PTSD

Steven Franqui

Brandon Martinez

Close your eyesAnd Imagine

August 24, 1992

Etio

logy

1. Biological Level of Analysis 2. Cognitive Level of

Analysis 3. Sociocultural Level of Analysis

Symptoms

1.Reliving the event

(also called re-

experiencing

symptoms)

2.Avoiding situations

that remind you of the

event

3.Negative changes in

beliefs and feelings

4.Feeling keyed up (also

called hyperarousal)

Prelavance

• Overall

• Gender

• Age

Diag

nosis• Difficulty of Diagnosis• Methods of Diagnosis

Natu

re o

f Cul

ture

Culture is a context of dynamic

symbols and meanings that

people create and recreate for

themselves in the process of social

interaction.” – (Geertz

1973; Sapir, 1961)Toward a more expansive view,

culture is thought to provide an

orientation of a people’s way of

feeling, thinking, and being in the

world – their unself conscious

medium of experience, interpretation, and action.”

– (Jenkins & Karno, 1992

)

Culture and

Emotion

• Rosaldo (1984)

• Led to studies like

• Jenkins & Valiente, 1994

• Salvadoran Women

Culture Validity of

PTDS Diagnosis

• DSM

• Criterions

• Calor and Nervios

• Emotions

Gender• Prevalence

rates

• Treatment

differences

Treat

men

t• Hypnosis, Art therapy, and

Psychodynamic therapy• CBT, Pharmacotherapy,

EMDR

Kath

leen

O.

Nade

r and

Ot

hers

… • Method:• Participants• Tools used• Discussion

Othe

r Ex

perim

ents • Pynoos et al., 1987

• Sniper Rifle• Pynoos & Goenjin, 1992• Earthquake in Armenia

Walker-Tessner Model

Stressors:• War• Rape• Traumatic Life experience

• Pynoos et al., 1987 • Pynoos & Goenjin, 1992 • Jenkins & Valiente, 1994

Inherited Factors:• Pre-existing depression• Pre-existing anxiety disorder• Family history of anxiety• Family history of neuroticism

• Halligan, S, Yehuda, R, 2000• Cornelis, M, et. al. 2010

Neuromaturational Factors: • Noradrenaline• Amygdala • Hippocampus • Medial Prefrontal Cortex

• Grinage, 2003

Constitutional (Biological) Vulnerability

Psychiatric Outcome (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)

Cognitive Factors: • Mental defeat• Mental confusion• Appraisal of emotions• Appraisal of symptoms• Perceived negative responses of others• Permanent change

• Dunmore, E, Clark, D.M., & Ehlers, A, 1999

Complex PTSD

(Herm

an, 1992)

• Complex Post-Traumatic

Stress Disorders

• Prolonged, repeated

trauma that only occurs

where the victim is in a

state of captivity, unable

to flee, and under the

control of the perpetrator.

GRO

UP T

HER

APY

FOR

SEXU

AL-

ASSA

ULT

VICT

IMS

(Rot

h, S

, Dye

, E, &

Leb

owitz

, L,

1988

)• Purpose • Participants • Findings