifika.

es gansakuTrebiT Cans mis mravalplanian midgomaSi, rogor udgeba is

amocanas. o’nilis teqsti Seqmnilia ormagi funqcionaluri datvirTviT:

rogorc sasceno warmodgenisTvis Seqmnili “saTamaSo” proza, da amave

dros, rogorc “Cveulebrivi, sakiTxavi” mxatvruli teqsti.

mTeli rigi kritikosebisa, maT Soris devid rojersi, miiCnevs, rom

“banjgvliani maimunis” ZiriTadi Tema exeba im Zveli harmoniis gaqrobas,

rac adrindel xanaSi arsebobda adamianisa da bunebis “TanaarsebobaSi”

– da Tanamedrove eniT rom gamovxatoT, sakiTxi agreTve exeba

ekologiuri konfliqtis epoqalur aspeqts, anu im problemas, romelic

agreTvea Cveni kvlevis sagani. Dd. rojersi cdilobs am azrs meti rixi

SesZinos da saamisod iSveliebs iseT avtoritets, rogoric iyo emersoni,

romelic afrTxilebda kacobriobas, rom bunebasTan kavSiris dakargva

adamianTa modgmas mxolod cuds uqadis, radgan xalxi gadaiqceva

meqanizirebul arsebebad, manqanebisa da Carxebis monebad.

Temis ZiriTadi mimarTulebidan gamomdinare, CvenTvis agreTve

Rirebulia logikis is xazi, romliTac xsenebul disertaciaSi avtori

akavSirebs piesis ZiriTad motivs – henri adamsis cnobili

“avtobiografiis” VIII TavTan, romelsac ewodeba “dinamo manqana da

RvTismSobeli” (“The Dynamo and the Virgin”). am TavSi teqnikis progress da

mis gamovlinebis formas, h. adamsi ukavSirebs amerikuli erovnuli

- 35 -

xasiaTis da Tvisebebis, sakuTari msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebas,

rogorc erTgvar work in progress-s. aseT faqtSi h. adamsi xedavs imis

dasturs, rom adamianis mamoZravebel bedsa da logikaSi Cans rom is

warmoadgens istoriis xelsawyos da iaraRs. amrigad, es aris is Tema da

centraluri problema, romelic gamoikveTa – rogorc antiutopiis

JanrSi, aseve samecniero fantastikis sferoSi, da Sesabamisad, Cvens

kvlevaSi.

arsebobs kidev erTi momenti, ris gamoc Cven vuTmobT o’nilis am

piesis aseT yuradRebas: Cveni erT-erTi mTavari mizania, daavadginoT

teqnologiuri progresis gavlenis “zneobrivi polusi”, raTa

civilizaciis progresi ganvixiloT tradiciul sulier kulturasTan

da sulier faseulobebTan mimarTebaSi, TviT adamianis evoluciis, misi

fsiqologiis savaraudo transformaciis aspeqtSi. aqedan gamomdinare,

pirovnebis sulieri ngrevis suraTi, risi mowmenic Cven vxdebiT piesisa

da protagonistis etapobrivi evoluciis procesSi – es yvelaferi

dramaturgs, da masTan erTad Cvenc – gvWirdeba ara mxolod gmiris

sulieri samyaros arqetipuli struqturis gasaazreblad, aramed

imisTvis rom davasabuToT “individis marcxi teqnologiuri samyaros

antihumanur garemoSi” (iqve, gv. 52), xolo klasobrivi antagonizmis

realoba kidev ufro Zabavs am marcxs da zrdis mis dramatizms.

naTqvamis gaTvaliswinebiT, Zalze sainteresoa piesis

damasrulebeli scena: orive “personaJi” – iankic da gorilac erT

viTarebaSia, orive izolirebulia garemo samyarosagan, magram sxvaoba is

aris, rom iankisTvis aseTi izolacia igulisxmeba, xolo gorilas

izolacia realuri galiiT gamoixateba. ianki kidev ufro uares

mdgomareobaSia, vinaidan is sakuTari “me”-s galiaSia gamomwyvdeuli,

saidanac gasasvleli ar eguleba, xolo misi daRupvis scena gorilas

mklavebis marwuxebSi – unda gavigoT rogorc “ukandasaxevi” gzis

uaryofa. ase rom, gorilas da iankis pirispir dayeneba niSnavs iankis

alter ego-s gacxadebas. Sesabamisad, ianki xdeba sakuTari

antiinteleqtualuri da antisulieri saxe-sawyisis msxverpli. Cveni es

SeniSvna SeiZleba gamoCndes ukve gamoTqmuli azris mcire koreqciad,

magram es daskvna aCvenebs, raoden saSiSia sulierebis sawinaaRmdegod

“amuSavebuli” meqanikuri samyaro da meqanisturi wesis da aRqmis

- 36 -

absurdi; es is safrTxea, rac mere gamoCnda haqslisTan, orvelTan,

kingsli emisTan da ballardTan. am naSromis farglebSi Cven vaqcevT

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas da vavlebT paralels ballardTan, vinaidan

is amave problemis gamosavals sxvanairad xedavs, razec Semdgom gveqneba

kidev saubari miri nawarmoebis analizSi; rac Seexeba problemis

gadawyvetas Tu ara, axsnas mainc – saamiso pasuxi ballards aSkarad

ara aqvs, da amitom literaturuli xerxiT axerxebs sirTulis daZlevas;

aqve davsZenT, rom es SeniSvna ar unda iyos aRqmuli rogorc sayveduri

an kritika – Tundac imitom rom verc realobaSi da sinamdvileSi ver

vxedavT problemis axsnis an gadawyvetis survils da unars.

da bolos, problemis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT, ufro swored,

ZiriTad gansaxilvel avtorTa da nawarmoebTa literaturuli aspeqtis

Sefasebis mxriv, sainteresoa mTavari samkuTxedis ori epoqaluri

polusis konfliqtis analizi, rogorc es warmoaCina o’nilma Tavis

alegoriul miniSnebaSi kacobriobis da progresis momavalze.

iseve, rogorc Semdgom ballardi, o’nilic iZleva realobiT nakar-

naxev pasuxs: pedi, vinc ganasaxierebs Zveli drois “oqros xanas”,

periods, rodesac adamiani iyo bunebis morCili Svili da nayofi – da

iankis pirdapiri da principuli antipode – rogorc Zvelis da

warmavalis ganmasaxierebeli simbolo, TavisiT “qreba scenidan”.

iankis simboluri finali ukve vaxseneT, rogorc momavlis winaSe

dasmuli didi kiTxvis niSani. rac Seexeba am “samkuTxedis” mesame

figures, mis rols aklia garegnuli aqtiuroba, magram igi iseT fons

ganasaxierebs, rom am fonis arsi – principad warmogvidgeba, da es

principi biZgs aZlevs dramatul moqmedebas.

imisaTvis, rom naTlad warmovidginoT am polusebis azrobrivi da

“ideologiuri” datvirTva, saWiroa kargad gaviazroT maTi poziciebi,

raTa amovicnoT is xazi, romelic gamoCnda – an ufro adre Canda

monaTesave JanrebSi.

pedi warmoadgens im ideis rupors, romelsac xangrZlivi istoria

aqvs: frangul literaturaSi es Jan-Jak rusosTan aris dakavSirebuli,

amerikulSi – henri devid TorosTan. aRsaniSnavia am saxis evoluciis

specifika: Tu Tavis sawyis etapze, rusoc da Toroc sakmao rixiT

akritikebdnen industrializaciiT gamowveul simaxinjes adamianTa

- 37 -

cxovrebaSi – vgulisxmobT adamianis daSorebas bunebisagan, im

idealisgan, rasac antikaSi Caeyara safuZveli da rac gulisxmobda

adamianis harmoniul Tanaarsebobas bunebasTan. Semdgom ukve, istoriuli

procesebis da realobis gavleniT, am rixian motivs rwmena moaklda da

SeiZleba iTqvas, “notad” gadaiqca, romelsac vxvdebiT o’nilTanac da

haqsliTanac, da romelic aireklavs industrializaciiT moZalebuli

teqnologiis da adamianTa sazogadoebrivi yofis disbalanss.

Cveni poziciis dasadustureblad, gvinda gavataroT saintereso

paraleli o’nilis da kolin uilsonis nawarmoebTa Soris: ianki adidebs

xomaldis Zravebis meqanikur energias, da lamis ahyavs igi STagonebuli

Zalis rangSi, riTac manqanas eZleva kosmogoniuri mniSvneloba; amrigad,

gemis Zrava, anu manqana iqceva erTgvar antisolarul sistemad, rac

warmoadgens iankis “religiuri sistemis” mwvervals” TiTqmis aseTive

damokidebuleba Seucnobeli Zalis mimarT igrZnoba “gonebis

parazitebis” im scenebSi, sadac avtori asaxavs gmiris dramatuli

dapirispirebis peripetiebs, im momentebs, rodesac is fiqrobs, rom misi

brZola da dapirispireba Seucnob ZalebTan ganwirulia. aqedan

gamomdinare, vrwmundebiT, rom Cveni dakvirveba amgvari tradiciis

evoluciis xasiaTze agreTve marTebulia.

gasuli saukunis dasavluri literaturis vrcel ideur-Tematikur

areSi mkafiod gamoikveTeba specifikuri Janruli mimarTuleba, romelic

aerTianebs kacobriobis bediT da Tanamedrove civilizaciis savaraudo

ganviTarebis problemiT dainteresebul avtorebs. es momenti imdenad

mravalaspeqtiania, rom saSualebas uqmnis gansxvavebuli talantis da

mxatvruli gemovnebis mwerlebs, romelTa Soris arian calke, viwro

Janruli Tematikis mimdevari avtorebi, gaerTiandnen aseTi sakiTxis

gaazrebaSi da warmosaxvaSi.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa is midgoma, romliTac udgebian

aseT problemas samecniero fantastikis “dargobrivi” avtorebi, romelTa

proza ZiriTadad mxolod am konkretuli JanriT ifargleba, magram

gacilebiT ufro sainteresoa im avtorTa produqcia, romelTa mwerluri

buneba karnaxobs maT konkretuli ideis organul gajerebas realur

cxovrebiseul TemaSi. Sesadareblad mogvyavs ori avtori: hovard

filips lavkrafti (Howard Phillips Lovecraft, 1890-1937) da karl Capeki (Karel

- 38 -

Capek, 1890-1938). aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom Sesadareblad maT mxolod

epoqa da cxovrebis wlebi Tu aerTianebs, radgan Semoqmedebis

mniSvnelobis, simdidris TvalsazrisiT, Capekis roli ganuzomlad didia

da mniSvnelovani, vinaidan lavkraftis samwerlo manera ZiriTadad

specifikuri gemovnebis da fsiqologiuri wyobis mkiTxvels izidavs.

marTalia, am mkiTxvelTa Soris – yvelaze cnobil pirovnebas kolin

uilsoni warmoadgens, magram misi daintereseba sruliad gansxvavdeba

rigiTi mkiTxvelis interesisagan, radgan lavkarftis “At the Mountains of

Madness” gamodga is nawarmoebi, romlis ideac da azrobrivi sqema

uilsonma mosaxerxeblad miiCnia sakuTari konstruqciis asagebad

“gonebis parazitebSi”.

2.3. avtori da romani. lavkraftis Semoqmedebis kritikul maxasia-

Teblebad aRniSnulia, rom is aris saSinelebaTa, samecniero Tematikis

da fentezis mxatvruli Temebis mimdevari avtori. aseTi daxasiaTeba

TavisTavad uwyinari Cans da akademiurad JRers, magram misi prozis

calkeuli Temebis gamoyeneba specifikuri viwro Janris konteqstSi

metyvelebs misi saxierebis da esTetikis komercializaciaze. Tu gaviTva-

liswinebT im moments, rom a) komercializacias farTo masStabiT ver

eqvemdebareba WeSmaritad maRali ideuri da mxatvruli Rirebulebis

nawarmoebi; da b) rom garkveulwilad, komercializacia erTgvar

ideologiur politikaze metyvelebs, maSin ufro naTlad gamoCndeba im

“sensaciurobis auris” realuri niSnebi, romelTa ideuri da mxatvruli

maxasiaTeblebi aSoreben mkiTxvels nawarmoebis azrobrivi da litera-

turuli mxaris obieqturi Sefasebisgan. (a) sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,

upriania gavixsenoT uiliam barouzis gamoxmaureba literaturis am

Janrze, sadac is axsenebs italieli mkvlevaris SeniSvnas samecniero

fantastikis mxatvrulobis da beletristikasTan misi saeWvo gaigivebis

TemasTan dakavSirebiT. Dausrulebeli Teoretizaciis da niuansirebaze

davis nacvlad, sakiTxis gadasawyvetad man SesTavaza auditorias

sakmaod moulodneli, uxeSi – Tumca pirdapiri SekiTxvis dasma: “vin, an

ra igebs Seqmnil viTarebaSi?” xolo (b) sakiTxi aris swored is detali,

romelic qmnis safuZvels davakavSiroT es avtori CapekTan da SevadaroT

savaraudo ganviTarebis momentebi.

- 39 -

maS ase: pirveli SekiTxva orive avtorTan mimarTebaSi, umal iZleva

pasuxs, rom lavkraftis SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs iseT magaliTTan,

saidanac Cans, rom XIX saukunidan moyolebuli, mas Semdeg rac poli-

grafiis ganviTarebam gaadvila TviT literaturis “industrializacia”

da misi xelmisawvdomoba, sxvadasxva dargebsa da Janrebs Soris

gamoikveTa specifikuri Tematika, romlis Semqmnelebma sakuTari

fantazia mTlianad dauqvemdebares Tavis temperaments da samyaros

aRqmas. rodesac vimowmebT am tipis nawarmoebebs da konkretul avtorebs,

vrwmundebiT, rom mwerali aseT SemTxvevaSi upiratesobas aZlevs

sakuTar SemoqmedebiT impulss – da Sesabamisad, an ar iTvaliswinebs

mkiTxvelTa gansxvavebul kulturul dones da fsiqologias, anda

fsiqikur wyobas, an kidev piriqiT – Segnebulad cdilobs gaavrcelos

uimedoba an negatiuri, destruqciuli damokidebuleba sinamdvilisadmi.

am meore alternativis damadasturebelia ara mxolod aSkarad

Camoyalibebuli dekadenturi literatura, romlis mxatvruli kredo

SezRudulia da wuTieri sensaciurobisken ltolviT ifargleba, aramed

iseTi avtorebis magaliTi, rogorebic iyvnen markiz de sadi, kolriji,

edgar po. am mwerlebis cxovrebis wesi, de sadis libertinizmi,

kolrijis opiomanoba, pos cxovrebiseuli dramis gavleniT gamowveuli

masis negacia da mcdeloba, rom sazogadoebis damsaxurebul sasjelad

warmoeCina misi kultivirebuli sicocxlis uxaliso, pesimisturi da

zogjer apokalipsuri xedva – am avtorTa niWis wyalobiT, imdenad

xatovnad iyo warmodgenili, rom sakuTar gansjas moklebuli da

ufantazio mkiTxveli kidec ahyva da modad miiCnia am tipis Janri,

Tematika da personaJebi. swored es moda gamoiyenes gamomcemlebma da

misi tiraJirebiT kidev ufro ganamtkices misi, rogorc Janrobrivi

ganxris adgili Tanadroul literaturaSi. Cveni azriT, swored am

konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT lavkraftis proza, romlis mkiTxvelTa

Soris mxolod kolin uilsoni Cans sayuradRebo avtori, da isic

imitom, rom ”Wkuasacdenis mTebidan” isesxa idea romanisTvis “gonebis

parazitebisaTvis”.

hovard filips lavkrafti axla cnobilia, rogorc amerikeli

mwerali, saSilebaTa Janris, fentezis da SciFi literaturis erT-erTi

warmomadgeneli, romelmac Tavis esTetikur da filosofiur principad

- 40 -

daasaxela “kosmicizmi” da “kosmiuri sazarloba”. misi azriT, kacis go-

nebas ar ZaluZs Caswvdes sicocxlis azrsa da ideas, xolo samyaro

Zireulad, Tavisi arsiT mtrulia kacobriobis interesTa mimarT.

Sesabamisad, mis moTxrobebSi Cans erTgvari distancireba sxvadasxva

sarwmunoebaTagan da rwmenebisagan. nacvlad amisa, man Seqmna faqtiurad,

sakuTari moTologizirebuli samyaro, e.w. “qtulhu miTebis” cikli,

sadac sagangebod aqvs gamoyofili uxsovar dros gaCenili sxvadasxva

kulturaTa miTebi.

vinaidan lavkraftis proza ZiriTadad gamiznulia gamokveTili

literaturuli gemovnebis da specifikuri sulieri wyobis mkiTxve-

lisTvis, xolo misi biografebis da Semoqmedebis kritikosebis Sefaseba

metwilad subieqturia da mikerZoebuli, amitom obieqturi Tvalsazrisis

magaliTad moviyvanT jois qerol outsis azrs, romelic realobis

konstataciiT Zalze damajereblad gansazRvravs lavkraftis adgils.

aseTnairad is TiTqos farulad axvedrebs kontrarguments am mwerlis

ganmadidebel kritikosebs – maT, vinc lamobs rom sakuTari gemovnebis

Sesatyvisi nawarmoebis Janruli niSnebi – gadaiyvanos da ganavrcos

zogadad, mxatvrul literaturaze, raTa konkretuli dargiT Semofar-

gluli avtori “Casvan” Tanamedrove beletristebis saerTo konteqstSi.

jois qerol outsi acxadebs, rom “edgar alan pos msgavsad, h.p.

lavkraftma iqonia warmoudgeneli gavlena saSinelebaTa prozis

sferoSi momuSave avtorTaA Semdgom Taobebze”. mas kvers ukravs agreTve

stiven kingi, romelic lavkrafts miiCnevs saSinelebaTa ambis

ganmaviTarebel did figurad, romelmac piradad masze iqonia didi

gavlena.

faqtia, rom zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, logikuri iqneba,

vaRiaroT, rom Tu dargobrivad miviCnevT lavkraftis prozas es mxolod

miaxloebiTi formaluri konstatacia iqneba misi Semoqmedebis, da amitom

ajobebs is ganvixiloT swored misi funqcionaluri daniSnulebidan

gamomdinare, da viSveliebT ra zemoT naxsenebi italieli mkvlevaris

“sadefinicio sqemas”, lavkraftis Semoqmedeba unda ganvixiloT

inteleqtualuri mkiTxvelis gasarTob literaturad – rasakvirvelia,

misi prozis wasakiTxad mkiTxvels unda gaaCndes ganaTlebulobis

- 41 -

garkveuli minimaluri baza, magram amis miuxedavad, misi teqsti ar

scdeba gasarTobis funqcias da pretenzias.

Cven migvaCnia, rom lavkraftis produqciis Sesafaseblad, da misi

prozis Tvisobriv diagnostikisaTvis upriania aRvniSnoT misi piradi

biografiis niSandoblivi momentebi, radgan – iseve rogorc litera-

turuli kritika aRiarebs edgar pos piradi cxovrebis sirTules,

rogorc gadamwyvet faqtors misi fsiqologiis, cxovrebis wesis

CamoyalibebaSi, da Sesabamisad, rigi novelebis arajansaR fsiqologiur

atmosferos mizezs – aseve saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT lavkraftis

bavSvobis detalebi, romlebmac gadawyvites misi fsiqologiuri

portretis Camoyalibeba. faqtia, rom bavSvi, romelic sami wlis asakSi

iswavlis da Seiyvarebs kiTxvas, gansakuTrebuli niWis da sulieri

wyobisaa, magram swored am asakSi mamamisi moaTavses fsiqiatriul

klinikaSi, sadac man daasrula cxovreba neurosifilisis diagnoziT.

msgavsi bolo eloda dedamiss, romelmac agreTve ganuviTarda fsiqikuri

daavadeba da cxovreba daasrula imave saavadmyofoSi, sadac misi meuRle

gardaicvala. asset cxovrebiseul fonze, araa moulodneli, rom bavSvi

Tavidanve susti janmrTelobiT gamoirCeoda da fizikurma sisustem

skolaSi siarulic SeuzRuda. es yvelaferi xdeboda misi

cnobismoyvareobis da interesebis Zalian farTo speqtris konteqstSi,

rasac daemarTa kidev misi deidebis da papis diqtati da bavSvis

yuradRebis gadatana Seucnobelze da misticizmze, ise rom didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi bavSvs koSmarebi esizmreboda, sazareli arsebebi da raRac

urCxulebi da SeSinebuli da atirebuli iRviZebda: “Beginning in his early life,

Lovecraft is believed to have suffered from night terrors, a rare parasomnia disorder; he believed

himself to be assaulted at night by horrific "night gaunts." Much of his later work is thought to

have been directly inspired by these terrors. (Indeed, Night Gaunts became the subject of a poem

he wrote of the same name, in which they were personified as devil-like creatures without

faces.” (cxovrebis adreuli periodidan moyolebuli, lavkrafts sjeroda,

rom stanjavda Ramis SiSi, iSviaTi parasomnia. Mmas sjeroda rom

RamRamobiT Tavs esxmodnen saSineli “Ramis moCvenebebi”. mogvianebiT

aRmoCnda, rom misi naSromi am SiSebiT iyo STagonebuli. (marTlac,

“Ramis moCvenebebi” gaxda poemis Tema, romelic man amave saTauriT

- 42 -

dawera, sadac isini iyvnen moxseniebulni, rogorc eSmakis magvari

arsebebi saxeebis gareSe).

ase rom, misi Semdgomi cxovreba ganapiroba sakuTari satkivaris

aRbeWdvis da gadmocemis survilma – rac standartulia yvela mwer-

lisTvis, magram misma gansakuTrebulma sulierma mdgomareobam gana-

piroba da “Semoxaza” is Tematika, romelsac gansazRvravda da ganagebda

misi fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba – da rasac moaxmara man Tavisi

nakiTxoba da farTo codna mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargSi. rac Seexeba

literaturis “industrializacias”, rac Cven zemoT vaxseneT, misi

Tematika iyo egzotikuri, radgan aerTianebda ara mxolod modur

dekadentur ganwyobas, romelsac amerikul mwerlobaSi saTave pom

daudo, aramed amas daemata lavkraftis interesi biologiisadmi,

istoriisadmi, astronomiisadmi, da rac mTavaria, osvald Spenglerisgan

atacebulma gavlenam istoriis ciklurobaze. am elementebis naerTma mas

ukarnaxa axali tipis mxatvruli naerTi, herbert uelsisagan

gansxvavebuli – ara samomavlo problemebiT da futurologiuri

varaudebiT gajerebuli samecniero fantastikis magaliTi, aramed

swored miseuli, lavkraftiseuli miTi, romlis originaloba gadawyvita

Tematikis mimarTebam warsulisken.

naTqvami mainc ar xsnis lavkraftis SedarebiT Senelebul

popularobas, romlis nawilobrivi axsna aris samecniero fantastikis

da weird, rogorc maSin mas Searqves – “Jruantelis momgvreli”

literaturis popularoba, xolo meore nawilad unda viguloT misi

biografebis mier gamoyofili momenti:

Lovecraft lived by himself in the Red Hook neighborhood of Brooklyn and came to dislike

New York life intensely. Indeed, this daunting reality of failure to secure any work in the midst

of a large immigrant population—especially irreconcilable with his opinion of himself as a

privileged Anglo-Saxon—has been theorized as galvanizing his racism to the point of fear, a

sentiment he employed in the short story "The Horror at Red Hook". marTalia, 1930-ian

wlebSi amerikul sazogadoebaSi jer ar iyo dRevandeliviT gamjdari

rasobrivi paritetis Segneba, magram oficialur SefasebaSi swored

aseTi axsna figurirebs.

cxadia, rom advilia lavkraftze arsebulis kritikis

tipologizacia, radgan misi Semoqmedebis moyvarulebi swored amgvari,

- 43 -

zemoxsenebuli weird, anu “Jruantelis momgvreli” Janris

Tayvanismcemlebi arian, da misi erT-erTi yvelaze didi Tayvanismcemeli,

s.t. joSi, Segnebulad cdilobs, rom daasrulos misi biografiis aRwera

“akademiuri” toniT, raTa aseTi akademizmiT daasabuTos Tavisi

favoritis samwerlo saxe: Much remains to be done in the study of Lovecraft, but it

safe to say that, thanks to the intrinsic merit of his own work and to the diligence of his

associates and supporters, Lovecraft has gained a small but unassailable niche in the cannon of

American and world literature. (Lovecraft, H.P.: “The Life of a Gentleman of Providence” by

S.T. Joshi in H.P. Lovecraft Centennial Guidebook).

Tavisi saSineli da “Jruantelis momgvreli” Tematikis miuxedavad,

mwerals aRmoaCnda maxvilgonieri iumori sakuTari adgilis da rolis

Sefasebisas. zogierTi kritikosis pasuxad, vinc dayo misi nawarmoebebi

sam jgufad Tu kategoriad, lavkraftma aseTi pasuxi gasca: "There are my

'Poe' pieces and my 'Dunsany pieces' – but alas – where are any Lovecraft pieces?” xolo

rodesac SeamCnia amerikul periodikaSi gamocemuli misi moTxrobebis

gansxvavebuli Sefaseba, man aseTi komentari gaukeTa misi Semoqmedebis

Semfaseblebs:

Now all my tales are based on the fundamental premise that common human laws and

interests and emotions have no validity or significance in the vast cosmos-at-large. To me there

is nothing but puerility in a tale in which the human form-and the local human passions and

conditions and standards-are depicted as native to other worlds or other universes. To achieve

the essence of real externality, whether of time or space or dimension, one must forget that such

things as organic life, good and evil, love and hate, and all such local attributes of a negligible

and temporary race called mankind, have any existence at all. Only the human scenes and

characters must have human qualities. These must be handled with unspairing realism, (not

catch-penny romanticism) but when we cross the line to the boundless and hideous unknown-the

shadow-haunted Outside we must remember to leave our humanity and terrestrial at the

threshold. (Lovecraft, H.P. in note to the editor of Sweird Tales on resubmission of “The Call of

Cthulhu”).

nawarmoebi, romelic Cven vaxseneT kolin uilsonTan kavSirSi,

“sigiJis mTebTan”, warmoadgens misi prozis erT-erT yvelaze ufro

cnobil magaliTs, da agreTve ukavSirdeba misi “qtulhus Zaxilis”

cikls. mTeli es cikli, da masTan erTad, “sigiJis mTebTan”, erTi ideiT

aris Sekruli – rom dedamiwaze kacobrioba aris memkvidre ufro

- 44 -

adreuli biopopulaciebis, romelTa “ara-adamianuri civilizaciis”

naSTebi amosacnobia da axlac amoicnoba. es aris lavkraftis prozis

ideuri winapiroba, rasac eqvemdebareba misi mxatvruli teqsti.

Sesabamisad, dedamiwis “kulturaTa qronikis” aseTnairi ganxilva da

Tanmdevi pesimisturi daskvnebi imaze metyveleben, rom istoriulma

progresma ver ganapiroba kulturaTa saxarbielo bedi. rodesac aseTi

daskvna meordeba praqtikulad yvela nawarmoebSi, Zalauneburad Cndeba

kiTxva, “ram ganapiroba mwerlis aseTi idiosinkrezia adamianTa mimarT?

amis pasuxad gamodgeba Semdegi citata misi biografiidan: “Some critics

argue that this theme is a reflection of Lovecraft's contempt of the world around him, causing

him to search inwardly for knowledge and inspiration”. Mmwerlis am zizRis mizezi,

Cvenis azriT, ganapiroba ara mxolod misma piradma ubedobam – iseve,

rogorc es iTqmis edgar posTan mimarTebaSi – miuxedavad maTi aSkarad

gansxvavebuli rangis da avtoritetisa; magram amasTan erTad, aris kidev

erTi momenti “akrZaluli xilisa” – aq vgulisxmobT “akrZaluli

codnis” faqtors, yvela im Temas, romelic ar sargeblobda

popularobiT lavkraftis garemoSi misi bavSvobisas, da rasac ar

ganixilavda ara mxolod oficialuri religia, aramed masze msjelobas

da fiqrs gaurbodnen rigiTi moqalaqeebic, radgan miaCndaT, rom Tema

iyo absoluturad usafuZvlo, faqtebiT daudasturebuli, da amitom

jobda ar exsenebinaT, da miT umetes, ar emsjelaT daudasturebulze da

uxilavze.

aseTi pozicia SeiZleba ar CavTvaloT naklad, radgan avtori

dainteresebulia Seuswavleli sakiTxebiT, xolo codnis da kvlevis

survili ar ganixileba Semoqmedis minusad. Cveni SeniSvnis arsi ufro

imas exeba, rom lavkraftis prozaSi ambis gageba da SeZenili codna

sabolood mudam sananebeli uxdeba moqmed pirebs, radgan an klavs

fizikurad, anda samudamod ungrevs fsiqikas – rac sikvdilis tolfasia.

amgvari daskvna-finalis ideuri daniSnuleba erTia: lavkrafti

Taviseburad epasuxeba msoflio miTologiaSi gavrcelebul istoriis

daRmaval sqemas – oqros xanis monacvleobaze – jer vercxlis

saukuneze, Semdeg brinjaos, Semdeg rkinis – rac sicocxlis pesimisturi

xedvis magaliTia. lavkrafTi civilizaciebis aseT xarisxobriv

dakninebas warmogvidgens rogorc extraterrestrial migrations, e.i. sxva

- 45 -

planetebidan, gansxvavebuli bio-organizmebis migraciiT gamowveul

Sedegs. am arsebaTa monacvleoba agreTve antagonizmzea agebuli da wina

jiSebis marcxiT sruldeba, xolo kacobrioba warmoadgens am Zewkvis

uknanasknel da ganwirul wyebas da etaps.

rogorc vxedavT, pesimisturi xedviT aseTi pozicia savsebiT

Seesabameba samecniero fantastikis saerTo suraTs. aseve saerTo moments

warmoadgens mizezi, rasac abralebs lavkrafti aseT daRmasvlas da

uimedobas: es aris mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargebis da meqanikuri, anu

teqnologiuri progresi, ramac mwerlis azriT, ganapiroba kacobriobis,

rogorc jiSis da civilizaciis, kidev ufro dramatuli ususuroba da

umniSvneloba, da amis gamo igi saerTod ganwirulia materialistur da

meqanikis kanonebs morCil samyaroSi. E

zemoTqmulis konteqstSi, moulodneli ar unda iyos cxovrebiT

gatanjuli da gawbilebuli mwerlis azri, rom Tavis cxovrebis

sasurvel xanad XVIII saukune miaCnda. aseT pesimizms nawilobriv is

amarTlebda, rom sazogadoeba TiTqmis ar icnobda, da rac ufro metad

gulsatkeni iyo misTvis, sicocxleSi ar Rirsebia Tavisi prozis xilva

wignad, da mis nawarmoebebs ZiriTadad Jurnalebidan icnobdnen da

ramdenime aTeulma welma ganvlo, sanam man miiqcia yuradReba da

dResdReobiT ukve aRirebulia, rogorc gasuli saukunis erT-erTi

wamyvani figura saSinelebaTa JanrSi.

unda iTqvas, rom Cveni kritikuli midgoma misi prozisadmi, upiris-

pirdeba mis mkiTxvelTa kategoriis aJitacias da gatacebas misi TemebiT.

amave dros, imisaTvis rom davasabuToT, ramdenad sWarbobs emocia –

teqstis obieqtur analizs, misi prozis moyvarulTa da kritikosTa

Soris, aRvniSnavT, rom lavkraftis sityvebis gavleniT, rom ori

saukuniT adre erCivna ecxovra – kritikosebma misi weris maneraze

ganavrces, rogorc mwerlis naTqvamis dastureba da aRniSnes, rom “His

writing style, especially in his many letters, owes much to Augustan British writers of the

Enlightenment like Joseph Addison and Jonathan Swift”.

rac Seexeba stils, mis stils bevri akritikebda, magram kritikosTa

nawili, gansakuTrebiT ki s.t. joSi, miiCnevda, rom”Lovecraft consciously

utilised a variety of literary devices to form a unique style of his own - these include conscious

- 46 -

archaism, prose-poetic techniques combined with essay-form techniques, alliteration, anaphora,

crescendo, transferred epithet, metaphor, symbolism and colloquialism”.

“sigiJis mTebis” idea kacobriobis samomavlo perspeqtivas exeba,

oRond es azri gaxsnilia ara pirdapir – siuJetis momavalSi

ganviTarebiT, rogorc amas akeTeben samecniero fantastikis avtorebi

mogonil TemebSi, aramed piriqiT – yuradRebis gadataniT Soreul

warsulSi da istoriis ciklebis warmoCeniT da gaazrebiT, mkiTxveli

midis Zalze pirquS da uimedo daskvnamde kacobriobis mosalodnel

bedze.

nawarmoebis fabula martivia da SeiZleba erTi winadadebiT

gamoixatos: mecnierTa jgufis eqspediciis ambavi antarqtidaSi. gasagebia,

rom aseTi geografiuli wertili aris siuJeturi mimarTulebis plac-

darmi, saidanac lavkrafti arCevs mkiTxvelis yuradReba warsulisken

warmarTos. aseTi midgoma agreTve didi xania gamoiyena herbert uelsma

Tavis saTavgadasavlo romanSi “dakarguli samyaro”, magram msgavseba am

or nawarmoebs Soris amiT amoiwureba, radgan lavkrafts yovelTvis

etyoba midrekileba rom konfliqti da siuJeti dramatulad,

pesimisturad ganviTardes. amitom antarqtidas mkacr, gamyinav da

usiscocxlo siTeTres mwerali irCevs idealur garemod, rom mkiTxvels

gauqros bunebrivi siyvaruli Tavisi sacxovrisis, didi saxlis, anu

dedamiwis mimarT, da saamisod – swored istoriis da kulturaTa da

civilizaciaTa cikluri ganviTarebis hipoTezaze dayrdnobiT, Seqmnas is

suraTi, rodesac “dedamiwas” ukve aRar mouxdeba Semadgeneli sityva

“deda”, da nacvlad amisa, mkiTxvelma Tavi igrZnos rogorc am planetaze

ganviTarebuli sicocxlisunariani arsebebis morige wyebis nawili – da

ara kacobrioba, romelmac Seqmna sxvadaxva civilizaciebi da mdidari

kulturebi.

aseTi saamayo epiTetebs lavkrafti saerTod aSorebs adamianTa

Segnebas da amis nacvlad, mkiTxvelSi nergavs iseT warmodgenas kacob-

riobaze, rom is mxolod “morige talRaa an wyeba” am planetaze, riTac

cdilobs ganamtkicos azri, rom Cveni istoriuli adgili da roli am

“droebiT sacxovreblad gamoyofil planetaze, umniSvneloa, vinaidan

gacilebiT ufro naklebis unari gvqonia, vidre Cvens winamorbedebs.

- 47 -

sagulisxmoa, rom am unarSi lavkrafti isev da isev teqnikur

miRwevas asaxelebs – sivrceSi da droSi moZraobis unars, da arafers

ambobs sulierebis mimaniSnebel elementebze. am TvalsazrisiT, Cven

absoluturad mcdarad migvaCnia misi Semoqmedebis gazviadebulad

dadebiTi Sefaseba – miseuli Janris moyvaruli kritikosebisagan, radgan

am TvalsazrisiT lavkrafti ar gansxvavdeba auareba sxva avtorebisgan,

vinc siuJets agebs raRac tipis teqnikuri ideis apoTeozze.

amrigad, miseuli fantaziis sqema warmogvidgens Cvens planetas,

rogorc istoriaSi mimdinare saplanetTaSoriso migraciebis poligons,

xolo warsulSi wvdomis “Tvali” gviCvenebs, rom antarqtidam Semoinaxa

homo sapiensamde arsebuli ori mniSvnelovani etapis kvali. mTavari,

rasac xazs usvams avtori, da rac aSkarad metyvelebs misi daavadebuli

fsiqikis Taviseburebaze, is aris, rom mis mogonil am jiSTagan, arc

erTs ara aqvs aranairi garegnuli msgavseba adamianTan. pirvel rigSi,

Cven amas vxsniT mis bunebaSi Rrmad gamjdari SiSiT adamianTa mimarT,

SeiZleba amas vuwodoT pasiuri, anda SeniRbuli mizantropia. aseTi

daskvna araa moulodneli, Tu gavixsenebT mis biografias, mis genetikas,

da imas, Tu rogor aewyo misi cxovreba da ram Seavso misi TiTze

dasaTvleli kontaqtebi sazogadoebasTan. ar aris saWiro misi Segnebis

Rrma fsiqoanalitikuri kvleva, rom gaviziaroT is azri rom unaris da

bio-fizikuri potencialis mxriv mis mogonil arsebaTa upiratesoba homo

sapiensis mimarT – pirdapir metyvelebs avtoris survilze daakninos

kacobriobis da adamianis pretenzia “evoluciis gvirgvinze” anda

“bunebis Seqmnil Segnebis umaRles mwvervalze Tu produqtze”.

magram gvaxsovs ra lavkraftis weris kultura da misi esTetikuri

gemovneba da mxatvruli xedvis unari, migvaCnia, rom naTqvami ar unda

iyos gagebuli xelaRebiT da utrirebulad, da adamianTa SiSi ar

gamoricxavda erTgvar sevdas da sinanuls imis mimarT, rom

civilizaciis ganviTarebis istoriaSi SeimCneoda daRmavali tendencia

sulierebis da kulturis evoluciaSi. amitom, lavkraftis fsiqikis

sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiT, misi kritikuli damokidebuleba adamianTa

sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebul mankierebaTa mimarT, amave dros ar

gamoricxavda mis taqts da Tavisebur siyvaruls xalxisadmi; sxvanairad

ver aixsneba misi Txovna, romliTac mimarTa Tavis megobars sikvdilis

- 48 -

win, rom daewva misi xelnawerebi. faqtiurad, igive SemTxveva ganmeorda,

rac moxda kafkas cxovrebaSi, da rogorc vxedavT, orive megobarma

daarRvia micemuli sityva – Tumc kafkas SemTxvevaSi, literaturis

danakargi ufro didi iqneboda.

2.4. lavkraftis prozis Janrobrivi niSnebi. amrigad, lavkraftis

mier warmodgenili aseTi daknineba kacobriobis miRwevebis, mainc

naRveliT aris gaJRenTili, da es naRveli ukve im Tvisebis maCvenebelia,

sadac avtoris Sinagani konstitucia da “xedvis prizma”, ar aZleven mas

saSualebas manugeSebeli ram ixilos sinamdvileSi – radgan aseTia misi

movlenaTa aRqmis fsiqologiuri filtri, romelic realobas mxolod

mrume ferebSi anaxebs.

amrigad, saqme gvaqvs arajansaRi, avadmyofuri fsiqikis mqone

avtoris deformirebuli mxatvruli fantaziis nayofTan da Sesabamisad,

msjeloba “Mountains of Madness”–ze warimarTeba im ideebTan dakavSirebiT,

romlebic epasuxebian wina periodis ramdenime avtoris utopiebs.

rac Seexeba lavkraftis daxatul, kacobriobamde “arsebul” preis-

toriuli “mosaxleobis” ierarqias, aRmoCenili yofis pirvel mmarT-

velebs, is moixseniebs saxeliT Old Ones, xolo maTi qmedebis, da

SeiZleba iTqvas, maT aqtivobis, evoluciis da progresis nayofs,

lavkrftma Searqva Shoggots. Tu gavixsenebT kolin uilsonis Tsathogguans,

davrwmundebiT, rom orive avtori cdilobda maqsimalurad ganrideboda

evropuli enobrivi musikisaTvis Cveul JReradobas da mogonili saxe-

cnebisaTvis mieca sruliad moulodneli fonetikuri elferi; amave

dros, isic aSkarad Cans, rogori gavlena iqonia am orive avtorze

sviftis mier mogonilma “brobdingneg”, “huinhm”, “iehum”, da sxva msgavsma

leqsikurma egzotikam.

literaturuli zegavlenis TvalsazrisiT, metad sainteresoa,

raoden “arCeviTia” mwerlis “SemoqmedebiTi introvertuloba”, vinaidan

is absoluturad damoukidebelia da originaluri, rodesac saqme exeba

suraTis daxatvas, magram amave dros ar erideba ukve gamoyenebuli

futurologiuri kliSeebis da gavrcelebuli azrebis sesxebas da

gaziarebas.

- 49 -

pirvel rigSi, es exeba im OOld Ones-anu “gardasulTa” migraciis

mizezs dedamiwaze. lavkrafti umal acxadebs, rom maT warmoudgenlad

maRalma codnam da civilizaciis meqanisturma saxem daarwmuna, rom

arsebobis aseTi forma momakvdineblad moqmedebs emociur sferoze.

TavisTavad cxadia, rom maTi preistoriuli samyofelis aRmoCenis

Semdeg, mkvlevarTa brigadas ara aqvs araviTari saSualeba, rom

enobrivad eziaros momxdaris ambavs – da saamisod lavkrafTi arCevs

sakmaod gulubryvilo xerxs: yvelafer amas moqmedebis gmirebi igeben

“dasuraTebuli matianedan”, anu aRmoCenili nasaxlarebis kedlis

moxatulobidan. Tu ramdenad misaRebia mkiTxvelisaTvis imis dajereba,

rom ZiriTadad wyalSi mcxovrebi, Tan “varskvlavTaviani” da sacecebiani

arsebebis “egzistencialur kulturaSi” wesadaa cxovreba rTul

arqiteqturuli nagebobebSi da sakuTari sicocxlis amsaxveli kedlis

moxatulobis ganviTareba – es ukve literaturuli gemovnebis saqmea,

magram Cven amas ganvixilavT civilizaciis ganviTarebis Tematikuri

kuTxiT.

Tavidan, varskvlavTavian “gardasulTa” Camosvlas dedamiwaze

Tansdevda brZola kidev sxva kosmiur ”migrantebTan”, rac maTi damarc-

xebiT dasrulda, da ris Semdeg am mosulebis “sacxovrebel politikas”

lavkrafti xatavs XIX saukuneSi gavrcelebuli ramdenime seqtis Targze.

am seqtebma dagmes kapitalizmiT ganpirobebuli industrializacia da

Tanadroul garemoSi Cabmas – ganrideba arCies, raTa dabrunebodnen

zneobrivad saRi da martivo cxovrebis wess.

magram ramdenad marTebulia, wina saukunis istoriuli

gamocdilebis gadatana fantastikur arsebaTa cxovrebis wesze da

logikaze? – aRar SevexexebiT am elementis komizmsa da absurdulobas,

da marto imas aRvniSnavT, rom maTi sazrunavi mxolod sakvebi iyo,

risTvisac maT dedamiwaze Seqmnes sxvadasxva arsebebi, romelTa

gamoyenebis diapazoni Semdeg gazardes. maT daiwyes biologiuri sakvebi

masis warmoeba, Semdeg Seqmnes mravalujrediani protoplazma, romelsac

Caunerges unari, rom hipnozis gavleniT gaeCina saWiro droebiTi

organoebi. cxadia, rom am gziT maT daigules idealuri monebi,

romelTac gaaCndaT unari nebismieri samuSaos Sesrulebis.

- 50 -

amrigad, “gardasulTa” dedamiwaze cxovrebis aTvisebis I etapi

aRiniSneba monaTa institutis SeqmniT, rac aris safuZvelTa safuZveli

sokrates, platonis, aristoteles – xolo Semdeg Tomas moris da sxvaTa

fantaziis samuSao sqemis CamoyalibebaSi. rogorc vxedavT, lavkraftis

fantaziis aseTi racionaluri sqema mTlianad Seesatyviseba platonis

“saxelmwifos” socialur-ekonomikuri wyobis safuZvels, romlis mTavari

saarsebo-sacxovrebeli resursi iyo monaTa Sroma.

zemoTqmulis safuZvelze SegviZlia gaviazroT, ramdenad Seusabamo

iyo avtoris codnis diapazoni sxvadasxva dargSi – im suraTebTan da

masalasTan, rac man siuJetis sailustraciod gamoiyena. xelovnurad

gamoyvanili monebi, romlebis hipnozis gavleniT izrdebodnen da

warmoudgeneli Zala uCndebodaT – lavkraftTan asruleben meqanizaciis

funqcias, uromlisodac es “gardmosulebi” ver moaxerxebdnen veranairi

civilizacias aSenebas.

unda vaRiaroT, rom monaTa institutis gamocxadeba, rogorc –

lamis gangebiT dadgenil ”a priori” mocemulobad, romelic arsebul

bunebriv resursebs emateboda rogorc damatebiTi energiis wyaro –

aseTi damokidebuleba monaTa mimarT igrZnoba rogorc berZen

avtorebTan, aseve morTan. es advili SesamCnevia, da kidec amitom Capekma

maTi es damokidebuleba ukiduresobamde ganavrco da TiTqmis

kanibalizmis formamde aiyvana, rodesac gamudmebuli mogebiT

madaaSlili sindikatis wevrebi aRar sjerdebian ufaso Sromis Zalas da

mogebis procentis gazrdiT gadareulebi, sakiTxs ayeneben am faqtiuri

monebis tyavis gamoyenebaze, da maTi xorcis Semowmebaze saWmelad

vargisianobaze. Cveni azriT, berZen avtorTa swored es momenti amoicno

lavkraftma, da nawarmoebSi aCvena ierarqiis TavSi myofi mbrZanebelis

absoluturad gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba Tavis “gamosayenebel

nayofisadmi” – yovel SemTxvevaSi imdenad, rom mbrZanebelTa

urTierTdamokidebulebis kodi da zneobis wesebi iyo mxolod maTi

jiSisaTvis dadgenili Sida qceviTi normebi. amitom, is varskvlavTaviani

“gardmosulebi” qmnidnen sxvadasxva saeqsperimento mcenareul da zoo-

organizmebs, xolo dawunebulis mospobas avalebdnen Sogotebs,

romelTac Caunerges fizikuri Zalis da gabaritebis gazrdis unari

hipnozis zemoqmedebis gavleniT. faqtiurad, lavkrafti iZleva mxatvrul

- 51 -

saxes, romelSic amoicnoba biorobotebis da frankenStainis erTgvari

narevi. es azri efuZneba im detals, rom momravlebuli da kontrolis

zRvars gadasuli Sogotebi aujanydebian da imarjveben TavinT

Semqmnelebze. am detaliT avtori qmnis ormagi mniSvnelobis suraTs:

erTi mxriv, paralels berZnuli miTologiis siuJetTan – titanebis da

RmerTebis brZolasTan, xolo meore mxriv – Tavis azrs afiqsirebs im

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, rom xelovnurad Seqmnili Zala aucileblad

aRmoCndeba umarTavi, da amitom didi albaTobaa imis, rom Tavissave

Semqmnels daupirispirdeba; rogorc vxedavT, miTologiuri golemis,

meri Selis – da Semdeg Capekis idea, lavkraftisTvisac aRmoCnda

damajerebeli.

nawarmoebis siuJetSi sakmaod moulodneli Cans kacobriobis

civilizaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli urbanistuli anturaJi da aseve

esTetika da kultura – iseTi arsebebisgan, romlebic TavianTi gonebrivi

da fizikuri potencialiT mTlianad aRematebian adamians. am mxriv,

gakvirvebas iwvevs ara mxolod maTi “civilizaciisaTvis”

damaxasiaTebeli qalaquri arqiteqtura da freskuli mxatvroba, aramed

is detali, romelic aSkarad asustebs nawarmoebis emociur mxares, da

avnebs ideis logikas da damajereblobas.

moulodnelia da axnas ar eqvemdebareba avtoris survili, rom

fantastikis sruliad SeuboWav pirobebSi, is xSirad cdilobs adamianTa

yofis atributikiT “gaamdidros” Txroba, rom mkiTxvels gauCndes

sinamdvilis SegrZneba. amitom damabnevelia im arsebaTs “sawolebis”

aRwera, anu kasrisebri WurWli, romelSic maT vertikalur

mdgomareobaSi eZinaT; aseve komikuria avejis aRwera da saerTod

xseneba – rvafexas msgavsi sacecebis arsebebisTvis. miT ufro, rom

“avejs isini oTaxis SuagulSi dgamdnen, raTa kedlebi Tavisufali

yofili dekoratiuli morTulobisTvis.. maT interierSi mudam Canda

stelaJebi, sadac inaxavdnen TavianT wignebs, anu mtkiced Sekrul da

dawinwklul firfitebs.. binebis gasanaTeblad xmarobdnen sagangebo

mowyobilobas, romlis moqmedeba damokidebuli iyo raRac eleqtro-

qimiur procesebze...”

- 52 -

magram amaze yuradRebas ar gavamaxvilebT, radgan gacilebiT ufro

mniSvnelovania lavkraftis azri zogadad, ojaxze – miT ufro, rom

viciT misi piradi saojaxo gamocdilebis dramatuli ambavi.

lavkrafti wers, rom es jiSi mravldeboda sporebiT, rogorc es

axasiaTebs gvimris ojaxs, da rom am jiSs “ar gaaCnda biologiuri

winapiroba ojaxuri cxovrebisaTvis – iseTi, rogorc es SeimCneva

ZuZumwovrebSi; isini wyvilebad ara cxovrobdnen da bevri ram gaaCndaT

saerTo mcenareebTan. amis miuxedavad, ojaxebs mainc qmnidnen, Tan

sakmaod mravalricxovans – oRond amas isini akeTebdnen komfortisaTvis

da inteleqtualuri urTierTobis uzrunvelsayofad. aq Znelia raime

komentaris gakeTeba, vinaidan ara gvaqvs sityvieri damadasturebeli

sabuTi “gvimrisebri ojaxis” SemakavSirebel wesze.

bunebrivia, rom ojaxidan sazogadoebaze gadasvla logikuria da

amasTan dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa lavkraftis SeniSvna, rom “maTi

wyobileba ufro socialisturi tipis iyo..” – xolo amas mosdevs teqsti,

romlis msgavsi Segxvedria postrenesansuli periodis utopiebSi:

“marTalia, maTi civilizacia urbanistuli iyo, magram maTTan

mniSvnelovan rols soflis meurneobac TamaSobda, gansakuTrebiT ki

mecxoveleoba” – aq dgeba momenti, rodesac unda gavikvirvoT, ramdenad

mikerZoebuli da angaJirebuli Canan lavkraftis specifikuri Janris

moyvarulebi, rom ver amCneven elementarul Seusabamobas da

dauzusteblobas: ra saxis mecxoveleobas unda misdevdes es gamogonili

civilizacia, da sad? Tu davujerebT avtors, rom isini xmeleTzec

cxovrobdnen da wyalqveS, sanam ajanyebulma Sogotebma saerTod ar

daisakuTres xmeleTi, maSin rogor unda gavigoT maTi mecxoveleobis

baza?

CvenAperiodulad gviCndeba am tipis SekiTxvebi, da kvlav

vrwmundebiT, rom lavkraftis Semoqmedebaze saubari produqtiulia

mxolod misi prozis ideur-Tematikuri an Janruli danawevrebis

SemTxvevaSi. amitom ufro produqtiulia msjeloba damatebiT

argumentze, rac agreTve metyvelebs Zveli avtorebis gavlenaze,

romelTa Soris sviftsac vgulisxmobT. “gardasulTa” civilizaciis

daxasiaTebisas, avtori agreTve aRniSnavs madnis warmoebas, rac

miuTiTebs raRac formis industriaze – da am mxriv lavkraftis

- 53 -

fantazia “mxardamxar” misdevs moris da kampanelas nafiqrals. es exeba

ekspansiis Temasac, rasac Tavis droze arc platonma auara gverdi da

arc morma. cxadia, rom ekspansia – agresiuli dinamikis Sedegia, da

platoni amas istoriis normad aRiqvamda da miseuli “saxelmwifos”,

rogorc institutis gaazrebas, es edo safuZvlad, rodesac ganixilavda

politikur da samxedro konfrontacias sxva ZalasTan. msgavsi varaudi

lavkraftTanac igrZnoba, rodesac is wers, rom “masobrivi gadasaxleba

iSviaTi ram iyo, da isic mxolod kolonizaciis etapze xdeboda,

rodesac es rasa apirebda axali teritoriis monadirebas”.

aRsaniSnavia agreTve lavkraftis erTgvari kompilatiuri meTodi,

romelic emyareba kacobriobis kulturis mravali aspeqtis detalebs, da

romelsac is ratomRac iyenebs im civilizaciasTan dakavSirebiT, rac

kacobriobamde arsebobda. arqiteqturaSi is antarqtidis yinulqveS

aRmoCenil goTikur Spilebs da piramidalur formebs axsenebs, xolo

rodesac exeba “gardmosulTa” moZraobas, ambobs, rom “satransporto

saSualebani maTTvis ucnobi iyo”. aq Cans, rom avtori cdilobs daicvas

dokumentalurobis forma, TiTqos aseTnairad unda gaawonasworos

evraziidan nasesxebi masala – ukve kolumbamdeli amerikis specifikiT,

vinaidan arc inkTa da arc actekTa civilizacias ar hqonda gaazrebuli

“transportirebis” cneba. magram Sedegi sapirispiro gamodis da “Semdeg

momxdaris” gadatana “manamdelis” kategoriaSi, ver CaiTvleba

racionaluri logikis magaliTad.

isic unda iTqvas, rom XVI-XVII saukunis utopistebis da sviftis

fantaziis detalebma, Tanmimdevrulad miiyvanes lavkrafti ramdenime

sakvanZo aspeqtamde. Man gaamaxvila yuradReba transportirebis sakiTxze,

rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis aspeqtze. amitom is axsenebs jer

“sapalne cxovelebs, erTob primitiul xerxemlian arsebebs”, romlebic

“iseve rogorc sxva cocxal organizmTa uamravi raodenoba.. aRmocendnen

“gardmosulTa” mier Seqmnili ujredebis ara-kontrolirebuli

evoluciis manZilze – magram droTa ganmavlobaSi, Tavi daaRwies maT

kontrols. isini nel-nela, TavisiT viTardebodnen.. xolo romelnic

xels uSlidnen planetis mbrZaneblebs, maT umal spobdnen.”

qveynis Seqmnis da ganviTarebis suraTiT gatacebuli avtori,

cdilobs sakuTari, “miTologizirebuli bioevoluciis” suraTiT

- 54 -

Camoayalibos Tavisi fantaziis sistemuri baza. aq unda iTqvas, rom

teqstSi irTveba is Tviseba, rac lavkrafts saerTod ar axasiaTebs –

iumori, da am iumoris safuZveli sakmaod gamomwvevia: avtori cdilobs

gaaSarJos adamianis warmoSobis idea: “aRsaniSnavia, rom SedarebiT

gviandel, dekadansis xanis skulpturebi gamoxataven primitiul

mobajbaje ZuZumwovars, romelic “gardmosulebma” gamoiyvanes ara marto

gemrieli xorcis gamo, aramed gasarTobadac, rogorc patara Sinauri

cxoveli, masSi raRacnairad amoicnoboda momavali maimunismagvar jiSis

da adamianis msgavs arsebaTa niSnebi.”

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom evropuli kulturis da

civilizaciis tradiciis Tanaxmad, “adamianis” cneba aRiqmeba rogorc

cocxal arsebaTa evoluciis mwvervali, aseT fonze lavkrafti arCevs,

rom sakmaod agresiulad warmoaCinos adamianis warmoSobis problema,

SeiZleba iTqvas, aseTi tradiciis da saerTod, adamianTa kulturis

miTologizaciis tendenciis sawinaaRmdegod. rac Seexeba Cvens mier

gamoyofil “dekadansis xanas” – es kidev erTi magaliTia, rom

praqtikulad yvela movlenas, avtori warmogvidgens rogorc

ciklurobis principiT determinirebul SemTxvevas. magram vinaidan am

principis “a priori” aRiareba, rogorc arsebuli faqtis, avtors uqmnis

imis pirobas, rom Tavis nebaze aamoqmedos sakuTari fantazia, amitom am

momentidan moyolebuli, lavkraftis nawarmoebi ukve mTlianad misi

bunebiT da depresiuli fsiqikiT aris gamoZerwili da maxvili ukve

teqstis mxatvrul Selamazebaze da dramatizebaze aqvs gadatanili.

amis Sedegad, Cvens win ukve aris teqsti, romelic SeiZleba SevracxoT

rogorc “mozrdilTaTvis Seqmnili zRapari”, romelSic aRar igrZnoba

samecniero fantastikis JanrisTvis Cveuli raime amocanis axsnis

survili da nawarmoebi mxolod melanqoliuri da pesimisturi ganwyobiT

aris gaJRenTili.

es daskvna ar unda iyos gagebuli, rogorc Cveni subieqturi xedva,

da msgavseba edgar pos prozasTan TviT avtoris mier aris xazgasmuli.

nawilobriv, es momenti SeiZleba iyos axsnili lavkraftis mxatvruli

gemovnebiT, radgan mis xedvas saerTod pasuxobs uimedobis da mrume

ganwyobis siWarbe; magram meore mxriv, am faqtSi SeiZleba kidev

davinaxoT misi survili ganamtkicos sakuTari samwerlo pozicia – ukve

- 55 -

arsebul avtoritetTan da tradiciasTan deklarirebiT. saamisod

lavkrafti modelad iyenebs edgar pos “yornis” “Nevermore” efeqtur

refrens, romelsac is akavSirebs pos romanis “The Narrative of Arthur Gordon

Pym” naklebad cnobil mistikur moZaxilTan, riTac cdilobs ise

daakavSiros Tavis teqsti – edgar pos winamorbed detalTan, rom

mkiTxvels gauCinos tradiciis Tanmimdevrobis SegrZneba. es kargad Cans

momdevno magaliTebSi, sadac pirveli ori – edgar pos teqstidanaa

moyvanili, xolo mesame – ukve lavkraftis romanidan:

“One day Pym, in taking a white handkerchief from his pocket allows the wind to flare it

into the face of the black islander, who sinks in convulsions to the bottom of the boat, later

moaning (as had moaned the other islanders on seeing white), "Tekeli-li, tekeli-li.”

• “Gigantic white birds fly from beyond the white curtain, screaming the eternal "Teke-li-

li, tekeli-li" -- a syllabication that dies away on the lips of the islander as his soul finally, on that

last terrible day, leaves his body.”

• “The highlight of the novel was, of course, the six-foot tall, albino, blind, cave-dwelling

penguins which, as far as I recall, don’t do anything more overtly threatening than mill around in

the dark, softly muttering “tekeli-li”.

calke sakiTxs Seadgens is idea, romelic dedamiwis warsulis da

sicocxlis saidumloebis amoxsnas poulobs im TematikaSi da sferoSi,

romelsac moixsenieben ori cnebis konteqstSi: es aris Hollow Earth da

Subterranean Fiction. am or cnebas aqvs Tavisi Zveli, sxvadasxva

civilizaciebSi gavrcelebuli miTologiuri idea da “winapiroba”,

romelic STambeWdavad asaxa dantem “RvTaebrivi komediis” pirvel

nawilSi, “Inferno”-Si. Semdeg, gacilebiT ufro gvian, es idea iqca

samyaros Secnobis Temis da mxatvruli fantaziis Semadgenel nawilad,

rodesac interesi warimarTa rogorc dedamiwis miRma, aseve uSualod

dedamiwis planetis wiaRisken, da safuZvlad daedo Jiul vernis

“mogzaurobas dedamiwis centrisken”.

uilsonis “gonebis parazitebis” warmateba ramdenime aspeqtma

ganapiroba, romelTa Soris mniSvnelovania “Tematuri yuradRebis”

mimarTuleba: sxva avtorebisgan gansxvavebiT, is ar apirebs adamianTa

bunebis gaxsnas “egzogaremoSi”, dedamiwisgan mowyvetiT, sadac teqnikuri

anturaJi enacvleba bunebis suraTs, xolo xasiaTebi ixsneba Caketil

sivrceSi moqceuli iZulebiTi, an nebayoflobiTi astronavtebis

- 56 -

urTierT konfliqtSi. nacvlad amisa, uilsoni iyenebs iseT xerxs, ris

Sedegadac ideas is or Sred warmoaCens. am “orSriani ideis” pirvel

SreSi vgulisxmobT siuJetis savsebiT gasageb Temas, rom sulieri

garemos da saarsebo pirobebis gauareseba, rac SeimCneva bolo ori-sami

saukunis manZilze, gamowveulia gareSe arsebebiT, romlebmac

daisadgures adamianis gonebaSi. am ideis meore Sre ufro Rrmaa da exeba

ara mxolod lavkrafts, rogorc winamorbeds, aramed saerTod,

siborotis tradicias literaturaSi. gamomdinare iqidan, rom “gonebis

parazitebis” gmirebi miwisqveS aRmoaCenen gardasuli da daRupuli

civilizaciis nakvalevs, da xvdebian rom msgavsi ram elis kacobriobas,

da amis mizezi aris uxilavi Zala, uilsoni cdilobs mecnieruli

terminologia “gaaerTianos” – siborotesTan brZolis religiur

gagebasTan da xedvasTan: mis naxseneb “parazitebTan” brZola

SesaZlebeli xdeba fizikuri unaris mobilizaciiT da saSualebiT.

aseTi axsna SeiZleba naZaladevad CavTvaloT, magram faqti isaa, rom

avtori aRiarebs civilizaciaSi aRmocenebul destruqciul Zalas.

magram vinaidan uilsonis literaturuli pretenzia scdeba rigiTi

samecniero fantastikis nawarmoebis farglebs, amitom mas Semoaqvs

gacilebiT ufro seriozuli filosofiur-eTikuri Tema, romlis

gadawyvetileba mas ar moeTxoveba, vinaidan exeba Zireul hipoTezebs,

magram TviT am faqtis gamo, raki is amas exeba, amiT mas ahyavs nawarmoebi

erTgvari egzistencialuri dilemis safexurze. naTqvamis

dasadastureblad mivuTiTebT pirvelsave striqonebze, romlebic

ekuTvnis ara mas, aramed bertran rasels, da mis pirad werilSi

naxsenebi es sityvebi romanis epigrafadaa gamotanili: “I must, before I die,

find some way to say the essential thing that is in me, that I have never said yet - a thing that is

not love or hate or pity or scorn, but the very breath of life, fierce and coming from far away,

bringing into human life the vastness and the fearful passionless force of nonhuman things...

(Bertrand Russel, Letter to Constance Malleson, 1918, quoted in “My Philosophical

Development”, p. 261).

am naTqvamSi Cven gvinda gamovyoT is sityvebi, romlebic uilsonma

gamoiyena sakuTari nawarmoebis xarisxobrivad ufro maRal mxatvrul

doneze asayvanad, vinaidan daeyrdno maTSi Cadebul inteleqtualur

gamowvevas: “to say the essential thing that is in me,.. the very breath of life, fierce and coming

- 57 -

from far away, bringing into human life the vastness and the fearful passionless force of

nonhuman things...”

unda iTqvas, rom bertran raselis es fraza Zalian zustad

gamoxatavs adamianis azrovnebis im emociur Sres, romelic Tavi da

Tavia samecniero fantastikis Janris avtorTa safiqralis. rodesac

vecnobiT samecniero fantastikis prozas, vrwmundebiT rom momavalSi

arsebobis varaudebi swored am gamouTqmeli SiSiT aris nakarnaxevi.

calke komentari sWirdeba am SiSis specifikas, vinaidan am detalSi aris

gaerTianebuli JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli racionaluri logika –

absoluturad aramecnierul, mistikur-iracionaluri bunebis impulsTan,

romelSic amoicnoba Zveli, primitiuli azrovnebidan momdinare

Seucnobelis Segneba, is zRvari, romelsac mokvdavTa goneba ver Zlebs,

magram miRebiT ki iRebs – oRond ukve post-faqtum, rogorc arsebul

realobas da sinamdviles.

am moments Cven ganvixilavT, rogorc lavkraftis da uilsonis

ideaTa SemakavSirebel platformas. pirvel rigSi, es saris TviT

evoluciis xasiaTis problema, rogorc amas lavkrafti warmogvidgens.

“sigiJis mTebSi” gamoxatuli azriT, samyaro erTgvari poligonia, sadac

arseboben sivrceSi da droSi gabneuli sxvadasxva bioformebi, romelTa

moZraoba da daniSnuleba adamianisaTvis ucnobia, da “erTaderTi, rac

SeiZleba daexmaros adamians, es mistikuri xilvaa, romelic” – Tu

davujerebT uiliam barrouzs, “SeiZleba xelovnuradac iyos gamowveuli

halucinogenebis meSveobiT, da SeiZleba agreTve SemTxveviTobam

“aRirsos” suliT avadmyofs, raRac epifaniis magvari suraTis an

“saxieri ideis” formiT.” rasakvirvelia, aseTi marginaluri gamonaTqvami

Cven mogvyavs im kuTxiT, rom ukeT warmovidginoT SciFi Janris

specifikuri Temebis aqtualoba, da agreTve is momenti, rom progresis

savaraudo gaazrebaSi, momavlis suraTSi ar unda iyos Setanili

mxolod CvenTvis, kacobriobisaTvis Cveuli, “sazogadoebisaTvis saarsebo

stereotipebi” – vgulisxmobT Cveul warmodgenas av-kargianobaze da

samarTalze, anda moralze.

2.5. mxatvrulobis tradicia vs. Janris sistemuri modeli. “omi

salamandrebTan” imdenad marvalplaniani nawarmoebia, rom ganxiluli

- 58 -

Tematikis TvalsazrisiT, win uswrebs yvela sxva monaTesave Janris

nawarmoebs, vgulisxmobT rogorc antiutopias, aseve futurologiuri da

socialur-politikuri problematikiT gajerebul samecniero

fantastikis Janrs. Capekis upiratesobas kidev ganapirobebs misi niWi da

gamocdileba mxatvruli da publicisturi nawarmoebebis SeqmnaSi, rac

nebismier mikroTemas an epizods, romliTac Warbadaa gajerebuli romani

– TavisTavad aqcevs mxatvruli prozis samagaliTo nimuSad, xolo am

siWarbis wamyvan Temebad unda vaxsenoT sazogadoebis ironiuli

“masobrivi portreti” da cru idealebiT atacebuli masis principuli

Seusabamoba kulturul tradiciebTan.

unda iTqvas, rom saerTod, Capekis Sesafaseblad, yuradReba unda

gavamaxviloT swored am xsenebul “principul Seusabamobaze kulturul

tradiciebTan”, vinaidan is aris erTgvari “gasaRebi”, romelic xsnis da

ganmartavs mis mere ganxilul yvela Temas, dawyebuli lamis

dikensiseuli Janruli idiliis komizmiT, misi agresiuli

antitotalisturi publicistikiT – da dasrulebuli da utopiuri Temis

gaSarJebiT da kritikiT dasrulebuli. ase rom, Tavi da Tavi Capeks

miaCnia, rom Tanaedroveobis da socialuri cxovrebis sirTulis aris

sazogadoebis agresiuli damokidebuleba kulturiT ganmsWvalul eTikis

mimarT, faqtiurad uari sulier kulturaze, rasac mosdevsmasis

antagonisturi damokidebuleba individis pirovnulobis, calke

erTeulis gansxvavebulobis mimarT.

am Temas Capeki Zalian xSirad exeba, da rogorc wesi, misi ironia

mudam cocxali da amouwuravia, maSinac ki, rodesac ironiis sagani

ramdenjerme ubrundeba. amis dasadastureblad SeiZleba moviyvanoT

araTu raime winadadebebi an calke pasaJebi, aramed mTeli Tavebi, sadac

is gahkilavs Mediocre-erTeulebisgan Semdgari masis tipiur Tvisebebs.

aseTi epizodebis komizmi sakmaod mrumedaa warmodgenili, radgan avtors

esmis misi Tanmdevi Sedegi da mosalodneli “progresia” sazogadoebriv

cxovrebaSi. aseTi Tvisebebis dasadastureblad, viTomda

“moSinaurebuli” Tu “hominizirebuli” salamandrebis kritikiT, Capeks

mohyavs maTi xasiaTis da Tvisebebis CamonaTvali, romelic idealurad

Seesatyviseba zemoxsenebul Mediocre-erTeulebisagan Semdgar masobriv

tipaJs: “.. kiTxva SeuZliaT, oRond ufro saRamos gazeTebs etanebian.

- 59 -

maTi interesebis sfero Seesatyviseba rigiTi ingliselis interesebs, da

igive iTqmis maT reaqciaze, romelic Seesabameba saerTod aRiarebul da

tradiciul Tvalsazriss.. xolo maTi sulieri cxovreba im warmodgeniT

da azriT SemoisazRvreba, romlebis am etapzea gavrcelebuli farTo

sazogadoebaSi.. sityvaTa maragi oTxasamde Seadgens, magram mxolod imas

imeorebs, rasac yuri mokra an waikiTxa.. cxadia, rom maT damoukidebel

azrovnebaze laparaki uadgiloa.”

Capekis am romanis analizi SeiZleba orgvarad warimarTos: ZiriTadi

ideur-Tematuri xazebis CamonaTvaliT da tipologizaciiT, anda teqstis

siuJetur-azrobrivi elementebis etapobrivi da safexurebrivi

komentariT. vinaidan “salamandrebis” wminda literaturuli, mxatvrul-

xarisxobrivi niSan-elementebi Zalian maRalia da mTlianad Seesatyviseba

gansxvavebuli Janris klasikuri prozis moTxovna-niSnulebs, amitom

statistikuri da “mSrali” Tematuri tipologizacia SesamCnevad akninebs

romanis ara mxolod esTetikuri aspeqtis mniSvnelobas, aramed kidev

aSkarad amcirebs sayuradRebo detalebis azrsa da efeqts.

swored am momentis gaTvaliswinebiT, varCieT es gza gamogveyenebina

romanis mxatvrul-ideur analizSi, da am procesSi SevxvdiT mraval iseT

detals, romelic SeiZleba sul erTxel an orjer iyos naxsenebi, magram

amis miuxedavad, misi roli Capekis prozis sazogadoebriv-publicistur

JReradobaSi uaRresad mdidari da mravalwaxnagovani aRmoCndeba,

vinaidan avtoris dakvirvebuli Tvali da niWi gacilebiT ufro adre

amoicnobda Tanadroeuli civilizaciis ganviTarebsi tendenciebs, vidre

amas istoria warmogvidgenda, da rac mTavaria, aRtacebas iwvevs avtoris

diagnostirebis unari – amoicnos garkveuli procesis samomavlo da

moulodneli an gauTvleli mutaciebi. rogor, Tu ara ase unda aixsnas

1960-iani wlebis afrikis dekolonizaciis procesSi momxdari movlenebi,

romelTa simboluri meqanizmi Capekma Tavis “salamandrebis” swrafi da

ukontrolo gamravlebis suraTSi iwinaswarmetyvela: “.. Tuki dadga maTi

ganviTarebis axali, araCveulebrivad maRali ganviTarebis etapi.. ar aris

gamoricxuli, rom Andrias (salamandrebis erT-erTi laTinuri terminiT

“gakeTilSobilebuli” saxeli) zrda ara mxolod raodenobrivi iqneba,

aramed misi evolucia mosalodnelia xarisxobivad, Tvisobrivadac.” es

aris swored is punqti, riTac aSinebdnen Capekis droindel evropas

- 60 -

Zveli britaneTis imperiis SemorCenili konservatori-gadmonaSTebi – im

muqariT, rac mosalodneli iyo civilizacias da ganaTlebas naziarebi

SaviAafrikelebisagan, miT ufro rom aranairi sxvaoba ar SeimCneva maT

damokidebulebaSi zangebis mimarT – imasTan SedarebiT, rogorc

udgebodnen Capekis mogonili personaJebi maT mier aRzevebul

salamandrebs.

aseve aqtualurad ismis Capekiseuli romanis siuJetze agebuli

spekulacia, romelic dRevandelobis socialur Temebs epasuxeba, sadac

nawarmoebis Tematur kolizias Capaeki xsnis, rogorc “sakvebis SovniT

nakarnaxevi migraciis tipiur SemTxvevas”.

Capekis samwerlo ostatobis da literaturuli taqtis pliusad

unda vaRiaroT misi unari daicvas “gemovnebis balansi” da ar dauSvas

aSkara gadaxra romelime erT, arasasurvel konkretul JanrSi: imsaTvis,

rom misi romani ar gadaiqces publicisturi Janris produqtad, avtori

periodulad rTavs filosofiuri mniSvnelobis Tezisebs, romlebic

zomieri empirikis farglebSi ayenebs sakiTxs fatalizmis da

determinizmis sferodan: “nuTu vrwmundebiT, rom ganviTarebis genias

jer kidev ar dausrulebia sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi Sroma Cvens

planetaze?”

sainteresoa agreTve Capekis dakvirveba migraciis Tanmdev

procesebze, risi faqtobrivi da gansxvavebuli dasabuTeba mravlad

SeimCneva TanamedroveobaSi. dRevandel garemoSi, Capekis mier

wamoyenebuli SekiTxva, ramdenad qmediTia garemos Secvla, da Tu iwvevs

is ganviTarebis Zlier impulss – am SekiTxvis sapasuxod gvaqvs

sxvadasxva erebis da konfesionaluri jgufebis mkveTri globaluri

migraciis magaliTebi, romelTa Soris gamoikveTeba ufro religiuri

momentis wamyvani roli.

aseTnairad, gansxvavebuli ideuri mniSvnelobiT gajerebuli proza

efeqturad zrdis romanis fsiqologiur da amasTanave, “Tematur-

moculobiT” rols, rac Tavis mxriv, mudmivi ironiis da sarkazmis

miuxedavad, kidev ufro amarTlebs mis pretenzias seriozulobaze, da

amave dros amZafrebs avtoris kritikas im sakiTxebisadmi, rac unda

Sefasdes rogorc Tanamedrove “egzistencialuri mniSvnelobis”

problemebis xedva da gaazreba.

- 61 -

zemoTqmulTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebiT unda aRvniSnoT Capekis

literaturuli talantis iSviaTi unari, rodesac is iumors iyenebs, rom

“ar daafrTxos” damoukidebeli azrovnebis unarmoklebuli masa, da

gasaazreblad, TiTqos gaSarJebulad, aSkarad groteskuli formiT,

utrirebulad awvdis mkiTxvels sruliad axal da ucxo ideas. aseT

“inteleqtualur provokacias” mosdevs metad dadebiTi, mafxizlebeli

muxtis matarebeli daskvna da mas Semdeg, rac sustdeba gasaazrebeli

ideis komikuri da panikuri forma, mkiTxvelis gonebaSi ileqeba

naTqvamis logika da misi savaraudo realoba. swored es aris Capekis

ZiriTadi mizani. sxvanairad SeuZlebelia aixsnas misi ideis ZiriTadi

daniSnuleba, rodesac is “fuTavs” am azrs Zveli yaidis mecnieris

“damfrTxal da akademiur” varaudSi, dedamiwaze axali bio-jiSis wamyvan

rolze: “ar unda gamovricxoT, rom bunebas Tavad aqvs misTvis gaTvlili

ganusazRvreli samomavlo ganviTareba, da aravin icis, sad iqneba amis

zRvari.. xom ar uweria Andrias Scheuchzeri-s miocenuri epoqis adamianad

yofna!..”

2.6. samoqalaqo kritikis mxatvruli forma. Camoyalibebuli

tradiciis mixedviT, utopiuri Janris nawarmoebTa umetesoba imdenad

koncentrirebulia realobis kritikuli xedvis dasabuTebaze, rom

yuradRebas ZiriTadad uTmobs socialuri wyoba-arsebobis sxvadasxva

hipoTetur modelebs. es TviT haqslis SesaniSnav romansac ki exeba,

sadac moqmedi pirebi warmogvidgeba mza tipaJad da siuJetis

ganviTarebis miuxedavad, maT fsiqologiaSi da xasiaTSi ar SeimCneva

raime niSandoblivi cvlileba.

es SeniSvna ar vrceldeba “salamandrebze”, radgan Capeki

Segnebulad xatavs iseT koliziebs, romlebSic maTi ormagi daniSnuleba

amoicnoba, da personaJTa xasiaTis gaxsnasTan erTad, mkiTxveli axerxebs

scenis an konfliqtis arsis ganzogadebas, raki iqmneba SesaZlebloba

rom konkretuli detali daukavSirdes zogadad, romanis dedaarss, mis

ideas da am ideis gamomwvev mizezs: da marTlac, riTi unda iyos

gamowveuli sazogadoebis wiaRSi gaCenili survili an saWiroeba, rom

Seicvalos cxovrebis da sazogadoebrivi yofis formebi? ramdenad

aqtualuria istoriulad, da cxovrebiseulad amgvari tendenciis gaCena?

- 62 -

da aris kidev erTi, mTavari momenti: marTlac Tu aris epoqalurad

momwifebuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Tvisobrivi cvlileba – maSin,

rodesac sazogadoebis Semadgeneli nawili kvlavac rCeba Seugneblobis

doneze? sxva axsna ara aqvs im “ubralo” xalxis qcevas, visac daevala

samecniero miznebisaTvis CamoeyvanaT ramdenime salmandra - uwyinari,

magram gansxvavebuli arseba, romlis qceva saerTo aRiarebiT komikuri

da sasaciloa, da sanam or aseT arsebas waiyvans, es jgufi jer uamravs

amoxocaven, radgan “TvalSi ar mouvidaT”.

adamianTa modgmis aseTi gauazrebeli, mxolod sakuTari jiSis

absolutur hegemoniaze agebuli warmodgena, aris erT-erTi is

niSanTviseba, romelTa nusxas Capeki Tanmimdevrulad warmogvidgens,

rogorc civilizaciis danaSaulebrivi qmedebis magaliTs, xolo

civilizaciis danaSaulad Capeki miiCnevs mis, TiTqosda paradoqsul

dapirispirebas tradiciuli kulturisadmi. am dapirispirebis faqti

dramatulicaa, radgan paradoqsis elements Seicavs, vinaidan

civilizacia aq upirispirdeba im kulturis idealebs, romelTa

ganviTarebam da gavrcelebam ganapiroba saxogadoebrivi civilizacia.

Tu vaRiarebT aseTi daskvnis marTebulobas, maSin gvaqvs imis

safuZvelic, rom CapekTan erTad, kacobriobis ganviTarebis problemiT

seriozulad dainteresebuli kolin uilsoni da lavkrafti

gavaerTianoT am momentTan dakavSirebiT. saqme isaa, rom “seriozul

dainteresebaSi” vgulisxmobT problemis istoriul xedvas, sakiTxis

evoluciis srul konteqstSi, rac niSnavs samomavlo ganviTarebis

amocnobas – movlenis wina periodis, warsulis xasiaTis safuZvelze.

aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tuki avtori emxroba civilizaciisa da kulturebis

ciklurobas, maSin elementaruli obieqturoba da Tanmimdevruli logika

xom iTxovs imis daSvebasac, rom mecnierebis “xelT arsebuli”

istoriuli ganviTarebis suraTi ar unda iyos miCneuli, rogorc

ciklurobis ideis mainc da mainc sawyisi etapi, misi dasabami? Tu aseTi

msjeloba sworea, maSin isic unda davuSvaT, rom homo sapiensi aris

mxolod CvenTvis cnobili nawili im evoluciuri jaWvis Tu Zewkvis,

romelic sxvadasxva epoqebSi warmoadgenda dedamiwaze cxovrebis

matianes? am SemTxvevaSi, am ideis “mematianeebad” warmogvidgeba orive

avtori, lavkraftic da uilsonic, romlebmac arCies sakuTari

- 63 -

mxatvruli fantaziiT warmoeCinaT maTi hipoTeza. Sesabamisad,

lavkraftis shoggots da uilsonis Tsathogguans – erTsa da imave rols

asruleben: pirvelni – warsulSi, xolo meoreni – adrec, da “exlac”,

dedamiwaze gamefebuli arsebebis rols, romelTa absoluturad ucxo

bio-jiSi gamoricxavs kacobriobasTan Tanaarsebobas; aqve davsZenT, rom

“TanaarsebobaSi” Cven vgulisxmobT ara mxolod realur, fizikur

arsebobas, aramed kacobriobis sulieri kulturis srul usargeblobas

da negacias aseTi ara-adamianuri sawyisis “SegnebaSi”, da amis Sedegad,

sakiTxi exeba agreTve sulieri Rirebulebebis, adamianuri eTikis droiT

da “jiSobriv sazRvrebs”! cxadia, es SeniSvna agreTve SegviZlia

mivakuTvnoT Capekis, zemoT naxseneb filosofiuri xedvis magaliTebs,

magram maTi simravle aZnelebs Tematur tipologizacias da amitom

varCevT, gavyveT Tema-siuJeturi ganviTarebis etapebs.

2.7. skepsisi da ironia. rodesac Capekis am romans utopisturi

prozis normebis TvalsazrisiT vaanalizebT, vxedavT, rom klasikuri

utopiebis avtorebi – platonidan dawyebuli, praqtikulad iadvilebdnen

saqmes SemoTavazebuli modelis aracocxali sqematurobiT: arc erTi

aseTi nawarmoebi, Tomas moris “utopiis” an frensis bekonis “axali

atlantidis” CaTvliT, daxatul socialur-saxelmwifoebriv modelebSi

ar iZleva mcxovrebi xalxis realur damajerebel saxes, isini ufro

modelis Semadgeneli moZravi marionetebi arian, romelTa arseboba

mxolod da mxolod ganisazRvreba sakuTari survilebis

daqvemdebarebiT sistemis kanonTa mimarT.

gansxvavebiT am avtorebisagan, Capeki absoluturad yvela detalSi

xelmZRvanelobs mxatvruli saxis damajereblobiT, da emociis da

fsiqologiis amgvari “CarTviT”, gacilebiT ufro STambeWdavad da

damajereblad warmoaCens Tavis mizans da ideas. cxovrebiseul

sinamdviles naziarevi mkiTxveli gaormagebuli emociiT aRiqvams

sazogadoebis mankier mxares da kritikas. mkiTxveli aseve mwvaved

aRiqvams am gancdis Tanmdev meorad daskvnas im sazogadoebis moralur

saxeze da “vargisianobaze”, romelic orientirebulia tyuilze da

sakuTar mogebaze – miT ufro rom am sazogadoebas akisria sasicocxlo

da globaluri mniSvnelobis amocanebis gadawyveta.

- 64 -

magaliTad gamodgeba romanis sakvanZo konfliqtis sawyisi viTareba:

rodesac adamianebi aRmoaCenen, rom zRvaSi mcxovrebi salamandrebis

goneba isea ganviTarebuli, rom advilad swvdebian mizez-Sedegobriv

kavSirs, maSinve daiwyeben cxovelTa iaraRiT aRWurvas, rac maT

gauadvilebs margalitis Semcveli niJarebis gaxsnas, ris Sedegadac

salamandrebi moluskebs miirTmeven, xolo iaraRiT daxmarebis

sanacvlod, margalitebs abareben adamianebs. cxadia, adamianebi udides

mogebaSi arian, raki danebis safasurad margalitebs iReben, magram

simdidris ganuwyveteli zrdis surviliT atacebuli xalxi cdilobs

kidev ufro efeqturi iyos mogebis suraTi. Capeki aq marTebulad aCvenebs

adamianTa bunebriv, meqanikur “Secdomas”, rom xalxi, romelsac sakuTari

Segneba aReb-micemobaSi Camouyalibda, asset azrovnebas cxovelzec

gaavrcelebs. erT-erT personaJs uCndeba “bunebrivi” SekiTxva, rodesac

acxadebs, “ramdenad gamarTlebulia vendoT salamandrebs? ramdenad

dasajerebelia, rom isini srulad gvabareben napovn margalits, da ara

cdiloben Caabaron is romelime moqiSpe kompanias?” am SekiTxvaSi ise

Rrmad igrZnoba TaobebSi gamjdari adamianTa urTierTundobloba da

flidobaze agebuli urTierTobis TamaSi, rom Zalauneburad iziareb

avtoris miniSnebas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis da sulieri atmosferos

istoriul degradaciaze, da amis safuZvelze ukve sarkastuladac ki

JRers Tundac miniSneba Tanaarsebobis da Tanacxovrebis raime savaraudo

samomavlo formaze! mxatvruli saxis efeqturoba da TviT ideis siZvele

gvaxsenebs adamianTa ukeTurebis ufro adrindel magaliTs, romelic

jer kidev anonimma avtorma aRwera pikareskul nawarmoebSi, “lasarilio

tormesidan”, rodesac brma maTxovars akidebuli usaxlkaro biWuna

imdenad “iJRinTeba” cxovrebis simaxinjiT, rom saboloo jamSi,

urTierTobis swored aseTi antizneobrivi deformacia miaCnia

urTierTobaTa normad da orientirad.

unda aRvniSnoT, rom Cveni amJamindeli analizi marTlac nayofieria

da faseuli, radgan swored im istoriul etapze vimyofebiT, rodesac

SegviZlia, rogorc Tanamedroveobis realur warmomadgenlebs,

vimsjeloT Capekis mier 1930-iani wlebis bolos gaTvlili samomavlo

problemebis swor amocnobaze. romanis gasacocxleblad, Capeki

ideologiur ruporad iyenebs sxvadasxva personaJebs da Sedegad gvaqvs

- 65 -

aqtualuri problematikiT ganmsWvaluli ideologiuri proza – nacvlad

im deklarirebuli, avtoris monologSi gaSlili “plakaturi normebisa”,

radac aris qceuli Zveli xanis utopiebi. amitom dRevandel viTarebaSi

wakiTxul “salamandrebSi” advilad amovicnobT mwerlis SeSfoTebas im

sami ZiriTadi problemis Taobaze, romelic arTulebs Tanamedrove

yofas da zaogadad, arsebobas: es aris – 1. bunebrivi resursebis

Semcireba da gaqroba; 2. havis globaluri cvlileba; 3. mosaxleobis

SeuCerebeli zrda da migracia.

isev da isev karel Capekis literaturuli ostatobis maCvenebelia

gza, rogorc is axerxebs zemoxsenebul daskvnebamde miiyvanos mkiTxveli

– praqtikulad yofiTi da naturalisturi epizodidan. magaliTisTvis

moviyvanT sabazo epizods, rodesac salamandrebis ekspluataciiT

dakavebuli sindikatis saerTo krebaze ganixileba monopoliis dakargvis

SiSiT gajerebuli konkurenciis sakiTxi sxva kompaniebis mxridan, da is

amocanebi, rac ukavSirdeba sindikatis Semdgom warmatebul muSaobas da

winsvlas.

fsiqologiurad metad damajerebelia krebis wevrTa Sewuxebuli

mdgomareobis da saerTo atmosferos Sedegi: vinaidan maT winaSe mdgar

problemebSi – yvelaze rTulad miaCniaT urTierTobis regulacia

konkurentebTan, amitom maTi gaRizianeba umal gadadis ierarqiulad

dabal safexurze “gamwesebul” salamandrebze – imdenad, rom

absurdamdec ki midian, rom Seumciron sakvebis da samuSao iaraRis

miwodeba, da amis wyalobiT gazardon maTi ekspluataciiT gaTvlili

mogebis procenti. pragmatulobis moZule avtori, aq TiTqos mezobeli

germaniis im periodis lozungis perifrazs akeTebs da faSizmis

aRmavlobis refrenad gacxadebul Deutschland, Deitschland uber alles –

warmoaCens lozungis formiT: “mogeba da Semosavali upirveles

yovlisa”. rac mTavaria, aseTi poziciis sibece da politikuri sibriyve

miT ufro tragikomikuria, rodesac vigebT sindikatis am sixarbis

realur fons – adamianebs ukve gamorCaT Cadenili saqcielis

aunazRaurebeli Sedegi: siavis mauwyebeli jini ukve gamoSvebulia

boTlidan, pandoras kolofi gaxsnilia da qveyanas sabediswero muqarad

moedo – sxvanairad rogor avxsnaT salamandrebis, WeSmariti untermensch-

Ta kategoriis mier farulad Catarebuli, marTlac rom

- 66 -

“ZirgamomTxreli saqmianoba”, rodesac isini iniciativas iReben sakuTar

xelSi da safuZvels uryeven kunZiulebs da materikebs.

maTi qmedebis mizezi, rogorc amas ukve SegvaCvia Capekma, rTulia,

kompleqsuri, da amgvari “kompleqsis” erT-erTi wamyvani Semadgeneli

nawilia simravle, ricxvi da raodenoba.

2.8. simravlis da ricxvis Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebi. kacobriobis

samomavlo ganviTarebis dramas Capeki ganixilavs rogorc istoriulad

daSvebuli Secdomebis Sedegs. am Secdomebis ganmapirobel mizezad Capeki

miiCnevs renesansis da humanizmis ideebis da zneobis Ralats, xolo am

Ralatis yvelaze ufro qmediTi da upirvelesi gamoxatulebaa

civilizaciis gadaxra ekonomikis prioritetebisken da ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis pirveladobis gamocxadeba sulieri cxovrebis sazogadoebrivi

zneobis da ganmsazRvrelad da warmmarTvelad.

romanis specifikidan gamomdinare, am tipis ganmsazRvreli momentebis

ilustrireba xdeba sxvadasxva formiT da esa Tu is detali SeiZleba

gaixsnas an dialogSi, an personaJis Sida monologSi anda

sazogadoebisadmi mimarTul mis ”memorandumSi”, rac saboloo jamSi, imave

Sida monologis saxesxvaobaa.

Capeki Zalze Tanmimdevrulad da damjereblad, nabij-nabij anviTarebs

sakuTari varaudebis logikas da mihyavs mkiTxveli im daskvnamde, rom

arsebuli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, kacobriobis wamyvani qveynebis

sistemuri arsebobis forma gadawyvets mxolod iseT modifikacias,

romelic pirvel rigSi ganapirobebs cvlilebaTa ekonomikur rentabelobas,

da isev da isev am sistemis finansur dividendebs. Tu ara am ori momentis

uzrunvelyofa, nebismieri modifikaciis mcdeloba imTaviTve ganwirulia,

rom daigulos raRac formiT mainc dagegmili koreqtivebis waarmateba.

am punqtTan dakavSirebiT agreTve unda aRvniSnoT, rom TavisTavad

fuliT, rogorc gansakuTrebuli fsiqologiuri aspeqtis mqone fenomeniT

gatacebas evropul kulturaSi Tavisi fesvebi aqvs, da rac ufro Rrmad

gavyvebiT am fesvebs, miT ufro uaryofiTi zneobrivi muxtiT aRmoCndeba is

warmoCenili, rogorc sulierebisgan damaSorebeli elementi. es ukve Cans

adreul Sua saukuneebSi – “simReraSi Cem sidze”, rogorc moixsenieba

ebraeli mevaxSe rodrigo diasis da misi diswulis saubarSi, igive

- 67 -

elementebi gvxvdeba servantesis novelebSi, da a.S. magram vinaidan

istoriam, civilizaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad, win wamoswia agreTve

industrializacia da politikuri da ekonomikuri upiratesobis momentebi,

rasakvirvelia Seicvala fulis aRqmis elementi da aman ukve sapirispiro,

utrirebuli formac ki miiRo, vinaidan gascda saxelmwifo amocanis zogad

sferos da gadaiqca yoveli individis pirad ocnebad, misi survilebis

prioritetad.

Sesabamisad, aseT process mohyva is, rom fuli, rogorc mizani,

adamianis SegnebaSi sulierebas Seenacvla da daikava misi adgili. swored

am moments xazs usvams Capeki da misi ironia aqac Zalian mkveTria, da

gansakuTrebiT aris aRsaniSnavi, vinaidan Cvens mier naxseneb sxva avtorebis

konteqstSi msgavsi ram ar gvxdeba. marTalia, isini agreTve asaxeleben

totalitarizmis saSiSroebis savaraudo Sedegebis realur safuZvlebs da

mizezebs, magram – gansxvavebiT Zveli klasikuri utopiebis avtorebisagan,

romlebic aseve iTvaliswinebdnen fulis rolis gaazrebas mogonili

sazogadoebis modelSi, XX saukunis avtorebi – igive haqsli da orveli –

isini ar amaxvileben yuradRebas am Temaze. es momenti miT ufro

sainteresoa, rom jer kidev XIX saukuneSi, wera-kiTxvis ucodinarma, Sitting

Bull-is saxeliT cnobilma, indielTa tomebis – sius, lakotas da hunkpapas

beladma gamoucxada aRmosavleTidan – dasavleT sanapirosken moZravi

amerikuli jaris generlebs, frontiris xazis zrdis da rezervaciebSi

indielTa Seviwroebis Taobaze: “rodesac moWriT ukanaskneli xes, roca

moswamlavT ukanasknel mdinares da roca bolo Citsac daiWerT, Tqven

maSin mixvdebiT, rom saWmelad fuli ar varga, ar iWmeva.”

wera-kiTxvis ucodinari indielisgan – mimdinare sakiTxebis aseTi

lakonuri da marTebuli Sefaseba, pirvel rigSi, adamianis bunebrivi

reaqciis maCvenebelia, da piriqiT – gansxvavebuli da sapirispiro pozicia,

upirveles yovlisa, metyvelebs TviT ekonomikuri kanonebis miuReblobaze

adamianis sacxovrisis da saarsebo sivrcis gansasazRvrelad.

Cveni amocanaa agreTve, aRvniSnoT Capekis unari gazardos teqstis

mniSvneloba damatebiTi planis SemotaniT. saerTod, mravalplanianoba aris

misi is Tviseba, romliTac vasabuTebT mis upiratesobas ufro gvian

Seqmnil, monaTesave Janris prozaze – vgulisxmobT kolin uilsonis

“gonebis parazitebs”. am mxriv Zalian efeqturia wminda literaturuli

- 68 -

elementebis deklarireba, rasac Capeki, Cveuli maneriT, personaJTa

dialogSi aaSkaravebs, da Tan aseTi fsevdo-kamuflaJiT da “inkognito”

poziciiT, mwerali “sxvaTa” samsjelod xdis mxatvruli teqstis warmoCenis

formas da Txrobis wesebs. amisaTvis, polemikis Temas is Tavisi

personaJebiT anviTarebs da cocxal dialogSi paraleluri da monaTesave

sakiTxebiT qmnis aqtualuri problemebis garCevis savsebiT bunebriv

atmosferos. am saubarSi erTad wamoiWreba: a) raodenobriobis Tvisobrivi

aspeqtis problema, da amasTan erTad, kidev b) stilTan da mxatvrulobis

xarisxTan dakavSirebuli, wminda literaturuli sakiTxi.

pirvelis magaliTad gamodgeba sakiTxi, romelic wamoiWra kurt fon

friSis, j.jilbertis da bonanfanis saubarSi, rodesac sakiTxi dadga am

kompaniis simboluri damaarseblis, kapitan van toxis wvlilze da saqmis

warmarTvis maneraze: “Tavidan salamandrebs mosdevda siaxlis erTgvari

Sarmi, magram samas milionze rom ava maTi raodenoba, is Sarmi ukve

gauqrebaT.”

meore magaliTi gamomdinareobs margalitebis mopovebis sawyisi,

faTerakian-romantikuli momentidan, ramac ukve moWama Tavis dro da

Sesabamisad, saqmisadmi axali midgoma gamoricxavda Zvels, romantikuls.

rodesac hkiTxes gamomsvlels amis mizezi, pasuxad gasca: “imitom rom, Cemi

gemovneba ar uSvebs sxvadasxva stilis aRrevas.” am frazas mosdevs, Cvenis

azriT, kidev ufro niSandoblivi pasaJi: “kapitan van toxis stili –

saTavgadasavlo romanebis stils momagonebs. es iyo stili jek londonis,

jozef konradis da sxvaTa msgavsTa – Zveli, egzotikuri, kolonialuri, da

lamis heroikuli stili. ara, me Tavs ar vimarTleb da Tavis droze, im

stilma Zalian amiyolia. magram kapitan van toxis sikvdilis Semdeg, aRar

gvaqvs ufleba, kvlav gavagrZeloT aseTi sabalRo epopea.” Cvenis azriT,

ganzogadebisaTvis, yuradReba ar unda mivaqcioT “van toxis’ saxels, xolo

“stilis kapitnad” SeiZleba jozef konradi viguloT, romlemac Tavisi

saTqmeli srulad da amomwuravad gamosTqva, da amrigad, es fraza iZens

TviT Capekis samwerlo kredos da esTetikuri strategiis mniSvnelobas.

am etapze iwyeba naTqvamis xarisxobrivi transformacia, romelic

SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc zogadad, SemoqmedebiTi Zvrebis apoTeozi. g.h.

bondi Tan sistemis reformatori gamodis – isev da isev, rogorc sistemis

nayofi da erTguli erTeuli, magram amave dros, is qadagebs am sistemis

- 69 -

amoqmedebas gansxvavebuli, SemoqmedebiTi principiT, romlis mizani –

racionaluri upiratesobis mopovebaa, xolo saSualebad man daasaxela

SemoqmedebiTi impulsi, romelic ar gamomdinareobs kalkulaciidan da

angariSidan: ”naTqvami exeba arsebiTad axal SemoqmedebiT ideas. rasac

pasuxad mosdevs replika: “Tqven es ise axseneT, TiTqos saubari romans

exebodes!” – rasac mosdevs sayuradRebo pasuxi: “marTals brZanebT, batono

Cemo! vaWroba me ise mainteresebs, rogorc mxatvars, radgan garkveuli

SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxvis gareSe, verafers axals ver moigonebT. poetebi

unda viyoT, rom ar davuSvaT samyaros gaCereba, umoZraoba.”

am principuli polemikis dasasruli agreTve Capekis, rogorc

moazrovne mwerlis Tvisebaze metyvelebs. Cans, rom mas kargad aqvs

gaazrebuli, rom XX saukunemde Seqmnili yovelgvari tipis utopiuri

Teoriebis da proeqtebis praqtikuli da realuri istoriuli Sedegi

nulovani iyo, da aseve kargad esmis, rom haqsliseuli antiutopiis modeli

gacilebiT ufro axlosaa sinamdvilis savaraudo ganviTarebasTan. amave

dros, is, rogorc socialuri tendenciebis swored Semfasebeli da

dakvirvebuli fsiqologi da literatori, poulobs erTaderT marTebul

gamosavals Tavis dayenebul sakiTxze: Capeki erideba samecniero

fantastikis uflebas, rom mis mier Camoyalibebulma samomavlo prognozma

ar gaamarTlos da “am JanrisTvis dasaSvebi futurologiuri fantaziis

upasuxismgeblobiT” gaamarTlos mosalodneli lafsusi kritikosebis

TvalSi. amis gamo is arCevs gacilebiT ufro damajerebel gamosavals

wamoWrili amocanidan: Capeki Tavs aridebs mwerlisaTvis miuRebel

orakulis rols, ar unda rom kritikosebma mas daabralon raime “zedmeti

optimizmi”, anda avis momaswavebeli “kasandras poza”. swored amitom, is

arCevs darCes erTguli mxatvruli romanis klasikuri formis da

Semoifarglos polemikaSi wamoWrili problematikiT da daskvnebis iseTi

“wvdomiTi pretenziiT”, romlebic Seesabameba mwerlis Tanadrouli

sazogadoebis gansjis unars da zRvars.

aseTma meTodma mTlianad gaamarTla, radgan problematikis

”gzagasayaris” warmoCena gacilebiT ufro efeqturia – ara mxolod

sinamdvilesTan miaxloebis da damajereblobis mxriv, aramed nawarmoebis

mTavari amocanis TvalsazrisiTac: iseve rogorc haqsli, Capekic gaswvda

Tanamedrove socialuri prognozirebis maqsimums, rac gulisxmobs

- 70 -

teqnokratiuli tendenciebis da antihumanizmis zrdas da amasTanave

totalitaruli sistemis Camoyalibebas. am ormagi amocanis mizez-

Sedegobrivi interpretacia gansxvavebulad aqvs warmodgenili orive

avtors, da SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Sedegebis speqtris mixedviT Capeki

iZleva gacilebiT ufro srul da mravalaspeqtobriv pasuxs, vidre Cvens

mier ganxiluli mwerlebi; magram yvelaze mTavari am faqtSi is aris, rom

maRali literaturul-fsiqologiuri da mxatvruli niSnebiT Seqmnili

nawarmoebi iZleva ukeTes Sedegs TviT utopiis problemis emociuri

gaazrebisaTvis da am mxriv ufro qmediTia, rom upasuxos avtoris mTavar

mizans – daafiqros sazogadoeba dRevandel nabijebze da sakuTari

momavlis suraTze.

2.9. ormagi datvirTva. Capekis am romanis analizi iZleva metad gabeduli

literaturuli maneris suraTs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, imisaTvis rom

viTareba maqsimalurad realisturad iyos aRqmuli, is qmnis scenas, sadac

sxvadasxva personaJebi aTasgvar aqtualur Tanamedrove problemaze daoben,

rasac Semoaqvs nawarmoebSi publicisturi elementi – da am mxriv Capeki

iwvevs mkiTxvelSi teqstis aRqmis gansxvavebul ganwyobas; magram vinaidan

es ganwyoba ar gamoricxavs siuJetis interess da mxatvruli mxaris

gancdas, mkiTxveli ufro metad aRmoCndeba CarTuli TviT samsjelo Temis

SefasebaSi. am gziT Capeki daxatul scenaSi monawile personaJebs – kidev

amatebs mkiTxvelebisgan Semdgar realur auditorias, romelic

Zalauneburad ukve emociurad aris CarTuli sakiTxis gansjaSi.

es aris is mosamzadebeli etapi, rac dasWirda avtors, rom Ria

teqstiT, pirdapir “plakaturad” gamoacxados Tanamedroveobis winaSe

wamoWrili muqara da agrZnobinos mkiTxvel sazogadoebas, rom is piradad

aris am problemis Tanamonawile – da damnaSavec, Tuki yvelaferi marcxiT

dasrulda.

aseTnairad aixsneba Semdegi scena, sadac salamandrebis

eqsploataciiT gamdidrebuli sindikati msjelobs samomavlo amocanebze –

ra mouxerxos geometriuli progresiiT mzard arsebaTa raodenobas, da ra

mouxerxos konkurent kompaniebs, romelTa gamdidrebas sindikati ver

urigdeba, vinaidan am process aRiqvams rogorc “misgan warTmeul

dividendebs”. sindikatis krebis scena unda aRviqvaT ganzogadebulad,

- 71 -

rogorc sistemis an saerTod, istebliSmentis sazrunavis deklarireba.

momxsenebeli mouwodebs danarCenebs, rom “upirveles yovlisa, batonebo,

daviviwyoT fiqri imaze, rom movaxerxebT SevinarCunoT monopolia

salamandrebze...” rasakvirvelia, es fraza Capekis dakvirvebuli aRqmis

Sedegia, vinaidan mis Tvalwin emzadeboda evropis ori polarizirebuli

Zala – jer samxedro-ekonomikuri, Semdeg ki politikuri da saomari

SetakebisTvis. “sindikati apirebs samuSao gauCinos milionobiT

salamandras mTeli dedamiwis masStabiT.. sindikati apirebs utopiis da

grandiozuli amocanebis propagandas. sindikati dagegmavs axal arxebis,

napirebis da dambebis proeqtebs, romlebic mTel kontinentebs daukavSirebs

erTmaneTs, xelovnuri kunZulebis proeqtebs transokeanuri aviaciisaTvis..

warsulis saTavgadasavlo zRapars margalitis moZiebaze, Cven

SevanacvlebT Sromis himniT.“

am citatebSi Cven gamovyaviT:

1. utopiis, rogorc sazogadoebis gansasjeli da ukve cxovrebiseuli

sakiTxis daufaravi xseneba;

2. teqnikur-samSeneblo miRwevebis naadrevi prognozireba (1937-38 wels

Capekma iwinaswarmetyvela 1970-ian wlebSi, iaponiaSi damuSavebuli, zRvaSi

amoyvanili xelovnuri aerodromebis ageba);

3. totalitaruli terminologiis unificirebuli paTetika: “Sromis himni”

ixmareboda 1930-ian wlebSi, rogorc sabWoTa kavSirSi, aseve hitlerul

germaniaSi.

da kvlav vagrZelebT am scenis analizs:

“mapatieT, iqneb es naTqvami utopiurad gxvdebaT yurSi. diax, batonebo,

Cven marTlac SevabijeT utopiis samyaroSi. diax, megobrebo, Cven ukve iq

varT! isRa dagvrCenia, rom movifiqroT teqnikuri mxare, rac salamandrebis

momavalTan aris dakavSirebuli.. /wamoZaxili adgilidan: “da ekonomikuric!”

am monakveTSi meordeba utopiis “aqtualizaciis sasignalo

mauwyebeli”, magram amasTan erTad, aris kidev erTi Zalian saintereso

detali: jilbertis sityva sruldeba krebis, anu sindikatis wevrTa

aplodismentebiT, sceniT, romelic standartuli iyo Capekis “mezobel

qveynebSi” – rogorc faSisturi, aseve komunisturi partiis maRalfardovani

partiuli paTetikiT gaJRenTil yrilobebze: ”aRtacebuli wevrebis

xangrZlivi taSi. wamoZaxilebi: “bravo! mSvenieria!” – es citata, iseve

- 72 -

rogorc zemoT moxseniebuli remarka, mniSvnelovania im mxriv, rom aCvenebs,

rogor – da raoden amtkicebs totalitarul fsiqologias aseTi scena:

momentaluri taSiscema – aJitirebuli ritorikis pasuxad, qmnis im niadags,

razec xarobs da vrceldeba sistemuri diqtatis da moralis atmosfero.

2.10. “zogadis” cneba socialuri cxovrebis dagegmvaSi. “- odesme TvaliT

Tu ginaxavT salamandra, batono bondi? Tu SeiZleba, is mainc gviTxariT,

rogor gamoiyurebian?

- ar vici, ver getyviT, batono vaisberger.. mereda, rad minda rom vicode?

sada maqvs imis dro, imaze vifiqro, rogor gamoiyurebian? me is mixaria,

rom SevqmeniT es sindikati.”…

aseTi – erTsa da imave dros, realuri, komikuri da cinikuri pasaJiT

asrulebs Capeki sindikatis gamgeobis msjelobasAsamomavlo gegmebze, da

gadadis dagegmili realobis gaazrebaze – rogor SeiZleba misi

ganxorcieleba, arCevs am sakiTxis rogorc teqnikur mxares, aseve ”cocxali

Zalis” gamoyenebis aspeqts. Tu ramdenad seriozulad ganixilavs avtori am

Temas, Cans im avtoritetuli saxelebis CamonaTvalidan, rasac is urTavs

calkeuli aspeqtebis ganxilvas: pol adamsi, h.j. uelsi da oldos haqsli –

yvela isini, vinc dainteresebulia, ”ranairi iqneba Soreul momavalSi

qveyana da kacobrioba, ra socialuri problemebi iqneba gadawyvetili,

ramdenad Sors wava mecniereba, sazogadoebrivi organizaciis formebi, da

sxva. da am utopiebidan umetesoba Zalian aris dainteresebuli im sakiTxiT,

Tu rogor aewyoba aseT progresul da – yovel SemTxvevaSi, teqnikurad

ufro ganviTarebul samyaroSi, saqme, romelic dakavSirebulia esoden Zvel,

magram aseve popularul institutTan, rasac warmoadgens sqesobrivi

cxovreba, gamravleba, siyvaruli, qorwineba, ojaxi, qalTa sakiTxi da sxva

misTana.

es aris is Tema, rasac Capeki ukavSirebs ara mxolod xsenebul

avtorTa da moazrovne mkiTxvelTa erTobliobas, aramed im saCoTiro

moments, romlis pasuxs erTnairi upasuxismgeblobiT ekidebodnen, erTis

mxriv, Zveli utopiebis avtorebi – vgulisxmobT bavSvebis ”gamocxadebas

saxelmwifoebriv resursad”, ris gamoc dedis roli sruliad

nivelirebuli iyo, da meores mxriv, lev trocki, ”msoflio revoluciis”

avadasxsenebeli mebairaxtre, vinc bolSevikuri revoluciis Semdeg scada

- 73 -

”koleqtiuri ojaxebis” institutis Seqmna, da civilizebuli evropis

TvalSi gaimasxarava sakuTari Tavi da ganapiroba bolSevizmis, rogorc

ideologiis sruli fiasko da miuRebloba kulturuli samyaros TvalSi.

swored am Temis ideur da leqsikur argumentad gveguleba is terminebi,

romlebsac asaxelebs Capeki, da romelTa gamoZaxili gvxdeba platonTanac

da haqslisTanac: ”sqesTa kavSiri qmnis mamobis iluzias”, rom masaSi

momxdari seqsualuri aqtebis ricxvi metyvelebs ara individualuri

aqtebis raodenoabze, aramed sinamdvileSi es ganasaxierebs erTobliv aqts,

rasac mosdevs mocemuli garemos koleqtiuri seqsualizacia. am tipis

msjelobidan erTaderTi daskvna is dagvrCenia, rom Capeki gvafrTxilebs

mamobis aderuli cnebis, anu mSobel-Svilis sulieris kavSiris mutaciaze,

rac aris epoqaluri atmosferos Sedegi – da Sesabamisad, am atmosferos

Sefasebac.

calke sakiTxia, Tu ramdenad aris gamarTlebuli Capekis aseTi

emociuri da polemikuri toni, da socialuri atmosferos ra Temebma

gansazRvres misi aseTi toni, romelic SeiZleba ornairad iyos aRqmuli,

rogorc cinikuri da agresiuli sazogadeoebis mimarT, da kidev rogorc

reaqcia am sakiTxis iseT gagebaze, romelic gvxvdeba utopistebis

nawarmoebebSi. Capekis samwerlo ostatobis kidev erTi maniSnebeli is aris,

rom is Segnebulad iZleva miniSnebas am orive versiaze, riTac aZlierebs

nawarmoebis koliziebis emociur zemoqmedebas, da amave dros zrdis maT

raodenobas. da bolos, interpretaciis aseTi orsaxovani saorWofo

suraTiT, Capeki aZlierebs daxatuli da mogonili scenis msgavsebas –

sinamdvileSi momxdar SesaZleblobasTan.

garda am wminda literaturuli mxarisa, aris kidev ramdenime momenti,

romelic aCvenebs, raoden dakvirvebulad da yuradRebiT aqvs mas

Seswavlili Tanadrouli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva

tendenciebi, romlebic man Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli moralis da Segnebis

gaCenis gamafrTxilebel signalad aRiqva. Cven vgulisxmobT pirveli

msoflio omT gaZlierebul im sulier da masobrivi kulturis atmosferos,

romelmac gamoaSkarava da gaamwvava sulieri damoukideblobis is

tendencia, romelic ukve gamoCnda henrik ibsenis dramebSi, floberis,

zolas, tolstois da Cexovis prozaSi – ojaxTan, rogorc socialuri

garemos erT ujredTan dakavSirebiT, da saerTod, qorwinebis institutis

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ramdenime aTaswlian tradiciasTan dakavSirebiT; metic: CapekTan ukve

amoicnoba 1950-60-ian wlebSi ganviTarebuli Segnebis revolucia, rodesac

amuSavda ”seqsualuri revoluciis” didi ideologiuri manqana. es kargad

Cans ukve terminologiaSi, romelic gaxSirda 30-40 wlis Semdeg, rogorc

Cveulebrivi ”sapolemiko” terminologia: ”sqesobrivi cxovreba, rogorc

didi iluzia”, ”seqsualuri tirania”, ”droebiTi erTguleba”,

”pirovnulobas moklebuli ganayofierebis aqti”, ”mdedri instinqturad

SeigrZnobs saqorwino ceremoniis formalur mxares”, ”mamrebi, maTTvis

Cveuli instinqturi pativmoyvareobis da agresiulobis gavleniT, etyoba,

cdiloben SeinarCunon sakuTari sqesobrivi triumfis moCvenebiToba, da

amis gamo TamaSoben.. mesakuTre-meuRlis rols.” es aris Capekis

daundobeli sarkazmis kidev erTi magaliTi: am maxasiaTeblebiT is

salamandrebs axasiaTebs, magram yoveli CamoTvlili Tviseba lamis

meqanikurad udgeba ”layman-ad” da ”rigiT moqalaqed” wodebul kacs.

am Temas miZRvnil sakmaod vrcel pasaJs, Capeki Tvisobrivad aRrmavebs,

raTa gadakvriT isev civilizaciis magaliTiT nakarnaxev socialuri wyobis

principebi da magaliTi warmoaCinos. amisaTvis is teqsts ajerebs iseTi

terminologiiT, romelic SeiZleba CavTvaloT momavali totalitaruli

reJimebis enad; rac mTavaria, man zustad amoicno is primitiuli

fsiqologizmis da cxoveluri sqesobrivi diqtatis logika, romelic

gaSarJebulad gamoCnda maoistebis da Crdilo koreis mosaxleobis

fetiSizaciaSi: ”saerTo saqmro”, ”diadi ganmanayofierebeli”, ”masebis

mamali”, da a.S.

2.11. Seteva faSizmze. vinaidan Capekis Semoqmedeba viTardeboda

hitlerizmis mzardi muqaris garemoSi, amitom bunebrivia, rom misi

ironia gadaswvda nacistebis primitiuli fsevdo-heroikiT gaJRenTil

populistur ideologias da mamal salamandrebze dawerili daxasiaTeba

mTlianad esadageba hitleriugendis da ”horst vefelis” sadideblis

momReral sazogadoebas: ”mamrebi arseboben sakuTari siamovnebisaTvis da

kidev imisTvis, rom sxvebi daxocon; isini arian ampartavani da

Tavmomwone martosulebi.. .. mamrebis Camoyalibebuli erTobis da

”mamakacuri” solidarobis Segneba hmatebs calke erTeuls sakuTari

- 75 -

biologiuri upiratesobis Segnebas; maTi saxeobis ganviTareba mamrebiT

ufro ganisazRvreba, vidre mdedrebiT.”

Capeks mravlad aqvs germanuli civilizaciis da mecnierul-

teqnikuri kulturis misamarTiT gamoTqmuli SeniSvnebi, romlebSic

amoicnoba misi obieqturi xedvis unari, vinaidan is kargad xedavs eris

dadebiT Tvisebebs – da imasac, ranairad xdeba am Tvisebebis saziano

ganviTareba kacTmoZule ideologiis da lozungebis gavleniT.

salamandrebTan dakavSirebiT naTqvami, pirdapir kavSirSi unda aRviqvaT

agresiuli talRiT atacebul mezobel erTan, da mwerlis SefasebiT,

germanelebs axasiaTebT ”mamakacisTvis tipiuri teqnikuri niWi”, bunebam

isini ”koleqtiuri Sromisken Tandayolili midrekilebiT Seqmna.” yvela

am Tvisebas, anu teqnikur niWs da midrekilebas organizaciisaken, Capeki

Seracxavs mamakacis meorad sqesobriv niSnebad, da Sesabamisad,

germanelTa progress is xsnis swored im sicocxlisunarianobis

faqtoriT, rac axasiaTebs am Zlier sqesobriv determinants.

adre naxsenebi, Capekis mxatvruli niWis upiratesoba Cans mis saocar

unarSi, Tematuri variaciiT gaawonasworos nawarmoebis mimdinare

siuJetur-ideuri fsiqologiuri wnexi. garkveulwilad, msgavsi nabiji

Janrul cvlilebas gaulisxmobs da am mxriv, 1930-iani wlebisTvis,

Capekis romani erT-erTi wamyvani da mowinavea im periodis prozaSi.

rac Seexeba Janris monacvleobas, Capeki uceb ixsenebs Tavis Zalze

momgebian maneras da gadadis kameruli meSCanuri komediis Janrze, Tanac

wamyvan motivad iyenebs gansxvavebuli masStabis da diapazonis meTodis.

is kvlav ubrundeba wina TavSi ganxiluli globaluri mniSvnelobis

process miZRvnil problemas, oRond amjerad warmoaCens mas mizez-

Sedegobrivi farsis konteqstSi – daaxloebiT ise, rogorc Zvelad

icodnen fizikaSi, niutonis rolis gaSarJeba: ”baRSi rom wamowoliliyo

da TavSi vaSli ar dascemoda, qveyanas exlac ar ecodineboda dedamiwis

mizidulobis kanonis arseboba!”

am SemTxvevaSi, Capeki xazs usvams mTeli am procesis sawyis moments

da mis ganviTarebas afuZnebs ara kanonzomierebaze, aramed SemTxvev-

iTobaze: pan povondra, romelmac Tavis droze Tavis milioner-

mepatronesTan SeuSva kapitani van toxi, cols uzirebs Tavis azrs da

Tan sakuTar rols ganadidebs msoflio istoriaSi – ”maSin rom pan

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bondisTvis ar momexsenebina kapitanis mosvla da is kaci ufrosTan ar

SemeSva, kapitans arasodes eRirseboda pan bondis naxva. me rom ara,

dedakaco, araferic ar gamovidoda, arc araferi.” momdevno scenis

komikuri elferi Zalian waagavs ”kacia-adamianis” dialogebs, oRond

pensiaze gasuli Sveicaris meuRle ufro dakvirvebuli qali Cans. Tavis

samsaxurs moSorebuli pan povondra dros imiT avsebs, rom lamis mTeli

msoflios presaSi eZebs raime cnobas salamandrebze, da rodesac

naxulobs raime cnobas an statias, aucileblad amoWris da inaxavs.

”amieridan mis cxovrebas azri gauCnda. yovel saRamos arCevda da

meramdened kiTxulobda gazeTidan amonaWer cnobebs, pano povondra ki

mowyale mzeriT gamoxedavda xolme; qalma icoda, rom yvela kaci

cotaTi mainc afrens, Tan nawilobriv bavSvia; hoda, isev jobia, am Tavis

amonaWeri werilebiT gaerTos, vidre ludxanaSi ijdes da banqo

iTamaSos. xelic ki Seuwyo – Tavis komodSi adgili gauTavisufla, rom

qmars iq Tavisi gakeTebuli kolofi Seedga, sadac am sagazeTo werilebs

inaxavda.”

ojaxuri komikuri idiliis TvalsazrisiT, es scena mTlianad

pasuxobs tradiciuli romanis ganwyobas da suliskveTebiT dieknsis

prozas gvaxsenebs. miT ufro didia Capekis roli mxatvrul

literaturaSi, rom klasikuri, tradiciuli xelovnebis ”gakveTilebs”,

is iyenebs sruliad gansxvavebuli garemos dramatul konteqstSi, riTac

arbilebs mosalodneli xifaTis SiSs da amasTan erTad, mkiTxvels uCens

Tavisebur skeptikur- filosofiur damokidebulebas Temisadmi, rac

saboloo jamSi, gvexmareba, rom safiqrals dinjad, Sinaganad

gawonasworebulad CavwvdeT. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia am

Tavis ironiuli finali, da rogorc es Capeks sCvevia, ironia kvlavac

orplaniania da exeba ara marto personaJTa urTierTdamokidebulebas,

aramed mkiTxvelsac, romelic SesaZloa daabnia avtoris daxatulma,

Zveli udardeli cxovrebis idiliurma scenam: pensiaze gasulma

povondram saqme gaiCina da agrovebs msoflio presis amonaridebs

salamandrebze, misi meuRle ki – qmrisgan malulad, periodulad swvavs

am ”sagazeTo matianes”, da mxolod egzotikuri SriftiT dabeWdil

werilebs indobs, tibetur da koptur enaze.

- 77 -

- 78 -

Tavi III. evoluciuri cvlilebis kontrasti

progresis tradiciul gaazrebasTan

3.1. evoluciuri cvlilebebis konfliqti. Cven ukve aRvniSneT

samecniero da teqnologiuri progresis Tanmdevi cvlilebebi sazoga-

doebriv cxovrebaSi, romelic iRebs principul globalur masStabebs,

da rogorc samecniero fantastikis damaxasiaTebeli elementi, aRvniSneT

agreTve “futurologi” avtorebis fantaziiT SemoTavazebuli

sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis alternativebi, romlebic ZiriTadad

efuZneba obieqtur sirTuleebs, rac SeiZleba daemarTos Cvens, anu

kacobriobis Cveul saarsebo areals, civilizaciis aramarTebuli

ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, anda saerTod, umarTavi procesebis amoZravebis

SemTxvevaSi. rasakvirvelia, orive momentis ganmsazRvravi da

ganmapirobebeli elementi mainc adamiania da misi inteleqti, romlis

produqcia ganviTarda saarsebo, egzistencialuri mniSvnelobis

universaluri moralis ugulebelyofiT – Tan im zomamde da im

gaqanebiT, rom Sedegis katastrofiulma masStabma dafaros sawyisi

mizezi da konkretuli wreebis Tu sistemis braleuloba, da pirvel

adgilze daayenos adamianis TviTgadarCemis sakiTxi Seqmnil viTarebaSi.

magram aris avtorTa kategoria, romelic Tanamedroveobis

materialur, ase vTqvaT, Tvisobriv-sagnobriv evolucias ganzrax da

Segnebulad uyurebs Cveni “Cveulebrivi Segneba-kulturis” TargiT, da

amaSi vgulisxmobT im Rirebulebs da im SefasebiT parametrebs, rac

saerTod asocirdeba kacobriobis civilizaciasTan, romelTa Soris

adgils inarCunebs eTikuri kuTxe-xedvis punqti.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom “momavali” dakavSirebulia ”progresis”

metad saorWofo interpretaciasTan, rameTu teqnikurma progresma saqme

birTvuli reaqciis marTvamde miiyvana, ozonos xvrelamde, da amas kidev

daemata uSualod miwieri safrTxe – genuri inJineriiT warmoebuli da

modificirebuli produqtebis warmoeba yvelaferma aman momavals

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“gaumuqa” misi fsiqologiuri aRqmis palitra, da es kidec daetyo

samecniero fantastikis Janrs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom marad monacvle realobidan gamomdinare, am Temaze

wera TiTqmis publicistur elfers iRebs, radgan sinamdvile gvawvdis

kidev sxva, SedarebiT gauTvaliswinebel, ukana planze gadatanil

mizezebs. aq unda vaxsenoT ukve meore momenti, rac dakavSirebulia

progresis im aspeqtTan, romelic zrdas ukavSirdeba: es exeba msoflio

mosaxleobis swraf zrdas da am momentma win wamoswia humanizmis da

adamianurobis Tema, rac Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs – an misi tradiciuli

Rirebulebebis saerTo revizias, anda maTi SefasebiTi Skalis savaraudo

koreqcias.

vinaidan am orive momentis damasuraTebeli masala Warbadaa am

JanrSi, amjerad SevexebiT samecniero fantastikis im sferos, romelic

aRwers momavlis savaraudo suraTebs, oRond ukve kontrastis meSveobiT,

anu warmoaCens makrosamyaros procesis mniSvnelobas calke individis

aRqmaSi da sulier samyaroSi.

da bolos, mesame momenti, rac dakavSirebulia progresis, rogorc

zrdis mniSvnelobasTan, es msoflio mosaxleobis swrafad mzardi

ricxvia, ramac win wamoswia agreTve humanizmis da adamianurobis Tema,

raSic igulisxmeba misi tradiciuli Rirebulebebis SefasebiTi Skalis

savaraudo koreqcia – maTi saerTo revizia Tu ara; Tumc am sakiTxs

ganxilva mogvianebiT mogviwevs, vinaidan amjerad gansaxilveli Tema

exeba fantastikis im sferos, romelic momavlis suraTs warmogvidgens

kontrastis meSveobiT, da gvaZlevs saSualebas rom makrosamyaroSi

momxdari movlena Tu procesi gaviazroT, rogorc is ixateba euli

pirovnebis sulier samyaroSi, misi TvalTaxedviT da misi bunebis

eTikuri prizmiT..

amis efeqtur magaliTad Cven gveguleba j.g. ballardis krebulis,

“The Disaster Area”-Si Sesuli novela, “Storm-bird, Storm-dreamer”(Ballard, J.G., “The

Disaster Area”, 1979). pirvel rigSi, unda aRvniSnoT metad Taviseburi

momenti, romlis ilustracias warmoadgens es moTxroba, magram es

ilustracia ar aris pirveli: vgulisxmobT Temis an motivis gamoyenebas.

cxadia, siuJeturi Temis an ideis sesxeba imdenive xnisaa, ramdenisac

literatura arsebobs, da Seqspiris magaliTma – “romeo da julietas”

- 80 -

ufro adreuli prototipiT, mateo bandelos da luiji da portos

novelebSi, da “venecieli vaWari” – kristofer marloseuli “ebraeli

maltidan” – TiTqos moaxdina sruli legalizacia amgvari xerxis

gamoyenebis. amis miuxedavad, Semdgomma faqtebma aCvenes rom msgavsi

magaliTebi plagiatad aRiqmeboda.

am TvalsazriT saintereso suraTi Seiqmna XX saukunis

literaturaSi, sadac aSkarad SeimCneva gaxSirebuli faqtebi, ase vTqvaT,

“literaturuli rimeikebis”. klasikaSi es gamoixateba antikuri Temebis

modernizaciaSi – aviRoT, Tundac Jan anuis “antigone”, Jan Jirodus

“eleqtra” da “amfitrion-38”, iujin o’nilis “ZaZebi Svenis eleqtras”, da

a.S. klasikis garda, SeimCneva Temebis modifikacia specifikur JanrebSi:

novelistikaSi msgavsi magaliTia doris lesingis, samecniero

fantastikis aRiarebuli avtoris moTxroba “mze amosuli tramalze”

(Tumc fantastikis kategoriaSi es nawarmoebi ar CaiTvleba).

rac Seexeba balardis zemoxsenebul nawarmoebs, avtori aq sruliad

daufaravad sesxulobs dafna du mories (Daphne du Maurier, “The Birds”, 1952)

moTxrobis, “frinvelebis” Temas, rac kargad aaJRera 1952 wels alfred

hiCkokma Tavis kino-interpretaciaSi, rom warmoeCina yofiTSi SemoWrili

“ara Cveulebrivis” damabneveloba, SiSi da dramatizmi. man es

ganaxorciela swored ise, rogorc amas iTxovs “saSinelebaTa Janris”

moyirWebul terminad Seracxuli kino – oRond maRalprofesiul da

gemovnebian versiaSi.

garda zemoT naxsenebi ideuri da Tematuri mizezis, “Storm-bird, Storm-

dreamer”– is arCevani kidev ganapiroba misma maRalmxatvrulobam, rac

Cvenis azriT, efuZneba misi mxatvruli formis da Sida struqturis

tradiciul literaturul normebs da standarts. Cven gvesmis, rom

samecniero fantastikis Janrze saubrisas, “tradiciuli” xseneba SeiZleba

paradoqsulad JRerdes, da amitom gvinda mivudgeT am moTxrobas misi

mxatvruli formis TvalsazrisiT.

3.2. siuJetSi “Sesvlis” xerxi. mogonebul da ararsebul, anu

fantastur samyaroSi protagonistis Seyvanis klasikur magaliTad

migvaCnia jonatan sviftis “guliveris mogzauroba”. samecniero

fantastikis avtorebs – ufro inglisurenovan avtorebs vgulisxmobT, am

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nawarmoebma misca tipiurad inglisuri magaliTi, Tu rogor unda

miudgnen mTavari ideis warmoCenis amocanas, anu racionalurad da

praqtikulad.

sviftiseuli klasikis magaliTi karnaxobs SciFi-is TemaSi Seyvanis

mTavar xerxs. protagonisti uSualod, pirdapir Sedis arsebul

samyaroSi da Semdgom moulodnelobaTa wyeba aseve uceb, “akordiT”

iwyeba. guliveris oTxive mogzaurobas win uZRvis standartuli,

sinamdvilesTan miaxlovebuli, realisturi formis introduqciebi.

oTxive mogzauroba iwyeba gemiT “sadRac” mgzavrobiT, rasac mosdevs

gemis msxvreva, an sxva raRac xelovnuri mizezi, rom guliveri aRmoCndes

avtoris fantaziis nebas gamokidebuli. amis Semdeg, guliveri napirze

adis xolme da yovel napirze morigi siurprizi elodeba – aseTi

TanmimdevrobiT: liliputebi, brobdingnegis goliaTebi, mfrinavi

kunZuli laputas da balnibarbis ucnaurobebi, da bolos – huinhmnebi da

iehu.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove fantastebi swored aseT dawyebas

swyaloben: ori-sami fraza, da mkiTxveli an raketaSi aRmoCndeba, an ukve

“sadme, planetazea”, sadac iSleba siuJeti, romlis mTavari mizania,

dagvafiqros Cveni civilizaciis ganviTarebis miznebsa da Sedegebze. es

momenti universaluria am JanrisTvis da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

savaldebuloa, magram amave dros, swored am elementTa CamonaTvali

metyvelebs norma-standartze, da rogorc amaSi xSirad vrwmundebiT, aman

SeiZleba uaryofiTad imoqmedos nawarmoebis saxeze da originalobaze.

Sesabamisad, ambiciurma avtorma, pirvel rigSi unda miakvlios

aqamde jer ar ganxilul Temas, anda Tu ukve ganxilulia, gansxvavebuli

mimarTuleba misces ukev naxseneb sabazo viTarebas, e.i. gamoiyenos is

xerxi, romelsac twist-ad moixsenieben.

meore sasurveli elementia ena da stili. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

literaturuli, mxatvruli Rirsebis TvalsazrisiT, rei bredberis

aRiarebuli ostatobis Semdeg, SeiZleba ballardi davasaxeloT.

magaliTad, pasaJi, romelic aRiqmeba rogorc hemingueis “nik adamsis”

moTxrobebis seriidan, anda “kilimanjaros Tovliani mTebidan”: “Each

morning when Crispin went out on the deck of the picket ship he would see the birds lying in

the creeks and waterways where they had died two months earlier, their wounds cleansed now

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by the slow current, and he would watch the white-haired woman who lived in the empty house

below the cliff walking by the river”. (Hemingway, E., “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” 1936).

am tipis stili da manera, romelsac avtori arsad ar Ralatobs,

gadamwyveti xdeba siuJetis emociuri gavlenis CamoyalibebaSi. gamodis

rom nawarmoebis aseTi, pirvelive abzacidan gacemuli “mxatvruli donis

avansi” SesanarCunebelia mxolod da mxolod siuJetis originalurobis

wyalobiT, da es aris swored is momenti, sadac ballardma Tavi daaRwia

Cvens mier zemoaRniSnul, Temis trivialur “gadamRerebas” da dafna du

mories “frinvelebis” sawyisi “monacemi idea” gansxvavebuli

mimarTulebiT ganaviTara: Catarebuli twist-is Sedegad, nawarmoebis

“sabazo tonalobas” mieca gansxvavebuli dramatuli JReradoba, romlis

mizezsac Cven qvemoT ganvixilavT da am etapze Cven xazs vusvamT

sxvaobas konfliqtis tevadobaSi da Janrobriv diapazonSi.

balardis am moTxrobis mTavari pliusi ganapiroba masalis

minimalizmma. es exeba moqmed pirTa simcires, da saerTod mxatvrul

formas, romelic Sefasebis parametrebis TvalsazrisiT, jdeba

klasicistur nawarmoebis TargSi, radgan is: 1) erTi ambiT aris Sekruli,

anu moqmedebis erTianobis wess misdevs; 2) moqmedeba erT adgilas, erT

garemoSi xdeba; 3) erTi dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi xdeba, da e.i. daculia

adgilis da drois erTianobis norma-wesi.

unda aRvniSnoT, rom am Janris nawarmoebTa Sefaseba aseTi

“formaluri” niSniT, ar Segxvedria. amave dros, klasicisturi triadis

gamoyeneba samecniero fantastikaSi TavisTavad saintereso faqtia da

amtkicebs am xerxis amouwurav emociur potencials.

garemo realobidan ballardi iyenebs erT raime detals da sviftis

Camoyalibebuli tradiciis Sesabamisad, iqamde zrdis am erT elements,

rom aRebuli Tema – misi Sinaarsobrivi konkretizaciis gamo, ukan swevs

obieqturi SefasebiTi suraTis an daskvnis saWiroebas, ris nacvlad

sTavazobs problemis sirTulis da mravalwaxnagobis aRiarebas.

amrigad, sawyisi nabijia – xelovnur samyaroSi Sesvla, sadac erTi

raRac lokaluri situacia, Tavisi egzistencialuri ideis gamo,

warmogvidgens “yofna-aryofnis” tradiciul dilemas, rogorc orive

elementis gaazrebis mcdelobas gansxvavebuli kuTxidan. Tuki es asea,

maSasadame SegviZlia ganvixiloT sakiTxi: iseT movlenasTan xom ara

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gvaqvs saqme, rac sxva araferia, Tu ara humanizmis klasikuri dilemis

revizia?

Am msoflmxedvelobrivi Tvalsazrisis garda, unda vigulisxmoT

agreTve uSualod Temis warmoCenis mxatvruli forma. Sesabamisad, raki

es “Tematuri sfero” aRwevs hipertrofirebul zomas, es ukve is donea,

rodesac disproporcias eniWeba wamyvani roli suraTis saerTo azrobriv

SefasebaSi da is ganapirobebs siuJetis aRqmis tonalobasac.

faqtia, rom raime detalis aseTi gamoyofa anda Segnebuli gadideba

scdeba obieqturi realobis aRweris saTanado marTebul farglebs, da

Sesabamisad, advilad Cajdeba gind modernizmis, gind postmodernisTvis

miweril Cveul TargebSi – Tumc Cveni amocanaa am elementis ara

formaluri, aramed msoflmxedvelobrivi Sefaseba. formis TvalsazrisT,

is SeiZleba SevadaroT guliveris mier adamianis, rogorc qmnilebis

kritikas: amaze metyvelebs epizodi, sadac adamianis garegnobas da

sxeuls svifTi aRwers sxeulis renesansuli aRtacebis sapirispirod -

mkacrad, zizRnarevad, lamis mizantropuli ganwyobiT – rodesac

samsjelod moigona realobis hipertrofirebuli xedva da pirobebi – im

scenaSi, sadac guliveri akvirdeba goliaTebis sxeulis da kanis

detalebs – faqtiurad ararsebuli “gamadidebeli SuSiT”, romlis

efeqti ganapiroba uzarmazarma sxvaobam masStabSi, massa da goliaTebs

Soris.

msgavsad amisa, balardi axerxebs erTi detalis masStabis Secvlas –

cxadia, aq unda gavixsenoT am xerxis didi winamorbedis, liuis kerolis

wvlili, rogorc es gamoixata alisas transformaciebSi. aqve aRvniSnavT,

rom nawarmoebis raime elementidan axali azris ganviTareba xdeba

agreTve rogorc siuJeturi mdore Temis an monaTxrobis uecari

amonafrqvevi, da aseTi ram Cveulebrivia literaturaSi (mag. doris

lesingis “mze amosuli tramalze”) da iq personaJis msoflmxedvelobis

ganmapirobebl rols asrulebs. gamodis, rom am TvalsazrisiT,

samecniero fantastikis avtorebi, msgavs SemTxvevaSi mxolod axal

safarvels qsoven Zvel da nacad konstruqciaze wamosagdebad da

gadasafareblad.

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3.3. Storm-bird, Storm-dreamer. ballardis am moTxrobis saTauri Znelad

iTargmneba. Sinaarsidan da azridan gamomdinare, avtoris CanafiqrTan ufro

axlos iqneboda “grigalis naSobi frinveli da meocnebe”. sawyisi suraTi

Zalian efeqturia, amave dros SiSismomgvreli, damabneveli. TavisTavad

cxadia, rom uadamiano peizaJi ukve gulisxmobs raime araoptimistur Temas,

magram am sawyis suraTs, garda aseTi ganwyobisa, kidev mosdevs

miTologiuri aluzia, rameTu nakrTenis da bumbulis cvena, miT ufro

gapartaxebul garemoSi, ikarusis ganTavisuflebis da aRzevebis

aRusrulebel miTs gvaxsenebs, romlis erT-erT qveteqstad unda viguloT

imedis ganwiruloba.

am TvalsazrisiT ra paralels vxedavT aq teqstTan? – daxatuli

suraTis uSualo mizezs: daRupvis da marcxis viTarebis Tavi da Tavi aris

isev adamianis gauazrebeli, yofierebis zogadi konteqstis miRma

warmarTuli teqnologiuri progresi da misi Sedegi. ukeTesi da ufro

nayofieri mosavlisaTvis, genuri inJineriis daxmarebiT miRebuli

genmodificirebulma produqtma gamoiwvia araTu marcvleulis zrda, aramed

am marcvleulis mWameli frivelebis organuli cvlilebebi, maTi

Seukavebeli zrda, ramac Secvala “noes kidobanidan gamoyolili” maTi

Cveuli zoma.

faqtiurad, iwyeba axali era, sadac Tavisi gauazrebeli,

araSorsmxedveluri “qmedebiTi politikis” gamo, adamianma Tavi Caigdo

guliveris meore mogzaurobaSi, rodesac mis garSemo trialeben ara Cveuli

zomis uwyinari arsebani, aramed absoluturad sxvani, araprognozirebuli

qcevis da Zala-agresiis mqone realuri, da Tan apokalipturi metastazebi.

metic, Tavdacvis sirTules kidev ufro arTulebs sakuTari danaSaulis da

bralis Segneba. amitom es momentic gasagebia, rom gvkarnaxobs ukve

damatebiT, bibliur aluzias “pirvelad codvasTan”, ris gamoc samoTxidan

gamoaZeves adami da eva, mas Semdeg rac igemes nayofi “xisa cnobadisa

keTilisa da borotisa” (“Zveli aRTqma”, T.II, 9): swored ase, krispinic da

misi ori Tu sami mezobeli aRmoCnda adrindeli samoTxidan gamoZevebuli.

magram am nawarmoebSi gamoZeveba gulisxmobs ara pirdapir aluzias

bibliasTan, sadac Tavdapirvel adamianTa wyvils daatovebines samoTxe; am

moTxrobaSi adgili igive rCeba, fizikuradac, materialurad,

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geografiulad, magram icvleba gamoZevebis TviT principi, TviT arsi am

aqtisa: garegnulad igivea viTareba, ase vTqvaT “dekoraciebi da moqmedi

pirebi”, magram momxdari, sabediswero Secdoma imas iwvevs, rom imave

adgilas Tvisobrivad sxva konfliqti da moqmedeba viTardeba, ris

Sedegadac adamianis, mamakacis bunebriv ltolvas qalisadmi ar uweria

aRsruleba, rameTu yovels udebs brali momxdaris usazRvro danaSaulSi.

kulturis istoriis es wiaRsvlebi rom vikmaroT, cxadia, rCeba kidev

forma, da aq ukve carieli scena, ori-sami moqmedi piri, romelTa kontaqti

lamis SorisdebulebiT ganisazRvreba, xolo maTi moqmedeba TiTqmis

moklebulia raime logikur axsnas: “the huge birds, larger than condors, lay at her feet...

she moved amonf them, now and then stooping to pluck a feather from the outstreched wings. At

the end of her walk, when she returned across the damp meadow to the empty house, her arms

would be loaded with immense white plumes. (Ballard 1979 : 9), bunebrivia, rom

gagvaxsendes semiuel beketis dramebi, da amrigad, Tavidanve gveZleva

Tanamedrove samecniero fantastikis mtkice da ambiciuri socialuri

pasuxismgeblobis da egzistenciis memorandumi.

beketis analogia kvlavac grZeldeba da ukve Savi iumoris komentars

iwvevs. dacarielebul garemoSi, eulad myof qalTan martod darCenili

mamakacis grZnoba aseve absurdulia, radgan daaxlovebis da erTad yofnis

survils da grZnobas – gadaswonis da sWarbobs SeZeniT da momxveWvelobis

principiT “gaJRenTili” arsebis fsiqologia: arsebas vxmarobT Segnebulad,

radgan krispini Tavidanve Ralatobs mamakacobis bunebriv pirvelad

instinqts da sul sxva sazrunavi uCndeba: ...Crispin felt an obscure sense of

annoyance at the way this strange woman descendced on to the beach and calmly plundered the

plumage of the dead birds. Although many thousands of the creatures lay along the nargins of the

river, Crispin still maintaines a proprietary attitude towards them (Ballard 1979 : .9). amrigad,

sqesobrivi miziduloba ukana planze gadadis, radgan mamakacSi imarjvebs

sakuTrebis da qonebis SegrZneba. meore momenti, rac misi aqtiurobis

formaze metyvelebs, misi iaraRia, Tofi – oRond TavdacviT aspeqtSi,

vinaidan krispinis dro gadis an frinvelTa Tavdasxmis lodinSi anda maT

xocvaSi.

avtoris mxatvrul ambiciaze bevri magaliTi metyvelebs, maSinac ki

rodesac SedarebisTvis SerCeuli sityva aRmoCndeba Janrobrivad Seusabamo

cneba Each of the immense white creatures – for the most part gulls and gannetes, with a few

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fulmars and petrels – carried his bullet in its heart like a jewel. (Ballard 1979 : 9) Efaqtia, rom

literaturul planSi, frinvelis gulSi mortymuli tyviis Sedareba

Zvirfas TvalTan stovebs metad araordinalur STabeWdilebas, rogorc

macabre iumoris narev dekadansTan; magram Tu amas davamatebT kidev TviT

frinvelis pirobiTobas, romelic lirikuli leqsebis uwyinari Tematikidan

gadavida absoluturad apokalipturi egzistenciis saxeobaSi, maSin

gamodis rom kacisgan nasroli tyvia mis gulSi Janris damabalansebeli da

gamamarTlebeli elementia.

zemoT naxsenebi viTareba warmoadgens gamaTviTcnobierebel Sesavals

rom ukeT gavigoT, ra dReSia krispini, romelsac ori Tvis win mouwia

kacze ufro did frinvelTa SemosevasTan brZola, romelTa simravlem ca

daabnela. am brZolaSi misi erTaderTi damxmare gonebaClungi jujaa,

calfexa, proteziani biWi, kvimbi, romlis daxmareba gamoixateba daxocil

frinvelTa gvamebis zRvaSi CayriT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es brZola

krispinis gamarjvebiT dasrulda, magram misi gamarjvebis erTaderTi mowme,

kvimbi, aranairad ar Seesatyviseba antikur qoros, romelsac ekisreboda

gmiris sadidebeli simRera.

meore mowme agreTve pirobiTia: Tu kvimbi ar iTvleba Rirseul

mayureblad da madideblad, magram krispini arc qalis roliT aris

kmayofili, vinaidan qals ar surs ucqiros imas rac xdeba; xolo mizezi

amisa Semdgom iSleba. ase rom, The woman’s appearance on the scene he welcomed, glad

someone else was there to share his triumph... But after a single glance the woman never again

looked at him. (Ballard 1979 : 11).

Cans, rom balardi afasebs literaturuli klasikis elementebs da

teqsts ajerebs msgavsi tipis mxatvruli “CarTvebiT”, ris magaliTad

migvaCnia Semdegi winadadeba: “The following day he appeared again in a wooden skiff and

punted the woman, standing alone in the bows like an aloof wraith, among the bodies of the birds

floating in the water” (Ballard 1979 : 12), sadac qals eniWeba tragikuli Temis

miniSneba da gansaxiereba.

“Temis” xsenebas Cvens mxriv kidev ufro ganamtkicebs Semdeg frazaSi

naxsenebi sityva, romelic miuTiTebs avtoris mier Segnebulad

Camoyalibebul meore, ara siuJetur, aramed ganyenebul metafizikur planze:

“Now and then Quimby turned one of the huge corpses over his pole, as if searching for something

among them – there were apocryphal stories, which many townsfolk believed, that the beaks of the

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birds carried tusks of ivory, but Crispin knew this to be nonsense.” (Ballard 1979 : 12). risTvis

sWirdeba avtors damatebiT, kidev metafizikuri planis Semotana? –

erTaderTi mizezis gamo: am gziT is zrdis da afarTovebs SerCeuli

siuJetis Janrobriv niSan-TvisebaTa saerTo suraTs, da garkveuli

TvalsazrisiT, “mesame ganzomilebas” hmatebs am konfliqts, da saerTod,

nawarmoebs.

es yvelaferi keTdeba imisTvis, rom momxdaris dramatizms mieces

maqsimaluri, “moculobiTi” mniSvneloba. ballardi axerxebs am efeqtis

kidev ufro gaZlierebas. saamisod, mas Semoaqvs adamianis uimedod

darRveuli fsiqikis damadasturebeli suraTi da amaSi igrZnoba

kafkaseuli xedvis didi gavlena. aseT viTarebaSi, praqtikulad ukacriel

garemoSi, romelic gvafiqrebinebs samyaros dasasruls, personaJi isev

jildoze da medlebze fiqrobs: aseTi uunaroba, rom mTlianobaSi Seafasos

momxdaris warmoudgeneli masStabi, TavisTavad metyvelebs “rigiTi

moqalaqis”, anda “statistikuri erTeulis”, rogorc mas xSirad

moixsenieben – sulier simwires da ususurobas, rac gamoiwvia Tanamedrove

civilizaciis gadaxvevam humanizmis ZiriTadi principebisgan. saxelmwifo,

romelic Tavis winsvlaSi xelmZRvanelobs mxolod teqnologiuri

progresis da ekonomikuri zrdis ideebiT, aucileblad aRmoCndeba iseTi

problemebis pirispir, rogorsac xatavs aq ballardi.

amgvari viTareba qmnis Zalze mwvave dramatul garemos, raTa

kritikulad warmoadginos warmosaxvis armqone adamianis Sinagani

sicariele. Tavdacvis instinqtis garda, krispins kidev mxolod ori ram

aqvs SemorCenili: elementaruli cnobismoyvareoba da daxmarebis

minimaluri survili, rasac is grZnobs TeTrTmiani ucxo qali mimarT, da

kidev ufro Zlierad – sakuTrebis damcvelis deformirebuli instinqti.

ratom vuwodebT instinqts “deformirebuls” – Tu saerTod SeiZleba

es vixmaroT instinqtTan dakavSirebiT? imitom, rom cidan Tavs dacemuli am

uamravi daxocili frinvelis gvams, krispini “avtomaturad” aRiqvams,

rogorc misi monitoringis qveS arsebuli teritoriis kuTvnilebas. amitom

ar moswons, rom is TeTrTmiani qali putavs da TeTr frTebs aclis uamrav

frinvelTa gvamebs – krispins miaCnia, es xels SeuSlis warmoaCinos Tavis

saqmis pirnaTlad Sesrulebis suraTi, raTa saboloo jamSi, eRirsos raime

wamaxalisebel medals.

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amgvari detaliT ballardi aCvenebs, ramdenad araadekvaturia

saxelmwifos WanWikad qceuli pirovnebis qceva da fsiqologia. metic,

vinaidan adamianis fsiqologiis masobriv cvlilebasTan gvaqvs saqme,

Sesabamisad amgvar masas ukve aRar gaaCnia unari raime Secvalos, vinaidan

obieqturad veRar afasebs realobas da ver aRiqvams sinamdvilis ukidures

tragizms. gamodis, rom ballardis azriT, sazogadoeba, romelmac viTareba

amgvar mdgomareobamde miiyvana, absoluturad ganwirulia, mas aRar ZaluZs

araTu Seabrunos globaluri daRupvis procesi, aramed SeaCeros mainc, da

amaSi Cans Tavad avtoris uimedoba mimdinare procesis mimarT.

3.4. moqmedeba. amgvarad gamoiyureba am nawarmoebis sawyisi viTarebis

es “fsiqologiuri portreti”. mas mosdevs ukve realuri moqmedeba,

personaJTa “amoZraveba” erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi, da vrwmundebiT, rom

sawyisma introduqciam Seasrula Tavisi roli da ukeT warmogvidgens

ganviTarebuli kontaqtis ormag fsiqologiur safuZvels.

Cven ukve Camogviyalibda saTanado warmodgena krispinis pirovnebaze

da amitom miseuli Sefaseba quimbis da TeTrTmiani qalis Sesaxeb

sifrTxiliT unda miviRoT – ramdenadac viciT misi zneobis da gonebrivi

potencialis farglebi.

rodesac is quimbis axsenebs, xSirad “idiots” daurTavs, TiTqos unda

rom amiT Tavi dairwmunos sakuTar upiratesobaSi. xolo qalis ucnauri

qceva afiqrebinebs, rom is giJia, Seuracxadi. da marTlac, TmagaCeCili

qalis ucnauri Cacmuloba, bodiali am daxocili frinvelebiT dafarul

mindorze, TiTqos marTlac unda iZleodes amgvari daskvnis safuZvels.

magram amas mosdevs lamazi da romantikuli scena, romelsac avtori

teqnikurad warmogvidgens. es xerxi “teqnikuria” im mxriv, rom Tu

daxatuli suraTis esTetikuri elementi kidev SeiZleba daukavSirdes

WogritiT macqeral krispinis Tvals da gancdas – is aluzia, rasac

gvkarnaxobs es suraTi, rasakvirvelia scdeba krispinis aRqmis horizonts.

imisaTvis, rom danaxulis aRwera mowyvitos krispinis, rogorc mnaxvelis

da mTxrobelis Tvals, ballardi ganzrax “moixmars” gareSe sagans,

Wogrits, raTa ukve sakuTari, anu avtoriseuli xedva Carios am suraTis

Sinaarsobriv SreSi da amiT Searwyos es ori, gansxvavebuli siRrmis aRqma:

“As Crispin watched, hands clasping the bandoliers across his chest, she went over to one of the

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birds, walking into the shallow water to peer into itss half-submerged face. The she plucked a single

plume from its wing and added it to the collection in her arms.” (Ballard 1979 : 13)

saqme isaa, rom TeTri feri da saxe gamWvirvale wyalqveS umal

gvaxsenebs ofelias daRupvis epizods, magram Cveni paraleli efuZneba ara

mxolod am garegnul “gamoZaxils”, aramed umTavres motivs adamianTa

TviTgadarCenis, radgan am nawarmoebis TemiT wamoWrili wamyvani problema

swored rom “yofna-aryofnis” ideazea agebuli!

am dakvirvebis scenis Semdeg, ukve advilia miawero krispins

garkveuli doziT raRac fantazia, romelSic esTetikuri elementic

amoicnoba, ukve momzadebulia saTanado safuZveli, rom Wogritis

okularSi danaxuli figura TeTr farSevangs miamsgavsos: “her swaying figure,

almost hidden by the spray of white feathers, resembled that of some huge decorative bird, a white

peackock.” (Ballard 1979 : 13).

krispinis pirovneba ironiulad aris warmodgenili momdevno abzacSi

da is rom es ironiuli detali umalve mosdevs qalis xatovan xedvas,

kidev ufro mkvaxe kritikaa krispinis mimarT, ase rom ironia sarkazmSi

gadadis: krispini gadawyvets, rom moimarjvos gamafrTxilebeli raketis

sasroli pistoleti, raTa diliTve – Tu naxa, rom qali kvlav Seudga am

daxocili frinvelebis gaputvas – amcnos mas sasignalo raketiT, rom

“sxvis kuTvnil teritoriazea da sxvis sakuTrebas xelyofs.” amgvari

marazmatikuli daskvna ganumtkica mis Soriaxlos mcxovrebma fermerma,

romelmac nebarTva sTxova, rom gadaeTria sakuTar mindorze ramdenime

frinvelis gvami, rom daewva da miwis sasuqad gamoeyenebina. Sesabamisad,

krispinSi iZala mesakuTreobis safuZvelze gaZlierebulma “egos”

SegrZnebam, Tan imdenad, rom gadafara wuTis win gancdili siamovneba TeTr

bumbulebSi Cafluli qalis figuris cqeriT rom ganicada.

momdevno pasaJi iZleva Seqmnili mdgomareobis mokle eqskurss, sadac

Cans is Sedegi, rac mohyva mosavlis gasazrdelad Seqmnili qimiuri sasuqis

gauazrebel gamoyenebas, rasac mohyva jer frinvelTa sikvdili, xolo ori-

sami wlis Semdeg, maTi giganturi mutantebis Semoseva da amis Tanmdevi

katastrofa – saqonlis daRupva da praqtikulad – adamianis omi missave

Seqmnil ucnaur da iZulebiT agresorad qceul frinvelebTan, romlebic

SimSilis gamo ukve adamians esxmodnen. am pasaJSi ballardi am tragedias

warmoaCens rogorc universalur ekologiur katastrofas, rasac

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emsxverpleba ara mxolod adamiani da Sinauri cxovelebi, aramed TviT

agresoric, is frinvelebi: “Often he found himself hinking of their great tragic faces as

they swooped down upon him, in many ways more to be pitied than feared, victims of what the

district officer had called a ‘biological accident’” (Ballard 1979 :14).

avtori arasodes ar Ralatobs Tavis princips, rom mikro samyaros

safuZvelze Seqmnas warmodgena makro samyaroze. krispini sul rCeba

Txrobis fokusSi, riTac ballardi axerxebs daasabuTos momxdari

tragediis garduvaloba rigiTi adamianis SezRuduli Segnebis da viwro

horizontis gamo da agreTve aseTi pirovnebis viwro individualizmis gamo.

es Cans im suraTSi, sadac globalur katastrofis maCvenebel winadadebas:

“…an aerial armada of millions of birds that filled the skies over the country. Driven by hanger,

theu began to attack the human beings whio were their only source of food.” (Ballard 1979 : 15) –

umal mosdevs meore, sadac krispini iZulebulia gonebidan amoiRos am

saerTo katasrofis zogadi foni da Segnebulad dasjerdes imaze fiqrs,

rac uSualod mas exeba: “Crispin had been too busy defending the farm where he lived to

follow the course of the battle against the birds all over the world.” (Ballard 1979 : 15).

ballardi sakmaod Tanmimdevrulad agebs savaraudo katastrofis

suraTs. es gansakuTrebiT Cans fsiqologiuri niuansebis aRweraSi.

frinvelTa gvamebiT mofenili yures zedapiri TavisTavad sazareli

suraTia da avtori cdilobs warmoadginos am suraTis axsnis ori versia:

erTia, rasac krispini ixsenebs, misi ufrosis naTqvams, “mecnierul-

statistikuri” – rom frinvelebi reptiliebisgan ganviTardnen, TiTqos amiT

unda guli gaumagros morigi mosalodneli brZolisaTvis. magram aqve

Semoaqvs meore xedva – ukve krispinis TvaliT danaxuli: frinvelebis saxe

da Tavi mas ufro delfinebs agonebs, TiTqmis adamianuri gamometyvelebiT

da amitom am daxocilTa brZolis vels is uyurebs ukve ara wina dReebis

gaSmagebiT, rodesac sikvdil-sicocxlis arCevanis win idga da xocavda maT,

sakuTari Tavi rom gadaerCina.

amjerad is distancirebulia im winandeli gancdisgan, da am Sedegs

uyurebs ara rogorc raRac amazrzeni mtris Semosevas, rac momxdaris

SefasebaSi gaadvilebs amocanas, rakiRa konfliqtSi monawile mxare or

klasikur jgufad daiyofa: “Cven” da “isini”. “As he made his way across the river

past the drifting forms it seemed to him that he had been attacked by a race of winged men, driven

not by cruelty or blind instinct but by a sense of some unknown and irrevocable destiny.” (Ballard

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1979 : 17) unda iTqvas, rom am momentSi amoicnoba ara racionaluri – da Tan

Zveli, “Zveli aRTqmidan” momdinare gamoTqma, “Tvali Tvalis wil” – aramed

ukve qristianuli xedva mtrisa da zogadad, konfliqtis ganxilva sxva

principiT: “giyvardes mteri Seni”. Tu aqamde krispini gveCveneba rogorc

rigiTi personaJi, romelsac mxolod Tavdacvis unari aqvs da dakarguli

aqvs bevri adamianuri Tviseba, sakuTrebis Segnebis garda – aq ukve masSi

iRviZebs sibralulis, da am grZnobasTan erTad, kidev danaSaulis grZnoba,

radgan is grZnobs, rom frinvelebis Semtevi armada – isev da isev

msxverplia adamianis danaSaulis, msxverpli, romelic iZulebiT aqcies

mtrad da agresorad.

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom krispinis amgvari fsiqologiuri

evolucia ganpirobebulia wina sceniT: is xedavs qals, romelsac moaqvs

TeTri frTebiT da nakrTeniT savse sarecxis Casalagebeli kalaTa da

mxviara vardis morTul talaverTan dadgams. es scena saocrad mSvidobiani

da nostalgiuria im xanaze, rodesac amgavri suraTebiT savse iyo

Cveulebrivi cxovreba. es bunebrivi nostalgia aRmoCndeba is Zala,

romelic ganapirobebs cvlilebas krispinis xedvaSi.

Cven ukve vaxseneT sityva “Tanmimdevruli” ballardis manerasTan

dakavSirebiT. am mxriv sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom erTxel ukve

miTiTebul moments da naxseneb detals, is kvlav anviTarebs ukve sxva

viTarebaSi da amis wyalobiT, personaJi iZens met siRrmes da Sinaarss.

zemoT naxsenebi aluzia ofelias scenasTan kvlav meordeba, oRond ukve

sxva konteqstSi, rodesac mkacri sazrunaviT dakavebul krispins emateba

esTetikuri xedvis unaric. am SemTxvevaSi Cven gamovyofT erTmaneTis axlos

naxmar sityvebs: plump-breasted bodies, bandoliers da monumental sculpture. pirvel

magaliTSi meordeba ukve naxsenebi paraleli ofelias sikvdilTan: “..…a

flock of pigeons, a few doves among them, had fallen at the water’s edge. Their plump-breasted

bodies, at least ten feet from head to tail, lay as if asleep on the damp sand, eyes closed in the warm

sunlight.” (Ballard 1979 : 17) am frazas mosdevs sagangebod, kontrastisTvis

naxmari tyviebis bude-lentis xseneba, romelsac ara aqvs raime uSualo

siuJeturi saWiroeba da avtori mxolod imitom axsenebs, rom daxatos

krispinis sulieri gaRviZebis sruli viTareba da garemo: “Holding his bandoliers

to prevent them from slipping off his shoulders, Crispin climbed the bank.” (Ballard 1979 : 17-18)

da iqve, momdevno momentSi, ballardi, ukve krispinis TvaliT aRwers

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danaxuls: “Beside it [a wooden bridge], like a heraldic symbol pointing his way, reared the up-

ended wing of a white eagle. The immense plumes with their exquisite modeling reminded him of a

monumental sculpture, and in the slightly darker light as he approached the cliff the apparent

preservation of the birds’ plumage made this meadow resemble a vast avarian mortuary garden.”

(Ballard 1979 : 18). unda vaRiaroT, rom krispinis “CarTva” aseT avtoriseul

xedvaSi ar momdinareobs misi daxatuli portretis logikidan, magram am

SemTxvevaSi avtori met mniSvnelobas aniWebs nawarmoebis saerTo ideis

“polifoniur JReradobas” da amiT aixsneba personaJis aseTi moulodneli

kulturuli transformacia.

es transformacia warmoadgens Zalian ostatur mosamzadebel etaps,

rom momdevno scenam miiRos is JReradoba, rac saWiro aris imisaTvis, rom

nawarmoebs mieces pan-epoqaluri tonaloba da mniSvneloba. kacis da qalis

Sexvedris scena sruli ngrevis da frinvelTa gvamebis fonze, Zalian

efeqturia, radgan ballardi sagangebod aRwers namsxvrevebis, nagvis da

namtvrebis garemoSi, TiTqmis ZonZebSi gamowyobili TeTrTmiani qalis

moulodnel silamazes. dedaberis nacvlad, krispins daxvda axalgazrda

qali da miT ufro enigmatiuria am ucnobi arsebis saqmianoba, romelsac

mxviara vardebisTvis gamzadebuli talaveris masalisgan da joxebisgan

raRac CarCo-konstruqcia gaukeTebia, romelsac rTavs dagrovili TeTri

frTebiT, da kidev erTi-ori kalaTa aseTi frTebiT savse kidev aqvs

gamzadebuli.

literaturuli tradiciis standartebidan gamomdinare, scenis

amgvari Semadgeneli elementebi – omiT iavarqmnili miwa da garemo,

martoxela axalgazrda lamazi qali sruliad Seuferebel samosSi

gamowyobili da Sexvedra iaraRaasxmul mamakacTan – es yvelaferi cxadia

gvaxsenebs anuis piesebs, brextis “deda kuraJs”, magram yvelafer amas

pirvelwyarod aqvs antikuri tragediebis siuJetebi, iqneba es “antigone”,

“oresteia”, anda kidev sxva nawarmoebi.

rac CamovTvaleT, anu saerTo scena, personaJTa garegnuli ieri, da

rac ufro mniSvnelovania, Sexvedris scenis tipologiuri modeli,

vfiqrobT, rom sakmarisad asabuTebs msgavsebas antikur “prototipTan”,

magram Cveni am Sedarebis gadamwyet verbalur argumentad migvaCnia sityva

pyre, anu dakrZalvis ceremonialuri koconi. “koconis” cneba avtors or

etapad Semoaqvs: jer rogorc bonfire – rodesac krispinma TeTri frTebis

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grovisgan Seqmnili piramida kocons miamsgavsa. Semdeg ukve, rodesac

avtori axsenebs dasawvavad gamzadebul, gadarCeuli bumbulis usargeblo

bRuja-grovas, is xmarobs ukve koconis am dasaxelebas, pyre-s. magram

imisaTvis, rom am sityvas misces saWiro datvirTva, ballardi saTanadod

amzadebs mkiTxvels Sesatyvisi ganwyobis Semqmneli verbaluri-emociuri

miniSnebebiT. erTgvar kadenciebad, jer iqmneba safrTxis saerTo suraTi:

“To his surprise she gazed at him with a hard eye, unimpressed by the brigand-like appearance he

presented with his cartridge bandoliers, rifle and scarred face.” (Ballard 1979 : 18) amas mosdevs

daundoblobaze mimaniSnebeli gangmiravi suraTi – “Her handsome face, devoid of

all make up, seemed to have been deliberately exposed to the cutting winter winds” (Ballard, J.,

“Storm-bird, Storm-dreamer”, 1979 p.18), da es sruldeba ukve “ceremonialuri

koconis” xsenebiT, rasac mosdevs ukve viTarebis Semajamebeli ori fraza:

“Yet he was aware that something, perhaps their shared experience of the birds, bonded him and the

young woman. The empty killing sky, the freighted fields, silent in the sun, and the pyre beside

them imposed a sense of common past.” (Ballard 1979 : 18) es sami damatebiTi elementi

hkravs maT kavSirs im garemoSi, sadac ca – “momaklavad, mkvleladaa”

moxseniebuli, mze, romelic sicocxlesTan da ayvavebasTan aris

dakavSirebuli, “mdumarea”, da Sesabamisad, am garemos aRqmac erTiania,

radgan orive msxverplia maTi garemosi, maTi warsulis da awmyosi.

maTi gacnobis scena ganzrax lirikulia da avtori cdilobs iumoris

da komizmis elementebiT Seqmnas axalgazrda qalis da kacis

urTierTganwyobis bunebrivi ganviTarebis suraTi. krispini umal pasuxobs

qalis Txovnas, rom daexmaros raRacis gadaxerxvaSi, qali RimiliT

dascqeris rogor daqanaobs tyviamfrqvevis lenti. avtors swored aqvs

gaTvlili mkiTxvelis fsiqologia, romelic elis maT Soris

urTierTsimpatiis zrdas, magram ballardi ar uSvebs aseTi “sapnis operis”

sadari siuJetis ganviTarebas; pirvel rigSi, ar uSvebs radgan amas ar

uSvebs TviT nawarmoebis Temis seriozuloba da dramatizmi.

imdenad mZimea gancdilis masa da tkivili, rom ase, ramdenime wuTiani

kontaqti kacTan ver Secvlis qalis ganwyobas. krispini, rogorc – qalTan

SedarebiT, ufro uxeSi da tlanqi fsiqologiuri wyobis kaci, ver xvdeba,

rom daufiqreblad SeTavazebuli frinvelis mokvlam uceb gadaiyvana qali

sxva samyaroSi da misi naTqvami, rom “eseni yvela me davxoceo”. am

momentidan iwyeba krispinis eWvi da dabneuloba, da am momentidan, rodesac

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qali am fraziT pasuxobs: “bodiSi, ver gavige, ra miTxariT?” – is iketeba

Tavis samyaroSi da misi mzardi ganrideba ukve aSkaraa.

am ganridebis da dramis gasaRebs juja quimbi xsnis da amcnobs, rom

am qalis qmarSvili emsxverpla mtreds, romelic mis qmars jaWvze hyavda

dabmuli. am cnobam gauZliera krispins qalze zrunvis survili,

pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba gauCnda mis mimarT. imisaTvis, rom ramenairad

daexmaros, is ferad-ferad frTebs da nakrTens daaclis sxvadasxva

frinvelTa gvamebs da qals miarTmevs. pasuxad qali auxsnis, rom mxolod

TeTrs agrovebs, mtredisas, magram rodesac krispini gamoacxadebs, rom

mzadaa aseTic mougrovos, qali cdilobs gadaaTqmevinos, da aq ukve ismis

gamafrTxilebeli nota mosalodneli ubedurebis: “Her troubled eyes wandered

about his face, as if hoping to find some kindly way of warning him off.” (Ballard 1979 : 24)

miniSnebuli ubedurebis meore signals avtori omonimis saSualebiT

gvawvdis: zedmeti, qalisgan dawunebuli frTebi krispinma wyalSi gadayara

da frTebi dairwevian gemis danatoveb talRovan kvalze, romelic

inglisurad gamoixateba sityviT wake, romelic agrTve niSnavs “zars” da

“glovas” da “datirebas”: “As he sailed across the river to the ship he moved… casting the

cargo of feathers on to the water. Behind him, the soft plumes formed a wake.” (Ballard 1979 : 24).

ballardis mxatvruli ostatobis kidev erTi nimuSia, misi unari

SeinarCunos da ganaviTaros paraleluri motivis maniSnebeli detalebi.

frinvelTa warmoCena, rogorc “iZulebiT agresorebis”, rom isini TviTonac

arian msxverpli maTgan damoukideblad Seqmnili katastrofis, razec

avtori miuTiTebs maT saxeebis aRweriT, kidev ufro Zlierdeba aseT

monakveTSi: “.. he moored the craft by a large open meadow, directly below the flight path of the

birds as they had flown in to attack the picket ship.. Here, on the cool green turf, the dying birds had

fallen most thickly. A recent fall of rain concealed the odour of the immense gulls and fulmars lying

across each other like angels.” (Ballard 1979 : 22).

qalze zrunva erTi-orad ufro afxizlebs krispins da amitom

gadawyvets RamiT qalis saxlTan iguSagos, rom frinvelebma mas ar avnon.

iqve naxavs, rom saxlis ukan uzarmazar mtreds dauwyia budis Seneba da

dauSlis budes, rom qals safrTxe aSoros.

am momentidan dawyebuli, avtori aCqarebs Txrobis temps Taviseburi

xerxiT: krispinis momdevno dReebs is xatavs lakonuri maneriT da xazs

usvams kacis zunvas qalze, romelic aRac unaxavs im Sexvedris Semdeg.

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magram ukve naxsenebi wake-is Semdeg, ballardi ukve siurrealistur,

moCvenebiT suraTs iyenebs, rom qvecnobierad moamzados mkiTxveli

dramatuli dasasrulisTvis da saamisod is detalurad aRwers im

viTarebas, sadac movlenis da sagnis realuri mdgomareobiT da wamieri

ganlagebiT, amarTlebs SemTxveviT Seqmnili mistikuri gancdis suraTs:

“Crispin leaned on the helm, gazing at the gaunt reflection of himself in the darkened glass, when a

huge white face, beaked like his own, swam into his image. As he stared at the apparition, a pair of

immense white wings seemed to unfurl themselves from his shoulders.” (Ballard 1979 : 26) wamiT

gaCenili krispinis “frTosani portreti”, romelic TiTqos ukve mis

“sasuleTSi gardasvlis” maCvenebelia, Zalian waagavs epifaniis teqnikas,

rogorc amas iyenebs folkneri Tavis “sofelSi”, rodesac RamiT fermeri

dasdevs ferdobze Tavis damfrTxal cxenebs, isini ki saxlis aivanze

Sevardebian da Semdeg dabla gadaeSvebian, fermeri ki maT qvevidan

Sescqeris, rogorc mfrinav cxenebs veeba saves mTvaris fonze. aseT

siurrealistur wams aqvs Tavisi funqcia, radgan is ganapirobebs

Tvisobrivad sxva aRqmas; am moTxrobaSi ki, am suraTis meSveobiT mkiTxveli

ukve emzadeba kvanZis dramatuli gaxsnisaTvis.

krispinis sinamdvileSi es aRmoCndeba is budedangreuli uzarmazari

frinveli, romelsac wina RamiT man bude daungria, xolo exla ki esvris

da klavs.

Cveni azriT, am frinvelis Semdgom xsenebisas avtori axsenebs

detals, romelic migvaCnia moTxrobis kompoziciisaTvis erTaderT

arasaWiro danamats, rodesac mokluli giganturi mtredis TmagaSlil

siluets TeTr jvarcmas adarebs: am Sedarebas eqneboda azri da damatebiTi

arqiteqtonikuli datvirTva, rom nawarmoebSi gamoyofili iyos

qristianuli religiis raime roli an motivi – imis miuxedavad, rom

ramdenime adgilas naxsenebia “angelozi”; magram vinaidan teqstSi amas ar

vxvdebiT, maSin ver gaviziarebT jvris wminda dekoratiuli anda

ornamentuli funqciis aucileblobas da saWiroebas – swored misi

arsebiTi da gadamwyveti simboluri mniSvnelobis gamo, rac gamoricxavs

mis gamoyenebas kompoziciaSi misi pirveladi da gadamwyveti azrobrivi

mniSvnelobiT.

rodesac krispini gadawyvets, Tavi moawonos qals masze zrunviT,

uceb aRmoaCens, rom qali garemos adekvaturad ar aRiqvams, radgan qeTrin

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iorki kars miujaxunebs da gaagdebs da Tavzardacemuli krispini xvdeba,

rom qali Wkuas acdenilia. aq ballardi kvlav aCens viTarebis Rrma

fsiqologiuri wvdomis unars da am momentSi krispini pirvelad

daelaparakeba juja quimbis, rogorc Tavis swors da adamians: amis mizezi

erTia – man igrZno, ra aris marcxi, ra aris gulistkena, ra aris auxdeneli

ocneba – da imdenad mZimea am gancdis atana martodmarto, sxva

gamziarebelis gareSe, rom quimbis megobariviT gauziarebs Tavis aRmoCenas,

rom qals Tavis frinvelTan aigivebs.

qalisgan karis mijaxuneba ukve aRniSnavs moTxrobis damasrulebeli

etapis maniSnebel moments. am momentSi, Tavdacvis mizniT Cadenil

mkvlelobas mosdevs krispinis meqanikuri qmedebebi, rasac saerTo meti aqvs

ufro yasabTan an paTanatomTan, vidre uTanabro TavdacviT brZolaSi

Cabmul meomris saqcielTan. mokluli mtredis gvami, “Looming over him like an

immense murdered angel” (Ballard 1979), da misi siTeTre, rasac avtori am

moTxrobaSi akavSirebs qeTrinTan, mis TmasTan, dardiT rom gauTeTrda, mis

dakargul qmar-Svilis sulebTan – es aris qalis dramis gamomxatavi

elementebis is arasruli CamonaTvali, romelic mkiTxvels eZleva

imisaTvis, rom ukeT dainaxos mosaxdenis logika – kanonzomiereba Tu ara.

meore mxriv, finaluri epizodis logika mxolod siurealisturi

suraTis meSveobiT xdeba gasagebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq ormagi

lirikuli momentia: erTia, krispinis gataceba am Svilmkvdari qvriviT,

xolo meore – qeTrin iorkis dangreuli fsiqikis erTaderTi

macocxlebeli ocneba raki krispins unda, rom qeTrinTan saerTo ena

gamonaxos, da miaCnia, rom mas Tavi frinveli hgonia, amitom gadawyvets

absurdul maskarads: zed moirgebs gamofatruli mtredis Tav-sxeuls da

frTebs, faqtiurad, TviTon iqceva fitulis mamoZravebel nawilad,

mklavebs frTebSi gauyris; mTidan Camorbis da gamoqanebuls, uceb haeris

talRa aitacebs da livliviT iwyebs frenas qeTrinis saxlis Tavs. qali

Tvals mokravs, ori gasroliT Camoagdebs da roca darwmundeba, rom

mkvdaria, kvlav aZrobs TeTr nakrTens mis frTebidan, rom daasrulos bude

im didi frinvelisTvis, vinc odesme mofrindeba da bavSvs daubrunebs.

amrigad, krispinis sabediswero Secdoma aixsneba qalis sulieri

mdgomareobis mcdari interpretaciiT; qalis mdgomareoba absoluturad

gasagebia, rogorc travma, romlis “gadatanas” sazRaurad Tan mosdevs

- 97 -

Wkuas acdena; xolo orives drama aris is “mciremasStabiani” suraTi,

romelsac ballardi iyenebs, rogorc im princips da meTods, rodesac

“zRvis wveTis qimiuri analiziT axerxeben gaiazron warmodgena zogadad

zRvaze”: ori Tu sami martosuli aris globaluri katastrofis da dramis

is marcvali, romelic saTanado ganwyobas uqmnis mkiTxvels, raTa ara

mxolod gonebiT, aramed agreTve guliTYigrZnos kacobriobis danaSaulis

ganuzomeli siRrme da usazRvroeba.

3.5. antiutopiis elementebis integrireba samecniero fantastikis

JanrSi. robert Seklis “statusis civilizacia” aris socialuri utopiis

da samecniero fantastikis erTgvari hibridi, romelic aerTianebs

antiutopiis “gamafrTxilebel” publicistur apelacias zogadad

kacobriobisadmi – mxatvruli gamoxatulebis ukiduresad mkvaxe da

Seubralebel formasTan, romlis paralelebi moiZebneba ara mxolod

mwerlobaSi. am nawarmoebis mniSvneloba yuradsaRebia literaturuli

Janris Tematuri tevadobis kuTxiT, da amasTan erTad, kidev Janris

ideuri da mxatvruli norma-sazRvrebis TvalsazrisiT. am mxriv Cveni

yuradReba miiqcia ramdenime momentma, romlis mniSvneloba scdeba viwro

konteqstualur moTxovnas da saWiroebas da exmareba ara mxolod

saerTo ideis gaSlasa da gamdidrebas, aramed xels uwyobs agreTve

nawarmoebis CarTvas zogadliteraturuli problematikis da ideuri

blokis qselSi. vinaidan Sekli axerxebs CarTos ideis datvirTvis

matarebeli da gasaTvaliswinebeli punqti dinamikur da avantiurul

siuJetur TxrobaSi, Cveni mizania rom amovicnoT swored am CarTul

”punqtebi” da ganvixiloT naTqvamis damadasturebeli pasaJi:

1. im patimrebs, visac ar axsovT sakuTari warsuli, araferi

egulebaT, rasac daafuZnebdnen TavianT fiqrebs momavalze. gamocdilebas

da sakuTar STabeWdilebas sxvas ver gauziareb, Tuki es gamocdileba da

STabeWdileba exlaxans gaCnda da Camoyalibda. am pasaJis saTanadod

wakiTxva SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ganvixilavT sityva “patimris”

mniSvnelobas ufro farTo konteqstSi. “ufro farTo konteqstis”

saWiroebas Cven vamarTlebT nawarmoebis Janruli specifikiT: samecniero

fantastikis garda, “statusis civilizaciaSi” aSkarad amoicnoba kidev

antiutopiuri prozis motivebi da Tematika da amitom nawarmoebs aqvs

- 98 -

socio-fsiqologiuri problemebis warmoCenis pretenzia. aqedan

gamomdinare, “patimaric” unda gaviazroT ufro farTo konteqstSi,

rogorc adamianisTvis bediT gamoyofili Tu misjili sacxovrebeli

periodis or TariRs Soris gamomwyvdeuli individis metafora. teqstis

aseT xedvaSi umal ixsneba am frazis zogadsazogadoebrivi da ufro

metic, istoriul-filosofiuri mniSvneloba, romelic pirdapir SeiZleba

ganevrcos rogorc individis, aseve farTo sazogadoebrivi fenis anda

eris mimarT, ris Sedegadac absoluturad gamarTlebuli gamoCndeba

Cveni zemoxsenebuli SeniSvna.

2. “axali samyaro” – es sityvebi, riTac iwyebs oratori Tavis

gamosvlas, rodesac mimarTavs omegaze gasaxlebul patimrebs, 1930-iani

wlebis dasasrulidan ukve asocirdeboda haqslis antiutopiis

saTaurTan da am mxriv ukve cnebis da terminis funqcias iZenda – da ase

vasabuTebT Seklis am romanis Janrul definicias. metic - “statusis

civilizaciis” antiutopiuroba Cans TviT ideaSi da siuJetSi, radgan

civilizaciidan gariyulTa moTavseba “laboratoriul” garemoSi

imisaTvis, rom daasabuTos sakuTari warmodgena adamianisa da siborotis

urTierTdamokidebulebaze, es avtoris xerxia, Tan zustad iseTi,

romlis msgavsi gamoiyena goldingma Tavis “buzebis meufeSi”. am damwyeb

sityvebs mosdevs Zalian saintereso fraza:

3. “Tqven kvlav moevlineT qveyanas, magram Tan mogdevT codvis

savaldebulo Segneba. sxva mxriv arc geqnebodaT imisi Zala, rom

SeebrZoloT Tqvens SigniT Camalul borotebas. gaxsovdeT es da nu

gaviwydebaT, rom arc Svela ar arsebobs da arc drois Semobruneba..

SeurigdiT am faqtebs.”

“Tqven kvlav moevlineT qveyanas, magram Tan mogdevT codvis

savaldebulo Segneba.” – es ormagad saintereso SeniSvnaa, vinaidan

literaturuli paralelebis garda, TavisTavad sayuradReboa rogorc

avtoris pozicia: zneobrioba da kulturis winsvlas aucileblad

sWirdeba aTvlis wertili, e.i. is uaryofiTi foni, rasac unda moSordes

kacobrioba.

Ees aris kidev ramdenime magaliTi antiutopiuri JanrisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli publicisturobisa, sadac Cans rom Sekli “pirdapiri”

teqstiT mimarTavs uSualod mkiTxvels, rac Cans Semdeg pasaJSi:

- 99 -

4. Tqven yvelani damnaSaveni xarT da yvelas erTi saerTo niSani

gaerTianebT: ver axerxebT daicvaT sazogadoebis ZiriTadi savaldebulo

wesebi. es wesebi aucilebelia civilizebul sazogadoebaSi. maTi

darRveviT Tqven sCadixarT danaSauls kacobriobis winaSe. Tqven

aferxebT civilizaciis winsvlas da gaZevebulni xarT Tqveni msgavsi

arsebebis samyaroSi. aq gaqvT ufleba, rom sakuTari wes-kanonebi

gamoimuSavoT da am kanonTa Sesabamisad daixocoT. aq aris is

Tavisufleba, romelsac ase lamobdiT, is Tavisufleba, rac SeimCneva

kibos ujredebis SeuCerebel da damRupvel moZalebaSi.

daaxloebiT, am tipis “SegonebebiT” gajerebuli, sruldeba am

nawarmoebis I Tavi, sadac mTavari personaJi aris erT-erTi im

patimarTagani, visac dedamiwaze gamarjvebuli ucnauri totalitaruli

civilizacia damnaSaved Seracxavs, mexsierebas waarTmevs, mkvlelobas

abralebs da sxva patimrebTan erTad, kosmiuri xomaldiT agzavnis

planetaze, saxelad omega. cxadia, rom planetis saxeli simboluria,

radgan ganasaxierebs berZnuli anbanis ukanasknel asos da Sesabamisad

aRniSnavs ukanasknel punqts im arsebobis, romelic berZnulma

civilizaciam Camoayaliba, xolo kacobriobis Semdgomma progresma

miiyvana msgavs etapamde.

meore Tavi iwyeba patimarTa urTierTgacnobiT, rodesac mexsiereba

warTmeuli kacebi cdloben sakuTari warsuli amoicnon TavianTi

sxeuliT, “garegnuli maxasiTeblebiT” – xelebi dakoJrili aqvT

fizikuri Sromisagan, Tu ara, da a.S. da axalgacnobili wamoiZaxebs

frazas, romelic goldingis romanis dasawyiss mogvagonebs, rodesac

bavSvebi aRmoaCenen, rom avariis Semdeg ufrosebi daRupulni arian: “Cven

exla sakuTari samyaro gvaqvs, Tavisuflebi varT!”

es Tema viTardeba moulodneli detaliT, rodesac omegaze

axalCasul patimrebs, Zveli mkvidri aSinebs da ucxadebs rom isini

umdables kastas miekuTvnebian, oRond amas acxadebs orvelis romanidan

nasesxebi legendaruli frazis – We are all equal, but I am more equal,

modifikaciiT: “aq suyvela Tqvenze ufro maRla dgas, Tumc Cvens Soris

zogi kidev ufro maRla dgas danarCenebze”. misi monologi kidev ufro

moulodnelia Tavisi SinaarsiT, radgan iqauri sazogadoebis struqtura

aRiqmeba an rogorc literaturuli plagiati haqslis da orvelis

- 100 -

prozidan, anda rogorc avtoris ucnauri eqsperimenti, warmoaCinos

“klasikuri antiutopiis” suraTebi sakuTar versiasTan konteqstSi. amave

dros, is detaluri axsna omegas “sazogadoebis” ierarqiuli

safexurebisa stovebs sakmaod orWoful STabeWdilebas, radgan is

SeiZleba aRviqvaT rogorc utopiuri literaturuli tradiciis

gagrZeleba, romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia rogorc platonis, aseve moris

da kampanelas detalizirebuli aRwera maTi fantaziiT mogonili

struqturis. magram, meore mxriv, wminda literaturuli TvalsazrisiT,

aseTi axsna aRiqmeba rogorc erTgvari deja vu-s xerxi da stovebs Zalze

saeWvo literaturuli gemovnebis STabeWdilebas.

Lliteraturuli Ggemovnebis es ukanaskneli Tema rom aqtualuria

da samsjelo robert Seklis SemTxvevaSi, Cans ukve III TavSi, romlis

siuJeturi siurprizebi da maTi swrafi monacvleoba absurdulobis

zRvarzea da Tavisi “sizmareulobis TvisebiT” magiuri realizmis

elementebs gvaxsenebs. msgavsi magaliTebis motana SeiZleba magiuri

realizmis kanaduri modifikaciis avtorebisagan, magram am momentTan

dakavSirebiT Cven gveguleba ufro metad sagulisxmo SeniSvna: sulieri

kulturis procesebTan dakavSirebiT, valdebulni varT gaviTvaliswinoT

xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebis urTierTzegavlenis momenti, rac

saerTod gaxda metad damaxasiaTebeli XX saukunis SemoqmedebiTi

cxovrebisaTvis. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis im gavlenaze, rasac ganicdis

literatura musikis, da ufro metad, kinoxelovnebis gavleniT. Tu

pirveli samagaliToa kompoziciuri principebis karnaxiT, meore, anu

kinoxelovnebis gavlena ufro mrvalsaxovania, da saxeTa es simravle

aixsneba am dargis sinTeturobiT, rodesac saxier da xilul scenebs

teqsti emateba.

cxadia, rom Seklis am nawarmoebis aRniSnuli Tviseba dadebiTad

axasiaTebs avtoris ideur pozicias, magram amasTan erTad, mis prozas

axasiaTebs kidev erTi rTuli niSani. Cven ukve vaxseneT am avtoris

mxatvruli maneris specifika, misi survili miaRwios teqstis maqsimalur

saxovnebas da scenis “vizualizacias” iseTi formiT, romelic ufro

sinTeturi xelovnebis sferos miekuTvneba, scenis saxovani warmoCena

zogadad ufro dadebiTad axasiaTebs avtors da nawarmoebs, vidre

uaryofiTad, magram rogorc yovelTvis, nawarmoebis mxatvruli

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Sefasebis erT-erT mTavar kriteriumad rCeba zomiereba Janris

“kuTvnili” esTetikis normebis dacvaSic da eqsperimentSic, da amitom

“gadametebuli” Zieba da cdebi ufro uaryofiT Sedegs gamoiwvevs da

Cveni es SeniSvna mimarTulia nawarmoebis safinalo scenisadmi, sadac

kinematografiuli elementic ki ukve Tavisi “marginaluri” formiT aris

warmoCenili, vinaidan klasikuri kino-enis nacvlad, saqme gvaqvs

ukanasknel wlebSi gavrcelebul da popularizirebuli kinoteqnikis

gamoyenebis sazRvrebTan, ris Sedegadac konkretulad es pasaJi –

mTlianad nawarmoebis erTian mxatvrul suraTSi ufro disonansad

aRiqmeba, vidre ideis organul esTetikur nawilad, romlis amosavali

gemovnebiTi principi ar Seesatyviseba mkiTxvelis yurs, Tvals da

gemovnebas – yovel SemTxvevaSi, im mkiTxvelis, vinc wasakiTxad

Segnebulad irCevs am tipis da Janris nawarmoebs da saerTod ar elis

kinofantastikis komerciuli produqciisaTvis miRebuli da

fsiqologiuri koSmaris amsaxavi fsevdodramatuli “triukebis”

demonstracias.

garda amisa, kadrebis monacvleobis tempi TavisTavad win swevs

tempis aspeqts, romelic aqtualurad aqcevs sinamdvilis dinamikur

warmoCenas, es ukanaskneli ki metad saSuri momentia nawarmoebis

narativis, siuJeturi interesis zrdisa da gaZlierebisaTvis. am punqtTan

dakavSirebiT, SeiZleba wamoiWras Zalian seriozuli kiTxva: advili

SesaZlebelia, rom dinamikis da siuJeturi sirTulis zrdam gamoiwvios

tradiciuli literaturuli normebis cvlileba da garkveuli

deformacia, rac kargad Cans meorexarisxovani “literaturis”

magaliTze, romelic orientirebulia mdare gemovnebis mqone mkiTxvelze.

Sesabamisad, isev da isev gemovneba aris gadamwyveti nebismieri

literaturuli inovaciis danergvaSi da am TvalsazrisiT, Seklis es

nawarmoebi samagaliToa, vinaidan erTi SexedviT zerele, zedapiruli

xerxebis miuxedavad, mwerali mainc axerxebs SeunarCunos Tavis

nawarmoebs mxatvruli prozis imiji, xolo misi siuJetis ganviTarebis

dinamika, romelic groteskis zRvarzea, agreTve inarCunebs seriozuli

mxatvruli prozis monacemebs. ase aixsneba Seklis am nawarmoebis

personaJis bedis monacvleobis sapirispiro amplitudebi axal garemoSi

Cavardnis pirvelsave saaTSi. avtori am monakveTSi avlens efeqtur

- 102 -

profesiul ostatobas, romelic Cans kontrastuli planebis

“urTierTsapirispiro emociebis erTobliobaSi”, rac gajerebulia

dialogis absurduli logikiT da amgvar suraTs agvirgvinebs klasikuri

xerxi, “1001 Ramis” teqnikuri arsenalidan, rodesac epizodis dasasruli

gadaiqceva siuJetis Semdgomi ganviTarebis sawyisad.

amrigad, am etapze ukve yalibdeba nawarmoebis ramdenime wamyvani

laitmotivi: 1. yvelaze aqtualuri – TviTgadarCena; 2. lirikuli motivi,

romlis intensivobas ganapirobebs ucnobi lamazi qalis SeniRbuli

sikeTe; 3. garemo realobaSi garkveva ganuyofelia gmiris survilisgan,

gaerkves sakuTar vinaobaSi.

pirveli da mesame sakiTxi ara mxolod monaTesavea Tavisi ideuri

safuZvlebiT, aramed orive erTad is xidia, riTac es Temebi epasuxebian

zogadliteraturul tradicias da problematikas. rac Seexeba meore

sakiTxs, igi ufro siuJetur funqcias asrulebs, Tumca ideur aspeqtSi

erTgvari upiratesobac ki aqvs nawarmoebis saerTo esTetikuri saxis

CamoyalibebaSi.

vinaidan TviTgadarCena aucileblad iTxovs garemoSi garkvevis da

Sefasebis unars da amave dros es aris arsebuli literaturuli

tradiciis gamoZaxili, unda gaverkveT, Tu ra “kategoriisa” es

gamoZaxili – ubralo asli da eqoa ukve naTqvamis da dawerilis, Tu

masSi SeiZleba amovicnoT raime siaxle?

Cveni pasuxi “orplaniania”: es gamoZaxili tradiciulic aris da

amave dros masSi siaxlec amoicnoba – im TvalsazrisiT, rom siaxled

kafkianur motivebs davafiqsirebT. aq ukve aSkarad Cndeba am motivebis

piradad “Sekliseuli” modifikacia, rac gamoixateba tempis

monacvleobiT, ganwyobis monacvleobiT da absurdulobis TvalSisacemi

amplitudiT. iSviaTia sxva romelime nawarmoebi, sadac aseTi siCqariT

enacvlebodes erTmaneTs urTierTgamomricxavi replikebi. cxadia, msgavsi

tendencia manamdec arsebobda da Canda inglisur “literaturul

mentalobaSi” – iqneba es sternis proza Tu liuis qerolis “alisa”,

magram sxvaoba isev da isev im tempSia, romelsac avtori ganzrax xazs

usvams, rogorc Tanamedrove cxovrebis da nevrotuli sulieri

atmosferos TvalnaTliv simptoms. saWirod migvaCnia agreTve gamovyoT

is elementi, romliTac Seklis am nawarmoebs vakavSirebT utopiur

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JanrTan. am elementad migvaCnia warmosaxuli samyaros planetaze

damyarebuli sazogadoebrivi Tanaarsebobis mkacri ierarqiul-

safexurebrivi normebi, romlebic aRiqmebian rogorc utopisturi

literaturis modelis Targze agebuli asli. meore mxriv, aSkarad

SeimCneva is sxvaoba, riTac Seklis modeli gansxvavdeba klasikuri

winamorbedebisgan – iqneba es mori Tu tomazo kampanela: maSin rodesac

Zveli utopiebis mamoZravebeli idea iyo sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

gaumjobeseba da daxvewa xalxis sakeTildReod, Sekliseuli modeli

gaTvlilia ara zogad pozitiuri moraluri aqsiomebis aRiarebaze,

aramed im realuri xifaTis gaazrebaze, rasac uqadis sazogadoebas

meqanistur principebze agebuli teqnologiuri progresi, romelic erTsa

da imave dros nayofic aris totalitarul ierarqiaze agebuli

sazogadoebisa da amave dros TviTonac, Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro

ganamtkicebs am tipis sazogadoebis arsebiT antihumanizms. garkveuli

TvalsazrisiT, saerTo SemecnebiT-mxatvruli Rirebulebis garda, Seklis

naSroms aqvs kidev erTgvari praqtikul-publicisturi Rirebulebac,

vinaidan haqslis, orvelis da saimakis msgavsad, igi iZens aqtualur

gamafrTxilebel mniSvnelobas – imis gasaazreblad, Tu ra SeiZleba

mohyves im principebis da cxovrebis wesis ugulebelyofas, romlebmac

ganapirobes kulturisa da Tanamedrove civilizaciis realuri miRwevebi.

avtori Tavidanve gvafrTxilebs, rom mkiTxveli unda elodes

gansxvavebuli xasiaTis da specifikis prozas – mSrals, mkacrsa da

“uemocios”, radgan ugulebelyofilia gmiris saxeli – adamianTa

pirveli mimaniSnebeli maTi identurobis – saxeli, romlis nacvlad

moqmedi pirebi mkiTxvelma unda ganasxvaos mxolod maTTvis miniWebuli

“impersonaluri” numeraciiT, rac asocirdeba cixesTan da

sakoncentracio banakTan. Sesabamisad, Cndeba asociacia zamiatinis adre

naxseneb romanTan da amave dros “varskvlavTa omis” raRac erTi

konkretuli istoriis qronikasTan.

nawarmoebi ganmsWvalulia rwmeniT adamianisadmi. am rwmenas avtori

”saqmiT gamoxatavs”. planetaze dasxdomis Semdeg, yvela im

mexsierebawaSlil damnaSaves da sagangebod “danomril” pirs uceb

ucxadeben maTi sasjelis mizezs. Sekli aq ganzrax imeorebs bibliuri

“pirveladi codvis” xerxs, raTa warsulis armcodne personaJebs

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“immanenturad ahkidos” sakuTari danaSaulis da codvis damTrgunveli

kompleqsi. niSandoblivia, rom Sekli atarebs gradacias Cadenil

danaSaulSi. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, yvela am codvis damRian mkvlels,

yalbi fulis damamzadebels, “sakredito” qurdebs mainc aRmoaCndebaT

adamianurobis da moyvasis mxarSi amodgomis unaric da survilic.

amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom es unari maTSi iRviZebs ufro didi

saSiSroebis winaSe da es ufro didi saSiSroeba warmoCenilia

gacilebiT ufro saSiS – TviT sistemis ganyenebul danaSaulebriobaSi,

romelic abaTilebs adamianurobis cnebas.

xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac avtori exmianeba goldingis romans da es

msgavseba Cans ara mxolod situaciur detalebSi (orive nawarmoebSi

adamianTaAkoleqtivi aRmoCndeba sazogadoebisgan absoluturad

gamocalkevebuli), aramed argumentaciaSic: Tu “buzebis RmerTSi”

bavSvebs uxariaT martod darCena aviakatastrofis Semdeg, Seklis

gmirebi TiTqmis igive teqsts imeoreben: “arc formianebi arian, arc

badragi, arc jariskacebi.. aq yvelani Tanasworni varT. Aaki gviTxres,

“aranairi ufrosobao”.…

msgavseba goldingTan am scenaSi amiT sruldeba, magram Tavs iCens

msgavseba haqslis da orvelis antiutopiebTan, rodesac am “ZaliT

kolonistebs” da gadasaxlebulebs ucxadeben, rom isini peonebi arian da

aranairi statusiT ar sargebloben – anu meordeba zustad iseTi

ierarqiis sqema, rogorc amas vxvdebiT zemoxsenebul avtorebTan, swored

ise, rogorc amas asaxavdnen utopiuri Janris ufro adreuli

winamorbedebi monebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT – platonidan dawyebuli,

moris CaTvliT.

sainteresodaa warmodgenili erT frazaSi am nawarmoebis

filosofiis erT-erTi qvakuTxedi da principi: “gaxsovdeT, rom mdabalTa

Soris umdablesni xarT – da Tu gexsomebaT es, daRupvas gadaurCebiT”.

TavisTavad, am frazis amosavali idea kafkas prozaSi amoicnoba, da

miseuli egzistencializmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli poziciaa. magram

imisaTvis rom ukeT gaverkveT sazogadoebis savaraudo Sekliseul

futurologiur struqturaSi, amisTvis gvmarTebs omegaze dawesebuli

socialuri ierarqiis ganxilva, raTa amovicnoT masSi nasesxebi

elementebi da sxva avtorTa gavlenis damadasturebeli argumentebi.

- 105 -

pirveli, rac TvalSisacemia omegiseuli socialuri ierarqiis

gacnobisas, es aris sruli dehumanizacia, romelic Tansdevs

teqnologiur progresze dafuZnebul civilizacias. Zalian

mniSvnelovania is Seuvaloba, romliTac ierarqiis mwvervalSi moqceuli

Zala cdilobs ganimtkicos Tavisi mdgomareoba mkacri kanonebis

dawesebiT da faqtiurad cdilobs wertili dausvas sazogadoebrivi

ganviTarebis evolucias. amasTanave, mniSvnelovania is momentic rom

aRorZinebis periodidan dawyebuli, sulieri kulturis da racionaluri

azrovnebis ganviTareba sruldeba iseTi finaliT, romelic TviT

progresis arss ewinaaRmdegeba.

rac Seexeba TviT ierarqiul struquturas, umdables dones

warmoadgenen mutantebi, Taviseburi lumpenebi, romelTa rolic epasuxeba

platoniseuli “saxelmwifoSi” naxseneb monebs: oriveni saerTod ar

aRiqmebian adamianebad. amgvar “socialur niadagze” agebulia piramida,

romlis fskers Seadgenen aranairi statusis armqone peonebi (peonTa

urTierTobis normebi maRal klasebTan pirdapiri aslia kolonizatorTa

urTierTobis dapyrobili qveynebis mosaxleobasTan). maT zeviT arian

macxovreblebi, agreTve uuflebo kasta, romelTa Tavze moqceulia

Tavisufali moqalaqe, romlis statusis damadasturebeli niSania Savi

samosi da ruxi feris beWedi. maTze maRlaa privilegirebuli klasi,

romelsac ekuTvnian haji da agreTve maRali rangis mqone

RvTismsaxurebi.

Seklis Tvalsazrisi aseT struqturaze Zalian sainteresoa:

marTalia, is iyenebs sxva avtorTa modelebs, iseve rogorc Zvelindur

kastur sistemas, Tavisi miukarebi braminebiT, qSatriebiT – lamis

“arsakareb pariebamde”, magram es msgavseba ar aris meqanikuri, avtors

kargad aqvs gaazrebuli ierarqiuli piramidis simyaris ganmapirobebeli

principi: rac ufro metia urTierTdaqvemdebarebis safexurebze

ganlagebuli jgufebi, miT ufro didia garantia am piramidis arsebobis

xangrZlivobisa, vinaidan misi arseboba epasuxeba masSi Semaval pirTa

interesebs.

sainteresoa da mniSvnelovani Seklis warmodgeniT Seqmnili qalaqis

daxasiaTeba, vinaidan es detali mudam Zireuli iyo Seqmnili utopiebis

tradiciaSi. moric da kampanelac did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen qalaqis

- 106 -

dagegmarebas, radgan qalaq-polisis principi agreTve metyvelebda

moqalaqeTa cxovrebis wesze, romelzec ufro socialuri egzistencia

iTqmis, vidre sulieri atmosfero. Seklis miaCnia, rom evolucia

spiraluria, ar icvleba arc adamiani da arc kacobrioba da cvlileba

mxolod teqnikaze, mecnierebaze da teqnologiaze iTqmis. amitom

adamianis “ucvlelobis” mauwyebeli – marTalia, argamocxadebuli, magram

mainc metyveli Tezisi Cans am fantastikur qalaqSi, romlis galavani,

TamaSebis gasamarTavi arena pirdapir miuTiTebs Zvel romze, Tavisi

cirkiT da gladiatorTa brZoliT cirkis arenaze. Dda marTlac,

teqnologiurad emansipirebuli sazogadoebas Segnebulad aCveven

modificirebul gladiatorTa daundobel da marcxze ganwirul

brZolas, da faqtiurad, axerxeben romaelTa devizis aRorZinebas: “puri

da sanaxaoba!”

tipaJis fsiqologiis dasaxasiaTeblad Sekli moxerxebulad iyenebs

Zalian “ekonomiur” xerxs – im TvalsazrisiT, rom erTi scena da masSi

monawile ramdenime personaJi erTbaSad aRmoCndeba daxasiaTebuli:

qalaqSi Casvlis pirvelsave saRamos, mTavari personaJis – barentis

“kolega-patimrebi” Tavs ikaveben qalaqSi gasvlisagan, frTxiloben ucxo

garemoSi, miT umetes rom gafrTxilebulebi arian SesaZlo xifaTis

Sesaxeb. maTgan gansxvavebiT, barenti mainc gabedavs amas da am scenaSi

kvlav Cndeba msgavseba goldingis “buzebis RmerTTan”, radgan iqac da am

nawarmoebSic ase ikveTeba aqtiuri da dinamiuri lideris – da

uniciativo, daSinebuli da nebawarTmeuli, deindividualizirebuli masis

roli, romelic ver gabedavs daarRvios “ufrosis” naTqvami.

kacTmoZule principze agebuli sistemis gasakritikeblad, Sekli

iSveliebs “dokumentalur argumentacias” da teqstSi Semoaqvs qalaqis

yofiTi kulturis ”sulierebis normativebi”: “ulicenzio eqimi ar

gagijanjlebs abortebs!”, “amovikiTxavT tvinSi Senaxuls! skrening-

mutantebis Stati amoikiTxavs Tqvens warsuls dedamiwaze!”. aseve yurs

Wris barentis gamaognebeli “mkvlelebis gildia”, da kidev ufro

gamaognebeli “Sxamebis instituti” – Tavisi muSaobis ganmmartavi

plakatiT: SeRavaTiani pirobebi. samwliani ganvadeba. viZleviT Sedegis

garantias, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi fuls damkveTs vubrunebT. yvelafer

amas Sekli iZleva ganzrax naturalisturi detalebiT, radgan miiCnia

- 107 -

rom paradoqsuli formiT gadmocemuli ideis Tavzardamcemi

antihumanuri Sinaarsi uzrunvelyofs faqtis iseT ganzogadebas, romelic

daexmareba mkiTxvels Cawvdes nawarmoebis wamyvan ideas moralis

gauTvaliswineblad warmarTuli teqnologiuri progresis da

totalitarizmis antihumanuri arsis Sesaxeb.

amave daskvnisken aris mimarTuli, erTi SexedviT, “savsebiT

samarTliani” detali “fulis dabrunebaze”: sistema ar uSvebs ekonomikis

principebis darRvevas. amiT is nergavs aReb-micemobis samarTlis

uzenaesobas da sistemis pasuxismgeblobas, rodesac is ver

uzrunvelyofs damkveTis survils, mowamlos Tavisi TanamoZme, risTvisac

am individma fuli gadaixada. amrigad, fuladi urTierToba aris

sayovelTao wesi, romlis darRveva aravis epatieba, xolo kacis mokvla –

iseTive sayovelTao uflebaa, rogorc mkvlelis ufleba, ar agos

danaSaulze pasuxi, Tuki amas “raRacnairad moaxerxebs”.

amgvari daskvnis mxatvrul-ideuri siaxle imdenad efeqturia da

saintereso, rom Sekli gadawyvets gamoiyenos es Tema swored iseT

aspeqtSi, rogorc amas akeTebdnen utopiis klasikosebi maTi

SeTavazebuli saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi wyobis aRsawerad. aseT

konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT “msxverplis uflebaTa damcavi

sazogadoeba”. igive iTqmis im epizodze, rodesac barenti aRmoaCens

cxovrebis wesis absurdulobas – rom sistema icavs princips, rogorc

cnebas, magram mTlianad emijneba misi realizaciis faqtebs da amocanas

realur cxovrebaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom am sazogadoebis warmomadgeneli

barents ise uxsnis Tavisi poziciis urTierTgamomricxav “logikas”, rom

umal gvaxsendeba platonis “saxelmwifos” argumentaciaSi gamoyenebuli

sofisturi konstruqciebi. es aris damatebiTi magaliTi, rom Sekli

warmatebiT axerxebs erTi-meores SeuTavsos utopiuri Janris tradicia

da sakuTari inovacia. rasakvirvelia, absurdis da paradoqsis aseT

kombinaciaSi kidev igrZnoba kafkas motivebi, da saerTod, Tanamedrove

yofis da cxovrebis yoveldRiuri drama.

am etapze ukve SeiZleba gamovitanoT kidev erTi daskvna Seklis

samwerlo teqnikis Tvisobriv maxasiaTeblebze: samwerlo Rirsebebis Tu

naklovanebebis TvalsazrisiT, Seklis maRal profesiul Tvisebebs da

Janris ganviTarebis da tradiciis codnas emateba kidev ori elementi:

- 108 -

vgulisxmobT mxatvruli weris iseT maneras, romelSic igrZnoba ori

Tavisebureba:

1. nawarmoebis “Semzadeba” kinoversiisaTvis (rigi dinamikuri

scenebis Warbi kinematografiuloba);

2. Janrebis gaerTianebis principulad mcdari, an gabeduli mcdeloba

(ucnobi qalis ormagi siuJeturi funqcia: aSkara lirikulTan erTad,

kidev warimarTeba deteqtiur-avantiuristuli kolizia, romelSic qalis

xelTaa barentis yofna-aryofnis dilema).

literaturul elementTan dakavSirebiT, unda vaxsenoT kidev erTi

momenti: Sekli upiratesobas aniWebs fantastikis da antiutopiis Janrs

da naklebad anviTarebs Tavis unars mxatvrul-literaturul sferoSi.

magram am nawarmoebSi aris ramdenime Tema, romlis gaxsnas Sekli arCevs

mokle formatSi, ase vTqvaT utopiuri JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebel

SemecnebiT-didaqtikur tonalobaSi. uvertiuraSi Camoyalibebuli “omega-

polisis” marTva-ierarqiuli saero sistemis garda, Sekli iZleva agreTve

sasuliero institutis mutacias totalitarizmis viTarebaSi.

3.6. religiis roli da adgili. Sekli praqtikulad yvela sferoSi

cdilobs SeebrZolos formalobis da farisevlobis gamovlinebas,

radgan orive miaCnia civilizaciis ganviTarebis mankieri gzis

produqtad. mas gansakuTrebiT aRizianebs suliereba dakarguli

”sasuliero institutionalizacia”, rac Cveulebriv faqtad aRiqmeba

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. amitom am Temas is xsnis publicistur-

sarkastuli maneriT. barentTan misuli mRvdeli, Padre-s da ”mamao”-s

nacvlad, mRvdeli eubneba, ”Zia’ damiZaxe, me ki ’Zmiswulo’-Ti mogmarTavo”.

ase Semoaqvs avtors Tavisi futurologiuri koSmaris ”borotebis

religiis” Tema da fsevdo-sasuliero ideologiis principebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ucnobis gancxadeba borotebis religiis sakiTxze

Seklis ise aqvs gadmocemuli, rom mkiTxveli rwmundeba am religiis

Camoyalibebis kanonzomierebaSi. aseTi daskvna gamogvaqvs barentis

pasuxidan: mRvdlis frazaze, rom ”omegaze arsebobs ortodoqsaluri

religia, romelic warmoadgens transcendentaluri borotebis kults”,

barenti zrdilobianad pasuxobs: ”bednieri viqnebi gavigo borotebis

religiis Sesaxeb, Zia – iqneb mobrZandeT misaRebSi?”

- 109 -

Cveni azriT, es aris erT-erTi yvelaze ufro efeqturi xerxi,

romelsac Sekli iyenebs sakuTari poziciis sailustraciod: saqme isaa,

rom sulier arss warTmeuli Tanamedrove kultura inarCunebs mxolod

kulturis Tanmdevi detalebis atributikas – am SemTxvevaSi maxvili

keTdeba mxolod dialogis civilizebul formaze da aranairi

mniSvneloba ara aqvs saubris Temas – am SemTxvevaSi, borotebis

religias, romlis Sesaxeb mosmena barents ”bednierebas mohgvris”, iseve

rogorc mTeli es dialogi saerTod Seuracxyofaa kulturis mimarT –

xolo Sekli amas aSarJebs inglisuri iumoris saukeTeso tradiciiT.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom mama ingmari, anu mRvdeli, qadagebs iseTi

pirovnebis ideals, romelic ”klavs TanamoZmes ise rom ara ganicdis

Secodebis damakninebel grZnobas”. SeiZleba vTqvaT rom igrZnoba

nicSeanuri ”zekacis” gavlena, magram Seklis mizani ufro sxva

mimarTulebiT aris warmarTuli: is cdilobs aCvenos, rad unda iqces

masa, ras umiznebs ierarqiis Tavs moqceuli mmarTveli jgufi da rogori

unda iyos maTi azriT daqvemdebarebuli socialuri jgufebis ”status

kvo”. mama ingmaris ganmarteba sainteresoa ara mxolod SinaarsiT, aramed

im ekleqtikuri nareviT, riTac is avsebs Tavis Segonebas. ”boroteba aris

Cvens SigniT arsebuli Zala, romelic aiZulebs adamians aCvenos Tavisi

moxerxeba da amtanoba” – es postulati pirdapiri modifikaciaa saraindo

romanebSi naxsenebi qcevis normebis, romelTa demonstracias rainds

aiZulebs ara boroteba, aramed siyvaruli da survili moipovos Tavisi

satrfo. rad unda SevracxoT es faqti – demagogiad, avtoris lafsusad,

Tu sarkazmad da parodiad im grZnobis mimarT, rac saerTod aris

gamjdari adamianTa modgmaSi da mas SeiZleba davarqvaT ”tendencia

movlenaTa ciklurobisken” – amas migvaxvedreben nawarmoebis Semdegi

epizodebi.

sainteresoa agreTve is detalic, Tu rogor gadaaqvs mama ingmars

adamianTa sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibebuli siborotis zneobrivi

kategoria – zogadad kosmosis materialur cnebaze: ”boroteba aris

WeSmariti anarekli usaxo da grZnobebs moklebuli samyarosi”. amave

dros, Sekli swored miuTiTebs borotebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes

aspeqtze: ”borotebis kulti warmoadgens sakuTari Tavis kults da

swored amitom warmogvidgeba rogorc erTaderTi marTebuli kulti.” –

- 110 -

amaSi namdvilad Cans avtorisgan momdinare Sefaruli braldeba egoizmis

apoTeozisadmi, romelic momdinareobs dasavluri civilizaciis

individualizmis tradiciidan. mRvdlis momdevno frazebi gaTvlilia

agreTve imaze, rom msmenels gauCinos SiSi Tavis miusafrobis da

martoobis mimarT: ”boroteba aris marTebuli anarekli gulgrili da

ugrZnobi samyarosi. boroteba maradiulia da ucvleli, miuxedavad imisa

rom mainc mJRavndeba sicocxlis mravalsaxovnebis sxvadasxva formaSi.”

mkiTxvelis dasaTrgunvad da SesaniSeblad gaTvlili amgvari

qadagebis namdvili saxe da Rirebuleba kargadaa Camoyalibebuli

inglisur literaturul tradiciaSi da Seklic am xerxs mSvenivrad

iyenebs. Seklis gaSarJebuli aqvs mama ingremis nalaparakevis

pretenciozuli da demagogiuri arsi.

avtoris ironia gansakuTrebiT mwarea totalitaruli principis da

sistemis mimarT, da amitom aTqmevinebs mama ingmars: ”vinaidan Cven

vaRiarebT, rom adamianSi arsebobs siborotis unari, migvaCnia rom am

unaris uzenaesi gansaxiereba saxelmwifoa da amis gamo Cven aseve vcemT

Tayvans saxelmwifos, rogorc zeadamianur qmnilebas, miuxedavad imisa,

rom RvTisqmnili ar aris.” – da mis am Tavdajerebul da paTetikur

frazas Sekli aSarJebs sarkastuli avtoriseuli teqstiT: ”barentma Tavi

daukra, mTeli es xani Zils ebrZoda, Tvalebi ebliteboda” – riTac

mTlianad gaaneitrala mRvdlisgan dawnexili dramatizmi borotebis

Sesaxeb, romelic ”esoden gavrcelebuli cnebaa”.

sainteresoa agreTve zneobriv RirebulebaTa is sapirispiro suraTi,

romelsac Sekli iZleva mama ingmaris piriT: ”sikeTe warmoadgens

iluzorul mdgomareobas, romelic kacs miawers altruizmis da

sibralulis ararsebul grZnobebs... xolo raki sikeTe iluziaa, maSin

misi Tvisebebi unda vaRiaroT ararsebulad....”

am monakveTSi sakmarisad Cans antiutopiis ganmapirobebeli

ideologiis erT-erTi sofisturi da cinikuri postulati, magram

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Seklis prozaSi SeimCneva tendencia ekleqtisken

da amgvar Teoriul pasaJs mosdevs sakmaod dinamikuri monakveTi.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Sekli tradiciis erTgulic rCeba, radgan

saTavgadasavlo-avantiuristuli motivebi bekonmac gamoiyena ”axal

atlantidaSi”, da mormac, ”utopiaSi”. amasTanave, rCeba ra tradiciis

- 111 -

erTgulic, Sekli amave dros iZleva am tradiciis modernizirebul

suraTs da gansxvavebuli gemovnebisTvis Seqmnili motivebiT da scenebiT,

zrdis mkiTxvelTa raodenobas.

amitom am tipis ”Teoriul” pasaJs kvlav mosdevs xanmokle gaelveba

misi mSveleli ucnobi qalisa, Tumca yuradReba male gadadis sizmrebis

maRaziaze, romlis funqcia imTaviTve garkveulia, rakiRa warmoadgens

daqvemdebarebuli masis qvecnobierebis kontrols. es aris is gza, riTac

Sekli warmoaCens totalur kontrols, rogorc momavlis

saxelmwifoebrivi sistemis arsebobis uzrunvelyofis saSualeba. am

kontrols emsaxureba rogorc sasuliero sfero, anu momavlis eklesiis

aRmsareblobiTi instituti, Tavis robot-msaxurebiT, romelTa funqciaSi

Sedis aRsarebidan miRebuli informaciis tipologiuri damuSaveba da

gadacema mmarTvel organoSi, aseve saero-yofiTi, romlis erT-erTi

formaa sizmrebis analizi, ris safuZvelze iqmneba individis

fsiqologiuri portreti, xolo am analizis meSveobiT xerxdeba agreTve

am individis qvecnobierebis koreqcia – im kuTxiT, romelic saWirod

miaCnia polisis mmarTvelobas.

garda aSkara paralelebis antiutopiis klasikosebTan,

gamokveTilad Cans avtoris mxatvruli meTodis da maneris Tavisebureba:

literaturuli Janris cnebas Sekli uyurebs sakmaod moqnilad da

dasaSvebad miiCnevs weris kulturis gansxvavebuli stilis da gemovnebis

kombinirebas. aqedan gamomdinare, Sekli warmogvidgeba rogorc romanis

maradmonacvle Janris ideis gamziarebeli. moqnili da kinematografiuli

dinamikis stiliT aris dawerili epizodi, romelic iwyeba bredberis da

azimovis prozis damaxasiaTebeli SciFi-s warmosaxuli sceniT, ucxo

planetis klimaturi TaviseburebiT, sicxis da yinvis monacvleobiT. am

scenas Sekli iyenebs rom xazi gausvas antihumanur principebze agebuli

cxovrebis kidev erT niuanss: barenti, romelic miiCqaris iqauri

eklesiis SuaRamis messaze, gzaze iyineba moulodnelad amovardnil

qarbuqSi da eklesiis Carazul karTan davardeba. suraTis emocionaluri

datvirTva umal gvagrZnobinebs paralels sentimentalur saaxalwlo-

saSobao tipiur siuJetebTan da Sekli amas ganzrax akeTebs, raTa ufro

mkveTrad warmoadginos kontrasti mkiTxvelis kulturasa da nawarmoebSi

warmosaxul sinamdviles Soris. rodesac gons mosuli barenti madlobas

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etyvis eklesiaSi myofT gadarCenisTvis, mas pasuxoben, rom ”kanoni

krZalavs gaWirvebaSi myofis daxmarebas”, xolo cinizmi gadarCenili

sicocxlis ”dasabuTebaSia” - ”mesaze damswreTa ricxvi luwi iyo, 12,

amitom isic aiyvanes, rom maTTvis sasurveli ricxvi 13 logikuri Cans:

”esaa idealuri sadamsjelo samyaro”. Tavis mxriv Sekli kvlav

agrZelebs Tavis maneras da mRvdlis morig qadagebas da siborotis

apologias dascinis SeniSvniT: ”mTeli is dro rac ingmarma daaxarja

qadagebas, barenti mSvidad Tvlemda.” avtoris iumori sakmaod

bevrismomcvelia, tevadia da misi amplituda itevs da parodiulad

axamebs istoriul faqtebs da informacias – Seklis Tanadrouli xanis

da seqsualuri revoluciis SexedulebebTan: Savi mesa srulad ver

Catarda, radgan ”ver iSoves” samsxverplod gasawiri qalwuli-peoni.

amasTan dakavSirebiT ingmari ambobs: ”Cveni eklesiis fondebi araa

sakmarisi rom SevisyidoT qalwuli-peoni, romelsac miniWebuli eqneba

saxelmwifo sertifikati”, rasac mosdevs barentis komentari, rom ”cotac

kidev da Sesawirad albaT vinmes daklavs Tavisi mrevlidan, aRar

daiwyebs imis kiTxvas, Seinaxa Tavi Tu ara”.

am etapze ukve dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Sekli rwmundeba

sakuTari mxatvruli modelis marTebulobaSi da RirebulebaSi. am

daskvnas Cven vakeTebT VIII Tavis safuZvelze, sadac avtori or gverds

uTmobs samecniero fantastikis JanrSi gavrcelebuli sxvadasxva

futurologiuri xedvas da Tvalsazriss dedamiwis savaraudo bedze da

momavalze. faqtia, rom mxatvrulobis TvalsazrisiT es momenti ar aris

momgebiani. unda vivaraudoT, rom informaciuli masalis swored

simcirem da kompaqturobam ganapiroba avtoris aseTnairad

reziumirebuli viTareba da mdgomareoba sxva, samecniero-teqnikuri

niuansebiT datvirTul nawarmoebebze, sadac Cans Zveli avtorebis Relva

adamianis momavalze da urbanistuli civilizaciis ganviTarebis

tendenciebze. aseTnairad JRers maTi ”mogonebebi” da xedva urbanistuli

civilizaciis.

”sizmris maRaziis” epizodi TavisTavad sainteresoa, radgan Sekli

barentis da maRaziis mepatronos dialogSi mokled da mkafiod

axasiaTebs momavlis civilizaciis arssa da xasiaTs. amas is

”sarkisebrad” axerxebs: omegaze kultivirebuli zmanebaTa teqnologiis

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gavleniT, barenti xedavs sakuTari warsulis suraTebs dedamiwaze,

magram axali garemos TvalTaxedviT danaxuli cxovrebis wesebi da

realoba dedamiwaze sigiJed da absurdad aRiqmeba da amitom

sanatoriumSi arian damwyvdeulebi is ”giJebi” vinc qadagebs RvTisgan

naboZebi sicocxlis siwmindes, cocxal, xalisian TamaSebs da msgavs

sisuleles. barents pirdapir eubnebian, rom ”humanizmma, romelmac

nevrozi Camouyaliba, amave dros Seajavra mkvleloba, romelic

ganasaxierebs udides socialur miRwevas.” am braldebas emateba isic,

rom narkotikis miRebas uarobs da sasjelad elis Serkineba damsjel

manqanasTan.

rasakvirvelia, aseTi tipis prozas ver eqneboda pretenzia

maRalmxatvrul literaturaze, rom ara Seklis unari ”Janruli

Sezavebisa”, romlis saSualebiT is axerxebs kvlav daabrunos nawarmoebi

ideuri prozis kalapotSi. amitom, am scenas, romelic kinosTvis ufro

aris Seqmnili, vidre literaturisaTvis, mosdevs savsebiT gaazrebuli

pasaJi, sadac mosamarTle damatebiT iZleva am antiutopiis kanonTa

logikas: ”kanonis darRveva ikrZaleba, magram amavdroulad igi unda

irRveodes. is, vinc kanons arasodes ar arRvevs, verc statuss verasodes

ver gaiumjobesebs da maRla safexurze ver aiweva... amitom idealad

omegaze is pirovneba aris aRiarebuli, vinc icnobs kanonebs, esmis maTi

aucilebloba, icis, ra sasjeli moyveba maT darRvevas, magram arRvevs da

warmatebas aRwevs!”

masalis gadanawilebis TvalsazrisiT, drouli da gamarTlebulia

nawarmoebSi monacvle epizodis Casma, rodesac siuJetSi Semodis

lirikuli nawili, romelsac kidev ufro aZlierebs deteqtiuri siuJetis

aqtivizacia, Tavisi iatakqveSa faruli organizaciiT, romlis mizania

dedamiwaze dabruneba da romelic eZebs am operaciis Semsrulebel pirs,

xolo barenti, Tavisi saqcieliT da obieqturi monacemebiT,

absoluturad misaReb kategoriaSi ganixileba.

zemoT naxseneb ekleqtikasTan dakavSirebiT, unda iTqvas rom Seklim

praqtikulad ar datova arc erTi Janri, maT Soris modernizirebuli

goTikac, SemaSinebeli groteskuli detalebiT, sadac qalaquri

cxovrebis underground-Si moxvedrili gmiri, sakiTxis Ziris da mizezis

gasagebad mimarTavs iseT sferos, rac okulturad aRiqmeba am garemoSi –

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anu mutantebis samyaros. mutantebis sacxovrebeli pariaTa

kvartaliviTaa, sadac sxvebi ar Sedian, xolo mutantebis

parafsiqologiuri niWi da unari barents sWirdeba, rom srulad gaigos

sakuTari pirovnebis saidumloeba – Tavisi warsuli da Tavisi momavali.

Seklis ase, TandaTanobiT mihyavs mkiTxveli imis Segnebamde, rom

polisis mmarTvelebis mTavari sazrunavi is aris, rom pirovnebas

gauqros swore warmodgena sakuTar Tavze, vinaidan es qmnis Segnebisa da

sakuTari Tavis rwmenis im platformas, romlidanac ar aris Zneli

winaaRmdegoba gauwio yovelgvar Tavsmoxveul da yalb Tvalsazriss da

ideologias, rameTu sakuTari Tavis mcodne da Semfasebeli Zalian

advilad gamoitans saTanado daskvnas garemo realobaze da mTel im

sicrueze, rasac masas awvdian rogorc sinamdvilis suraTs, faqtiurad

ki surogats.

ra SeiZleba iTqvas mutantebTan mkiTxaobis epizodze, garda ukve

zemoaRniSnuli, kinoekranizaciisaTvis gaTvlili garegnuli efeqtis da

Taviseburebisa? parafsiqologiuri da intuiciuri elementis CarTviT,

Seklim TiTqos ”xarki” gaiRo fantastikis moduri motivebis mimarT da

faqtobrivad gamoiyena es epizodi rogorc nawarmoebis Janruli normebis

gamomxatavi xerxi. amave dros, rogorc amas xSirad vxvdebiT ”statusis

civilizaciaSi”, avtori erTi xerxis gamoyenebiT ramdenime mizans aRwevs.

am SemTxvevaSi, mutantebis scena organulad iwereba mizez-Sedegobrivi

kavSirebis wyebaSi da siuJetSi warmoCenil obieqtur viTarebas amatebs

barentis individualuri niSanTvisebebis arguments, riTac nawarmoebis

idea ufro damajereblad aris ”Cawnuli” siuJetis xlarTebSi.

3.7. Suspence, horror films & prey - totalitarizmis Temis sami

gamamdidrebeli motivi. imisaTvis rom jerovnad SevafasoT xsenebuli

elementebis mniSvneloba, efeqtur midgomad migvaCnia nawarmoebis

ganxilva-Sefaseba am elementebis ”gamoklebiT”, gauTvaliswineblad.

aseTi versia ki aSkarad wamgebiani, rogorc mxatvrulobis

TvalsazrisiT, aseve ideuradac, vinaidan Seklis damsaxureba da

upiratesoba komerciul literaturul produqciasTan is aris, rom igi

avantiuristuli Janris am samive elements, romlebic Cven vaxseneT am

qveTavis saTaurSi amdidrebs marTlac Rirebuli wiaRsvlebiT da

- 115 -

fsiologiuri dakvirvebiT da daskvnebiT, ris safuZvelze banaluri da

tipiuri scenac da koliziac iZenen azrobriv siRrmes da mxatvrul

Rirebulebas.

am nawarmoebis XVI-XVIII Tavebi dawerilia klasikur saymawvilo-

saTavgadasavlo – ufro kino, vidre literaturuli nawarmoebis stiliT.

barentis brZolis peripetiebi damsjel-robotTan holivudis

kinoindustriis mdare produqcias miagavs; magram avtori mainc axerxebs

gascdes kliSes sazRvrebs da moulodnelad, barentis SeniSvnas, rom

”masze gamocxadebuli nadiroba albaT male dasruldeba misi

sikvdiliT” – uceb mosdevs gacilebiT ufro efeqturi fraza, romelSic

moulodnelad amoicnoba kafkianuri suliskveTeba: ”merwmuneT, rom es

garemoeba aranairad ar Seaferxebs Tqveni saqmis ganxilvas. cocxali

iqnebiT Tu mkvdari, Tqvens uflebebs araferi daemuqreba.”

istoriuli kinos superkolosebis Janris samTavian monakveTs,

mosdevs ufro ”kameruli” politikuri deteqtivis Janris monakveTi,

faruli organizaciiT da politikuri gadatrialebis momzadebis gegmiT,

romlis daZabul epizodSi yurs xvdeba gamocdili iatakqveSelis

frazebi:

”yovel sazogadoebas aqvs Tavisi mizani, xolo omegis kriminaluri

mosaxleoba cdilobs sakuTari Tavi gainadguros.

zeimi Tu dResaswauli, yvelaferi mxolod sababia masobrivi

mkvlelobebis Sesasruleblad.. Cven vcxovrobT qaosis pirze.

usafrTxoeba arsad ar aris, xolo Tu ginda gadarCe da icocxlo –

mohkali. Mmkvleloba aris erTaderTi saSualeba, rom statusi agewios.

usafTxoebis erTad erTi garantia aris mkvleloba.

daSlis pirs misuli yvela sazogadoeba axerxebs bolomde

SeinarCunos sidarbaislis da zneobriobis iluzia.” (Sheckley, R., “The Status

Civilization”, 1960)

amgvari sazogadoebrivi qceva-yofis postulatebiT Sekli epasuxeba

haqslis da orvelis ironiul Sedevrebs, romelTa mxatvruli Zala

eTanabreba nagulisxmev azrsa da ideas, xolo uzenaes daniSnulebas

warmoadgens konfliqtiT da siuJetiT gatarebuli poziciis, anu ideuri

ConCxis gacocxleba da gamagreba sruliad axali saazrovno masaliT da

parametrebiT.

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”statusis civilizaciaSi” saerTod xSirad igrZnoba avtoris

survili, rom gaamdidros antiutopiis saazrovno parametrebi da ideuri

standarti. amis damafiqrebeli magaliTia zemoxsenebuli tipis

postulatebiT Seqmnili mokle didaqtikuri monologi, romelsac

absoluturad kafkas stilSi, warmoTqvams uxilavi mTqmelisagan

momdinare xma, romelic afrTxilebs barents, dapatimrebuls imis

gulisTvis rom ara aqvs survili miiRos zmanebis momgvreli

narkotikuli saSualeba: ”uaryofiTi ganwyoba narkotikebis mimarT

warmoadgens yvelaze did, umTavres danaSauls saxelmwifos mimarT.

narkotikebis ganuwyveteli moxmareba warmoadgens yoveli moqalaqis

savaldebulo privilegias. cnobilia, rom privilegiebi Tu ar danerge,

daikargebian da gaqrebian. maTi dakargva ki niSnavs davkargoT Cveni

Tavisuflebis qvakuTxedi. aqedan gamomdinare, privilegiebisgan Tavis

arideba utoldeba saxelmwifos Ralats. am tipis logikuri ZewkviT – an

da ufro marTebuli iqneba Tu maT sillogizmebs vuwodebT, avtori

aRwevs sammag Sedegs: 1. kidev ufro saxierad warmoaCens totalitarizmis

Tanmdevi realobis sxvadasxva mxares da waxnagebs; 2. aCvenebs, Tu

ramdenad mniSvnelovania ierarqiuli sazogadoebrivi struqturisaTvis,

rom moqalaqes ar hqondes saSualeba da unari, damoukideblad

iazrovnos, risTvisac xelisufleba iyenebs narkotiks, rogorc

individualuri Segnebis gamqrobs da amave dros, koleqtiuri morCilebis

ganmapirobebel saSualebas; 3. aCvenebs, rom xelisuflebisaTvis

sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs, rom sazogadoeba ucilobel wesad da

normad unda aRiqvamdes ierarqiuli safexurebis arsebobas.

”statusis civilizaciis” finali agreTve warmoadgens avtonomiur

segments nawarmoebis mxatvrul struqturaSi, magram sxva segmentebisagan

is imiT gansxvavdeba, rom misi msgavsebis paralelebi nakleb

nawarmoebTan SeiniSneba da Tu wina epizodebis an motivebis ganxilvisas

gvixdeboda xSiri paralelebis gavleba haqslisTan da orvelTan, am

SemTxvevaSi msgavseba SeiniSneba mxolod kliford saimakTan, vinaidan

saimakis ”goblinTa nakrZalSi” aseve Cndeba dedamiwis civilizaciis

gadarCenis idea teqnikis CareviT, oRond iq Zvel Secdomebis

gamosworebas mecnierebi axerxeben, xolo ”statusSi” – gasaxlebul

adamianTa jgufis survili dedamiwaze dabrunebisa, sruldeba am ideis

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metaforizaciiT: idea dedamiwisa izrdeba da iZens ufro farTo,

ganzogadebul mniSvnelobas warsuli cxovrebis, rac saerTod

asocirdeba dedamiwis civilizaciasTan – magram avtori agrZelebs

sakuTari logikis argumentacias da midis daskvnamde, rom istoriulad

adamianis cxovreba sul iyo sakuTari ”me”-s povna da amitom iqmneba

amgvari sillogistuli Tanmimdevrobis Zewkvi: dedamiwa - warsuli -

sakuTari Tavi.

ai am kavSirSi ikveTeba Tanamedrove gmiris mTavari ”nakli”, rac mas

Tavs moaxvia antihumanurobis principze agebulma wyobam: misi morali

ucvlelia da iseTive kategoriuli, rogorc is Camoyalibda 1000 wlis

winaT, Suasaukuneebis epoqaSi da amitom saxelmwifom sagangebod aawyo

pirovnebis sulieri mTlianobis damSleli da gamanadgurebeli sistema,

romlis mTavari punqti aris pirovnebis mexsierebis gaqroba. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom es aris faSizmis faruli da ”civilizebuli” modifikacia,

mimarTuli zogadad adamianis winaaRmdeg, rogorc im tipis da jiSis,

rogoric is Camoyalibda civilizaciis procesSi da romelic aris

asocirebuli warsulTan, romlis warmodgena ganuyofelia dedamiwaze

cxovrebasTan da sicocxlesTan.

Seklim swored gansazRvra, rom am mizantropuli amocanis

gansaxorcieleblad, momavlis totalitaruli wyoba moifiqrebda

yvelaze utyuar da ”ekonomiur” gzas: nacvlad imisa, rom eZebna

daumorCilebeli individebi da amoecno maTi savaraudo saSiSroeba, am

wyobam mexsierebis waSlasTan erTad, daamuSava kidev pirovnebis

TviTlikvidaciis unari, dafuZnebuli sakuTari braleulobis Segnebaze.

amgvari daskvna ganasxvavebs Seklis fantastikis Janrs sxva

avtorebisagan da amasTanave, sxva utopist mwerlebTan erTad, iZleva

kidev erT damatebiT punqts im CamonaTvalisaTvis, rac aris

dakavSirebuli totalitaruli wyobis mier gamiznul da

ganxorcielebuli politikasTan, mimarTuli humanizmis sawinaaRmdegod.

3.8. SciFi: momavlis SiSi da gafrTxileba. Cveni kvlevis specifika

dakavSirebulia Tanamedrove prozis or popularul mimarTulebasTan:

erTi aris samecniero fantastika, xolo meore – mxatvruli utopiis

formebi da vinaidan ZiriTad maxvils vakeTebT haqslize da kolin

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uilsonze, amitom saWirod migvaCnia vimsjeloT, rom am ori

gansxvavebuli xedvis avtors, romlebmac Tavis prozaSi warmoaCines

aRebuli gezis kulminacia, kidev davurToT samecniero prozis erTgvari

tipologiuri standartis magaliTi; amitom samsjelo Temad amjerad

varCevT kliford saimakis moTxrobas, “mizans miRweuli Taoba”.

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom am moTxrobis arCeva ar niSnavs imas, rom

saimaki saerTod migvaCnia mweral-fantastebis rigiT wevrad, radgan

“goblinTa nakrZali” TavisTavad ukve amarTlebs avtoris saerTo

aRiarebas, rogorc maRali gemovnebis da seriozuli prozaikosis. rac

Seexeba moTxrobas, masSi amoicnoba yvela is normad qceuli detali,

romelTa gareSe ar iqmneba aizek azimovis da rei bredberis mier

Seqmnili “konstelaciuri” Tematikis proza da romlis simravle

safuZvels gvaZlevs vilaparakoT am prozis Janrobriv standartze – an

Tundac am Janris prozis standartze, sadac aucilebel atributebadaa

naxsenebi an kosmiuri raketa, an planetTaSoriso sadguri, anda sulac

raime planeta.

rasakvirvelia, Cven ar visaxavT miznad vimsjeloT morig ararsebul

teqnikur inovaciebze da amitom ganvixilavT nawarmoebis swored im

elementebs, romelTa arsebobas ahyavs es moTxroba zerele, gasarTobi

da usaxuri fsevdoliteraturuli produqciidan – garkveuli ideuri

siRrmis mqone nawarmoebamde, sadac mkafiodaa Camoyalibebuli

sicocxlisa da samyaros aRqmis avtoriseuli pozicia, xolo es

ukanaskneli ki warmoadgens im azrobriv orientirs, saidanac aSkarad

Cans ideaTa gacvla, an polemikis elementi Cveni kvlevis ZiriTad, wamyvan

avtorebTan – haqslisTan da uilsonTan.

pirvel rigSi unda vaxsenoT ambicia – ambicia Temis, rac saerTod

saxifaTo momentia, magram am SemTxvevaSi saimaki aris im kategoriis

avtori, romelic naTlad xedavs arCeuli ideis mxatvrulad warmoCenis

formas da am mxriv arCeuli forma da ideaTa diapazoni savsebiT

amarTlebs mis “Tematur ambicias”.

am ambiciis pirvelive maniSnebeli aris saxeTa polifoniuroba:

saimaki iyenebs simbolisti mxatvrebis miviwyebul arsenals da

meterlinkis msgavsad, ideis emociuri da sruli warmoCenisaTvis, moqmed

pirebad gamohyavs movlenebi, stiqia an ganwyoba. swored ase, saimakis

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moTxrobis warmosaxul samyaroSi „griali“ warmogvidgeba rogorc

pirveli personaJi; „griali“ migvaniSnebs moaxlovebul “dasasrulze”, da

Sesabamisad moTxrobis esxatologiur aspeqtze.

TavisTavad, es xatologiuri tipis literatura uamrav dasaxelebas

moiTvlis da amgvar Tematur asparezze gamosvla gamarTlebuli unda

iyos mxolod interpretirebis siaxliT. Tavidan es siaxle mxolod

anturaJSia, radgan am tipis literatura ZiriTadad Sua saukuneebSi

iqmneboda, damaxasiaTebeli matebiT saukuneTa mijnaze (rodesac

sazogadoebas uCndeboda momdgari saukunis SiSi), da kosmiuri xomaldi

veranairad ver iqneboda gaazrebuli, rogorc samoqmedo scena an

asparezi.

imisaTvis, rom Tavi aaridos “damqancvel” paralelebs, avtori

ganzrax aCqarebs Txrobis temps da sul ramdenime striqonis Semdeg

gadavyevarT kafkasgan da orvelisgan nacnob samyaroSi, sadac cocxal

personaJTa nacvlad gvxdeba sulierebawarTmeuli figurebi, romelTac

“homo” im pirobiT Tu ewodebaT, Tuki “sapiens”- s ar vaxsenebT.

am usaxuri masis xrova warmoadgens xomaldis mgzavrebis

kontingents, romlebTac daviwyebuli aqvT wina TaobaTa wvlili

civilizaciaSi. magram am codnis dakargvaze ufro sabedisweroa maTi

meore danakargi – anu kritikuli azrovnebis unari, imis kritikuli

Sefaseba da imis dagmoba, rom civilizaciis ganviTarebis ara sulierma,

aramed teqnologiurma mimarTulebam gamoiwvia maTi mSobliuri planetis

mitoveba. amrigad, moTxrobis dasawyisSive avtori iZleva civilizaciis

realuri ganviTarebis kritikas, Tan es kritika mravalferovania,

vinaidan gulisxmobs naklisa da minusebis mTel wyebas.

Txroba metad dramatulia da dramatizmi am SemTxvevaSi Segnebuli

mxatvruli xerxia, rom mkiTxvelma ufro srulad, emociurad ganicados

TanamedroveTa da zogadad, kacobriobis ganviTarebis sabediswero

momentebi. upirveles yovlisa, es am JanrisaTvis ukve wesadqceuli

konfliqtia, romlis erT mxares ganasaxierebs Rirsebadakarguli masa,

xolo meore mxares – kenti individi; aseTi ram meordeba kolin

uilsonis romanSi da igive suraTia haqslis romanSic.

amrigad, mTavari, riTac avtori axerxebs rom SeinarCunos

konfliqtis monawileTa dapirispirebis originaluri da gansxvavebuli

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xedva, es aris personaJTa portretizaciis mxatvruli xerxebi:

vgulisxmobT masas, anu “krebiT protagonists”. rac Seexeba moTxrobis

konceptualur da principul gaazrebas, TavisTavad cxadia, rom

sicocxlisa da civilizaciis Temis gaxsnaSi, igi gverds ver auvlida

verc haqslis romanis ideologias da paToss da verc haqsliseuli

xedvis logikasa da siRrmes. amitom, es meore momenti nawilobriv “mamaci

axali samyaros” motivebis parafrazia.

paralelebsa da msgavsebaSi Cven gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad

migvaCnia ori momenti, romelic gansazRvravs avtoris zneobriv da

moqalaqeobriv pozicias. moqalaqeobrivs Cven gansakuTrebiT gamovyofT,

radgan amaSi Cans samecniero fantastikis, rogorc Janris –

sazogadoebisadmi mimarTvis da apelirebis pirveladi daniSnuleba.

pirveli momenti exeba borotebisken brma svlas, amoucnob impulss,

romelic gaurkvevli mizezis gamo yalibdeba adamianTa sazogadoebaSi da

Rupavs mas. meore momenti dakavSirebulia codnis, Segnebuli gansjis da

racios dapirispirebiT – SeugnebelTan, irracionalurTan, romelic

axdens mogonili modelis miTologizacias.

orive zemoxsenebuli momenti sakmaod naTeli da gasagebi

warmogvidgeba, Tu gavixsenebT msgavsi Temis uaxloes wina precedentebs:

uiliam goldingis “samoTxeSi” – karibis zRvis kunZulze myofi bavSvebi,

romlebTac aqvT absoluturad yvelaferi, rac cxovrebisaTvis aris

saWiro, warmogvidgenen Tanmimdevruli degradaciis suraTs, ris

Sedegadac guSindeli ingliseli skolis mowafeebi qvis xanis velur

tomad gadaiqcevian.

meore momentis magaliTad gamodgeba haqslis romani: imisaTvis rom

uzrunvelyos sakuTari momavlis kastur-ierarqiuli struqturis simyare,

mmarTveli Sre nergavs tendenciur dezinformacias da sazogadoebas

aCvevs “zemodan mowodebuli” kanonTa wesiT cxovrebas – nacvlad im

suraTis, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

istoriul simarTleze.

da iseve rogorc es emarTeba haqslis an goldingis romanis

wamkiTxvels, saimakis moTxobis mkiTxveli wvdeba im kiTxvas,

romliskenac mihyavs Txroba saimaks: “ratom urCevnia xalxs, rom Cawvdes

obieqtur sinamdviles mogonili miTis TvalsazrisiT, miTis prizmiT?”.

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es aris is kiTxva, romelSic saimaki SemoqmedebiTad anviTarebs ukve

aprobirebul literaturul Temas da amasTan erTad upirispirdeba

haqslis: “mamac axal samyaros”. (Huxley, A., “Brave New World”, 1932) am

romanSi, sakuTari ierarqiuli poziciis uzrunvelsayofad, mmarTveli

elita ganaxorcielebs masis Segnebis oretapovan transformacias:

daqvemdebarebul sazogadoebas jer unergaven elitisaTvis xelsayrel

ideologias da cxovrebis wesebis normebs, rasac mosdevs undoblobis

kultivacia yovelive ucxos mimarT, xolo “ucxos” cneba moicavs

gansxvavebul ideas.

saimakis versiiT, teqnologiuri civilizaciis winwasul, samomavlo

etapze, aucileblad Camoyalibdeba socialuri cxovrebis iseTi forma,

romelic epoqaluri spiralis xveuliT daabrunebs sazogadoebas

traibaluri, tomobrivi cxovrebis modelze, sadac mmarTveli Zala

Segnebulad gawiravx umecrobaze momdevno Taobebs. metic: josa da

jonis dapirispireba gadaizrdeba jonis dapirispirebaSi mTeli masis

winaaRmdeg da Tuki manam sakiTxi exeboda msxverplad gaRebul erT

pirovnebas, Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rom faqtiurad momaval mosaxleTa –

kolonistebis mTliani masa msxverplad yofila gaRebuli maTive

winaprebis mier. saimaks miaCnia, rom WeSmaritad diadi da Rrma idea

imdenad novatorulia, rom mxolod erTeulebi Tu SesZleben mis wvdomas

da jerovan aRiarebas. vinaidan masa moklebulia am unars, saimaki masaSi

xedavs am siaxlis, da Sesabamisad, progresis mters; raki asea, avtori

miiCnevs, rom siaxlis ganxorcielebis strategia moiTxovs ori punqtis

aRsrulebas: es unda iyos ideis kamuflaJi, an saerTod, dafarva, xolo

meore punqti gulisxmobs xelisSemSleli elementebis ganeitralebas.

moTxrobaSi avtori aseT elementad masas gviCvenebs, kosmiuri xomaldis

mgzavrebs. imisaTvis, rom es masa ar iyos xelisSemSleli da

ganeitraldes, saimaki poulobs yvelaze efeqtur xerxs – maT umecrobas.

“amitom”, ganazogadebs moTxrobis protagonisti, “maT ar unda icodnen

simarTle”, anu WeSmariti mizani progresisa, vinaidan – iseve rogorc es

xdeba yvela istoriuli movlenis dros, monawileTa garkveuli procenti

msxverpladaa gaazrebuli, xolo dasaxuli miznis SesrulebisaTvis,

umjobesia masa umecari darCes.

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aq dgeba kidev erTi sakiTxi: goldingTan da haqslisTan erTad,

saimaksac aqvs gatarebuli azri, rom WeSmaritebis danaxva Tu aRsruleba

SeuZlebelia msxverplis gareSe, Tan goldingTanac da saimakTanac es

msxverpli sisxliania, sikvdilTan – ufro swored, mkvlelobasTan aris

dakavSirebuli.

meores mxriv, saimakTan es momenti ufro dramatizirebulia.

marTalia, Cven ar vudgebiT erTi TargiT esoden gansxvavebuli

moculobis, Janris da ambiciis nawarmoebebs, magram “dramatizirebaSi”

vgulisxmobT konfliqtis meqanikas: “buzebis RmerTSi”, gavelurebuli

biWebis brbo borotebis stiqiad iqceva da imsxverplebs am romanis

erTaderT moazrovne personaJs. rac Seexeba saimakis gmirs, igi piriqiT,

TviTon iqceva mkvlelad da Semdgom acxadebs, raTa sxvasTan erTad,

sakuTari Tavic dairwmunos, rom “iZulebiT Cadenil mkvlelobas

amarTlebs “maRali mizani”. rasakvirvelia, aq unda gavixsenoT esoden

popularuli dostoevskis gamonaTqvami, rom veranairi mizani ver

gadawonis bavSvis cremlebs.

faqtiurad, saimaki am detaliT epasuxeba im motivs, romelic unda

iyos asocirebuli faSizmis, da saerTod, totalitaruli sistemis

ideologiasTan, romelic realobad aRiarebs untermensch- is kategorias.

mxolod amgvari ideis gaazrebis Semdeg – Tundac es idea ufro

intuiturad iyos nagrZnobi da ara sityvierad Camoyalibebuli – mxolod

aseTi ideis gaazrebis Semdeg gadadgams joni im sabediswero nabijs,

romelic mkvlelad aqcevs manamde praqtikulad “ucodvel” adamians.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ideis TvalsazrisiT, am detalSi gacilebiT

meti potencialia Caqsovili, magram moTxrobis moculobam agreTve

iTamaSa roli, rom ar ganviTarebuliyo meoradi motivebi, romelTa

simravle sakmarisia, raTa avtors Seeqmna goldingis “buzebis RmerTis”

moculobis romani. magram saimaki miniSnebebiT ifargleba da zogierTi

misi dakvirveba anda movlenis Sefaseba azrobrivad imdenad tevadia, rom

TavisTavad iTxovs naxsenebi motivis gaSlas. aseTia miniSneba idumal

wignze, aseTia miTad qceuli “mSobliuri” dedamiwis peizaJebi, wminda

suraTebis rangSi rom aris ayvanili. aseTia agreTve codna da

fantaziawarTmeuli masis msjeloba cxovrebaze, yofaze.

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da bolos, marTlac rCeba naklulobis SegrZneba, rodesac saimakTan

xvdebi mis “warmosaxul” polemikas anda gamoxmaurebas sviftTan,

gansakuTrebiT guliveris mogzaurobasTan laputaze. marTalia, msgavsi

aluziebi, Tundac aseTi mikrodozebiT, ver CaiTvleba sviftiseuli

literaturuli tradiciis gagrZelebad, magram faqtia, rom msgavsi

gamoxmaureba TavisTavad ukve bevris mimaniSnebelia, romelTa Soris aris

kultura da tradiciadakarguli sazogadoebis meqanikuri pragmatika,

rac ucnaurad aaxlovebs civilizaciis sawyis da “bolo” wertils – anu

imas, risi eSinodaT da rasac gvafrTxilebdnen zemoCamoTvlili

mwerlebi da maTi mxatvruli proza.

3.9. dro da gare samyaro. gare samyaros problema fantastebTan

umeteswilad safrTxesTanaa ”dawyvilebuli” da am frTxil, skeftikur

da pesimistur warmodgenas safuZveli daudo herbert uelsis prozam.

mizezis dasadgenad, Tu ratom iZala amgvarma xedvam am literaturuli

Janris tradiciaSi, amis pasuxad pirvel rigSi Tanadrouli istoriuli

viTareba da pirobebi unda davasaxeloT, I msoflio omis Tanmdevi

sazogadoebrivi ganwyoba. mTavari, rac am ganwyobas axasiaTebda, es iyo

undobloba cxovrebis im racionalur weswyobis da urTierTobis mimarT,

risi pretenziac hqonda da rasac TiTqos Cemulobda evropa da zogadad,

civilizebuli dasavleTis politikur da socialur urTierTobaTa

cxovrebis wesi.

meore momenti problemis ufro Rrma, Sorswasul fesvebs exeba, mis

winaistorias: rwmenis Sesustebas, rasac safuZveli Seuqmnes jer frangma

enciklopedistebma, Semdeg nicSem da kidev im dausrulebelma eWvebma da

yoymanma, riTac aris gaJRenTili dostoevskis proza. amasTan erTad,

kulturul sazogadoebas da inteleqtualuri samyaros sulier

atmosferos emateboda religiuri “paralelizmi”, romlis sirTule

aixsneba saorWofo TanaarsebobiT, rogoric Seqmna am elementTa

erTobliobam: TiTqosda erTian kulturul magistralze progresirebadi,

ZiriTadad romanuli, anu laTinurenovani Ziris qveynebis tradiciulma

kaTolicizmma, anglosaqsurma da germanulenovani saxelmwifoebis

anglikanurma eklesiam da protestantizmma.

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aseTnairad iqmneba realuri da sulieri viTarebis suraTi,

romelSic gadamwyveti roli mieca mecnieruli progresis Tanmdev

problematikas, anu dedamiwis miRma savaraudo sicocxlis Temas.

swored es momentia wamyvani rei bredberis nawarmoebSi, “mesame

eqspedicia”. moTxrobis fabulac da siuJetic sakmaod martivia. moqmedeba,

rasakvirvelia momavalSi xdeba, iseT momavalSi, rodesac dedamiwis

civilizacias sakmaod aqvs aTvisebuli kosmiuri frena da marsze ori

uSedego da upasuxo reisis Semdeg, amzadeben mesame sadazvervo misias.

planetaze dafrenisTanave, kosmonavtebs siurprizi eliT – isini

warsulSi aRmoCndebian, 1920-ian wlebSi da gaognebulebi arian TavianT

gardacvlil mSoblebTan da bebia-papebTan SexvedriT. Sesabamisad, maT

winaSe dgeba sikvdilis raobis filosofiuri sakiTxi, rasac maTi

“marsze gadasuli” winaprebi demagogiurad uxsnian, rogorc bunebisagan

adamianebisaTvis micemul “meore mcdelobis” Sanss. sinamdvileSi ki es

yvelaferi marsianelTa momzadebuli totaluri iluziaa, rac Seiwiravs

yvela kosmonavtis sicocxles. mkiTxveli xvdeba, rom wina ardabrunebul

orive reissac igive bedi ewia da daskvnad isRa rCeba, rom mkiTxvels

ganumtkicdes momavlis mistikuri SiSi.

“momavlis SiSi” aris pirveli, uSualo daskvna, magram amave dros

zedapiruli, radgan ufro Rrmad Tu CavufiqrdebiT, bredberis mTavari

mizania rom danergos totaluri undobloba - ara mxolod axali,

gansxvavebuli samyaros mimarT SiSi da sifrTxile, aramed ufro metic:

zogadad, Seuswavlel, Seucnobel sivrceSi arsebuli safTxe.

Sesabamisad, raki am safrTxesTan dapirispirebas mosdevs samyaros

ucnobi, axali segmentis gacnoba, Sesabamisad, saxifaToa saerTod

moZraoba, istoriulad Camoyalibebuli sacxovrebeli garsis da arealis

miRma gasvla – da aqedan gamomdinare, droc Seicavs xifaTs da

saSiSroebas, radgan moZraoba ganuyofelia droisganac.

Tu aseTi msjeloba gamarTlebulia, maSin bredberis aseTi daskvna

retrogradulia, radgan gamodis, rom mwerali saerTod qadagebs sakuTar

garsSi Caketvas da umoZraobas, e.i. praqtikulad, inteleqtualur,

kulturul da sulier stagnacias! bredberis mxatvruli prozis vrceli

memkvidreobidan gamomdinare, am Tvalsazriss abaTilebs TviT misi

biografia da Semoqmedeba.

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daskvna

Cveni erT-erTi mTavari mizani iyo dagvedgina teqnologiuri progresis

gavlenis “zneobrivi polusi”, raTa civilizaciis progresi gangvexila

tradiciul sulier kulturasTan da sulier faseulobebTan mimarTebaSi,

TviT adamianis Segnebis da inteleqtis evoluciis, misi fsiqologiis sava-

raudo transformaciis aspeqtSi.

rasakvirvelia, Cveni interesi mimarTulia ara konkretuli avtoris

mier warmoCenili mecnierebis da teqnikis morigi Tvisobrivi naxtomis

marTebulobis Sesafaseblad, da miznad ara gvaqvs avtorTa

futurologiuri wiaRsvlebis da masalis mecnieruli damajerebloba da

dasabuTeba - vinaidan es yvelaferi mecnierebis istoriis sferos epasuxeba;

Sesabamisad, Cveni mizania Temis Sinaarsobrivi da ideuri ganzogadeba, da

amitom sakiTxis arsi SemdegSia: ratom miaCniaT avtorebs, rom mecnieruli

codnis Sedegi ufro safrTxis momtania, vidre sikeTis?

vinaidan mwerlobaSi Zneli ar aris mivakvlioT JanrTa

urTierTkavSiris da sawyisebis niSnebs, amitom SeiZleba vaRiaroT JanrTa

Tematuri da struqturuli monaTesaoba. Sesabamisad, sviftis guliveris

mogzaurobaTa seria da Tomas moris “utopia” agreTve unda CavTvaloT

Tanamedrove fantastebis rogorc ideur, aseve mxatvrul winamorbedebad,

radgan yvela isini ”sxva samyaros” ganixilaven Tanadrouli sazogadoebis

kritikuli Sefasebis erTaderTi surviliT. amasTanave, Tanadroul sociums

avtorebi marTebulad ganixilaven rogorc dasavluri civilizaciis

ganviTarebis nayofs da Sedegs.

calke sakiTxia, rom civilizaciis aRmoceneba miznad zneobis da

sulieri kulturis zeobas isaxavda - da unda vaRiaroT, rom arcTu usa-

fuZvlod: yovel SemTxvevaSi, renesansis Semdgomi periodi da

ganmanaTleblobis xanis inteleqtualuri produqciis da memkvidreobis

damajerebeli diapazoni, diaxac amarTlebda optimistur prognozs. da

swored amitom sazogadoebisaTvis garkveuli koreqtivebis SeTavazebis

safuZveli hqondaT ara mxolod mors da svifts, aramed mogvianebiT

herbert uelssac, romlmac teqnologiuri progresi ise aRiqva, rogorc

amas aCvenebda teqnikis ganviTareba, anu zneobisagan da sulieri

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cxovrebisagan mowyvetiT – rac aucxadda kidec: Teqvsmeti weli gavida 1898

wlis Semdeg, rodesac gamoica misi “The War of the Worlds”, da daiwyo I

msoflio omi, sadac kulturis epicentris warmomadgenlebma daiviwyes

sakuTari roli dasavluri civilizaciis daarsebaSi da daupirispirdnen

erTmaneTs – safrangeTi, inglisi da germania.

maS, ra iyo is niSanTviseba sazogadoebis progresSi, rac afiqrebinebda

da kvlavac afiqrebinebs sazogadoebas, rom kacobriobis mamoZravebeli da

winsvlis Zala aris ara sayovelTao sikeTe da mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba,

aramed brZola ZalauflebisaTvis, Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba, ris Semdeg

gamarjvebuli amyarebs misTvis sasurvel, masze morgebul da awyobil

sistemas da wesrigs, uzrunvelyofs daqvemdebarebis da ierarqiuli

damorCilebis wyoba-normebs da Tavad eqceva Zalismieri da naZaladevi

piramidis TavSi.

vinaidan amgvari tendenciis amocnoba ar aris Zneli, amitom uelsic,

xolo Semdgom mwerlebis momdevno pleada fantastikis JanrSi, Tvlidnen

rom yovelgvari Sexvedra gansxvavebuli samyaros warmomadgenlebTan -

niSnavda ara mxolod principulad gansxvavebul teqnologiur ideebTan

Sexvedras, aramed gacilebiT ufro rTul problemas: komunikacias da

sabediswero kontaqts sruliad sxva samoqmedo moralTan, rac cxadia ver

dasruldeba mSvidobianad, da saboloo jamSi, erTmaneTis damorCilebis

anda mospobis survilis gareSe.

amave dros, es ar niSnavs mowodebas, rom xeli aviRoT progresze,

miuxedavad imisa, rom momavalSi – rogorc drois da sivrcis da

Seucnobelis konglomeratSi – safrTxe da saSiSari ufro metia, vidre

“keTili imedebis” aRsruleba. maSasadame, am daskvnis “transponireba”

filosofiur aspeqtSi, mogvcems kacobriobis momavlis da “savaraudo

egzistenciis” stoikuri xedvis da gagebis suraTs.

TavisTavad es daskvna eyrdnoba ideaTa evoluciis gzas istoriaSi,

raime novaciis an gansxvavebuli xedvis TandaTanobiT, nel ganviTarebas,

rac aixsneba sxvaobiT romelic arsebobs ideis Semomtani piris

originalur midgomasa da sazogadoebriv Segnebas Soris. iseve rogorc es

xdeba movlenaTa gaazrebis momentSi, faqtis Sefasebisas

gasaTvaliswinebelia rogorc misi obieqturi maxasiaTeblebi, anu sixSire

da sayovelTao aRiarebis xarisxi, agreTve misi gacxadebis wyaro da

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rodesac saqme gvaqvs adamianis sulieri cxovrebis an fsiqologiuri

sferos maCveneblebTan, maSin maTi gaTvaliswineba da analizi dasaSvebad

miiCneva mxolod misi, anda misi Sesatyvisi faqtis an movlenis xSiri

gameorebis SemTxvevaSi. ase iqmneba safuZveli, rom is ganvixiloT ara

rogorc anomalia da klinikuri SemTxveva, aramed rogorc sazogadoebis

sulieri cxovrebis garkveuli simptomaturi maCvenebli. am TvalsazrisiT,

ukanaskneli saukunis suraTi iZleva iseT masalas teqnikuri da

teqnologiuri progresis moralur mxareze da saerTod, Semecnebis da

codnis Seusabamobaze tradiciul humanistur moralTan da xedvasTan, rom

gamarTlebulia literatorTa yuradReba progresis savaraudo ganviTarebis

gzebis da Sedegebis mimarT; swored es aris zemoxsenebuli nawarmoebis

wamyvani Tema da idea, xolo teqsti ki gzaa dafaruli naxevartonebis

gamosamzeureblad.

karel Capekis, haqslis, k. uilsonis da sxva avtorebis mxatvruli

proza, win gadadgmuli nabijia – ara mxolod ideur-Tematuri speqtriT da

mxatvruli SesaZleblobebiT, aramed filosofiuri TvalsazrisiTac.

faqtia, rom Tanamedrove avtorebma Rrmad gaiazres ori momenti: 1.

dramatizmi, rac Semoaqvs adamianTa yofaSi teqnologiur progress; 2.

cvlilebebi, rac umal etyoba adamianTa masebis Segnebas, rodesac maTi

saarsebo garemo hkargavs humanurobas da cxovreba warimarTeba Zalismieri

ierarqiis principiT, monuri morCilebis atmosferoSi.

es exeba ara mxolod fsiqologiur da zneobriv mxares. arsebobs kidev

erTi sagangaSo momenti: gansxvavebiT renesansuli kulturis sulieri da

eTikuri paTosisagan, teqnologiur sferoSi Tanamedrove azrovneba

absoluturad Seukavebelia, ris gamoc misi ganviTarebis veqtori saerTod

ar iTvaliswinebs adamianTa zneobis egzistencialur normebsa da

saWiroebas.

am procesebis Seukavebloba xsnis Tanamedrove sinamdvilis da masTan

erTad, am sinamdviliT inspirirebuli samecniero fantastikis Janris

tipiur niSans, rac gamoixateba nawarmoebebSi deklarirebuli

TvalsazrisiT, rom amgvari progresis buneba da xasiaTi ewinaaRmdegeba

Tavad progresis cnebas. aseTi viTareba mxolod erTi mizeziT aixsneba:

danergil mecnierul siaxleTa buneba swored am teqnologiur ideaTa

modifikacias aris “ayolili”, SeiZleba iTqvas rom is stiqiuria da

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umarTavi im TvalsazrisiT, rom ar iTvaliswinebs aranair zneobriv

Semakavebel normas da mimarTulebas mecnierebisa da teqnikis dargebis

ganviTarebaSi; garda amisa, is ar iTvaliswinebs adamians, rogorc

progresis Tavdapirvel da ZiriTad adresats. es aris swored is momenti,

romelsac Cven ganvixilavT rogorc zemoxsenebul avtorTa

msoflmxedvelobriv novacias am Janris mxatvrul ideebSi da TematikaSi.

cnobilia, rom WeSmaritebas SevignebT da SevimecnebT Sedarebisas. da

marTlac: Tu Zveli drois utopistebi cdilobdnen CamoeyalibebinaT is

recepti, riTac kacobrioba gadurCeboda socialur Tu zneobriv

sirTuleebs, antiutopiebis avtorebi aCvenebdnen, rad ujdeboda “rigiT

moqalaqes” Tu “patara kacs”, saxelmwifos brZola “sayovelao

bednierebisaTvis”.

egzistencialistebis versiiT, teqnikurma progresma waarTva kacs

namdvili Tavisufleba, gamoiwvia adamianis pirovnuli gaucxoeba, ris gamoc

is gvevlineba rogorc martoobaSi darCenili da martoobaze ganwiruli

msxverpli teqnologiuri progresisa da emansipaciis - da es exeba am Janris

siuJetebis yvela im personaJs, vinc sabediswero problemis winaSe

warmogvidgeba.

Sesabamisad, ukve SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom ganxilul nawarmoebTa idea-

mizanTa da Janrobrivi gansxvavebis miuxedavad, gamoikveTa orive ganxiluli

arxis – antiutopiuri da samecniero fantastikis arxis erTiani ideuri

marcvali - sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis regulacia. es idea gaxda Janris

arsebiTi principi, da gamoiara ra Tavisi socialuri da istoriuli

evoluciis etapebi, is Tavad mivida sakuTari sawyisis zneobriv kritikamde

da negaciamde.

- 129 -

- 130 -

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