Report on Mejia Thermal Power Plant Dvc

8/16/2019 Report on Mejia Thermal Power Plant Dvc

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at

NAME:Pravin biswakarma

JALPAIGURI GOVT. ENGG.

COLLEGE ELECTRICAL ENGG.

DEPARTMENT.

DATE OF TRAINING: From 13th June,14 to 03th

July,14


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VOCATIONAL TRAINING PROJECT REPORT ON MEJIA THERMAL

POER !TATION "M.T.P.!#$DAMODAR VALLE%

CORPORATION"D.V.C#

A&OUT M.T.P.!

Mejia Thermal Power Station is locte! t Durlo"#ur, Dist: $n%ur,&' %m (rom Dur)#ur city in *est $en)l+ ommissione! on 1--',

.T/ is the lr)est therml #oer #lnt, in terms o( electricity

)enertin) c#city in the stte o( *est $en)l s ell s mon) other

D2 #oer #lnts+

P'w(r P)ant:

.ei Therml /oer ttion hs n instlle! c#city o( &340 .*+ The

#lnt hs units un!er its o#ertion+ The in!i"i!ul units h"e the

)enertin) c#cities s (ollos:

Unit N'. G(n(ratin* Ca+a,it- C'mmissi'n( 'n

561 &10 .* 1--'

56& &10 .* 1--

563 &10 .* 1---

564 &10 .* &007

567 &70 .* &00

56' &70 .* &00-

568 700 .* &010

56 700 .* &010

5nits 1 to ' re collecti"ely nme! s MTP!/+0as(1, hile thee9tension o( 5nits 8 is clle! MTP!/+0as( 2+ All the units

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durgapur,_West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durgapur,_West_Bengal


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h"e ;oilers, tur;ines n! )enertors mnu(cture! ;y $hrt


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DA.ODAR 2A==E@ OR/ORATION .ei Therml /oer ttion /+O:.T/,Dist:$n%ur8&&13,*est $en)l P0'n(:34251/242231 6A7/34251/282241

No+.TC/=C2oc+Tr)+C2ol+IIC1'&

Dte!:&-th .rch&014

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certi(y tht .r+/r"in $is%rm, stu!ent o(electricl en)ineerin) o( Jl#i)uri Go"ernment En)ineerin)

olle)e, Jl#i)uri83710&>*+$? un!ertoo% "octionl trinin)

t .ei Therml /oer ttion, D2, (or the #erio! o(

&1>Tenty One? !ys +e+( 13+0'+&014 un!er Electricl De#t+,

.T/+

Durin) his trinin) he hs ;een (oun! sincere, hr!or%in) n! ell !isci#line!+

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

"!0ri &i0a-ak D9tta#

The Dyhie( En)ineer >Elect+? .T/, D2


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ACNOW!EDGEMENT

Any #roect is the (ruit(ul outcome o( the hr! or% o(

mny+ Throu)h this !ocument e oul! li%e t' (+r(ss

'9r *ratit9( t'wars t0's( w0' s9++'rt( 9s in

makin* 9s an '9t,'m( ;r'm 9s.

Firstly, e oul! li%e to thn% !0ri. &i0a-ak9tta>De#uty hie( En))+ Elec+?+ Trinin) A!"isor? ho )ui!e!

us in ech n! e"ery ste# till our com#letion o( our

trinin)+ *e re thn%(ul to them (or their continue!

)ui!nce n! su##ort ith their "st #ool o(%nole!)e, hich s essentil (or the com#letion o(

this #roect+ Alon) the y , e ere lso ;ly

su##orte! n! )ui!e! ;y sts o( the "rious

!e#rtments+ An! li%e e mentione!, the hel# is e"en

more cre!i;le, consi!erin) tht the or%lo! o( the st

s immense+

*e oul! lso li%e to thn% our (rien!s n! (mily (or

#ro"i!in) encour)ement n! morl su##ort t e"ery

ste#+ *e reco)nise e"ery;o!ys hel#in) hn!+


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CONTENTS

=

NO

TOPIC

1 INTRODUCTION AND HI!TOR%

& OVERVIE O6 A POER PLANT

3 ELECTRICAL !%!TEM

a" GENERATOR # AU$I!IRIES 1+ $AI /RINI/=E ONTR5TION &+ EITATION @TE. 3+ A2R 4+ OO=ING @TE. 7+ /ROTETION @TE. '+ GENERATOR .ETERING INT5.ENTATION

8+ E=ETRIA= /ROTETION AND AFET@

INTER=OB

%" O&ER&IEW OF GT' UT' UAT'UST' ST'

SAT'SST' NGT

(" SWITCHYARD

1+2ARIO5 O./ONENT&+/ROTETION

)" STATION GROUNDING SYSTEM

e" MOTORS

*"

*#

DC SYSTEM

DG SET


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INTRODUCTION # HISTORY

D2, le)cy to the #eo#le o( In!i, emer)e! s culmintion o(

ttem#ts m!e o"er hole century to control the il! n! errtic

Dmo!r ri"er+ The ri"er s#ns o"er n re o( &7,000 %m& co"erin) the

sttes o( $ihr >no Jhr%hn!? *est $en)l+

Dmo!r 2lley or#ortion s est;lishe! on 8th July 1-4+It is one o(

the most re#utte com#ny in the estern one o( In!i+ D2 is

est;lishe! on Dmo!r ri"er+ It lso consists o( the Dur)#ur Therml

/oer /lnt in Dur)#ur+ The hy!el #roect in .ython is one o( the most

Hourishin) #rt o( D2+ The .T/>.ei Therml /oer ttion? un!er

D2 is one o( the lr)est therml #oer #lnt in *est $en)l+ It is one

o( the (our therml #oer sttions o( D2 in the sttes o( *est $en)l+ The totl #oer #lnt cm#us re is surroun!e! ;y ;oun!ry lls

n! is ;siclly !i"i!e! into to mor #rts, rst #oer #lnt re itsel(

n! secon! is the colony re (or the resi!ence n! other (cilities (or

.T/s em#loyees+

!ALIENT 6EATURE!

=oction: .ei in $n%ur District in *est $en)l+

Instlle! #city: >&104 .*K&70& .* K 700& .*?L&340.*

ol source: $+++= n! E++=, lso im#orte! (rom In!onesi

Fuel Muntity:1&' T/(or unit 1 to 4 only?

170 T/(or unit 7 n! ' only? &8& T/< >(or unit8 only?


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(or unit 1 to '?

&8-m >(or #hse II?

*ter source: DA.ODAR RI2ER

$eneciry tte: *ET $ENGA=, J


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OVERVIE O6 POER PLANT

OPERATION

A #oer #lnt is ;siclly n ener)y con"ersion mechnism+ Therml

#oer #lnts o#erte on mo!ie! Rn%in ycle ith rehetin) n!

su#erhetin)+ In essence , it is mo!ie! (rom o( the ;sic stem cycle

to increse the cycle ePciency+ ol is ;urnt in ;oiler, hich con"erts

ter into stem+ The stem is e9#n!e! in tur;ine, hich #ro!uces

mechnicl #oer !ri"in) the lterntor cou#le! to the tur;ine+ The

or%in) o( the #oer is !i"i!e! into (our min circuits:

Fuel n! sh circuit+ Air n! Fuel )s circuit+ Fee! ter n! stem circuit+ oolin) ter circuit+

THE ENERG% CONVER!ION

hemicl ener)y to het ener)y In $oiler


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ENERG@ F=O* DIAGRA. OF DIFFERENT /ART :

.ET5R$INE?


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OVER VIE O6 A POER PLANT


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VARIOU! COMPONENT! O6 A POER PALNT:

DEAERATOR: The con!ense! ter (rom the con!enser is t%en to

!eertor here the ter is m!e (ree (rom o9y)en minly i+e+ (ree(rom ir+ The !eertor is !irect het e9chn)er ;ecuse the stem

(rom I/T is s#rye! to the con!ense! ter (rom the ;ottom n! the

ter is s#rye! (rom the to# #rt o( the !eertor+ This results in !e

o9yction i+e+ remo"l o( o9y)en (rom the ter+

&OILER 6EED PUMP! "&6Ps#: The outlet o( the !eertor is

connecte! to ;oiler (ee! #um#s, there re three $F/ in ro out o(

hich to re in runnin) con!ition n! one is t stn!;y,in unit 61 to '

ll $F/ re .D$F/,consumes hi)hest #oer in the #lnt 4+'.* in (ull

lo! n! unit68 n! one o( these is .D$F/> motor !ri"en?, n! other

to re TD$F/>stem !ri"en?+.D$F/ consumes the hi)hest #oer in

this #lnt i+e+ 10.*+ .D$F/ is use! only t the strtin) time (or its hu)e

#oer consum#tion+

HIGH PRE!!URE HEATER: The


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I/T n!


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t%es #lce in the rst #ss n! the hetin) o( stem throu)h < t%es

#lce in the secon! #ss+

!UPER HEATER: The im#ortnt #oint is to ;e lys %e#t in min! tht

ll the heters tht re use! in therml #oer #lnt re mechnicl

ty#e heters i+e+ het e9chn)e! #henomen hets one me!ium ;y

e9chn)in) het (rom nother hotter me!ium+ u#er heters re

ctully sus#en!e! #i#es in the secon! #ss section o( the ;oiler, the

Hue )s h"in) "ery hi)h tem#erture hets the stem tht comes (rom

the !rum ;e(ore they hit the tur;ines to tem#erture u# to 740Q+ The

#ressure o( stem is %e#t constnt hen #ssin) throu)h su#er heter+

The min conce#t ;ehin! m%in) the stem su#er hete! is to m%e

the stem ;solutely moisture (ree ;e(ore they hit the tur;ine ;ecuse

moisture content o( stem ill !m)e the ;l!es o( tur;ine ;y

corrosion+

TUR&INE !ECTION: The tur;ine section consists o( three #rts nme!

s Interme!ite #ressure

tur;ine?,=/T>=o #ressure tur;ine?+ The su#erhete! stem (rom the

u#erheter enters the


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o"erll unit+

6LUE GA! PATH :

AIR PREHEATER: The Hue )s #ro!uce! s result o( com;ustion o(

(ossil (uel in the (urnce is t%en to the ir #re heter+ The ir #re heter

is use! to het u# the tmos#heric ir to m%e hot ir use! (or

com;ustion n! trns#ort o( col !ust (rom mill to (urnce hich clle!

secon!ry ir+ This heter hs uniMue #rocess o( hetin), it hs

sh(t ttche! to rottin) heel ty#e structure>li%e tur;ine ;utrrn)ement ;l!es re !ierent?+ Atmos#heric ir re suc%e! ;y FD

(ns #sses throu)h one si!e o( the rottin) sh(t n! the hot Hue )s

#sses throu)h nother si!e+ This y het o( the Hue )s )ets

trns(erre! to the tmos#heric ir n! )ets hete!+ There re to ir

#re heters (or ech unit nme! s A


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5n!er )o"ernment rules n! re)ultion (or in!ustril #ollution control,

E/ is must to ech n! e"ery in!ustry hich !els hi)h sh s

resi!in)+ An electrosttic #reci#ittor is lr)e , in!ustril emission

control unit+ It is use! in in!ustries li%e therml #oer #lnt, cement,

##er, chemicls, metllur)icl in!ustries etc, hich emit #rticles+ In

the therml #oer #lnt it is !esi)ne! to tr# n! remo"e sh #rticle

(rom the e9hust )s o( ;oiler+ len )s, u# to --+-U clener thn

hen it enter is then #sses out o( the #reci#ittors+

collectin) electro!e

e%est el!

Emittin) electro!e

OR


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tor!s the chr)e! sur(ce, they in turn chr)e the #ssin) #rticle+

The electrosttic el! then !rs the #rticles to the collector sur(ce

here they re !e#osite!+ /erio!iclly, the collecte! #rticles re

remo"e! (rom the collectin) sur(ce ;y r##in) or "i;rtin) the

collector to !islo!)e the #rticles+ The !islo!)e! #rticles !ro# ;elo

the electricl tretment one n! re collecte! throu)h ho##ers (or

ultimte !is#osl+

The mor com#onents tht ccom#lishe! ;o"e cti"ities in E/ re

s (ollos:

V


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DRA6T 6AN! :

There re ;siclly three ty#es o( (ns in therml #oer

#lnt+

i+ IND5ED DRAFT >ID FAN?ii+ FORED DRAFT FAN >FA FAN?iii+ /RI.AR@ AIR FAN >/A FAN?

INDUCED DRA6T 6AN= ID 6AN:

This (n is use! to crete

ne)ti"e #ressure in the (urnce i+e+ (urnce #ressure is loer thn

tmos#heric #ressure, s result o( hich re ;lls insi!e the (urnce

cn not come out o( the (urnce+ID (ns lso !ri"es the Hue )s throu)hout its #th n! nlly eects it out o( chimney+ It suc%s ir (rom the

(urnce n! eects it to the tmos#here+ .echniclly ID (n is cou#le!

ith one 3#h synchronous ty#e motor+ It is the only synchronous motor

in the #oer #lnt ;ecuse it )i"es more ccurte control to its s#ee!

;y 2C( metho! (or mintinin) ne)ti"e #ressure s controllin) o(

ne)ti"e #ressure is the most "itl (ctor in ny therml #oer #lnt+

There re to ID (n (or ech unit+

6ORCED DRA6T 6AN:/

5nli%e ID (n, the FD (n is ment (or cretin)

#ositi"e #ressure in the (urnce n! lso su##lies ir (rom /A (n n!

secon!ry ir (or com;ustion+ The FD (n t%es ir (rom tmos#here

n! e9#el it to the #lnt >i+e+ in the (urnce, in! ;o9 etc?+.echniclly

FD (n consist o( one 3#h in!uction motor, min ;erin) >nti(riction

;erin)? n! lu;e oil system+

PRIMAR% AIR 6AN=PA 6AN:

/rimry ir (n is use! (or mi9in) o(

col! ir o( FD (n outlet ith hot ir o( ir #reheter outlet+ The min

(unction o( this is to trns#ort #ul"erise! col (rom the mill to (urnce+

.i9in) o( hot ir n! col! ir is necessry ;ecuse it is nee!e! to

mintin the tem#erture o( the #ul"erise! col (rom 0Q to -0Q (or

;etter trns#ort o( col n! ;etter com;ustion in the (urnce+

.echniclly the construction o( /A (n is sme s FD (n+


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T0( E)(,tri,a) !-st(m:/

The electricl system ;siclly strts t the tur;o lterntor n!

throu)h the GT>)enertor trns(ormer? to the sitchyr! n! nlly to

the trnsmission lines+ In ;eteen the netor% consists o( mny

isoltors, circuit ;re%ers, T, /T n! other mechnisms+ At .T/ the

tur;o lterntor )enertes "olt)e o(

17+87B2>5nit61C&C3C4?,1'+'B2>5nit67C'?, &1 B2> /hse II?+ The GTs

ste#s this u# to &&0 B2>400B2 (or /hse II?+ The trnsmission is to

Blynesri ,$urn#ur,$oror,Dur)#ur n! (or #hse IIthe

trnsmission is to .ython, DT/, Jmshe!#ur+

There(ore the electricl system is :

For Unit+, to - .

G(n(rat'r GT 223


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GENERATOR &A!IC PRINCIPLE AND

CON!TRUCTION: Prin,i+)(:

Genertor con"erts mechnicl #oer into electricl (orm n! (ee!s it

into the #oer system netor% + The or%in) #rinci#le ;ehin! the

o#ertion o( )enertor is Fr!ys =s o( electrom)netic in!uction+ The in!uce! lterntin) "olt)e in )enertor cn ;e e9#resse! s

EL4+44(TW 2olt

*here,

EL 2olt)e in!uce! in "olt+

(L(reMuency o( rottion in


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3+$erin) n! lu;riction 4+Terminl $ushin) n! $us

!uct

7+E9cittion system '+ li# rin) n! $rush )er

ssem;ly

8+oolin) system + elin) system

ttor:

The sttor em;o!ies the core, sttor in!in) n! hy!ro)en coolers n!

#ro"i!es )s ti)ht enclosure (or hy!ro)en )s+ It com#rises o( n

inner n! n outer (rme+ The outer (rme is ri)i! (;ricte! structure

o( el!e! steel #ltes c#;le o( ;erin) the #ressure !ue to minore9#losion o(


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TUR&O GENERATOR


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E9chn)es het in the e+)+ micnite? is use! (or linin) the slots+ *ith increse in

)enertor c#city rotor in!in)s use! to crry (irly hi)h !irect

current (or suPcient m)netic stren)th+ This hi)her lo!in) cuses

consi!er;le mount o( het loss n! lr)e rotors incor#orte

com;intion o( hollo con!uctors ith slots or holes rrn)e! to

#ro"i!e (or circultion o( the coolin) )s throu)h the ctul con!uctors

;y )# #ic% u# metho! +Due to "ery hi)h rottionl s#ee! centri(u)l(orce tries to li(t the in!in) out o( the slots+

o they re contine! in #ro#er #lce ;y !urlumin e!)es+ The en!

turns outsi!e the slots re co"ere! ;y nonm)netic steel retinin) en!

rin)s n! re secure! to the rotor ;o!y+ The en! in!in) re insulte!

(rom retinin) rin)s ith the hel# o( )lss e#o9y mol!e! se)ments+ The

retinin) rin) is sin)le #iece (or)in) hich #rotects the rotor en!

in!in) (rom hi)h centri(u)l (orce+

E7CITATION !%!TEM O6 TUR&O GENERATOR:/

The #ur#ose o( e9cittion system is to continuously #ro"i!e the

##ro#rite mount o( D+ el! current to the )enertor el! in!in)+

The e9cittion system is reMuire! to (unction reli;ly un!er the (olloin)

con!itions o( the )enertor n! the system to hich it is connecte! +

i?Durin) strt u# o( the )enertor+

ii?Durin) ste!y stte o#ertin) con!ition+

iii?At the time o( trnsient !istur;nces >!ue to su!!en ##lictions orremo"l o( lo!?+

i"?Durin) #rolon)e! system !istur;nces+


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The sim#lest cse is tht o( !urin) strt u#

hen the )enertor is runnin) t rte! s#ee! ith )enertor circuit

;re%er o#en>rmture o#en circuite!?+ The terminl "olt)e ill

increse ith the increse in el! current+ Amount o( el! current

reMuire! ill ;e (unction o( only the terminl "olt)e+ $ecuse o(

m)netic sturtion more el! current ill ;e reMuire! to #ro!uce n

increment o( rmture "olt)e t hi)h "olt)e thn t lo "olt)e+ This

ill ;e )o"erne! ;y o#en circuit chrcteristics>O++? o( the mchine+

A(ter the closin) o( )enertor circuit ;re%er the mchine is connecte!

to the system n! o#ertes in #rllel ith other mchines connecte!

to the system+ The mount o( el! current reMuire! ill ;e (unction o(

the terminl "olt)e s ;e(ore n! lso the lo! current n! the #oer

(ctor+ This ill ;e )o"erne! ;y the 2cur"es o( the mchine+ 5nli%e the

#re"ious cse i( the )enertor is connecte! to lr)e system chn)e in

e9cittion current controls the recti"e #oer>2AR? n! the #oer

(ctor only ith "ery minor inHuence o( the terminl "olt)e+ .ore

se"ere !uty the e9cittion system reMuires to #er(orm u#on is !urin)

system !istur;nces+ At the time o( trnsient !istur;nces the

)enertor "olt)e my !i# or rise momentrily+ The e9cittion system

must res#onse (st to correct this Muic%ly n! st;ly+ Durin) #rolon)e!

!istur;nces>hich my lst (rom se"erl secon!s to se"erl minutes?

the e9cittion system my reMuire to o#erte t it m9imum or ceilin)

out#ut+ Thus #ro#erly !esi)ne! e9cittion system shoul! #ermit

?lose control o( the )enertor "olt)e to mtch closely to the system

"olt)e ;e(ore synchronition+

;?lose control o( 2AR (ter synchronition o( the mchine, ithout

loss o( st;ility or o"erhetin) o( the el! system+

c?O#ertion o( the system t its m9imum or ceilin) t the time o(!istur;nces in the system+

DEVELOPEMENT O6 E7CITATION !%!TEM:

*ith increse in

)enertor c#city n! com#le9ity o( interconnection in #oer system,

im#ro"e! techniMues in )enertor e9cittion h"e ;een !e"elo#e! ith

the im to chie"e hi)her c#city, i!el rte o( res#onse, sim#licity,

reli;ility, ccurcy, sensiti"ity etc+ In the erlier !esi)ns se"erl

conce#ts )o"ern the mority o( the e9cittion system, such s? E9citers ere commuttor ty#e n! sel( e9cite!+

;? E9citers ere sh(t !ri"en n! motor !ri"en rottin) mchines+


25/75

c? 2olt)e re)ultors inclu!e! m)netic or rottin) m#liers or

com;intion o( ;oth+

!? .nul control s ;y mens o( rheostt+

Ne9t )enertion o( e9cittion system intro!uce! neerconce#ts+ ome o( hich ere

? 5se o( semicon!uctors (or rectiction+

;? A>utomtic? "olt)e re)ultor ith trnsistor #rem#liers n!

thyristors +

c? Ne conce#ts o( mnul control+

!? Elimintion o( commuttors+

e? Ne #hysicl rrn)ements,

(? Ne mintennces #roce!ures +

/resent !y e9cittion system h"e ;een #romote! ;y

? #city to meet "ery hi)h "lues o( e9cittion suit;le (or unit

c#cities s hi)h s 700.* or e"en more+

;? 5se o(


26/75

n! )enertes #ermnent "olt)e >usully 400 " t 400 A2R? is the hert o( e9cittion system o(

)enertor+ No !ys the A2R uses semicon!uctor elements to chie"ehi)h reli;ility ith "ery (st res#onse+ It hs to in!e#en!ent

chnnels, the Auto chnnel ith close! loo# "olt)e re)ultion n! the

.nul chnnel ith o#en loo# re)ultion+ The to chnnels o( the

"olt)e re)ultor re !esi)ne! (or o#ertion either on i? sttion

u9iliry A #oer su##ly n! ii? #oer su##ly (rom )enertor terminl

or #ilot e9citer s the cse my ;e+ $oth the uto n! mnul chnnels

consist o( #oer #rt n! control #rt+

ome o( the slient (etures o( A2R re :

? #;ility o( mintinin) constnt terminl "olt)e o"er i!e

o#ertin) rn)e n! mintinin) #ro#er shre o( recti"e lo!

mon) the #rllel runnin) mchines+;? /ro"ision (or risin) the e9cittion le"el Muic%ly >el! (orcin) ? in

cse o( (ult or "olt)e !i# to increse the trnsient st;ility limit

o( the system+

c? In cor#ortion o( suit;le circuitry to m%e the re(erence "olt)es liner (unction o( (reMuency or tur;o )enertor u# to the e!)e


27/75


28/75

C'')in* ;ans /ro#eller ty#e coolin) (ns t ;oth the en!s o( rotor re

#ro"i!e! (or (orce! circultion o( ir coole! mchines ?insi!e the )enertor+ Fn hu;s re m!e(rom lloy steel (or)oin) n! re shrun% tte! on the rotor sh(t+ The

lloy steel cst (n ;l!es re 9e! on the (n hu; throu)hout its

#eri#hery ith the hel# o( stren)th lloy steel nonm)netic conicl

#ins+ These (n ;l!es re esily remo";le (rom the hu;+ Fn shiel!s

re #ro"i!e! to )ui!e the )s Ho+ Fn shiel!s re 9e! to the en!

shiel!s+

!PECI6ICATION O6 TUR&O GENERATOR:/

For 1nit+, to 2

B*:&10.*

#+(:0+7 l)B2A:&48,000

ttor "olt)e:17+87 B2

ttor m#ere:-070 A

Rotor "olt)e:310 2

Rotor m#ere:&700A

R#m:3000

FreMuency:70


29/75

B2A:&-4100

ttor "olt)e:1'+7 B2

ttor m#ere:10&-1 A

Rotor "olt)e:&-&2

Rotor m#ere:&3-7A

R#m:3000

FreMuency:70


30/75

Acti"e /oer: 1344B*

urrent: 3&00A

107A

2olt)e: 4&02

&&0KC&&2

#ee!: 70C

70C

FreeMuency: 170 B#:/

B*:380

2olts D:'00

Am#s D:'300E9cittion 2olts D:108

E9cittion Am#s D:14&

R#m:3000

oolnt: Air

Insultion lss: F

#eciction: IF34

GENERATOR PROTECTION:/


31/75

*ith the e"er incresin) sie o( the

)enertor cost o( the mchine, the e9#enses (or re#ir n! loss o(

ener)y !urin) the out)e o( the mchine re "ery hi)h+ lo!, (reMuency,

tem#erture? n! ;eyon! the s#ecie! limits+ uch ;norml runnin)con!ition oul! result in )r!ul !eteriortion n! ultimtely le! to

(ilure o( the )enertor+ It my ;e #ossi;le to correct the runnin) o( the

)enertor+ It my ;e #ossi;le to correct the runnin) con!ition (ter the

#rotecti"e rely )i"es n lrm, there ;y "oi!in) the loss o( re"enue

n! !m)e o( the mchine+ In the lter cse , it is necessry to restrict

the !m)e o( the mchine n! ssocite circuit to minimum ;y

t%in) it out (rom the ser"ice+

PROTECTION UNDER A&NORMAL RUNNING CONDITION!: /

?Ov(r ,9rr(nt +r't(,ti'n: The o"er current #rotection is use! in

)enertor #rotection )inst e9ternl (ult s ;c% u# #rotection+

Normlly e9ternl short circuits re clere! ;y #rotection o( the (ulty

section n! re not !n)erous to the )enertor+ I( this #rotection (ils

the short circuit current contri;ute! ;y the )enertor is normlly hi)her

thn the rte! current o( the )enertor n! cuse! o"er hetin) o( the

sttor, hence the )enertors re #ro"i!e! ith ;c% u# o"er current#rotection hich is usully !enite time l) o"er current rely+

;?Ov(r )'a +r't(,ti'n: /ersistent o"er lo! in rotor n! sttor circuit

cuse hetin) o( in!in) n! tem#erture rise o( the mchine+

/ermissi;le !urtion o( the sttor n! rotor o"er lo! !e#en!s u#on the

clss o( insultion, therml time constnt, coolin) o( the mchine n! is

usully recommen!e! ;y the mnu(cturer+ $eyon! these limits the

runnin) o( the mchine is not recommen!e! n! o"er lo! #rotectiontherml relys (e! ;y current trns(ormer or therml sensors re

#ro"i!e!+


32/75

c?Ov(r v')ta*( +r't(,ti'n: The o"er "olt)e t the )enertor

terminls my ;e cuse! ;y su!!en !ro# o( lo! n! A2R

ml(unctionin)+


33/75

recti"e #oer (rom the )ri! inste! o( su##lyin) it+ The #oer (ctor o(

the )enertor ;ecomes c#citi"e n! s result o( this synchronous

runnin) > hi)her sli# (reMuency? o"er hetin) o( the rotor sur(ce t%es

#lce+ In cse the )enertors connecte! to the system cn not su##ly

this recti"e #oer there ill ;e lr)e "olt)e !ro# in the system

le!in) to inst;ility+ The #rotection #ro"i!e! )inst loss o( e9cittion

is ;y n oset .ho rely+ Its o#ertin) chrcteristics is so chosen tht

!urin) e9tremely lo e9cittion (ults ithin the tri##in) one+

)? L'ss '; +rim( m'v(r +r't(,ti'n: In the e"ent o( loss o( #rime

mo"er the )enertor o#ertes s motor n! !ri"es the #rime mo"er

itsel(+ In some cses this con!ition coul! ;e "ery hrm(ul s in the cse

o( stem tur;ine sets here stem cts s coolnt, mintinin) thetur;ine ;l!es t constnt tem#erture n! the (ilure o( stem

results in o"er hetin) !ue to (riction n! in!)e loss ith su;seMuent

!istortion o( the tur;ine ;l!e+ This cn ;e sense! ;y #oer rely ith

!irectionl chrcteristics n! the mchine cn ;e t%en out o( ;r

un!er the con!ition+ $ecuse o( the sme reson continuous "ery lo

le"el o( out#ut (rom the therml sets re not #ermissi;le+ The )enertor

;re%er is tri##e! un!er this con!ition ;y the use o( rely mesurin)

the electricl #oer out#ut o( the )enertor !esi)ne! to o#erte henthe #oer out#ut (ults ;elo selecte! #reset "lue+

h?P')( s)i+ +r't(,ti'n: A )enertor my loss synchronism ith

system ithout losin) the e9cittion+ In this con!ition the mchine my

;e su;ecte! to se"ere mechnicl torMue n! oscilltion ith

conseMuent "rition o( current, "olt)e n! #oer (ctor+ I( the n)ulr

!is#lcement o( the rotor e9cee!s the st;le limit, the rotor ill sli#

#ole #itch+ I( the !istur;nce #ersist the mchine must ;e isolte! (romthe system to #re"ent !m)e to the )enertor n! to minimie #oer

system !istur;nce+ The #ole sli##in) #rotection rely o#ertes on the

criteri tht the n)le o( the )enertor E.F e9cee!s certin 9e!

"lue ith the o#ertion o( the re"erse #oer rely+ The occurrence o(

these criteri re counte! n! the mchine is tri##e! out (ter certin

num;er o( oscilltions+ These relys re c#;le o( !etectin) the rst

#ole sli# con!ition hen sli#, corres#on!in) to the s#ee! o( #ole

sli##in) is in the rn)e o( K0+1U to K10U on 70


34/75

PROTECTION UNDER 6AULT CONDITION:/

a#!tat'r s0'rt ,ir,9it: hort circuits re mon) the (ults hich

cuse the he"iest !m)e to the )enertor+ Not only !o they result in

therml !m)es such s the el!in) o( the core lmintions n!

;urnin) o( the in!in) ;ut lso result in #ossi;le mechnicl !m)e

li%e !e(ormtion o( the en!s o( the coil+ 2ery (st o#ertin) #rotection is

reMuire! , otherise the !m)e my ;e ;eyon! re#ir+ Dierentil

#rotections, inter turn short circuit #rotections re the min #rotection

)inst short circuits in sttor in!in)+ As ;c% u# #rotection (or the

sme (ults, minimum im#e!nce n! o"er current #rotections re

use!+

b#Di(r(ntia) +r't(,ti'n: The #rotection is use! (or !etection o(

internl (ults in s#ecie! one !ene! ;y the Ts su##lyin) the

!ierentil rely+ For n unit connecte! system se#rte !ierentil

relys re #ro"i!e! (or )enertor, )enertor trns(ormer n! unit

trns(ormer in !!ition to the o"erll !ierentil #rotection+ In or!er to

restrict !m)e "ery hi)h !ierentil rely sensiti"ity is !emn!e! ;ut

sensiti"ity is limite! ;y T errors, hi)h inrush current !urin) e9ternl(ult n! trns(ormer t# chn)er "ritions+

,# Int(r t9rn ;a9)t +r't(,ti'n: Inter turn (ults com#rise o( insultion

(ilure ;eteen turns o( the sme in!in) or ;eteen the #rllel

in!in) o( the sme #hse hich cn not ;e !etecte! ;y lon)itu!inl

!ierentil #rotection+ Inter turn (ults h"e commonly ;een

!isre)r!e! on the ;sis tht i( the occur the ill Muic%ly !e"elo# into

erth (ults or #hse to #hse (ults hich ill ;e !etecte! ;y thesensiti"e #rotections #ro"i!e! (or these (ults+ *ith this i!e sometimes

no s#ecic #rotection (or inter interturn (ult is #ro"i!e!+


35/75

)urntee in !"nce tht e9ct current shrin) ;eteen in!in)s t%e

#lce+

# &a,k/9+ im+(an,( +r't(,ti'n: This #rotection is ;siclly

!esi)ne! s ;c% u# #rotection (or the #rt o( the instlltion situte!;eteen the )enertor n! the )enertor n! unit trns(ormers+ A ;c%

u# #rotection in the (orm o( minimum im#e!nce mesurement is use!,

in hich the current in!in)s re connecte! to the Ts in the neutrl

connection o( the )enertor n! its "olt)e in!in)s throu)h /T to

the #hse to #hse terminl "olt)e+ The #ic% u# im#e!nce is set to

such "lue tht it is only ener)ise! ;y short circuits in the one

s#ecie! ;o"e !oes not res#on! to (ults ;eyon! the trns(ormers+

(# !tat'r (art0 ;a9)t +r't(,ti'n: The erth (ult #rotection is the

#rotection o( the )enertor )inst !m)es cuse! ;y the (ilure o(

insultion to erth+ /resent #rctice o( )roun!in) the )enertor neutrl

is so !esi)ne! tht the erth (ult current is limite! ithin 7 n! 10

A./s+ Fult current ;eyon! this limit my cuse! serious !m)e to the

core lmintions+ This le!s to "ery hi)h e!!y current loss ith

resultnt hetin) n! meltin) o( the core+

;# @F stat'r (art0 ;a9)t +r't(,ti'n: In"erse time "olt)e relyconnecte! cross the secon!ry o( the hi)h im#e!nce neutrl

)roun!in) trns(ormer rely is use! (or #rotection o( roun! -7U o( the

sttor in!in) )inst erth (ult+

*#133F stat'r (art0 ;a9)t +r't(,ti'n: erth (ult in the entire sttor

circuits re !etecte! ;y selecti"e erth (ult #rotection co"erin) 100U

o( the sttor in!in)s+ This 100U EC( rely monitors the hole sttor

in!in) ;y mens o( co!e! si)nl current continuously inecte! in the)enertor in!in) throu)h cou#lin)+ 5n!er norml runnin) con!ition

the si)nl current Hos only in the stry c#citnces o( the !irectly

connecte! system circuit+ In cse o( n erth (ult , this c#citnce is

;y#sse! n! the monitorin) current hich is !etermine! minly ;y the

resistnce to erth increses+ This increse! current "lue n!

re#ro!uction o( the si)nl co!e re use! (or the o#ertion o( the rely+

0#R't'r (art0 ;a9)t +r't(,ti'n: Normlly sin)le rotor erth (ult is

not so !n)erous s the rotor circuit is unerthe! n! current t (ult

#oint is ero+ o only lrm is #ro"i!e! on occurrence o( rst rotor erth


36/75

(ult+ On occurrence o( the secon! rotor erth (ult ;eteen the #oints

o( (ult the el! in!in) )ets short circuite!+ The current in el! circuit

increses, resultin) in hetin) o( the el! circuit n! the e9citer+ $ut the

more !n)erous is !istur;e! symmetry o( m)netic circuit !ue to

#rtil short circuite! coils le!in) to mechnicl un;lnce+ e"ere

"i;rtion my seriously !m)e the mchine+ Thus the #rotection

circuit shoul! ;e so !esi)ne! s to )i"e n lrm in cse o(

!e"elo#ment o( 1st rotor erth (ult n! it shoul! tri# the mchine on

the occurrence o( &n! erth (ult+

GENERATOR OPERATION:/

The o#ertion o( the )enertor is concerne! ith the ;sic #rocesses o(

synchronition, lo!in) , "olt)e mintennce, st;ility n! s(e

tri##in)Cshuttin) !on o( the mchine+ In the #oer system the

)enertor is reMuire! to o#erte in #rllel ith other runnin) mchines

n! to shre ;oth cti"e n! recti"e #oer !emn! o( the system+

!-n,0r'niati'n '; *(n(rat'r: The #rocess o( interconnection o(

the )enertor ith the )ri! to hich num;er o( )enertors re lre!y

connecte! is %non s synchronition+ For success(ul synchronition

n! #rllel o#ertion o( the )enertor the "olt)e, (reMuency n!#hse seMuence o( the incomin) )enertor must ;e sme s tht o( the

)ri!>runnin) system ?+ To !etermine the e9ct instnt o( synchronism

synchrosco#e ith three lm#s is #ro"i!e! t the )enertor control

!es%+ In some mchine uto synchronition (cility is lso #ro"i!e!+

$e(ore rollin) o( the TG to mtch the s#ee! o( the mchine

corres#on!in) to the )ri! (reMuency n! incresin) )enertor terminl

"olt)e re!iness o( the mchine itsel( n! it is "rious u9iliries re

to ;e ensure+ The synchronition #rocess is to ;e in close coor!intionith the mechnicl system o( the #oer house+ In )enerl (olloin)

o#ertion n! chec%in) re to ;e crrie! out in ste#s ;e(ore

synchronition o( the )enertor+

&(;'r( ma,0in( starts r'))in* ,0(,k an (ns9r(/

G(n(rat'r a9i)iar- s-st(m:/

?The lu;e oil Ho to )enertor ;erin)s is !eMute ith correct#ressure n! tem#erture n! there is no oil le%)e+


37/75

;?sin)

#oer #lnt (or s(e strtin), runnin) n! shuttin) !on o( electricl

eMui#ments+ These interloc%s #ly "itl role to #re"ent or re!uce

!m)e o( costly eMui#ments !urin) internl (ult or (ult in connecte!

systemC eMui#ments o#ertionl error s ell s (or s(ety o( #ersonnel

n! the system s hole+

GENERATOR In )enerl, it is ;se! i( )enertor #rotection relysinitite nonseMuentil tri# mo!e>lss A? (or unit isoltion+


38/75

seMuentil tri##in) >lss $? #ro"i!es ;etter mens o( tri##in)

stem tur;ine )enertor on some ;norml o#ertin) con!ition here

!elye! tri##in) o( the )enertor ill not result in increse! !m)e to

the tur;ine, )enertor or other electricl eMui#ment+ The reson (or

seMuentilly tri##in) stem tur;ine )enertor is to "oi! the o"er

s#ee! con!ition tht results hen the )enertor min ;re%er is tri##e!

hile stem is su##lie! to the tur;ine+

/ro#er control lo)ic is criticl to the !esi)n o( seMuentil

tri##in) scheme sitches, tri# oil system #ressure sitches etc? hich is

su#er"ise! ;y n electricl =o Forr! /oer relyC Reser"e /oer

rely+ This rely is normlly set to !etect "ery lo #oer le"els n!

incor#ortes ;rie( time !ely o( the or!er o( (e secon!s (or !!e!security+

It hs ;een recommen!e! tht )enertor #rotecti"e relys,

initites nonseMuentil tri# mo!e (or isoltion o( the unit !ue to

electricl (ults+ Only !e"ices #rotectin) unit (rom n ;norml

mechnicl o#ertin) con!ition or n ;norml >not (ulte!? electricl

con!ition or norml shut !on shoul! initite seMuentil tri#+

Class A =oc%out Rely ill o#erte (or the (olloin) con!itions

in!ictin) mor electricl (ults in the Genertor sttor, Genertor

rotor, Genertor Trns(ormer n! 5nit Au9iliry Trns(ormers n!

e9cittion trns(ormer n! ssocite! el! $re%er u;icle n! similr

other (ults s !etile! ;elo:

? Genertor sttor !ierentil rely o#erte!+;? Genertor sttor interturn !ierentil rely o#erte!+

c? Genertor Trns(ormer !ierentil o#erte!!? Genertor Trns(ormer o"erll !ierentil rely o#erte!e? 5nit u9iliry trns(ormer !ierentil rely o#erte!(? Genertor sttor ECF rely>0-7U?o#erte!)? Genertor sttor ECF rely >-7100U? o#erte!h? Genertor rotor erth (ult rely o#erte!i? =oss o( e9cittion rely o#erte!

? Genertor trns(ormer restricte! ECF rely o#erte!%? Genertor o"er "olt)e rely o#erte!

l? Genertor re"erse #oer rely o#erte!m? Genertor trns(ormer o"erHu9in) rely o#erte!n? Genertor trns(ormer ;c%u# ECF rely o#erte!


39/75

o? 5AT ;c%u# ECF rely o#erte!#? $c%u# !istnce rely o#erte!M? Genertor ne)ti"e seMuence rely o#erte!r? $us !ierentil #rotection rely o#erte!

s? GT ;uchhol rely o#erte!t? 5AT ;uchhol rely o#erte!u? Thyristor ;n% (ilure"? Genertor Neutrl isoltor o#en?E$/ #resse!9? GT /R>u!!en #ressure rely?

Class-B loc%out rely ill o#erte (or the (olloin) con!itions:

?$oiler tri#

;? Tur;ine tri#

c?5AT ;c%u# OC rely o#erte!

!?A2R #rotection

Class-C loc%out rely ill o#erte (or the (olloin) con!itions:

?$c%u# !istnce rely o#erte! st)e I

;?Genertor ne)ti"e seMuence st)e Ic?GT ;re%er #rotection

!?GT in!in) tem#ertureC oil tem#erture o#erte!

e? 5n!er (reMuency rely o#erte!

Unit tri+ s(9(n,(:

The !ierence seMuence o( tri##in) shll ;e s

mention ;elo:

?$oiler to Tur;ine to Genertor

;?Tur;ine to Genertorc?Genertor to Tur;ine

G(n(rat'r () br(ak(r int(r)',ks:

Genertor el! ;re%er cn

only ;e close! i( the (olloin) #er missi"es re "il;le

?Tur;ine is runnin) t its rte! s#ee!>3000 r#m (or therml mchine

ith KC tolernce?+

;?To ;e !etecte! ;y s#ee! sitch contct t ATR cu;iclec?All )enertor clssA loc%out rely re in reset con!ition


40/75

!?Fiel! Hushin) system is helthy

G(n(rat'r () br(ak(r tri+ int(r)',ks:

Genertor el! ;re%er cn

tri# throu)h the (olloin) inititin) contcts:

?lssA relys o#erte!

G(n(rat'r () br(ak(r man9a) tri+ b)',k int(r)',ks:

*hen

)enertor is in ser"ice mnul tri##in) o( el! ;re%er is not #ermitte!

oin) to loss o( e9cittion n! su;seMuent hrm(ul eects on the

mchine+ O#ertion o( F rely in!icte tht )enertor is in

ser"ice>connecte! in the )ri!? ith its on ;re%er o( ;us cou#ler

;re%er+ One N contct o( F rely is use! in series ith the mnul

tri##in) circuit o( the el! ;re%er+

G(n(rat'r () br(ak(r a9t'/tri+ b)',k int(r)',ks:

*hen

)enertor is in ser"ice, uto tri##in) >throu)h lssA loc%out

contcts? o( el! ;re%er is #ermitte! only (ter o#enin) o( )enertor

;re%er or trns(er $C ;re%er s cse my ;e n! there ;y !ro# out

o( F rely to "oi! momentry loss o( e9cittion n! su;seMuent

hrm(ul eect on the mchine+


41/75

!in*)( Lin( Dia*ram O; G(n(ratin*

!tati'n"9nit?@ an 8#


42/75

!INGLE LINE DIAGRAM O6 GENERATING

!TATION"UNIT/#


43/75

GENERATOR TRAN!6ORMER

Trnsmission o( #oer t )enerte! "olt)e is not economicl+ The nee!

(or trns(ormers is #rmount (or #oer system consi!erin) the (ct

tht trnsmission losses re minimum (or hi)h "olt)es here s !istri;ution hs to ;e !one t the relti"ely s(e "olt)e+ In essence the

trns(ormer Ztrns(orms "olt)e n! current one le"el to "olt)e

n! current t nother le"el hile %ee#in) the (reMuency n! #oer

le"el unltere!+ o )enertor out#ut "olt)e is ste# u# to the

trnsmission "olt)e system "olt)e ;y trns(ormer %non s

Genertor trns(ormer>GT?+ #city o( )enertor trns(ormer is

!etermine! ;se! on the .2A c#city o( )enertor+ The o#en ty#e

terminls o( the


44/75

GENERATOR TRAN!6ORMER

!+(,i,ati'n '; GT:/

Unit+ , to 2

.%e: $.2A?: 170C&00C&70

FreMuency>B2?: 17+87

=ine urrent o( Am#?: 301C4&C'0&

=ine urrent o( =2>Am#?: 3707C8340C-187 Tem#erture rise o( oil>Q?: 40 o"er m;ient o( 70Q


45/75

Tem#erture rise o( in!in)>Q?: 47 o"er m;ient o( 70Q

*ei)ht:

ore n! in!in)s>%)?: 13-000

om#lete Trns(ormer inclu!in) oil>%)?: 3080

Trns#ort>%)?: &38100

Insultion le"el: %)?: &73&70

Trns#ort>%)?: 10000

Oil Muntity>lit?: 78000Insultion le"el:


46/75

/hse: 1

onnection sym;ol: @N!11

No =o! 2olt)e o( B2?: 4&0C[3

No =o! 2olt)e o( =2>B2?: &1

=ine urrent o( Am#?: &4+8-

=ine urrent o( =2>Am#?: -7&3+

Tem#erture rise o( oil>Q?: 40 o"er m;ient o( 70Q


*ei)ht:

ore n! in!in)s>%)?: 1737&0

om#lete Trns(ormer inclu!in) oil>%)?: &78700

Trns#ort>%)?: 184-00

Oil Muntity>lit?: 7'&&0

Insultion le"el:


47/75

onnection sym;ol: Dyn1

No =o! 2olt)e o( B2?: &1

No =o! 2olt)e o( =2>B2?: 11+7

=ine urrent o( Am#?: 1&3+'4

=ine urrent o( =2>Am#?: &&'1+8

Tem#erture rise o( oil>Q?: 40 o"er m;ient o( 70Q


*ei)ht:

ore n! in!in)s>%)?: 400'7

om#lete Trns(ormer inclu!in) oil>%)?: '&07

Trns#ort>%)?: 70000

Oil Muntity>lit?: &770

Insultion le"el:


48/75

No =o! 2olt)e o( =2>B2?: '+-

=ine urrent o( Am#?: 7'+7 C47+&

=ine urrent o( =2>Am#?: 133+C1047+-

Tem#erture rise o( oil>Q?: 40Q

Tem#erture rise o( in!in)>Q?: 47Q

*ei)ht:

ore n! in!in)s>%)?: 14300

*ei)ht o( oil>%)?: '00

Totl ei)ht>%)?: 30700

Oil Muntity>litre?: 8'70

Insultion =e"el:

Q?: 70Q

Tem#erture rise o( in!in)>Q?: 77Q*ei)ht:

ore n! in!in)s>%)?: &0'00

*ei)ht o( oil>%)?: 17070

Totl ei)ht>%)?: 4'300

Oil Muntity>litre?: 1'-00

Insultion =e"el:


49/75

For Unit+/ an) 0

.%e: $B2?: 3+47

=ine urrent o( Am#?: 3-+8C'7'+0

=ine urrent o( =2>Am#?: &'88+78C&0-1+7 Tem#erture rise o( oil>Q?: 40Q

Tem#erture rise o( in!in)>Q?: 47Q

*ei)ht:

ore n! in!in)s>%)?: 1'800

*ei)ht o( oil>%)?: -00

Totl ei)ht>%)?: 40000

Oil Muntity>litre?: 11000

Insultion =e"el:


50/75

.o!el: AT REIN DR@ T@/E

FreeMuency: 70


51/75

Tem#erture rise o( oil>Q?: 40

Tem#erture rise o( in!in)>Q?: 47

*ei)ht:

ore n! in!in)s>%)?: 34400

*ei)ht o( oil>%)?: &-770

Totl ei)ht>%)?: &14000

For 1nit+3 an) -

.%e: $.2A?: &7C17+'&7

FreMuency>B2?: '+-

=2&>B2?: '+-

=ine urrent o( Am#?: 100+40C'&+877

=ine urrent o( =21>Am#? n! =2&: &0-1+4C1308+407



*ei)ht:

ore n! in!in)s>%)?: 4000

*ei)ht o( oil>%)?: 4'000

Totl ei)ht>%)?: 13&000

But in case of phase II this scheme is dierent and this is

elaborated below- !TATION TRAN!6ORMER "!T#:

Norml source to the sttion u9iliries n! stn! ;y source to the unit

u9iliries !urin) strt u# n! (ter tri##in) o( the unit is ttion

trns(ormer+ \untity o( sttion trns(ormers n! there c#city

!e#en!s u#on the unit sies n! num;ers+ Ech sttion trns(ormer

shll ;e one hun!re! #ercent stn! ;y o( the other+ ttion

trns(ormers shll cter to the simultneous lo! !emn! !ue to strt

u# #oer reMuirements (or the lr)est unit, #oer reMuirement (or thesttion u9iliries reMuire! (or runnin) the sttion n! #oer


52/75

reMuirement (or the unit u9iliries o( runnin) unit in the e"ent o(

out)e o( the unit source o( su##ly+ *e h"e to sttion trns(ormer in

400%" sitchyr!+ It ste#s !on the 400%" )ri! "olt)e to 11%" "olt)e+

!TATION AU7ILIAR% TRAN!6ORMER"!AT#:

ttion u9iliry trns(ormer is lso ste# !on trns(ormer+ It ste#s

!on 11%" "olt)e to 3+3%" "olt)e+ It is minly use! to su##ly the 3+3

%" mchines+ Its hi)h "olt)e is connecte! to the secon!ry o( the T+

Its use is similr to the 5AT t strtin) con!ition n! tri##in) con!ition+

There is to AT (or ech T+

!+(,i,ati'n '; !T:/

.%e: $.2A?: 8&C-0

FreMuency>B2?: 11+7

=2&>B2?: 11+7

=ine urrent o( Am#?: 130

=ine urrent o( =21>Am#?: &&'1+-

=2&>Am#?: &&'1+-



*ei)ht:ore n! in!in)s>%)?: -8'-

*ei)ht o( oil>%)?: 7470

Totl ei)ht>%)?: &14000

Oil Muntity>litre?: '810

Insultion le"el:


53/75

!+(,i,ati'n '; !AT:/.%e: $B2?: 3+47

=ine urrent o( Am#?: 3-+8C'7'+0

=ine urrent o( =2>Am#?: &'88+78C&0-1+7 Tem#erture rise o( oil>Q?: 40


U!T > !!T:/ There re other to ty#es o( ste#!on 3 #hsetrns(ormer (or internl o#ertion, %non s 5T n! T+ 5T is (e!

(rom 5T sitch ;or! n! T is (e! (rom T sitch ;or!+ These re

!ry ty#e cst resin trns(ormer+ The "olt)e rtio is 11B2C4332 (or ;oth

the trns(ormer+ Air nturl coolin) n! Dyn1 connection is use!+

NGT "NEUTRAL GROUNDING TRAN!6ORMER#: The NGT is use! to #re"ent the )enertor (rom erth (ults+ It com#rises

o( #rimry in!in) n! secon!ry in!in), the secon!ry in!in) is

connecte! ith lo "lue resistnce+ *hen e"er erth (ult rises

he"y current Hos to the #rimry in!in) n! s result n em( is

in!uce! in the secon!ry+ The "olt)e !ro# cross the resistnce is

sense! ;y the NGT rely n! it ctutes to ctute the G$>)enertorcircuit ;re%er? n! thus the )enertor is tri##e!+ $siclly NGT is

ste#!on>&1B2C&&02? trns(ormer+

TRAN!6ORMER AU7ILARIE!:

For #ro#er (unctionin) o( the trns(ormer it is #ro"i!e! ith se"erl

u9iliries su; systems+ $siclly they re:

COOLING !U& !%!TEM:


54/75

onsi!erin) the su;stntil mount o( lo! !eli"ere! ;y #oer

trns(ormer #ro#er coolin) system hs to ;e in #lce in or!er to

#re"ent ny hr!s+ .ostly, OFAF>Oil Force! Air Force!? or

ONAF>Oil Nturl Air Force!? schemes re use!+ There re

r!itors n! (ns s ell+ For OF ty#e coolin) ;utterHy "l"e is

%e#t to #um# oil+• CON!ERVETOR:

ince the oil #lys mor role in the coolin) o( trns(ormer

hence it hs to ;e mintine!+ The conser"tor #reser"es the oil o(

the trns(ormer hile e9#nsion o( oil+• &UCHHOL RELA%:

It is #rotecti"e !e"ice use! only in oil immerse! trns(ormer+ It

#ro"i!es #rotection )inst to ty#es o( (ult, incipient fault n!severe fault + 5n!er inci#ient (ult it )i"es n lrm n! un!er

se"ere (ult it tri#s the trns(ormer (rom the line ;y usin) to

Hots hich cts s sitch+ It is uni"erslly use (or trns(ormer

h"in) rtin) more thn 870 B2A+• &REATHER:

The ;rether ;siclly ;sor;e! ny moisture tht my ;e cuse!

!ue to "#orition o( the oil in trns(ormer+ It contins silic )el,

hich chn)es colour (rom ;lue to ohite s it ;sor;s moisture+ Thus it #ro"i!es n in!ictor mechnism (or the Mulity o( the oil+

• PROTECTION MECHANI!M!:

There re tem#erture sensors, hich cn lrm i( the

tem#erture rises ;eyon! certin limit+ Also the ter su##ly

)ets cti"te! in cse o( hr!s li%e re+

There re lso %e#t RTD>resistnce tem#erture !etector? n!

/R2>#ressure relie( "l"e? (or s(ety+

SWITCHYARDIt is sitchin) sttion ,hich hs the (olloin) cre!its:

V .in lin% ;eteen )enertin) #lnt n! trnsmission system, hich

hs lr)e inHuence on the security o( thesu##ly+


55/75

V te#u# n!Cor ste#!on the "olt)e le"els !e#en!in) u#on the

Netor% no!e+

V itchin) ONCOFF recti"e #oer control !e"ices, hich h"e eect

on Mulity o( #oer+

In .T/ hs minly to sitchyr!s+ one is &&0B2 n! nother one is

400B2+

These to sitchyr!s re o( three ;us system>lso clle!, one n! hl(

;us system?+

1+ .in ;us I&+ .in ;us II3+ Trns(er ;us

!in*)( Lin( Dia*ram '; 223kv swit,0-ar


56/75

in)le =ine Di)rm O( 400%"

itchyr!

E\5I/.ENT O..ON=@ FO5ND IN *IT


57/75


58/75

1. CIRCUIT &REA


59/75

"D'9b)( &r(ak# "!in*)( &r(ak#

2. CURRENT TRAN!6ORMER:/

urrent trns(ormers re ;siclly use! to t%e the re!in) o( thecurrents enterin) the sttion+ This trns(ormer ste#s !on the current

(rom 1'00m#s to 1 m#+ This is !one ;ecuse e h"e no instruments

to mesure such ty#e o( hu)e mount current+ This ty#e o( trns(ormer

re use! to i? #rotection ii? mesurement #ur#ose+

There re 7 cores use! in this ty#e o( T+

CURRENT TRAN!6ORMER

4.POTENTIAL TRAN!6ORMER:/

/otentil trns(ormers ser"e num;er o( (unctions in

#oer system+ They re reMuire! (or the o#ertion o( mny ty#es o(

instrumenttions n! rely #rotecti"e systems+ They re minly use! to

ste# !on the hi)h m)nitu!e o( "olt)e to s"e "lue to incor#orte

mesurin) n! #rotection lo)ics+ They mesures "olt)e n! in

conunction ith T, they mesure #oer+ They (ee! synchroniin)

eMui#ments+ They cn ;e use! s cou#lin) c#citor in #oer line


60/75

crrier netor%+This is use! in &&0B2 itchyr!+

"POTENTIAL TRAN!6ORMER#

5. CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRAN!6ORMER"CVT#:/

A c#citor

"olt)e trns(ormer >2T? is trns(ormer use! in #oer system toste# !on e9tr hi)h "olt)e si)nls n! #ro"i!e lo "olt)e si)nl

either (or mesurement or to o#erte #rotecti"e rely+ In


61/75

its most ;sic (orm it consist o( three #rts:

to c#citor cross hich the "olt)e

si)nl is s#lit, n in!ucti"e element use! to

tune !e"ice to the su##ly (reMuency n!

trns(ormer to isolte n! (urther ste# !on

"olt)e (or instrumenttion n! #rotecti"e

rely+ The !e"ice hs t lest (our terminls,

hi)h "olt)e terminl (or connection o( hi)h

"olt)e si)nl, )roun! terminl n! t lest

one set o( secon!ry terminls (or connectin)

to the instrumenttion n! #rotecti"e rely+ 2Ts re ty#iclly sin)le

#hse !e"ice use! (or mesurin) "olt)e in e9cess o( one hun!re!

%ilo"olts here the use o( "olt)e trns(ormer oul! ;e uneconomicl+

In #rctice the rst c#citor, 1 is o(ten re#lce! ;y stc% c#citor

connecte! in series+ This result in lr)e "olt)e !ro# cross the stc% o(

c#citor tht re#lce! the rst c#citor n! com#rti"ely smll

"olt)e !ro# cross the secon! c#citor, & n! here the secon!ry

terminls+

@.I!OLATOR:/ $siclly n isoltor is olo! sitch+ The use o( this

isoltor is to #rotect the trns(ormer (rom the other instrument in the

line+ The isoltor isoltes the e9tr "olt)e to the )roun! n! thus ny

e9tr "olt)e cnnot enter the line+ Thus n isoltor is use! (ter the

;us (or #rotection lso+ To isoltor must ;e %e#t in ;oth si!e o(

;re%er+

Ty#e o( isoltor use! in &&0B2:

i?entrl Rotte Dou;le$re%


62/75

"CRD

Ty#es o( isoltor use! (or 400B2:

i? horiontl centrl

;re%?

ii? #nto)r#h

HC& Pant'*ra+0 is')at'r

8. EARTH !ITCH:/

Erth sitch !ischr)es the c#citi"e "olt)e

store! in line on )enertor si!e in isolte! system ust (ter o#enin) o(

$ n! isoltor+ *hen erth sitch is connecte! to the isolte! ;ut un

!ischr)e! system it !ischr)es the store! ener)y to the erth, so tht

mintennce or% cn ;e crrie! out either in line or in )enertor si!e+

Erth sitch shoul! ;e o#erte! only hen the isoltors re o#en+ In.T/ ll erth sitches cn ;e o#erte! mnully+


63/75

EARTH !ITCH

. LIGHTENING ARRE!TOR:/

=i)htenin) rrestors re the instruments tht

re use! in the incomin) (ee!ers so tht to #re"ent the hi)h

"olt)e enterin) the min sttion+ This hi)h "olt)e is "ery

!n)erous to the instruments use! in the su;sttion+ E"en theinstruments re "ery costly, so to #re"ent ny !m)e li)htenin)

rrestors re use!+ The li)htenin) rrestors !o not let the li)htin)

to (ll on the sttion+ I( some li)htenin) occurs the rrestors #ull

the li)htenin) n! )roun! it to the erth+ In ny su;sttion the

min im#ortnt is o( #rotection hich is rstly !one ;y these

li)htenin) rrestors+ The li)htenin) rrestors re )roun!e! to the

erth so tht it cn #ull the li)htenin) to the )roun!+ The

li)htenin) rrestors or% ith n n)le o( 30Q to 47Q m%in) cone+ In 400%" sitchyr! )#less rrestor re use! )# less

mteril is ^nOX+


64/75

LIGHTENING ARRE!TOR AVE TRAP

B. av( Tra+s:/

*"e tr# is nothin) ;ut =R circuit hich cn tr# the hi)h(reMuency communiction si)nls sent on the line (rom the remote

su;sttion n! !i"ertin) them to the telecomCtele #rotection #nel

in the su;sttion control room >throu)h cou#lin) c#citor n!

=.5?+This is rele"nt in /oer =ine crrier ommuniction>/=?

systems (or communiction mon) "rious su;sttion ithout

!e#en!ence on the telecom com#ny netor%+ The si)nls re

#rimrily tele #rotection si)nls n! in !!ition , "oice n! !t

communiction si)nls throu)h sme #oer line+ The "e tr# oers hi)h im#e!nce to the hi)h (reMuency

communiction si)nls thus o;structs the Ho o( these si)nls in to

the su;sttion ;us;rs+ I( there ere not to ;e there, then si)nl

loss is more n! communiction ill ;e ineecti"eC#ro;;ly

im#ossi;le+ The totl systems occurs ;y usin)

mo!ultionC!emo!ultion (ctors throu)h trnsmitter n! recei"er+

.&9s bar > C)am+ ttin*s:/

The ;us is line in hich the incomin) (ee!ers come into n! )et

into the instruments (or (urther ste# u# or ste# !on+ There my ;e

!ou;le line in the ;us so tht i( ny (ult occurs, other cn or%s+

Thus the su##ly ill not sto#+

In .T/ there h"e to sitchyr!s ith three ;us+

i?.in ;us1 ii?.in ;us Y& Y$uses re min source o( #oer in #oer

system )ri! the )enertors or the lterntor re connecte! in #rllel to

the min ;us 1 or & to su##ly the #oer in the )ri!+

iii?Trns(er ;us_5sully there is no #oer t the time o( norml

o#ertion in trns(er ;us o( )enertin) sttion+ *hen there is (ult

in certin line so #oer cnnot ;e trns(erre! to min ;us+ o

trns(er ;us is use! to trns(er the #oer (rom one min ;us to other

min ;us+

In .T/ &&0B2 sitchyr! hs 31no+o( $y+Amon) them si9 (or

GT,tel"e (or =ine,"e (or T,to (or 0.2A Trns(ormer,(our (or $uscou#ler,to (or $us tie n! 400B2 sitchyr! hs 10 no+ o( ;y+ Amon)

them (our line ;y, to (or GT, to (or T, one (or ;ustie n! nother


65/75

one is ;us cou#ler+ .inly ;us cou#ler is use! to mintin the su##ly

un!er (ult con!itions o( ;re%er+

13.IN!ULATOR!:/

The o"erhe! line con!uctors re ;re n! not

co"ere! ith ny insultin) mterils+ The line con!uctors re

there(ore, secure! to the su##ortin) structures ;y mens o( insultin)

9tures, clle! insultors, in or!er tht there is no current le%)e to

the erth throu)h the su##orts+ Insultors re mounte! on the cross

rms n! the line con!uctors re ttche! to the insultor so s to

#ro"i!e the con!uctors #ro#er insultion n! lso #ro"i!e necessry

clernce ;eteen con!uctors n! metl or%s+ The insultors must

#ro"i!e #ro#er insultion n! necessry clernce )inst the hi)hest

"olt)e in orst tmos#heric con!itions to hich the line is li%ely to ;e

su;ecte!+ The insultor lso #re"ent short circuitin) ;eteen the

!ierent #hse con!uctors n! #ro"i!e necessry mechnicl su##ort

(or the line con!uctors+ Thus the insultors un!ou;tly one o( the most

im#ortnt n! "ulner;le lin%s in trnsmission n! !istri;ution o(

o"erhe! trnsmission n! !istri;ution+

In .T/ sitchyr!s minly !isc ty#e, strin) ty#e, #in ty#e insultors

re use!+


66/75

RATINGS

!68 CIRCUIT &REA)u)e? :'+7 ;r*ei)ht o( com#lete ;re%er :4071%)

*ei)ht o( F] )s :&7 %)

Rte! tri# coil "olt)e :

&&02>D?

Rte! closin) coil "olt)e :

&&02>D?


67/75

!6K CIRCUIT &REA


68/75

CENTRAL ROTATE DOU&LE &REA<

I!OLATOR

.%e :%"? :&47

$I=>%"? :1&70

T>%ACsec? :40

urent>Am#? :1&70

Ty#e o( Dri"e :.otor

.otor 2olt)e>A?>2? :417

ontrol %t+ 2olt)e>D+?>2? :&30

HORIONTAL CENTRAL &REA<

I!OLATOR Ty#e : B2? :4&0

$I= >B2? :14&7

itchin) Im#ulse>B2? :1070C1&47

/a >B2? :'10

T>BACsec? :40

*ei)ht o( isoltor>%)? :1-70 ##ro9FreMuency>A? :&000

Ty#e o( !ri"e :.otor

.otor "olt)e>A?>2? :417

ontrol "olt)e>D?>2? :&&0

*ei)ht o( !ri"e>%)? :100

PANTOGRAPH T%PE I!OLATOR Ty#e :/nto)r#h

2olt> B2? :4&0

$I= >B2? :14&7

itchin) Im#ulse>B2? :1070C1&47

/a >B2? :'10

T>BACsec? :40

*ei)ht o( isoltor>%)? :1-70 ##ro9

FreMuency>A? :&000


.otor "olt)e>A?>2? :417


*ei)ht o( !ri"e>%)? :100


69/75

EARTHING !ITCH Ty#e :Telesco#ic

2olt> B2? :4&0

$I= >B2? :14&7

T>BACsec? :40*ei)ht o( isoltor>%)? :8C#ole

FreMuency>A? :&000


.otor "olt)e>A?>2? :417


*ei)ht o( !ri"e>%)? :100

PROTECTION O6 !ITH%ARD :

The min #rotections re )i"en to line ;us;rs un!er !ierent (ults

re

1+Distan,( +r't(,ti'n: In this ty#e, the rely o#ertes hen the

rtio o( the "olt)e current chn)es ;eyon! s#ecie! limit+

&+Ov(r ,9rr(nt +r't(,ti'n: All ;uses h"e s#ecic limit to Ho thecurrent, i( current is more ;eyon! this limit, then the oCc rely ill

o#erte+

3+Ov(r v')ta*( +r't(,ti'n: me s oCc #rotection ,ll ;uses h"e

s#ecic limit to ithstn! m9imum "olt)e, i( this "olt)e is o"er,

then the o"er "olt)e rely ill o#erte+

4+Eart0;a9)t +r't(,ti'n: Erth (ult #rotection is one o( the min#rotection o( the lines+ I( there occur ny erth (ult, the erth (ult

rely ill o#erte+

7+Dir(,ti'na) +r't(,ti'n : ometimes (ter occurrin) the erth (ult

in line in r!il system, then the !irection o( the current my chn)e+

Then the !irectionl rely ill o#erte+

!TATION GROUNDING !%!TEM:

/oer sttion )roun!in) systemshll ;e !esi)ne! ? to o;tin eecti"ely lo neutrl to )roun!


70/75


71/75

AC in9,ti'n m't'r: An in!uction motor is n lterntin) current

motor in hich the #rimry in!in) o( the sttor is connecte! to

the #oer source n! secon!ry in!in) or sMuirrel c)e

secon!ry in!in) o( the rotor crries the in!uce! current+ There

is no #hysicl electricl connection to the secon!ry in!in), in its

current is in!uce!+D'9b)- (,it(:!-n,0r'n'9s m't'r: It hs con"entionl three #hse sttor+ Its

rotor in!in) is D e9cite! n! its s#ee! is !e#en!ent on the

num;er o( #irs o( sttor #oles+ True synchronous motor is not sel(

strtin), sMuirrel c)e motor or oun! rotor motor re reMuire! to

ccelerte to ner synchronous s#ee!+ *hen o#ertin) t

synchronous s#ee! the #oer (ctor o( the motor cn ;e chn)e!

;y "ryin) the !e)ree o( e9cittion+

T-+(s '; AC m't'rs:

• Muirrel c)e in!uction motor: 3 #h+ *in!in) in sttor, co##er ;rs

in rotor+• *oun! rotor:3 #h+ *in!in) in sttor, 3 #h+ *in!in) in rotor>shorte!

internlly?+• *oun! rotor ith sli# rin): 3 #h+ *in!in) in sttor, 3 #h+ *in!in) in

rotor>terminte! to sli# rin)s?+• ynchronous motor: 3 #h+ *in!in) in sttor, D in!in) in

rotor>terminte! to sli# rin)s?

A,,'rin* t' v')ta*( )(v(): There re lso to ty#es o( A motors,

clle! $oiler circultin) /um#?: 77B*C'+'B2C-+7A

E/>on!ense E9trction /um#?: 3&7B*C'+'B2C3'A

om#ressor .otor: &70B*C'+'B2C&A


72/75

ircultion *ter /um#: 1-&0B*C'+'B2C&17A

In this #oer #lnt ,the motor hose o#ertin) "olt)e is 11%" n!

3+3%" , %non s


73/75

try lo! losses

2rious insultion:lss o( insultion: @ A E $ F <.9 llo;le tem#>Q?: -0 107 1&0 130 177 10

R(as'ns ;'r t0( ;ai)9r( '; m't'rs: $! mnu(cturin) Mulity ontinuous o"er lo!in) FreMuent strts in short !urtion Incorrect settin) C cli;rtion o( #rotection

Im#ro#er mintennce Filure o( interloc%s

DC !%!TEM: There re lys %e#t D system to o#erte the u9iliry system

un!er emer)ency con!ition such s strt u# , tri##in) o( the TG ,

(ilure o( A+

In .T/ #hseII to ;ttery ;n%s re #resent, one (or Internl

#oer house, nother (or sitchyr! control+ In sitchyr! controlroom there is ;ttery room n! n A D$ room+ &&0 "olt D (or

controllin) the #rotection system n! 4 "olt D (or /= system+

There lso ;c% u# ;ttery ;n% is %e#t+

$tteries re connecte! in series+ For chec%in) the helthiness o( the

;ttery s#ecic )r"ity mesurement is !one #erio!iclly ;y

hy!rometer+ In A D$ room Flot n! Flot cum $oost chr)er re

%e#t+

#city o( ;ttery : '47 Ah>&&02 D?

&70Ah>42 D?

Totl ;ttery : 110>&&02 D?

&4>42 D?

@8?L No+ o( #ositi"e #lte>'?K1+

@B/&1 (or 4" D+


74/75

DIE!EL GENERATOR:

In the $lc% Out on!ition hen there is no #oer in Genertin)

ttion (rom Tur;o Genertor n! lso not (rom )ri!,in this con!ition

to su##ly the emer)ency eMui#ment,li%e scnner (n,$F/,ID Fn,el

Oil /um#,Ele"tion ystem throu)h emer)ency ;or!, e nee! this

Diesel Genertor+In e"ery unit there is one DG set n! in cse o( unit

568 n! 56 there is To DG set to su##ly the emer)ency

eMui#ment o( tht corres#on!in) unit+The c#city o( DG et t unit

567 n! 56' is 870B2A+


75/75

CONCLU!ION

Genertion o( Mulity #oer t lo cost ;ein) the

#rero)ti"e o( therml #oer #lnt, D2 .T/ ims

t usin) ;est technolo)ies throu)h e9#erience! hn!s

to )enerte #rot;le outcomes hile scorin) #oints

on en"ironmentl s(ety+

Also, trnsmission o( #oer hile %ee#in) s(ety o(

)ri! s ell s #oer #lnt t si)ht is mssi"e !utytht comes t hn! in the hole #rocess o(

!istri;ution o( #oer+ These re !one ith utmost

cre in D2, .T/ usin) "rious com#onents s

!escri;e! in the #re"ious riteu#s+

Documents

Report on Mejia Thermal Power Plant Dvc