Sustainability in the Tire industry 2016Tire Industry Research http://SustainableTires.com

“The book ... is valuable for its completeness and in-depth analysis

of each subject”“Every tire maker and

supplier should have a copy”Head of Sustainability at

a major international rubber supplier

Report Title: Sustainability in the Tire Industry 2016

Length: Over 75,000 words (190 pages) / 200 charts & diagrams

Price: Corporate licence: GBP 5000

Publisher: Tire Industry Research

Find out more: http://SustainableTires.com

Sustainability in the Tire Industry 2016 is a full-scale market research report. It is the second edition of a report first published in 2014, and expanded to include chapters on tire recycling and sustainability criteria. The report covers every aspect of sustainability, in the tire industry, including green tires, labelling, NR risks and key upstream driver.More than that, it acts as a manual for how the tire industry really works. Readers from the 2014 edition told us they liked the way the report offers insights into how the key players work and the background to deci-sions made in the tire industry.

Versalis, our Corporate partnerTire Industry Research has partnered with Versalis, the largest Italian chemical company and a subsidiary of ENI, in the production of this report.

R E S E A R C H

Tire Industry Research

Sustainability in the tire industry2016

Keeping the world’s tire industry informed:News

Opinion

Comment

Analysis

Market research

Forecasting

With support from Versalis

The report analyses the ‘sustainable’ status of natural rubber and gives deep insights into the future of alter-native crops such as guayule and TKS. It takes a wide-perspective view of what is sustainable and what is ‘green’ and explains the careful balance between in-service energy consumption and energy used to create tires.Written by acknowledged industry expert, David Shaw, it offers the insider’s guide to one of the key issues facing the global tire industry. Early 1970s Late 1970s 1980s Early 1990s Late 1990s Early 2000s Late 2000s Future

Batch polymerisationContinuous polymerisation

S/T/HLRR

V/Z

Green‘X’

H/VS/T

E-SBRTi-BR80/20

S-SBRTi-BR80/20

S-SBRNd-BR70/30

S-SBRNd-BR70/30

Low-PAH oils

S-SBRNd-BR70/30

Low-PAH oils

Low Tg for Ice grip

S-SBRNd-BR70/30

FunctionalisedS-SBR

Lowwear

S-SBRNd-BR70/30

Bio-components

Sustainable

E-SBRTi-BR80/20

High styrene

SBR

S/TLRR

Silica compoundsCarbon black compounds

Sustainability in the Tire industry 2016 Tire Industry Researchhttp://SustainableTires.com

ContentsSustainability in the tire industry

New horizonsIndustry Perspective

VersalisBackward integrationAdding bio-technology to petrochemicalsOn-purpose butadieneBio-sourced butadiene with GenomaticaAdding guayule crop as a businessMid-term strategy to develop butadi-ene-based elastomers productionApproach to sustainability

Ch. 1: IntroductionGeneral Rubber Goods industryMetrics

ProgressRisks associated with Natural Rubber

Price VolatilitySecurity of supplyDiseaseLimited traceability and documentation in the NR supply chain

Butadiene shortageCh. 2: Key drivers – Automotive

Key pointsExerting influence down the supply chainChange comes slowlyBMW

Supplier monitoringManaging riskVoluntary self-assessmentSustainability audits

Human rightsFord

Aligned Business FrameworkUN Global Compact on Supply Chain Sustainability

Supplier AssessmentsRaw material supply

Due Diligence in Conflict mineralsRare earth elementsRecycling

VolvoSourcing processRisk evaluationStandards

Jaguar Land RoverNew suppliers

Ch. 3: What’s Green?Key pointsTires and sustainability

Rolling resistanceFuel Economy, rolling resistance, inflation pressure and tread depth

Driving styleFuel use, wet grip, silica and machineryTire wear ratesScrap and re-workProduction processesProcess by process

Raw materials preparationMaterial preparationComponent manufactureTire buildingTire curingInspectionStorage and logistics

Fossil resourcesRetreadingRecycled rubber in new tires

Ch. 4: Tire labellingKey pointsStrengths of the label

Weaknesses of the labelEither too complex or too simpleTire Wear gradingThe EU labelling scheme

TimingMore time needed to accept labelsWinter tires and the EU labelLabels and selling priceEnforcement

Tire labelling in ChinaJapanese tire labellingUnited States tire labellingOther countries

Ch. 5: Natural rubberKey pointsPrice volatilityManaging price volatilityAlternative materialsTechnical features of Natural RubberNatural Rubber in the tire industryCost of productionPricing models

Speciality and commodity ingredientsPricing model of a specialityPricing models in commoditiesContract and spot marketsNR markets in Shanghai,Tokyo and SingaporeFutures, options and derivativesDefaults increase with price volatility

Risks of long-term price contractsDisease Risks:

South American Leaf BlightCorynespora leaf fallWhite Root disease (WRD)

Sustainability policiesSustainable Natural Rubber InitiativeManaging the supply chainCost savings through inventory manage-mentEnvironmental sustainabilityIncreasing yieldsGenetic ManipulationAutomated tapping

Ch. 6: De-risking from natural rubberKey pointsAlternative sources of NR

A long term visionGuayule

Guayule in the modern eraProcessing guayuleCharacteristics of guayule rubberGuayule research triggered by allergies

TKSTKS in the modern era

Eucommia ulmoidesCh. 7: Bio-sourced monomers

Key pointsWhich monomers?

Metabolic pathwaysBio-isoprene

Commercial production beyond 2015Bio-ButadieneIsobutylene/ Isobutene

Ch. 8: PolymersKey pointsPolymers

Making polymers: the science of polym-erisationEmulsions and solutionsBatch or continuous

Solution-SBRExtender oils and PAH legislationFunctional groups at the chain-endThe silanisation reactionCapacity for S-SBR is boomingMany generations of S-SBR

Butadiene rubber

Butyl rubberCh. 9: Other materials

Key pointsNot drop-in replacements

FillersSilicaCarbon blackStarch-based alternatives to silica

OilsBio-based extender oilsOrange oil

Variants on natural rubberEpoxidised natural rubber

Ch. 10: Tire design and conceptsKey pointsTire Pressure Monitoring Systems

Direct and indirect pressure monitoringRunflat tiresSealant tiresNon-pneumatic tires

Amerityre polyurethane tiresMichelin TweelResilient Technologies’ NPTAirboss segmented tiresBridgestone AirlessHankook i-FlexSRI GyrobladeYokohama Youmyaku

Air Maintenance TechnologyTall-Narrow tiresSmall diameter tires

Ch. 11: Towards 100% sustainabilityKey pointsRe-using process materials in tiresSumitomo Enasave

The SRI approachUltra pure RubberModelling

Bridgestone EcopiaCh. 12: Market development

Key pointsEuropeJapanNorth AmericaLatin AmericaChina

First downturn China has seenLow prices lead to trade barriersRaw material prices are lowIncreasing regulationCurrent situationStill work to do

Ch. 13: Sustainability ReportsKey pointsApollo Tyres

SkillsEnvironmentRaw materialsSaving energyGreenhouse gas emissionsWaste and waterWorkplace IssuesInnovation

Bridgestone – The Bridgestone EssenceBroad environmental goals100% sustainable tiresWhat does sustainability mean?RecyclingBridgestone supply chainHuman rights and rights of the child

Continental AGCooper Tires

Energy and environmentWasteInnovation

GiTi A China-based companyGoodyear

InnovationsEnergy and water managementWasteReducing Solvent consumption

HankookBusiness RisksSupply ChainEnvironment

MichelinInnovationEnvironmentSuppliersNR purchasing

NokianRaw materialsSuppliers’ Code of ConductEnvironment

PirelliSupply ChainGreen sourcing policyRaw materials researchEnvironmental Performance

RPG-CeatSRI

InnovationEnvironmental Impact

YokohamaTechnologies for sustainabilityEnvironmentWater, waste and recyclingEmployeesSuppliers

Omni UnitedCh. 14: Recycling Tires

Key pointsThe recycling challengeLaws and numbersRetreading

Retread methodsCold cure retreadingHot-cure retreadingRecyclingDevulcanisationRecovered Carbon Black

Recycling Company ProfilesBandag (US)Black Bear CarbonCarbon clean tech (Pyrolyx)GRP (India)Lehigh Technologies (US)Rubber Resources

Ch. 15: Sustainability standardsCarbon Disclosure Project:The Global Reporting InitiativeDow Jones Sustainability IndexWorld Business Council for Sustainable DevelopmentUN Global CompactInternational Integrated Reporting CouncilSustainability Accounting Standards BoardForest Stewardship CouncilSustainable Natural Rubber InitiativeFair Rubber AssociationISO Standards

ISO 9000:2015 Quality Management systemISO19011:2011 Audit standardsISO 14001:2015 Environmental Man-agementISO 14046:2014 Environmental Manage-ment – Water Footprint – Principles, Requirements and GuidelinesISO 50001:2011 Energy ManagementISO 26000:2010 corporate social responsibility

Info boxesAbbreviationsVersalis Elastomers PortfolioE-SBR Europrene®

BR Europrene Neocis®/Intene®

Europrene® LatexThermoplastic Rubber Europrene® SOL T/THNBR Europrene® N/GRN/N OZOEP(D)M Dutral® CO/TER/PM/OCPS-SBR Europrene® SOL B/RKey risks for tire makersOE and replacement tires

Useful linksEnergy of ProductionMain processes in a tire factoryLinks to videos of tire buildingTire parameters on and off the labelUseful ReferencesResources for Natural Rubber pricesImpact of SALBReports discussing CSR violationsThe IRSG Action Plan covers five main criteriaSNR-i: some key performance indicatorsDe-coding the genome of H.

brasiliensisReports discussing CSR violationsPlant breeding becomes more scientificHistory of guayuleTKS projectsFraunhofer Institute/ContiPENRAdrive4euSome guayule projectsPanAridusGuayule rubber researchBridgestoneAchieving Commercial Yields

The emissions savings prizeBio-butanediol/Biobutadiene projectsGenomaticaBASFVersalisBraskemBio butterflyGlobal BioenergiesUseful ReferencesLanzaTechCobalt TechnologiesHow to make S-SBRHow compounds have developedHow to mix S-SBR

Understanding a DMA plotYokohama’s six orange oil tiresUseful referencesIf we have TPMS, do we need runflats?Airless tires go back to 1938Bridgestone CSR ActivitiesBridgestone policiesContinental recycling plant in HanoverUseful links to CSR reportsTimberland outfitters and Omni UnitedLehigh/YokohamaContiLifeCycle Plant GermanyDevulcanised rubber

Sustainability in the Tire industry 2016Tire Industry Research http://SustainableTires.com

Diagrams & IllustrationsCurve of environmental awarenessBMW Strategy Number ONEBMW i3 electric carBMW Materiality analysis (2015)Development of CO2 emissions in BMW cars in EuropeManaging the magic triangleCO2 / Fuel Economy RegulationsFord adopts OECD 5-step Process to Due DiligenceFuel saving potential in a truckEnvironmental impact of a truckJaguar Land Rover materiality matrixGreatest environmental impactLife cycle assessment of car tire (CO2 impact)Life cycle assessment of car tireSources of energy loss in a tireHysteresis and energy loss in tiresHysteresis and energy lossImprovement in Rolling Resistance with time (1)Improvement in RR with time (2)Improvement in RR with time (3)Effect of tread depth on fuel consumptionWhere energy is lost in a car tireWhere energy is lost in a truck tireschematic of eternal triangleFuel saving potentialEnergy consumption within a tire factoryScope of AssessmentComposition of a car tire by weightComposition of a truck tire by weightMaxxis tire production flow chartTire components – NomenclatureWinter tires should carry the three-peaks markingConsumer reaction to EU tire label – Rezulteo surveyProgress in label grades 2014-2016Tire price against wet grip – 2016

Tire price against fuel economy – 2016Tire price against noise – 2016Tire price against region of origin – 2016Tire price against wet grip-2014Tire price against fuel economy – 2014Tire price against noise – 2014Tire price against region of origin – 2014The United States tire labellingCost breakdown of major tire makersNR price and tire profitabilityNR price 2004 – 2013Composition of a truck tire by weightComposition of a car tire by weightRaw materials cost breakdown (2012 data)NR price and input costsSpeciality-Commodity spectrumNatural Rubber Value chainDaily NR price in different marketsSouth American leaf blightCLF damage to established clonesCarbon sequestration in H. brasiliensisThe life of a rubber treeComposition of a rubber particleProductivity improvement in H. brasiliensisComposition of a rubber particle - revised modelProduction and consumption of NR by regionLocations where Hevea rubber growsLocations where guayule rubber growsEU Locations where guayule rubber growsRubber-containing cells in guayuleRubber-containing cells in HeveaBio-isoprene from the Goodyear Du-Pont projectCracker yields depending on feedstocksBio-butadiene from GenomaticaTread compound developmentSubstitutes for conventional ingredientsPirelli process to make silica from rice husk ashBio-oils can help rolling resistance

Bio-oils can improve propertiesRun-Flat tire in cross-sectionRun-Flat tire showing reinforcement insertsSealant tires prevent air lossVolkswagen to double purchases of sealant tiresMichelin’s Tweel: the first non-pneumatic tireResilient Technologies’ NPTPolaris vehicle with TerrainArmor tiresAirboss segmented tireBridgestone AIrless – generation 2Yokohama YoumyakuHankook i-Flex – generation 1Hankook i-Flex – generation 2Sumitomo GyrobladeGoodyear AMTWind resistance increases with speedCitroën C2 car with 10-inch tiresTall-Narrow tires operate at higher pressuresEU car tire market – 2003 – 2014EU truck tire market – 2003 – 2014EU car tire market development (OE)EU truck tire market development (OE)EU car tire market development (replacement)EU truck tire market development (repl.)Consumer tire sales in Europe (units)Truck/bus tire sales in Europe (units)Motorcycle tire sales in Europe (units)Agriculture tire sales in Europe (units)Japan car tire market development (OE)Japan truck tire market development (OE)Japan car tire market development (repl.)Japan truck tire market development (repl.)N America car tire market development (OE)N America truck tire market development (OE)N America car tire market development (repl.)N America truck tire market development (repl.)Mercosur car tire market development (OE)Mercosur truck tire market development (OE)Mercosur car tire market development (repl.)Mercosur truck tire market development (repl.)

China car tire market development (OE)China truck tire market development (OE)Regional share of global light-vehicle tire production 2000 – 2017Energy used in manufacturing (by source)Bridgestone Group’s Environmental MissionMid-term carbon reduction targetBridgestone works with AjinomotoTire Manufacturing: direct energy useTire Manufacturing: indirect energy useTire manufacturing: indirect energy useGlobal Energy Use (BTU/lb)Global GHG emissions (tonnes)Global GHG emissionsReducing solvent consumptionInjury and illness rates (per 100 employees)Severity rates (working days lost)Greenhouse gas emissionsEnergy ConsumptionConsumption of major raw materialsRenewable Raw materialsRecycled Raw materialsPirelli Commitment to EU labelling – car tiresPirelli Commitment to EU labelling – truck tiresVehicle emission standards more stringentSRI energy usage for factories in JapanNine factories overseasFive factories operated by domestic affiliatesGreenhouse gas emissions from SRI factoriesGreenhouse gas emissions from overseas factories Five factories operated by domestic affiliatesSRI waste generated and recycle rateWaste Discharged from SRI Japan factoriesWaste Discharged from SRI overseas factoriesWaste Discharged from SRI affiliate factoriesCO2 emissions and emissions per unit of outputYokohama’s use of recycled rubberFrequency of Occupational AccidentsTruck tire retreads in Europe 2007-2014

Charts and tablesUnder-inflation increased fuel consumptionImprovement in Japanese tires 2008 – 2013Tire labelling systems around the worldRange of products with label scoresTire categories excluded from EU labellingEU label criteria – Fuel economyEU label criteria – Wet gripEU label criteria – NoiseIncidence of CLF in NR producing countries

Area under Natural Rubber (thousand hectare)Total Area under Natural Rubber, 11 countries (‘000 ha)Average NR production yields (2013) in kg/ha/yearCurrent bio-elastomer projectsCompounding ingredientsAnnounced capacity expansions for S-SBRLow-PAH oils in general useExtender oils – low-PAH and high PAHLow-PAH oils – Shares by typeTire production globally 2014-2021

EU tire sales 2014-2015 (million units)Japan OE tire sales 2003-2013Japan replacement tire sales 2003-2013China radial tire production forecastGlobal light vehicle tire markets – by speed ratingGlobal light vehicle tire markets – by rim sizeGlobal light vehicle tire marketsGlobal heavy vehicle tire markets – Exane estimatesApollo raw materials usage

Energy saved in APMEA and EA OperationsPlant emissionsPollutantsCooper Tire manufacturing plantsMichelin Environmental Footprint (MEF)Pirelli sustainability targets 2015-2020Pirelli energy consumption (GJ)Pirelli GHG emissionsPirelli waste productionPirelli Solvent useSix steps to a hot-cure retread

What is offered in this report• Analysis every aspect of what makes a ‘green’ tire. • Insights into how the industry works • Cradle-to-grave analysis of tires’ sustainability• Descriptions of top tire makers’ sustainability programs• Realistic analyses of where energy is wasted in tires• Technologies for managing end-of-life tires• Issues surrounding end-of-life tire management• Risk management for natural rubber• Key drivers in the industry• Alternatives to NR and progress in yields and agronomy• Radical approcahes to tire design• Life Cycle analyses• Progress reports on tire labelling around the world

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Drivingstyle

Rollingdiameter

Treaddepth

In�ationpressure

'Green'tires

Fuel saving potential

Comparing the potential fuel benefits of advanced tread compounds against driving style or tread depth offers valuable insights

Comprehensive coverageAs can be seen from the comprehesive contents list on these pages, this is a major body of work. It is not simply gathered by desk research by a professional researcher. it has been put together by industry experts who really understand the industry and how it works.

Sealant tires prevent air loss

Source: Continental

Sustainability in the Tire industry 2016 Tire Industry Researchhttp://SustainableTires.com

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Who benefits from the reportThe report is of key interest to those in the tire industry supply chain, both as buyers from tire makers and sell-ers into tire manufacture.Supply Chain Professionals will benefit by learning about latest developments in material supply.Tire makers in developing countries will benefit by learning about key drivers in the industry and how in-dustry leaders are responding.They will also learn how different technologies offer advantages and drawbacks.Corporate management in premium tire makers will appreciate the in-depth yet broad-based overview of different technologies and strategies and the different perspective from internal thinking.

Tire buyers and chassis engineers in vehicle makers and tire distribution will learn how the industry works and what tire makers are doing to improve their sustain-ability profiles.Newcomers to the industry will acquire up-to-date in-formation about investments, strategy and sustainability tactics of the world’s top tire makers.Report author David Shaw’s expertise has allowed him to meet with thought leaders around the world and bring their wisdom to a wide audience.While there are many narrowly-focussed experts in spe-cific areas of interest, Shaw brings a breadth and depth of experience and knowledge developed through over 25 years; analysing the whole tire industry, from raw materials to tire marketing and sales, that is unrivalled around the world.