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in PAC and leisure-time physical activity (LPA) inyoung populations; however differences betweenolder adults are unclear. We evaluated relationshipsbetween perceived physical appearance (PPA), EM,PAC, SC, AT and LPA in a 6-month intervention studydesigned to increase physical activity in 60—80 yearold. Healthy, sedentary men (n = 66) and women(n = 190) were recruited into 12 recreation centres.Total physical activity (PA) and LPA were assessedusing the Physical Activity Scale for the elderly.PAC and PPA were assessed using The Adults Self-Perceptions Profile. EM SC, and AT were assessedusing existing validated measures. Analyses wereadjusted for clustering related to recreation cen-tres. Baseline-PA and LPA were not differentbetween genders; baseline-PAC was higher in men(2.32 ± 0.72 versus 2.00 ± 0.63, p = 0.0062) as wasPPA (2.90 ± 0.60 versus 2.55 ± 0.62, p = 0.0074).After 6 months PA, LPA and PAC did not signifi-cantly increase in men and women. However, PPAincreased significantly (p = 0.02) for both genders.

Further to this PPA was higher in men comparedto women (3.09 ± 0.63 versus 2.73 ± 0.61, p = 0.02).Intrinsic motivation to achieve only increased sig-nificantly in women (4.69 ± 0.83, p = 0.03). Multipleregression analysis accounting for socio-economicgroup and age revealed only years of competi-tive sport predicted post-LPA in men (R2 = 0.28,p = 0.013). For women only years since vigorousactivity (p = 0.007) and education (p = 0.02) pre-dicted post-LPA (R2 = 0.17). Future interventionsmust capitalise on the differences in how men andwomen think about exercise; and differential phys-ical activity histories.

doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2006.12.048

47Prevalence and correlates of physical activityamong New Zealanders 60 years and older

K. Mummery 1, G. Kolt 2, G. Schofield 2, G. McLean 3

1 Central Queensland University, Australia;2 Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand;3 Policy & Research Unit, Sport and Recreation,New Zealand

This study explores the prevalence of selectedphysical activity measures and associated demo-graphic and lifestyle risk factors in a sample ofNew Zealand adults aged 60 years and older. Cross-sectional data from the Obstacles to Action Survey

conducted by Sport and Recreation New Zealandwere analysed in the population segment of inter-est. Four measures were constructed to assesspublic health issues relating to physical activity:

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Abstracts

‘inactive/sedentary’’, ‘‘some recreational walk-ng’’, ‘‘some vigorous activity’’, and ‘‘regularhysical activity’’. In the total sample consideredor analysis (N = 1894) the prevalence of the inde-endent physical activity measures were: 18.3%nactive/sedentary; 67.6% some recreational walk-ng; 30.7% some vigorous activity; and 51.4% regularhysical activity. Females were more likely thanales to be inactive and less likely to partake in

ny vigorous activity, or achieve the criteria foregular activity. Activity levels decreased with ageith a concurrent increase in inactive/sedentaryehaviour across age groups. Other lifestyle riskactors, including smoking, overweight, and five--day fruit and vegetable consumption, showedssociations with some of the activity measuresxamined. Efforts need to be made to slow theecline in activity levels across age groups. Asso-iations between lifestyle risk factors and selectedhysical activity measures indicate a need toddress the issue of healthy ageing by means of aulti-factorial approach. There is an ongoing need

or population-level surveillance of physical activ-ty behaviours. Issues relating to physical activitynd health should not be collected in absence ofther lifestyle risk factors.

oi:10.1016/j.jsams.2006.12.049

NVITED8romoting physical activity during the life span

. Rossner

Obesity Unit, Karolinska University Hospital,olna, Stockholm, Sweden

e are born to be physically active, but as we ageur capacity and potential to expend energy areeduced, leading to overweight and obesity. Thisresentation will focus on activity levels in pre-chool children, who are innately active, throughchool age (where 50% of children drop out ofport at puberty) to adulthood (where people areoo busy to be active) and old age. With changesn the age distribution of populations, more andore individuals will reach middle and old ageith weight problems. As some components of theetabolic syndrome help to develop sarcopenic

besity, even when total body weight is not ele-ated, muscle mass and the capacity to perform

ork are dramatically reduced.It is becoming increasingly evident that small

eriods of activity (that can actually be accumu-ated to make 60 min per day) are important for

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eight maintenance. In this presentation, strate-ies for promoting physical activity at differentife stages will be presented, using examples fromecent intervention work in Sweden and Europe.

oi:10.1016/j.jsams.2006.12.050

9orticosteroid injections should be applied withaution: A clinical trial of corticosteroid, manipu-ation/exercise and wait and see for tennis elbow

. Bisset, E. Beller, G. Jull, P. Brooks, R. Darnell,

. Vicenzino

The University Of Queensland, Australia

anagement of tennis elbow usually involves eitherorticosteroid injection or a physical interventionf elbow manipulation and exercise. This singlelinded randomised controlled trial in primary careompared the efficacy of a corticosteroid injec-ion to both a wait and see approach and an elbowanipulation/exercise program over 52 weeks. A

98 participants with a clinical diagnosis of ten-is elbow were assessed at baseline, then at 3,, 12, 26 and 52 weeks post-randomisation, forhe primary outcome measures of global improve-ent, grip force and assessor’s rating of severity.orticosteroid injection showed significant benefi-ial effects compared to the other two groups atweeks. However, recurrence rates in the injec-

ion group were high (47/65), with significantlyoorer outcomes at 26 weeks compared to bothhe wait and see and manipulation/exercise groups.he significant short term benefits of corticos-eroid injection are paradoxically reversed by 12eeks with high recurrence rates and an over-ll delay in recovery at 26 weeks, suggesting thathis treatment be applied with caution. Manipula-ion/exercise was superior to both injection andait and see on area under the curve analyses forrip force and assessor severity, and to injection onlobal improvement. An approach combining elbowanipulation and exercise has a short term bene-t over wait and see in the first 6 weeks and overorticosteroid injections from 12 weeks onwards,

roviding a reasonable alternative to injections inhe short to mid-term.

oi:10.1016/j.jsams.2006.12.051

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0randomised controlled clinical trial of manual

herapy treatment for shoulder pain

. Pribicevic, H. Pollard

Macquarie Injury Management Group (MIMG),acquarie University, Australia

im: To describe a clinical trial and treatment ren-ered on a randomised pool of subjects utilising twoifferent chiropractic treatment approaches.

Methods: Forty-two subjects (18—45) were ran-omly allocated to a control group (n = 12), aanipulation group (n = 15), and a multimodal

‘sports chiropractic’’ treatment group (n = 15).he treatments rendered included: a detunedltrasound set at a zero setting for the controlroup, manipulation of the cervical or thoracicpines, and/or gleno-humeral joint for the manipu-ation group, and a multimodal approach combiningoft tissue methods, manipulation of the cervicalhoracic spines, or glenohumeral joint and rehabil-tation exercises, with a treatment frequency ofight visits over a 4 week period. The outcomeeasures for the trial included: patients perception

f pain, VAS, and key orthopaedic tests (Hawkins,eer’s, Jobe’s and the painful arc).

Results: Both treatment groups showed a markededuction (significant changes p < 0.05) in meanain levels pre and post treatment for both painutcome measures and demonstrated significantifferences (p < 0.05) in pre and post findings forhe orthopaedic tests. The control group showedo statistically detectable change for all outcomeeasures with t-test analysis. The subjects ran-omised to the multimodal ‘‘sports chiropractic’’reatment group demonstrated a greater mean painevel of change and a greater level of treatmentatisfaction at the end of the treatment period.

Conclusion: This RCT demonstrates the potentialenefit and utility of a ‘‘multimodal sports chi-opractic protocol’’ and ‘‘straight’’ manipulationrotocol in managing key pain syndromes associ-

oi:10.1016/j.jsams.2006.12.052