Referencing and Citation

8/12/2019 Referencing and Citation

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Referencing and Citation

Research Methods for Hospitality and

Tourism Managers



Scope and Coverage

• This topic will cover:

• Importance of referencing, bibliography and

citation

• Various referencing styles

• Details of Harvard Referencing Style

•



Learning Outcomes

• By the end of the topic, students will be able

to:

• Describe the importance using references.

• Differentiate between citation and references,

• Identify different referencing styles.

•

Understand Harvard referencing system.



Importance of Referencing

• Why cite and refer:

• Support your argument

• Express your familiarity with relevant literature

• To acknowledge someone else’s intellectual

property

• Avoid plagiarism

• Facilitate the readers to verify and access

material if someone wants to update



Citation, References, Bibliography

• Citation: – Briefly, citing means referring within your text to sources which

you have used in the course of your research. In the Harvardstyle, this means providing the author's surname and the dateof publication e.g.

– It has been argued (Harris 2001) that the main considerationsare…

– It has been argued by Harris (2001) that the main considerationsare..

• Reference

• Bibliography



Reference & Bibliography

• A reference is a full description of each sourceyou have consulted, in a bibliography or list ofreferences at the end of your work. References

should be given in a consistent style throughout.A References list should contain only the detailsof the sources you have cited in the body of yourtext.

• A bibliography may also include details of othersources you consulted when researching a pieceof work but may not have cited in your text.



Referencing Styles

• Harvard Referencing Style

• American Psychological Association (APA)

•

Chicago: University of Chicago PressPublishers

• OSCOLA: Faculty of Law, University of Oxford

•

IEEE: Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers



Class Activity

• In 10 minutes time,

•

Give 4 reasons why we refer and cite literature

• Enumerate the famous referencing styles

• Differentiate between citation and referencing



Harvard Referencing Style

• The Harvard referencing style is an example of author-datereferencing. The Harvard style is very common and is usedacross most subjects.

•

There is no definitive form of Harvard referencing as thereis no organisation that sets standards for the style.

• Despite its name, the style is not linked to HarvardUniversity.

• As there is no standard, there are variations of the Harvardstyle.



APA

• The American Psychological Association publishes

a style guide, the Publication Manual of the

American Psychological Association, which is

commonly used by writers, editors and studentsin the social science subjects.

• The APA also provides a free basic online tutorialto using the APA Style which includes guidance on

how to reference.



APA Links

• The following, freely available APA web guides may

also help you to reference your work using the APAstyle:

• Cardiff University Information Literacy Resource Bank -APA Referencing Tutorial(https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/apatutorial/index.html )

• University of Wisconsin - Madison - Writing Center APADocumentation

(http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocAPA.html)•

• Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) - APAFormatting and Style Guide(https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/1/ )

https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/apatutorial/index.html

http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocAPA.html


https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/1/




https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/apatutorial/index.html



Chicago

• The University of Chicago Press publishes The

Chicago Manual of Style.

• There is also an online version, the Chicago

Manual of Style Online which offers a free 30

day trial.



Chicago Links

• There a lot of free Chicago style guides on the web

including:

• Purdue University, Online Writing Lab (OWL) - ChicagoManual of Style

(https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/01/)

• University of Wisconsin - Madison - Writing CenterChicago Documentation(http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocChicago.html)

• Murdoch University - Chicago Style Guide(http://library.murdoch.edu.au/Getting-

help/Referencing/)



http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocChicago.html


http://library.murdoch.edu.au/Getting-help/Referencing/










OSCOLA

• Developed by the Faculty of Law at the University of Oxford,OSCOLA is used to cite authorities, legislation and other legalmaterials.

• The fourth edition can be viewed here. There is also an SCOLA quick

reference guide.

• The Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities – homepage(http://www.law.ox.ac.uk/publications/oscola.php)

• Cardiff University Information Literacy Resource Bank - Citing theLaw(https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/oscola/tutorial/index.html)

http://www.law.ox.ac.uk/publications/oscola.php


https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/oscola/tutorial/index.html




























IEEE

• The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers) referencing style is used in engineeringdisciplines.

• The 2009 IEEE style manual contains guidance onreferencing and can be viewed as a pdf document here(https://development.standards.ieee.org/myproject/Public/mytools/draft/styleman.pdf )

• A citation reference guide is available here(http://www.ieee.org/index.html).

https://development.standards.ieee.org/myproject/Public/mytools/draft/styleman.pdf




http://www.ieee.org/index.html

















Types of References

• Blogs

• Chapter in an edited book or reader

• Citing authors whose original work youhave not read

• Conference proceedings and papers

• Diagram

• Discussion board message • Discussion lists

• DVD / Video

• Electronic book

• Electronic journal articles

• Graph

•

Image / Table • Internet Sources

• Books• Journal Articles

• Lecture

• Newspaper article

• Personal communication

• Photograph

• Place of publication, none

• Podcast

•

Quotations • Report

• Secondary referencing, or citing authorswhose original work you have not read

• Table

• Television programme

• Thesis or dissertation

• Web pages • Wiki

• Working paper

• YouTube film

https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/tutorial/faq.html%23faq5





https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/tutorial/faq.html%23faq12aaa

https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/tutorial/faq.html%23faq12aa

https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/tutorial/faq.html%23faq12a

https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/tutorial/faq.html%23faq12b
















































https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/tutorial/faq.html%23faq12aaa









Citing your sources in the text

• There are different conventions for citingsourcing in the text.

• When you refer to another’s words or ideas in

your work, you must cite your source.• At an appropriate point in your text, provide

the author’s surname and the year of

publication in round brackets. If you includethe author’s name in your sentence, onlyprovide the year of publication in brackets



Examples of Citation (Harvard Citation Style)

• It has been argued (Harris 2001) that the main

considerations are…

• It has been argued by Harris (2001) that the

main considerations are…



Citing Edited Books

• For edited books that contain collections ofchapters written by different authors, cite theauthor of the chapter and not the editor of theoverall book.

• If you are citing different publications written bythe same author in the same year, label the firstone cited with the letter ‘a’ after the year and the

second ‘b’ etc. e.g. (Smith 2004a), (Smith 2004b).You will need to do the same in your list ofreferences.



Citing Multiple Authors

• Where two authors have produced the work,include both their last names in your citatione.g. (Cullingworth and Nadin 2007) or

Cullingworth and Nadin (2007).

• When there are three or more authors use the

abbreviation et al. (and others) after the firstauthor’s surname e.g. Tayler et al. (2003) or(Tayler et al. 2003).





Paraphrasing your sources

• The examples above cover instances where you

are summarising the overall argument or position

of a book or an article. If you are paraphrasing a

particular argument or point from your sourceyou must include page numbers:

• For example:

–

It has been argued (Harris 2001, pp. 20-21) that themain considerations are the scope of the project, the

cost and the duration of the work.



Directly quoting from your sources

• You should aim to paraphrase informationprovided by an author in your own words ratherthan quote large amounts of their work verbatimas this helps to demonstrate to the reader your

understanding of the information. It can benecessary to quote directly from the text whenyou: – Cannot present the information more succinctly or in

any other way. – Need to present a particular portion of an author’s

text in your work to analyse it.



Short Quotation

• If the quotation is short, enclose the writer’s

words in double quotation marks and then

cite the author, date and page number:

– Key causes of economic deprivation include low

income or unemployment which are often the

result of “poor qualification levels and lack of

basic skills” (Thake and Saubach 1993, p. 18).



Long Quotation

• Longer quotations should be separated from the body of

your text and indented from the left-hand margin. Whenyou indent a quotation, there is no need to include

quotation marks:

• As Joia and Sanz (2005, p. 5) observe:

– In specific terms, it might be imagined that the benefits of web

consumer retention would only seem to be advantageous for

digital companies that are client-centric, which can interact with

these consumers. Furthermore, the mere fact of usingtransactional practices, low differentiation between products and

the emphasis on promotion of price on the web would seem to

increase sensitivity to price.



Omitting some words, or adding emphasis

• If you omit some words from the quotation, you needto indicate this by typing in three dots, e.g. “The statehas an essential role … in the legal definition ofproperty rights” (Deininger 2003, p. 69)

• If you add some of your own words within thequotation, place your words in [square brackets] tomake it clear which are the author’s words and which

are yours. Remember to quote exactly as the wordsappear in the original: do not add bold or italics.



Referencing

• Referencing means giving a full description of

each source you have cited in the text, in a list

of references or bibliography, at the end of

your work:

• Write the list in alphabetical order: put the

first author’s last name first and then his/her

initials.



Referencing

• Include the names and initials of all authors

or, if there are more than two authors, use the

abbreviation et al. after the first author’s

name.

• Arrange any references with the same author

by the year of publication, beginning with the

oldest.



Referencing

•

Titles should beitalicised

for books, reports andconference proceedings. For journal articles, the

title of the journal (not the title of the journal

article) should be printed in italics.

• CAPITLISE the first letter of each author’s last name

and each initial. Also capitalise the first letter of

the publication title written in italics, the firstletters of all main words in the title of a journal and

all first letters of a place name and publisher.

Documents

Referencing and Citation