Resident Engineer's Manual

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C 3.1: RESIDENT ENGINEER’S MANUAL

Note: This manual contains general descriptions of the Resident Engineer’s role, duties, functions,

responsibilities and powers. Check lists outlining most of the major items of work/construction

activity which need to be checked by the RE for compliance against the relevant specifications are

given in this manual as appendices. This manual is provided as an additional aid in order to assist

the RE to comply fully with Construction Supervision Control Procedure C3; this manual in itself

does not constitute a quality control procedure.

Compiled by: M H White

Revision No: 1

Date: August 2003



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SCHEDULE OF CONTENTS

Clause Description Page

1. SCOPE 1

2. GENERAL 1

2.1 The Resident Engineer’s Function 1

2.2 Duties and Powers of the Resident Engineer 2

2.3 Communications and Site Records 3

2.4 Working Hours 4

2.5 Leave Privileges 5

2.6 Survey Equipment 5

2.7 Site Offices and Furniture 5

2.8 Transportation 6

2.9 Expenses 6

2.10 Time Sheets 6

2.11 Public Relations 7

3. ADMINISTERING THE CONTRACT 7

3.1 Contract Administration 7

3.2 That the Contractor expects from the RE 11

3.3 What the RE should expect from the Contractor ‘s Agent 11

3.4 Co-ordinating the Work of Independent Contractors andSub-contractors 12

3.5 Drawings 15

3.6 Safety 16

3.7 End of Contract Procedure 20



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SCHEDULE OF CONTENTS (Continued)


4. TECHNICAL DUTIES 21

4.1 General 21

4.2 Materials 21

4.3 Construction Products 22

4.4 Construction Activities 23

4.5 Site Management of Construction Activities 25

5. PAYMENT CERTIFICATES 26

5.1 Measurement of Quantities 26

5.2 Variations 27

5.3 Daywork 28

5.4 New Rates 28

5.5 Provisional Sums 29

5.6 Prime Cost Items 29

5.7 Price Variations and Escalations 29

5.8 Claims 30

5.9 Payment Certificate 31

5.10 Revised Quantities and Cost Estimates 31

6. APPENDIX A - RESIDENT ENGINEER’S CHECK LIST - ROADS 32

Road Construction 33

Pavement Rehabilitation 49

Concrete Structures 49

Water and Sewerage Reticulation 50



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SCHEDULE OF CONTENTS (Continued)


7. APPENDIX B – RESIDENT ENGINEER’S CHECK LIST – WATER 52

Pipe trenches 53

uPVC pipes 55

HDPE water pipes 56

Steel water pipes 56

Sewer pipes 57

Concrete stormwater pipes 57

Valves, equipment, meters, stand pipes and fittings 58

Chambers and manholes 58

Pumpstations (still to be added) 59

Treatment plants (still to be added) 59

Concrete structures (still to be added) 59

Canals (still to be added) 59

Mass earthworks 59

Borehole installations (still to be added) 61

8. APPENDIX C – RESIDENT ENGINEER’S CHECK LIST – STRUCTURES 62

Pending



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1. SCOPE

1.1 This manual aims to assist the Resident Engineer (RE) in the course of his duties by outlining what

is expected from the RE who is the Engineer’s nominated r epresentative on site.

1.2 This manual should be used as a guide by the Resident Engineer to ensure that he carries out his

duties correctly and efficiently. This manual should also be used by “experienced’ RE’s to ensure

that the basics are not forgotten. As conditions vary from contract to contract the RE may have to

make minor changes to the procedures outlined here, but the basics will always apply. The RE

should ensure that he is complying with all the requirements of his job as he has a substantial

influence on the satisfactory completion of the works.

1.3 The RE must maintain close liaison with the Engineer in head office and clarify any unclear issues

with the Engineer prior to commencement of his duties. It is sound practice for the RE and the

Engineer to discuss all aspects of their responsibilities before the contract starts.

2. GENERAL

2.1 The Resident Engineer’s Function

2.1.1. The RE is appointed by the Engineer to assist him in watching and supervising the works

and to ensure that the requirements of the Drawings and Contract Documents are met to

the satisfaction of the Client.

The Resident Engineer has the following tasks to carry out and is responsible for doing

these tasks correctly while always remaining fully accountable to the Engineer:

- Processing design and other information flowing to and from the Contractor.

- Monitoring the Contractor’s planning and progress.

- Inspecting and testing the Contractor’s works.

- Measurement of the Contractor’s works. - Supervision of the UWP site staff.

-

The RE must appreciate the mutual connection between the Client and the Contractor.

While looking after the financial interests of the Client he should also see that the

Contractor is fairly compensated for his work.



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2.1.2. The RE must ensure that he is familiar with the Design and Specifications from the outset of

the Contract so that he can assist the Contractor with initial difficulties. The RE should

contribute towards creating a good working relationship with the Contractor and his

personnel by assisting him in overcoming any difficulties. The RE must however be careful

not to attempt to control the Contractor or take over any of the Contractor’s responsibilities.

2.2 Duties and Powers of the Resident Engineer

2.2.1 The duties and powers of the RE as the Engineer’s Representative are defined in the

General Conditions of Contract, namely “to watch and supervise the Works and to test and

examine any materials to be used and workmanship to be employed in connection with the

Works.” It also provides for the Engineer to delegate to the RE any of the powers vested in

the Engineer. Any such delegation will be notified in writing to the RE with a copy to the

Contractor. The RE should ensure that he obtains this delegation of Authority from the

Engineer at the start of the Contract.

Other General Conditions of Contract may differ in defining the duties and powers of the

RE. These must be carefully checked by the RE where applicable.

2.2.2 Contract documents are drawn up in such a way as to cover a wide range of eventualities

and may be interpreted in different ways. The RE is therefore expected to use his

discretion in their application. Any difference of interpretation relating to the meaning of

any section of the Contract Documents between the RE and the Contractor must be

referred back to the Engineer (HO) as soon as possible for clarification. The RE should not

change the design or specifications without the Engineer’s approval and must not give a

ruling on legal issues. When in doubt the RE must always confirm his intended instruction

or action with HO.

To insist on the strict adherence to the Specification is a counsel of perfection. This is

attainable to a greater or lesser degree according to the competence of the Contractor andthe way in which the RE and his staff manage to raise the level of Contractor’s

workmanship by steady, but not oppressive insistence of quality. Having tendered on the

basis of specification, the Contractor is under no obligation to exceed its standards,

especially when to do so would lessen the profitability of the Contract.

2.2.3 The RE must agree on how mistakes and faulty workmanship shall be rectified according

to the merits of each case. No remedial work which he considers would be a departure

from a strict interpretation of the Contract Documents should be permitted without the priorapproval of the Engineer.



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2.2.4 The RE must deal fairly with all the Contractor’s measurements, accounts and claims and

not allow preconceived opinions or personal prejudices to obscure the facts. If the RE

finds he is unable to reach an amicable settlement of a dispute with the Contractor’s Agent,

HO should be advised and given a balanced and factual report of the matter.

2.2.5 The investigation of claims is an important part of the RE’s duties, and he must therefore

have a complete and detailed knowledge of the Contract Documents. Where there is any

doubt in his mind to the interpretation of any part of the Contract Documents he should

obtain clarification from HO at the earliest possible moment. This will enable him at all

times to state with full confidence what the Engineer’s intentions are in the event that the

Contractor attempts to adopt a different interpretation. For use in possible future

negotiations, the RE should keep careful record of any instance of the Contractor avoiding

expenditure intended in terms of the Contract which can be used as a counter to claims for

extra costs.

2.3 Communications and Site Records

2.3.1 The RE should not communicate directly with the Client’s Head Office or the Contractor’s

Head Office unless expressly authorised by the Engineer to do so. The RE must only give

instructions to the Contractor’s Agent and all verbal instructions must be confirmed in

writing. Any site instructions that may have any major implications must be checked with

the Engineer before they are issued to the Contractor.

Only in cases of emergency may the RE give direct instructions to the Agent’s staff.

2.3.2 Site Instructions should be issued using a “Site Instruction: triplicate book” (Exhibit

C 3.2.1(b)). This is to be used for any changes to the Design Drawings or Contract

Documents, instructions for any additional work or for rejecting any portion of the

Contractor’s work. Copies of all site instructions must be sent to the Engineer on a regular

(preferably weekly) basis.

2.3.3 The Resident Engineer must also arrange for a duplicate “Daybook” which is used by the

RE and the Contractor’s Agent (Exhibit C 3.2.1(a)). This is used to answer design queries,

confirm aspects of the Design Drawings or Contract Documents that are in question, to

record problems with the Contractor’s workmanship for the Agent’s attention and to confirm

any site discussions or decisions that form part of the Contract (any changes to the original

Contract or additional work should be dealt with in a Site Instruction).



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2.3.4 An important part of the site records is the RE’s Site Diary. It is very important that that RE

maintains a comprehensive daily dairy. A brief report compiled from this diary must be

sent to the Engineer on a weekly basis.

The Site Diary must be kept up to date and the following information should be recorded on

a daily basis:

i Weather and rainfall measurements.

ii Progress of all major items of work such as layerworks and structures.

iii Record of any portion of the work that has not met the Specifications and whether it

has been rejected or accepted at partial payment.

iv Movement of major items of plant on or off the site.

v Record of site discussions and agreements.

vi Staff changes.

vii Records of any site disputes. If such disputes could possibly lead to claim from the

Contractor accurate daily records must be kept of the work, plant and staff involved.

viii Break-downs of major items of plant.

ix Details of any accidents.

x All important telephone discussions.

xi All further matters that the RE feels are important.

2.3.5 It is the duty of the RE to bring to the attention of HO any anomalies, errors or omissions

found in the construction drawings or in the Contract Documents, and to ask for

Clarification. Any changes made on site are to be relayed to HO immediately. Major

changes should be checked with HO before being implemented. The changes should be

marked up in red ink on the site plans and the set of “As built” plans as they occur and not

left until the end of the Contract.

2.3.6 A visitor’s book must be kept for all visitors to sign.

2.4 Working Hours

The RE will be responsible for fixing his working hours and that of his site staff team.

In general it is expected that all resident staff shall be present on site for the same working hours as

adopted by the Contractor, in order that full supervision may be exercised. In cases of the

Contractor working excessive overtime during the week or weekends, the RE may make

arrangements to stagger the working hours of his staff or to request additional temporary staff toensure that the work is monitored at all times.



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2.5 Leave Privileges

The UWP Conditions of Employment cover the subject of leave for site staff. It should be noted that

leave is encouraged during the builder’s break period in December / January and that leave at other

times of the year is strictly subject to the approval of the Partner-in-Charge.

The firm’s standard leave application form shall be completed and sent to HO when leave is

requested.

2.6 Survey Equipment

At the commencement of a contract the RE will, in general, be issued with a theodolite, level, tapes,

ranging rods and other necessary surveying and setting out equipment either from stocks held in HO

or, on certain contracts, by the Contractor. The RE shall keep an inventory of all such articles for

which he is accountable. He shall ensure that they are carefully used, properly stored and kept in

good working order. The instruments should be services at the start of the contract, and at six

monthly intervals during the contract period or at intermediate time when deemed necessary. Any

losses of, or damage to, surveying equipment shall be reported immediately to HO as there may be

grounds for an insurance claim. Any suspected inaccuracies of surveying equipment shall be

similarly reported so that rectification can be arranged. HO will periodically request a list of all

equipment currently held on site.

The RE should ensure that the surveying equipment being used by the Contractor is accurate and in

good working order. The RE should also ensure that the Contractor’s instruments have been

serviced initially and are serviced regularly at six monthly intervals during the course of the contract

thereafter.

Servicing of instruments shall be carried out only by authorised agents. Copies of service invoices

for instruments belonging both to the Engineer and Contractor will be retained by the RE as part of

his site records.

2.7 Site Office and Furniture

The RE may only order against the contract those items specifically provided for in the Schedule of

Quantities.

Where no provision is made the RE shall consult HO as to his requirements which will then be dealt

with on an ad hoc basis. No items may be ordered without prior approval from HO.



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2.8 Transportation

There are a number of different systems in operation within the firm for the provision of

transportation on site for the RE and his assistants, which depend on the circumstances pertaining

to the particular object.

The applicable arrangements will be made known to the RE and his assistants at the

commencement of the project.

In all cases, a vehicle log sheet for the use of a Firm’s or private car shall be submitted to HO at the

end of each month.

2.9 Expenses

In general, expenses incurred by the RE or his assistants in the course of carrying out their duties

such as purchase of stationery, stamps, post office box hire, site office telephone accounts, petrol for

site transportation (firm’s car), the use of a private vehicle for site transportation (at agreed rates per

kilometre) and the like, will be reimbursed.

Claims for reimbursement of expenses should be submitted to HO on the standard Form together

with supporting receipts, on a monthly basis. In order that the resident staff are not out of pocket for

these expenses, arrangements may be made for an agreed amount of money in the form of an

advance to be provided through HO.

Expenses which differ from the ordinary should be referred to the Director-in-Charge for approval

before they are incurred.

2.10 Time sheets

Time sheets shall be completed and sent to HO on the first day of each new proman month, in

respect of the preceding month for all UWP staff members on the Contract. Actual hours worked shall be recorded, and where more than one project subdivision is involved,

time shall be separately recorded against each subdivision.

The RE shall ensure that he obtains all relative project numbers and project subdivisions from HO at

the commencement of the work.



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2.11 Public Relations

The RE is encouraged to promote the interests of the firm by personal contacts, having regard to the

rules of professional conduct laid down by the professional institutions. Care should be taken to

ensure, however, that any activities of this nature do not encroach upon the RE’s full-time

employment and the services to which his Client is entitled.

The RE and his staff must not release any information concerning the Works, especially of a secret

or confidential nature, to any member of the public and, particularly, not to members of the press or

other media. Approaches made by such persons should be referred to the Client. Unauthorised

persons should be prevented from taking photographs of the Works.

3. ADMINISTERING THE CONTRACT

3.1 Contract Administration

3.1.1 Issue of Drawings

Agree the schedule of drawings and information with the Contractor and issue such

promptly with proper and adequate recording (see 3.5).

3.1.2 Setting Out

Check the initial setting out before handing over to the Contractor and check the

Contractor’s subsequent setting out promptly (see 4.4.1).

3.1.3 Instructions

i Maintain a clear and concise triplicate Site Instruction book and Daybook (see 2.3.2

and 2.3.3).

ii All instructions to be in writing.

iii Issue prompt decisions and clear, timeous instructions.

iv Do not issue instructions to the Contractor’s sub-contractors.

3.1.4 Supervisioni Discuss with the Site Agent the lines of communication which will ensure the minimum

delay.

ii Ensure that adequate supervision is exercised on site at all times.

iii Establish the requirements and parameters of check testing and the prompt reporting

of results. (See 4.4.5 & 4.5).

iv Be impartial in the application of the requirements of the Contract.

v Use discretion in the application of the Specifications.

vi Bring obvious errors in execution and use and standard of materials to the attention ofthe Contractor without delay.



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3.1.5 Programme and Progress

i Agree details of programme within the overall approved programme.

ii Examine the Contractor’s method statements for the execution of permanent and

temporary works with special reference to the safety of the proposals.

iii Monitor progress and agree such progress on a regular basis with the Site Agent. This

must be done with the Site Agent. This must be done with a recognised method of

progress monitoring such as detailed bar charts or sloping bar charts. Guesswork is

not good enough. A monthly progress report must be submitted to the Engineer. This

is normally done to coincide with the monthly site meeting. (See Exhibit C 3.2.2(b)).

3.1.6 Financial Interest of the Employer

The RE must look after and safeguard the financial interest of the Employer.

3.1.7 Compensation to the Contractor

The RE must see that the Contractor is fairly compensated, in terms of the Contract, for the

work that he does by:

i Measuring the work promptly.

ii Dealing fairly with the Contractor’s measurements.

iii Maintaining proper and clear measurement and quantity records. (See 5.0)

iv Referring any measurements disputes promptly to the Engineer.

3.1.8 Negotiate Rates

Negotiate rates for new work and submit these to the Engineer for approval.

3.1.9 Claims

Displaying a completely impartial attitude the RE should:

i Agree facts and circumstances related to claims with the Contractor.

ii Investigate and report on such claims.

iii Submit the claims, together with his report and facts, promptly to the Engineer.iv Keep a proper record of all claims.

3.1.10 Liaison with Others

The RE should assist the Contractor as much as possible in his dealings with local

authorities, property owners etc and any complaints must be brought to the Contractor’s

attention promptly.



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3.1.11 Accidents

The RE must ensure that the Contractor complies with the safety regulations, reports any

accidents to the necessary authorities and pays all the required insurance premiums when

due. (See 3.6).

3.1.12 Site Meetings

It is essential that regular site meetings are held. The minutes of Site meetings normally

take two forms namely:

i RE / Site Agents Meetings

These meetings should preferably be held on a weekly basis and the matters

discussed and minutes would generally cover the day to day site problems,

information required, interim progress, tests results and measurements. Copies of

these minutes should be sent to the Engineer clearly indicating where his action is

required. The Engineer may from time to time attend such meetings.

ii Formal Site Meetings

These meetings are normally held once a month and are often preceded by an

inspection of the Works by the Engineer, the Employer in many cases, the RE, the

Site Agent and the Contracts Manager.

The meetings, which are usually chaired by the Engineer, must be accurately and

impartially recorded and distributed to all those present at the meeting and others

concerned. The Minutes should contain an action column showing by whom action

is required.

A typical fixed Agenda for such meetings could be as follows:

Present

1. Apologies

2. Minutes of Previous Meeting

3. Accommodation

4. Safety / Environmental Matters

5. Site Instructions

6. Plant, Personnel and Sub-Contractors

7. Materials and Testing

8. Programme / Progress

(i) Rainfall

(ii) Delays

(iii) Progress



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(iv) Programme

(v) Contract Completion Date

9. Payment Certificates

10. Claims

11. Additional Rates

12. Information / Drawings

13. Standard of Work

14. Services

15. Accidents

16. General

17. Next Meeting

18. List of Plant and Personnel

19. List of Correspondence and Site Instructions

20. Progress Chart

3.1.13 The following is a suggested list of RE’s correspondence files.

1. General Administration

2. RE Staff Matters

3. Site Investigations

4. Services and affected Authorities

5. Programmes and Progress

6. Contract matters and estimates

7. Sub-contracts and materials

8. Design and construction (details of changes from HO or on Site)

9. Re / Site Agent meetings

10. Monthly Site Meetings

11. Quantity Calculations

12. Accident Reports

13. Extra Work14. Daywork

15. Claims

16. Technical Reports

17. Test Results (separate files for different activities)

18. As-built information

19. Drawing Register

In order to facilitate filing and for the Engineer’s records or action all correspondence should

be exchanged in duplicate.



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3.2 What the Contractor expects from the Resident Engineer

3.2.1 Ensure that the materials, workmanship and accuracy of construction are accepted or

rejected at the earliest possible opportunity.

3.2.2 Provide prompt decisions to queries and confirm such in writing. It should be noted that the

RE cannot be expected to be fully conversant with all the various aspects of construction of

the more complex Works being constructed today. He would however be expected to have

on his staff people with specialised knowledge or to have ready and quick access to such staff

from his Head Office. The RE must therefore, when discussing lines of site communication

with the Site Agent, clearly spell out the members of his staff allocated to certain aspects of

the Work and their authority.

3.2.3 Tests should be carried out as soon as possible and the results made known to the

Contractor together with acceptance or rejection with as little delay as possible.

3.2.4 The RE must deal fairly with all the Contractor’s measurements, accounts and claims and

must not allow preconceived opinions or personal prejudices to cloud the issued. He must not

adopt a negative or defensive attitude. Pass all claims, measurement disputes to the

Engineer as quickly as possible together with impartial RE opinion.

3.2.5 Make it his duty to fully acquaint himself, without any bias with the Contractor’s side of any

problem which arises. The Contractor must of course assist him in this.

3.2.6 Be as helpful as possible without giving unsolicited advice. It is a duty of the RE as much as it

is of the Contractor to get the job done and done well.

3.3 What the RE should expect from the Contractor’s Agent

3.3.1 Maintain the understanding reached at the handing over of site by regular mutual opendiscussions and site meeting.

3.3.2 Hold mutual regular review of progress in relation to the current programme and to take action

when the contractor is falling behind schedule.

3.3.3 Supply competent administrative and supervisory staff.

3.3.4 Not to rely on the RE and his staff for the supervision and co-ordination of the work which theContractor’s staff should be carrying out.



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3.3.5 Check all survey and setting out before commencing construction.

3.3.6 Finish sections of the work in a systematic fashion.

3.3.7 Attend promptly to special requests by the RE.

3.3.8 Maintain the construction site in a clean, tidy, safe and accessible condition.

3.3.9 Recognise bad workmanship for what it is and do not expect the RE to accept it.

3.3.10 Implement proper and adequate quality and process control.

3.3.11 Reports to the RE promptly where any mistakes / errors are found so that early remedial

action can be taken.

3.3.12 Ensure that notification of intention to claim is done within the time limits laid down.

3.3.13 Inspect the Works together with the RE on a regular basis preferably at least once or twice

weekly.

3.3.14 Agree progress, delays etc for reporting at the monthly formal site meetings.

If the RE feels that the Contractor’s Agent is not complying with the above requirements he should

first discuss the problems with the Agent and, if necessary approach the Engineer who can then take

the matter up with the Contractor’s Head Office.

3.4 Co-ordinating the Work of Several Independent Contractors or Sub-Contractors

3.4.1 On work sites where one Engineer is the “Engineer” in terms of two or more independent

Contracts carried out at the same time or in succession, it is necessary for the Engineer to co-ordinate the work of the Contractors. The Engineer’s authority and that of the RE to direct

such co-ordination is based on the Special Conditions included in the various contracts. In

these Special Conditions and on site, particular attention must be given to the following items:

i Co-ordinated programmes for all the construction work including dates for:

a) The timely supply of drawings.

b) Completion date for each phase of the works.

c) Access dates for following phases of the works.The consequences of delays to one or more Contractor’s work must be clearly spelt

out on the programme.



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ii Allocation of working areas (so that the Contractors do not obstruct one another),

areas for site offices and camps (preferably in permanent positions so that they do not

have to be moved during the construction period), sites for access roads and sidings

(involving decisions on construction, maintenance and removal, on who are allowed to

use these and on how payments are or should be made in this connection), the

responsibility of individual Contractors for clearing of site before and after use, as well

as for cleaning up during the construction period.

iii Provision and removal of Temporary Services (by the Employer, by a particular

Contractor for all to share, or by individual Contractors for own use).

iv Safety arrangements for the Works and personnel on site (Employer’s regulations,

checking on the appointment of the “responsible person” in terms of the Factories Act,

overall Safety Committee, enforcement of rules preventing one Contractor from

exposing the activities of another Contractor to undue risk).

v Handover of site from Employer to one (or more) Contractor / s, from one Contractor

to another Contractor and from Contractor back to Employer on completion of work.

Included in these handovers are the setting out systems (beacons and bench marks

with or without reference points and with written information as to how they are or

must be secured). At each handover the RE should be present to see that the work

handed over is acceptable and that this is confirmed by or on behalf of the receiving

party.

vi Co-ordination of work on site at Site Meetings, which the Contractors must be obliged

to attend when required (eg. for adjustment of detailed programmes deciding on the

sequence of operations, including giving preference to the more important of severaltasks which cannot be done simultaneously).

vii Payment to Contractors (included in rates, or separately) for working in restricted

areas or periods and for participating in the efforts to accommodate other Contractors.

In some cases, the RE must be prepared to act as mediator between Contractors who

claim compensation form one another or from the Employer.



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3.4.2 Main Contractor’s Nominated and Non-nominated Sub-Contractors

The Sub-contractors are selected and approved in terms of the General and / or Special

Conditions of Contract. If a Contractor states in his tender that his price is based on that of a

named Sub-Contractor, the acceptance of the Contractor’s tender implies the acceptance of

the named Sub-contractor. Any agreement or special contract between a Contractor and a

Sub-contractor is normally not subject to the Engineer’s approval, but any Sub-contractor

brought onto site is bound by the Main Contractor’s contract unless otherwise agreed

between the three parties.

The RE will deal formally with the Contractor’s appointed Agent on site. Such Agent may be

one of the Contractor’s employees, but can also be an employee of the Sub-contractor. The

RE may deal informally with the Sub-contractor’s employees as with other employees of the

Contractor. The Contractor must be informed by the RE of any instruction he intends to give

or has given to any Sub-contractor. Agreements made directly between the RE and the Sub-

contractor require the Contractor’s approval before they are valid in terms of the Contract.

This refers particularly to agreements relating to Extra Work, Payments and alterations to the

construction programme. Sub-contractors may be permitted and / or required to attend site

meetings. The Main Contractor is expected to be present at meetings between the RE and

Sub-contractors unless he and the RE have agreed otherwise. Should the appointment of a

Nominated Sub-contractor be delayed, the Contractor will expect the RE to speed up the

appointment or alternatively support a claim for extension of time for the section of work

affected by the delay. Should the performance of a Nominated Sub-contractor not be

satisfactory to the Contractor, the RE must be prepared to act as mediator in disputes on site

and possibly also as an adjudicator of claims between Contractor and Nominated Sub-

contractor.

In cases where the Employer requires a special guarantee for certain specialist work, such

guarantees should be furnished directly to the Employer by the Specialist Sub-contractor and

not by the Main Contractor.

3.4.3 Suppliers

The Contractor will normally choose his own suppliers for materials specified. However, the

RE may in some cases have to be consulted, both as to where a specified (“or similar”)

product can be purchased or when the delivery time of some item affects the programme

adversely and another different in design and / or price must be considered as an alternative.

The RE is assumed to have a thorough knowledge of all the materials specified and the way

they should be met or used. The RE cannot make any promises or place any orders onbehalf of the Contractor unless he does so in terms of the Contract or has been requested to

do so by the Contractor in writing.



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3.5 Drawings

3.5.1 Contract Drawings

The Contract Drawings will be issued to the Contractor when the tender is awarded and the

site handed over. The RE must ensure that a drawing register is kept and the Contractor

signs for all copies of drawings issued to him. When any revised drawings are issued the

original drawings should be retrieved from the Contractor and recorded in the drawings

register as returned. If the Contractor wishes to retain the original drawings then he must

ensure that he keeps all old copies of superseded drawings in one office file and does not

leave out of date drawings in the hands of his site staff. All extra or unwanted copies must be

returned to the RE. The drawing transmittal Form (Exhibit D 3.5) shall be used when

drawings are issued.

3.5.2 Site Drawings

Any drawings or sketches prepared on site by either the RE or the Contractor should be

copied to the Engineer and recorded in the drawing register.

3.5.3 “As Built” Drawings

At the start of the Contract the RE must set aside a full set of drawings to be used as “As

Built” drawings only.

Any design changes, on site changes, correction of errors, true location of new or existing

services, final as built levels if they vary from design levels, roadmarkings and position of

roadsigns, actual extent of borrow pits, relocation of natural water courses or any other

relevant information must be marked on these drawings in Red ink so that final “As Built”

drawings can be prepared. All information must be added as soon as it becomes known. It

must not be left to the end of the contract and forgotten about.

3.6 Safety3.6.1 Generally all Specifications and General Conditions of Contract clearly place the responsibility

for the safety of excavations and of people and construction works generally upon the

Contractor (usually the person appointed by him as the “responsible person”) except in cases

where he is indemnified by the Employer.

3.6.2 However, UWP engineering staff, whether resident on site or visiting from Head Office have

a clear duty to notify the Contractor or even if necessary, to order him to stop work when the

safety of personnel or the works is at risk. The onus for proposing means of making theworks safe rests with the Contractor. The Engineer’s powers are restricted to approval or

disapproval of his proposals.



16

Therefore, although the Engineer has a duty to notify the Contractor about unsafe practices,

and can even be held guilty of negligence if he does not do so, care must be taken not to

give any verbal or written instructions to the Contractor which could be considered as taking

responsibility for what is done to make the work safe, away from the Contractor and placing

such responsibility upon UWP. There is little harm in having informal discussions with the

Contractor provided it is made clear in such discussions that the responsibility for safety

does not rest with the Engineer.

Attached is an extract of a letter from Knight Piesold’s (formerly WLPU) Attorneys replying to

a query regarding Knight Piesold’s responsibilities for safety. The letter should be studied

carefully in order to understand the duties which UWP has for safety on the site.



17

SAFETY

NOTE FOR INFORMATION OF RESIDENT ENGINEERS ON SITE

(Extract from letter of Bowman, Gilfillan & Blacklock dated 27th October 1971)

“There has however been some very clear recent authority in South African Law regarding

liability to a Contractor which would apply to any possible liability of Escom or yourselves to

Boart or to Boart’s employees. The case of Peri-Urban Heath Board vs. Munarin decided in

the Appellant Division in the reference 1965 (3) SALR 367 is sufficiently close in precedent to

your present situation that it is necessary to quote extensively from the report. In that case the

Peri-Urban Health Board has employed a Contractor to lay sewage and to dig trenches under

a contract which required the Contractor to provide all necessary supervision during the

execution of the work. The work, however, had to be performed to the satisfaction of the Peri-

Urban Health Board’s Engineer who had designed and planned the project and was in charge

of the works with power to give instructions regarding its performance, to dismiss incompetent

workmen and to suspend the works (exactly the powers which you have too supervise the

drilling).

In the course of the work a trench was dug and insufficient steps were taken to shore up the

walls of the trench. The Boards Engineer although he inspected the site did not suspend the

work and did not insist on shoring. At a point where the trench was about 11 feet deep it fell in

and killed a pipelayer and his assistant.

The pipelayer’s dependents sued the Peri-Urban Health Board and won in the Witwatersrand

Local Division. The Peri-Urban Health Board then appealed to the Appellate Division where

the Appellate Division confirmed that the widow was entitled to sue the Board. The Court

stated that the liabilities of the Board (and its Engineer because the Engineer in fact

supervised the work for the Board) as follows:

“The question is whether the pipelayer’s widow (the present respondent) has a claim for the

loss of her breadwinner, based on the negligence of the Board and its servants.

Negligence is the breach of a duty of care. In general, the law allows me to mind my own

business. Thus if I happen to see someone else’s child about to drown in a pool, ordinarily I

do not owe a legal duty to anyone to try to save it. But sometimes the law requires me to be

my brother’s keeper. This happens, for example, when the circumstances are such that I owe

him a duty of care; and I am negligent if I breach it. I owe him the duty if a diligens



18

paterfamilias, that notional epitome of reasonable prudence, in the position in

which I am in would

(a) foresee the possibility of harm occurring to him; and

(b) take steps to guard against its occurrence.

Foreseeability of harm to a person, whether he be a specific individual or one of a category, is

usually not a difficult question, but when ought I to guard against it? It depends upon the

circumstances in each particular case, and it is neither a necessary nor desirable to attempt a

formulation which would cover all cases. For the purposes of the present case it is sufficient to

say, by way of general approach, that if I launch a potentially dangerous undertaking involving

the foreseeable possibility of harm to another, the circumstances may be such that I cannot

reasonably shrug my shoulders in unconcern but have certain responsibilities in the matter –

the duty of care.

I think that all the foregoing emerges from well-known decisions in this Court over the last half-

century. Perhaps therefore I may be forgiven for refraining from adding to the ever-growing

burden of annotations by citing the authorities.

In the present case a diligens paterfamilias in the position of the Board would, in his prudent

conspectus of the situation, note the following factors –

(a) the Board, through its sewage engineers, planned the works and knew that they

included the dangerous operation of digging a deep trench alongside a high wall, with

potential risk to pipelayers in the trench unless shoring precautions were taken.

(b) the Board, in engaging a Contractor to carry out the work retained, and thereafter

exercised, the right of expert technical supervision and control referred to above.

(c) the Board knew on the afternoon of 19

th

December 1962 (through its Engineer) and themorning of the 20th December (through its clerk of works) that the Contractor had not

taken shoring precautions alongside the wall for a considerable distance, and that the

pipelayer might well very soon be entering the dangerous trench.

(d) Nevertheless the Board’s said representative on the site spot did not, as they had

power to do, order any precautions or defer the pipelaying pending the shoring.



19

I pause here to observe that it was not contended that the Contractor should be regarded as

the servant of the Board. The Board’s sewage engineer and the supervising engineer both

conceded, I think rightly, that the latter should have stopped the work until the shoring was

done, when he found on the afternoon before that it had not been done.

Council for the appellant disavowed any reliance on the doctrine of volenti non fit injuria but

urged that the pipelayer was an experienced workman who would not be expected to enter the

unshored trench, therefore there was no foreseeable danger to him. The answer is that there

is no evidence that it was thought that he appreciated the risk caused by the adjacent wall; or

that he expected this section of the trench to be shored. On the contrary, he would know that

it had been allowed by the Board’s technical experts to proceed for nearly 80 feet, unshored;

and, although the work had been in progress for three months, there had only been one

previous instance of shoring. This was at the request when, it would seem, the soil was plainly

not firm.

Council further argued that the Board owed no duty of care to the Contractor’s workmen, and

he submitted that there would be far-reaching consequences if a duty were held to exist. Now

ordinarily a person who engages a Contractor to do some work, such as the erection of a

multi-storey building, in which there is an element of occupational risk to the workmen, does

not owe a duty of care to the latter. But, in the present case, in addition to the provisions of the

contract as indicated above, there is the factor that on 19th and 20th December 1962, the Board

had specific knowledge (through its officers) of the very dangerous situation which had been

allowed to develop in the absence of shoring, and of the imminent possibility of the pipelayer’s

descent into the trench; and it took no steps to stop the work. This knowledge, when

superimposed upon the various facts referred to earlier, including in particular the technically

skilled supervision and the rights to stop work, brought about a situation in which a diligens

paterfamilias would surely have guarded against the possibility of the foreseeable harm to thepipelayer. In other words there was then duty of care, and the breach thereof was negligence

entitling the widow to damages. It may be that the Contractor was also at fault, but this would

not detract from the Board’s negligence (through its servants), and it’s liability.”



20

3.6.3 On Works where blasting is taking place, it will be necessary for the Contractor to appoint

a responsible person, in writing, and the RE must ensure that this is done before work

commences. Copies of the relevant Act must be held on site by both the RE and the

Contractor.

Safety meetings shall be held on site on a regular basis, usually on the agenda of the

weekly meetings between the RE and the Site Agent as well as the monthly site

meetings.

3.6.4 Accidents

All accidents in respect of injury to persons or damage to the Works must be reported in

writing by the Contractor to the RE. A copy of this report must be forwarded by the RE to

HO without delay. The RE should notify HO immediately of the incident by telephone.

The RE should furthermore make his own enquiries as to the cause and effects of any

such accident and report his findings to HO.

Any accident involving the RE and/or any member of his staff must be likewise reported.

3.7 End of Contract Procedure

3.7.1 As soon as the works or sections of the works are practically complete (in terms of the

General Conditions of Contract), inspections of the works or sections of the works will

be held by the RE and the Contractor’s Agent. A list of items of work outstanding or

items requiring attention must be drawn up and added to the Certificate of Practical

Completion. (Exhibit C 3.2.3(a)). Separate Certificates may be necessary for different

sections of the work.

3.7.2 When the items listed on the Certificate of Practical Completion have all been

satisfactorily attended to the Engineer will, often in the presence of the Client, carry outa handover inspection and if he is satisfied will issue a Certificate of Completion of the

works (Exhibit C 3.2.3(b)). Items still requiring attention will be listed on the certificate

and the Contractor will sign an undertaking to complete such work by an agreed date.

A further inspection must then be carried out by the RE to ensure that the items on the

Engineer’s list have been attended to within the agreed time.

3.7.3 Towards the end of the maintenance period a further inspection will be made by the

Client, the Engineer, the RE and the Contractor. A list of maintenance items will bedrawn up and on completion of these items the Engineer will issue the Final Approval

Certificate (Exhibit C 3.2.3(c)).



21

4. TECHNICAL DUTIES

4.1. General

4.1.1 The RE must be fully familiar with the General Conditions of Contract, the Special

Conditions of Contract, the Standard Specifications and Special Provisions. He must

familiarise himself with, and ensure that he understands, the design principles for the

road and structural designs and should study all site investigation data closely.

4.1.2 Before the Contractor starts any portion of the Works the RE should familiarise himself

with the ground conditions in the area of the Works. When construction starts the

ground conditions after exposure should be checked against preliminary ideas and site

investigation results. Any changes shoud be reported to the Engineer immediately.

Records and photographs should be kept in case of any claims arising.

4.2 Materials

4.2.1 The RE must study the technical specifications for all materials to be used during

construction and check up on testing methods and facilities for testing. The main items

which must be checked are as follows (also refer too RE’s checklist) :

Bitumen and bitumen emulsions

Bricks

Borrow pits for all sand, gravels and aggregates

Cement

Coarse aggregate for concrete

Coarse aggregate for surfacing and asphalt premix

Crusher dust for asphalt premix and slurry seals

Crushed stone base

Ducts for cables and subsoil drains

Expansion jointsFencing materials

Geofabrics

Gravel for fill, SSG, subbase and base layers

Grass seed mixtures

Joint sealants

Manhole rings and covers

Precast concrete culverts, catchpits, kerbs and manholesRoad signs

Sand for concrete, mortar and plaster



22

Sand for bedding interlocking blocks

Sand for jointing interlocking blocks

Shutter material

Steel reinforcement

Water quality

Waterproofing materials

4.2.2 Tests should be carried out as soon as the goods have been delivered to site, so that

any possible faults are detected early, and can be corrected without delaying progress

of the works. In some cases, tests should be carried out on the manufacturer’s

premises, although final acceptance need not be given before the goods have been

placed. Rejected goods must be removed from site as soon as possible.

4.3 Construction Products

The RE must familiarise himself with the specifications and manufacturing or construction

techniques for the following construction products:

Asphalt premix

Bitumen seals and slurry seals

Concrete

Crushed stone aggregates and base course

Epoxy injection

Installation of neoprene seals

Mortar

Plaster

Stabilized gravels

4.4 Construction Activities

The Resident Engineer is responsible for checking all construction activities and should

therefore be familiar with the Specifications, requirements and test methods involved. Before

the Contractor starts any activity the RE should refresh his memory of all relevant clauses in the

Standard Specification and Special Provisions. It is essential that the RE controls the

Contractor’s activities by insisting on a thorough inspection and check of all stages of the workbefore he gives the Contractor the authority to proceed with the following activities.



23

4.4.1 Setting out

The RE shall ensure that the basic beacons and bench marks are available for the

Contractor to set out all the necessary lines and levels. Such beacons and bench

marks shall be indicated on drawings. The RE should check beacons and bench

marks before they are handed over and be properly protected and secured against all

possible movements or damage by the Contractor. The Contractor will then set out al

the necessary lines and levels required for the proper control of the Works, using the

above beacons and marks.

The RE shall conduct a completely independent check to satisfy himself as to the

sufficiency and accuracy of the Contractor’s setting out.

4.4.2 Temporary Works

The Contractor shall formulate his own plans for temporary works and the RE should

avoid giving detailed instruction. However he should ensure that the Contractor

produces all necessary calculations and drawings in time for the RE and / or HO to

carry out any checking that may be required. These works should be accepted by the

RE after checking, as distinct from approved. The RE must satisfy himself, by referring

to the Engineer if necessary, that:

The strength of a temporary structure is adequate to carry the applied loading.

Adequate foundations are provided for same.

Temporary works do not adversely affect permanent works, structurally or

otherwise.

Proper safety precautions are observed at all times.

The accepted design for the temporary works is used on the site.

4.4.3 Detours and Deviation of Traffic

The RE must ensure that all detours are well constructed and adequately maintained

by the Contractor. All regulatory and warning signs as specified in the relevant

regulations must be erected and maintained in good condition by the Contractor. The

safety of the public comes well before any inconvenience to the Contractor and all

detours must be kept in a safe condition at all times. If an accident occurs the Court

will take the actual site conditions into account and inadequate signposting and detour

maintenance are considered as major factors even if the driver was entirely at fault.



24

4.4.4 The RE should consult the “Resident Engineer’s Check List” which outlines the checks,

tests and inspection procedures that should be used for each major activity. This

check list is used in conjunction with the Standard Specifications and the Special

Provisions which will give details of the material requirements, construction methods

and standard of work required. The following publications from the NITRR, the

Technical Recommendations for Highways, should also be consulted as they provide

technical background to the Specifications which should be understood by the RE if he

wishes to apply the Specifications correctly:

TRH 1 : Prime coats and bituminous airing membranes. (1986)

TRH 3 : Surface treatments. (1986)

TRH 4 : Structural Design of Interurban and Rural Road Pavements. (1985)

TRH 5 : Statistical concepts of quality assurance and their application to road

construction.

TRH 8 : Selection and Design of Hot-mix asphalt surfacings. (1978)

TRH 9 : The construction of road embankments. (1982)

TRH 10: The design of road embankments (1987)

TRH 13: The use of cementitious stabilisers in road construction. (1986)

TRH 14: Standards for road construction materials. (1980)

TRH 15: Subsurface drainage for roads. (1984)

Technical Manual

K56 : Safety at roadworks in Rural areas.

4.4.5 Testing

i Testing will be carried out by a site laboratory which will be controlled by the senior

laboratory technician. The laboratory will only carry out tests when requested to doso and should not be left to carry out testing in a haphazard pattern on their own

initiative. The RE must exercise positive control and ensure that all aspects of the

work are thoroughly and competently tested. He must take an active interest in the

workings of the laboratory to ensure that it functions efficiently and accurately. The

importance of efficient accurate testing cannot be overemphasized as the

acceptance or rejection of the Contractor’s work depends on this. The RE should

be familiar with two publications from the NITRR, the Technical Methods for

Highways, namely:TMH 1 : Standard Test Methods for Road Materials

TMH 5 : Sampling Methods for Road Construction Materials



25

ii The RE’s laboratory is responsible for testing after any portion of the work has been

completed. (This is known as “Quality Control Testing”). The Contractor is always

responsible for testing during the construction of any portion of the work. (This is

called “Process Control”). The presence of the RE’s laboratory on site carrying out

extensive quality control testing does not relieve the Contractor in any way of his

responsibility for carrying out his own process control testing. Occasionally

arrangements are made for a shared site laboratory. In these instances a

comprehensive test procedure must be agreed between the RE and the Contractor

to ensure that both process control and quality control testing requirements are

satisfied.

4.5 Site Management of Construction Activities

To assist the RE in the management and co-ordination of all construction activities various

standard forms have been prepared. These forms must be used to ensure efficient and uniform

site management and to provide a permanent record of the various site activities. Copies should

also be issued to the Contractor to assist him with his site management and to give the

Contractor a record of what the RE has approved or rejected. All the forms do not apply to every

contract and in some instances the RE will have to prepare his own forms for special operations.

Examples are given in Section 7.0. The importance of using these forms cannot be

overemphasized and the Engineer expects the RE to use them wherever they are applicable.

4.5.7 Recording of Laboratory Test Results

All laboratory test results must be summarised and recorded for future references.

Various Clients and Authorities have their own standard forms and requirements. At

the start of the Contractor the RE must liase with the Engineer and the senior

laboratory technicians to ensure that all the necessary forms are available. These

forms must be completed as the project proceeds. Under no circumstances may therecording of results be left until the end of the Contract. The responsibility for

completing these forms usually rests with the senior laboratory technician but the RE

should ensure that the forms are completed on a regular basis.



26

5. PAYMENT CERTIFICATES

5.1 Measurement of Quantities

5.1.1 Clauses 57, 58 and 59 of the General Conditions of Contract (1982) set out the basic

responsibilities of the RE and the Contractor for taking measurements and the

checking of calculations. The RE must ensure that all site measurements and

calculations are correct and that the correct quantities are entered onto the monthly

payment certificates.

5.1.2 The RE must do all measurements and calculations independently of the Contractor in

the standard Measurement Book. (Exhibit C 3.2.2(a)). This serves as a check on the

Contractor’s own calculations which are submitted to the RE on everything from neat

computer printouts to scraps of paper. (A quantity is not necessarily correct because it

is shown on a computer print-out). Variations between the RE’s measurements and

the Contractor’s should be entered in the measurement book when the correct

calculation has been agreed.

5.1.3 A separate measurement sheet or group of sheets must be used for each item and all

the sheets filed in numerical item order. At the end of each month’s measurement a

line must be drawn under the calculations for that month and the monthly and

cumulative totals shown. The next month’s calculations continue on the same sheet to

enable a check to be kept on what was previously measured as well as to update the

cumulative totals. When the RE and the Contractor have agreed the quantities then

each monthly total and cumulative total can be carried forward onto the payment

certificate.

5.1.4 The standard Measurement Book serves as permanent record of the RE’s

measurements. No other system of recording measurements, whether done by the RE

or submitted by the Contractor, will be permitted. Supplementary information such as

invoices, weighbridge tickets etc may be attached to the standard Measurementsheets.

5.1.5 Interim Measurements

As considerable time can be spent on measurement and calculation, the RE should

consider carefully how the works can best be progressed. He should adopt the

simplest way of carrying out interim measurements and valuations but always bearing

mind what will have to be achieved ultimately to ensure accurate final measurements.

In respect of items that are partially complete accurate calculations are not alwaysnecessary. However any portion of the works that can be measured accurately should

be done immediately as this ensures greater accuracy of interim valuations, avoids



27

concentration of work on final measurements towards the end of the

Contract when the RE has a lot of loose ends to tie up, and ensures that the

measurements is done by persons still familiar with details. It is important that interim

valuations are done as accurately as possible to ensure that the Contractor neither

overclaims or is underpaid on any particular certificate as such practices can lead to

large inaccuracies in the escalation amounts.

5.1.6 Final Measurements

Final quantities must be measured and agreed with those submitted by the Contractor

as soon as possible and no later than the time that the relevant item or section of work

is completed. If the Contractor declines to agree the quantities of any item of work

completed, the RE should use his own calculation of the final measurement on the

payment certificate until such time as agreement is reached.

5.2 Variations

Whenever work is ordered to be undertaken outside the scope of items in the Schedule of

Quantities it shall be measured in the usual way and costed at rates received from the

Contractor in writing and submitted to HO with suitable comment for negotiation, if necessary,

for final approval from the Employer. The RE shall, in addition, draft a Variation Advice * -

explaining the reason for the extra work, its nature, and its estimated cost. The work should

not be put in hand until the Employer’s approval to the extra cost has been obtained, unless

this is necessary for programme delay reasons, in which case the Engineer’s approval to the

extra cost has been obtained, unless this is necessary for programme delay reasons, in which

case the Engineer’s approval must be obtained. In addition, the amount involved should in

general, not be included in an interim (monthly) certificate until such time as the RE has

informed HO by way of the VA, and HO has advised and obtained the agreement of the

Employer to accept the extra costs incurred. This is necessary in order to avoid the

repudiation of an interim certificate submitted by HO to the Employer by reason of the inclusionof what appears to the Employer to be an unauthorised amount. Thus the payment of a fairly

large sum due to the Contractor may be withheld by reason of a dispute over a comparatively

small amount of extra work of which the Employer had no knowledge at the time of submission

of the relevant certificate.

*Note: Some employers may have their own systems, which should be used where

applicable.



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5.3 Daywork

(See SA General Conditions of Contract Clause 52 (4)). Daywork , in general, should only be

agreed to where there are no appropriate rates in the schedule for deriving new rates or where

the work is so unpredictable that the Contractor would have difficulty in pricing it. Daywork

rates are often financially to the Contractor’s advantage and the RE should be cautious in

agreeing to work being carried out on that basis. Instructions to proceed with daywork must be

given in writing.

Daily returns showing in detail all labour and materials used during the previous 24 hours shall

be submitted in duplicate by the Contractor to the RE.

If agreed one copy should be signed and returned to the Contractor. This will avoid lengthy

arguments which can arise if there is an interval between the time the daywork is carried out

and the agreement of the claim.

5.4 New Rates

Where additional work of a major nature is required and for which there are no applicable rates

in the schedule of quantities, then RE shall call upon the Contractor to submit new rates and

he shall in turn submit them to HO after negotiation with the Contractor, together with a

recommendation and motivation for acceptance. HO will then obtain the Employer’s approval.

5.5 Provisional Sums

When insufficient information is available as to the nature of or necessity for certain work to be

done at the time the schedule of quantities is prepared, a Provisional Sum is normally

provided. Any payments made under a Provisional Sum must be in accordance with the

General Conditions of Contract.

5.6 Prime Cost Items

Prime Cost items represent sums provided for specific articles or materials to be supplied, orfor specialist work. In such items the Contractor may have included in his tender percentages

or amounts for profit and / or for taking responsibility for a Sub-contractor. Separate items are

usually provided for fixing or attendance.

Payment of PC sums will be the net cost of the articles, materials or services supplied as

invoiced, to which the Contractor’s percentages or amounts are to be added. The inclusion of

a PC sum in any valuation should only be allowed by the RE on production by the Contractor

as evidence that the amount involved has been paid, such as the submission of a photocopyof the receipted invoice. The PC amount is exclusive of any discount for early payment, but

inclusive of VAT, transport and handling charges.



29

5.7 Price Variations and Escalations

The administration of price variations requires vigilance on the part of the RE to ensure that

the Contractor is compensated strictly in accordance with the Contract Documents. Generally,

compensation takes one of two forms, as follows:

5.7.1 Statutory Variations

Here actual variations in the cost of labour and materials are recovered by the

Contractor. In respect of labour only, a gazetted labour wage increase is permissible

for a claim, and audited evidence of a number of personnel on site to which this

increase is applicable, must be submitted. In all contracts allowing for wage variations

the Contractor should be requested to submit copies of his weekly pay sheets on a

weekly basis. In respect of materials, the Contract Document should include a list of

materials and prices on which the Contractor’s tender was based. The RE must

therefore obtain from the Contractor copies of all invoices relating to materials on which

an increase is being claimed, in accordance with the Schedule of Special materials

listed in the Tender document.

The RE shall ensure when comparing these invoices with the basic prices quoted in the

schedule that they do not include the cost of additional work or labour which were not

allowed for in the original basis price. The RE must also ensure that the quantities of

materials claimed are actually being used in the Works.

5.7.1 Escalation Formula

If the Contract is subject to a price variation formula, the RE must make himself familiar

with all its ramifications and confer with HO about any matters which appear to require

clarification.

5.8 Claims

(See SA General Conditions of Contract, Clause 53).

5.8.1 General

Owing to the complexity and often indeterminate nature of civil engineering work it is

seldom possible to produce a contract document which is completely free from flaws,

however well thought out it may have been. Thus a contract document cannot be

expected to provide the answer to every conceivable problem that can arise during the

execution of the work.

The General Conditions of Contract assume the good intention of both Contractor and

Employer. In the event of a disagreement, the RE can only offer his opinion on what



30

he considers to be the intention of the Contract. Should either party

fail to concur with his opinion, the RE should not be unduly concerned as he is merely

carrying out his duty. However, he must continue his efforts to make both parties

realise that he is trying to interpret conditions which had previously been agreed by

both sides. In the case of a “deadlock”, refer to HO.

The RE should be firm and just at all times attempt to find a satisfactory basis for

settlement of all claims from both the Employer’s and Contractor’s point of view.

The RE must endeavour by all reasonable means at his disposal to keep the number of

claims to a minimum.

8.5.2 Procedure

The contractual procedure requires that the Contractor shall give notice on a monthly

basis of any intention to claim when he considers there are reasonable grounds. This

must be done before any costs are incurred and not afterwards, when little can be done

to minimize them. The Contractor’s statement of costs must be submitted by the RE to

HO together with is report outlining the Contractor’s contention, the facts of the matter

and his own opinion of the validity of the claim. In assessing any claim the reference to

a well kept daily diary is invaluable as by the time the claim is submitted, it is not

always easy to dispute any exaggerated claims unless the correct facts were recorded

at the time the claim arose.

5.9 Payment Certificate

The form of the payment certificate will vary depending on the Client. The RE must consult

with the Engineer at the start of the Contract to ensure that he is completely familiar with the

payment certificate and knows how to complete it properly.

Each Contractor normally has his own system of payment certificate which he submits to theRE as his claim for payment. Because these vary from Contractor to Contractor most major

Clients have their own standardized payment certificates and will not accept the Contractor’s.

5.10 Revised Quantities and Cost Estimates

5.10.1 Every month after the measurements have been calculated the RE shall make an

updated estimate of the revised quantities. These are usually entered on the payment

certificate to give the Client an indication of how the actual quantities compare with the

billed quantities.



31

Using these revised quantities and making a best estimate of future

escalation and rise of special materials the RE should calculate a revised cost estimate

and submit it to the Engineer on a monthly basis. This revised estimate is often

required by a Client. As estimating is not always easy the RE should seek the advice

of the Engineer whenever he is in doubt about his estimate and predictions.



32

6. APPENDIX A RESIDENT ENGINEER’S CHECK LIST - ROADS

Contents Page

1. ROAD CONSTRUCTION

Roadbed 33

Cut 33

Fill 34

Selected subgrade 34

Gravel subbase 35

Gravel base 36

Crushed stone subbase 36

Crushed stone base 37

Gravel shoulders 38Borrow pits 39

Stabilization 39

Prime coat 40

Surface treatment: seals 41

Asphalt surfacing 44

Concrete pavements 47

2. PAVEMENT REHABILITATION (Still to be added) 49

Patching

Milling

In-situ recycling

3. CONCRETE STRUCTURES (Still to be added) 49

Shuttering

Concrete mix design and testing

Placing and curing concrete

4. WATER AND SEWERAGE RETICULATION

Excavation 50

Pipe laying 50

Backfilling 51



33

1. ROAD CONSTRUCTION

ROADBED:

1. Check presence of services and check requirements.

2. Determine whether there are either unsuitable material or hardrocky material that should be excavated.

3. Determine whether there are areas which should be drained.

4. Ensure three pass roller compaction, where required. Light passroller compaction required on fills.

5. Carry out density and CBR tests and check compliance withspecification.

CUT:

1. Classify excavation for hardness before and during excavation.

2. Classify cut materials as spoil or suitable for fill, subgrade,subbase mitre banks, etc. before and during excavation.

3. Check dimensions of cuts, including cut slopes.

4. Check standard of trimming and finishing of slopes.

5. Check the stability of cut slopes.

6. Determine whether subsoil drainage is necessary. Check rockstrata, high water table levels.

7. Determine whether cut off drains at the top of the cutting arenecessary.

8. Check for suitable stockpile area.

COLTO SPECIFICATIONREFERENCE

1202

3305(a); 3302(a); 3303;3202; 3210

3305(e)

3305(b)

3305 (c) & (d) and theProject Specifications

3303

3302(a); 3306(b)

3306(a)

3308(a); 3310(b)(iii)

3306(g)

3203



34

FILL:

1. Check that fill material is suitable and complies with CBRrequirements.

2. Inspect compaction process with particular reference to mixing &

compaction plant, moisture content & distribution, layer thicknessand maximum size of rock particles.


4. Check dimensions of fill and ensure that :

a) Levels are within the specified tolerances.

b) The width of the fill at various levels are within the tolerances.

c) The fill slopes comply with the specification.

5. Check that frequency of all measurements and tests is adequate.

6. If specified in the drawings, checks must be made on items suchas :

a) Benching if the road bed crossfall exceeds 1:10.

b) The stability of all fills, especially side fills in a cut to fillsituation.

c) Rock toe construction.

d) Widening of fill.

SELECTED SUBGRADE:

1. Check that the finished surface on which the selected subgrade isto be placed, is true to line and level within the specifiedtolerances and that it is free from soft or wet area.

2. Check that the material complies with the requirements as follows:

Lower selected subgrade : Max PIMin CBR

Upper selected subgrade : Max PIMin CBRMin Grading Modulus


3302(b); 3307(a)3307(h) - 3307(j)

3207(a); 3304; 3307

3302(b); 3311

3310(a)

3310(b)(i) &(ii)

3308(b)

3311; 8104; 8210 or8309

3307(d)

3307(c),(e),(f)&(g)

3307(h)

3307(i)&(j)

3310

3402(a) and theProject Specifications



35


4. Check that finished surface is true to line and level within thespecified tolerances.

5. Inspect compaction process with particular reference to mixing &compaction plant, moisture content & distribution, layer thicknessand maximum size of rock particles.

6. Check that thickness of compacted layers is within the specifiedtolerances.

7. Check that the width is within the specified tolerances.

8. Check that frequency of all measurements and tests is adequate.

GRAVEL SUBBASE:

1. Check that immediately before the placing of the subbase, thesubgrade complies with all specified requirements and that it isfree from soft or wet areas. Check selected subgrade density testresults.

2. Check that the quality of the subbase material complies with thespecification in the following respects:

GradingGrading ModulusCBR

3. Inspect compaction process with particular reference to mixing &compaction plant, moisture content & distribution, layer thicknessand maximum size of rock particles.

4. Carry out density tests and check compliance with specification.

5. Check the layer thickness is within the specified tolerance.

6. Check that the levels are within the specified tolerance.

7. Check that the width is within the specified tolerance.

8. Check that the cross-section complies with the drawings and iswithin the specified tolerances.

9. Check that the frequency of all measurements and tests isadequate.


3402(b)

3310; 3405(a)

3403; Section 3200

3405(b)

3405(d)

3406; 8204 or 8304

3403(a); 3310; 3405


3403; Section 3200

3402(b); 3406

3405(b)

3405(a)

3405(d)

3405(e)

3405; 3406; 8204 or8304



36

GRAVEL BASE:

1. Check that immediately before the placing of the base, thesubbase complies with all specified requirements and that it isfree from soft or wet areas.

2. Check that the quality of the gravel base material complies withthe specifications in the following aspects:

GradingGrading ModulusCBR

3. Inspect compaction process with particular reference to mixingand compaction plant, moisture distribution, layer thickness andmaximum size of rock particles.


5. Check that the layer thickness is within the specified tolerance.

6. Check that the levels and longitudinal grade are within thespecified tolerances.



9. Check that the surface irregularities are within the specifiedtolerances.


CRUSHED STONE SUBBASE:

1. Check that immediately before the placing of the subbase, thesubgrade complies with all specified requirements and that is freefrom soft or wet areas.

2. Check that the quality of the material complies with thespecification in the following aspects :a) Visually free from deleterious materialsb) Gradingc) Aggregate crushing value.d) Flakiness index.e) Atterberg Limits, particularly Plasticity Index.f) Electrical conductivity.Note : Allow adequate time for testing (not less than two weeks).


3403(a); 3405


3403(b); Section 3200

3402(b); 3406

3405(b)

3405(a) & (c)

3405(d)

3405(e)

3405(f)

3406; 8204 or 8304

3603

3602; 3402; ProjectSpec. & see tables:3602/13602/23602/3



37

3. Inspect compaction process with particular reference to mixing &compaction plant, moisture content & distribution and layerthickness.

4. Check that an acceptable, closely-knit mosaic surface has been

obtained.


6. Check that the layer thickness is within the specified tolerance.

7. Check that the levels are within the specified tolerance.




CRUSHED STONE BASE :

1 Check that immediately before the placing of the base, thesubbase complies with all specified requirements and that it isfree from soft or wet areas.

2 Check that the quality of the material complies with thespecification in the following aspects:

a) Visually free from deleterious materials.b) Grading.c) Aggregate crushing value.d) Flakiness index.e) Electricity conductivity.Note : Allow adequate time for testing (not less than two weeks).

3 Inspect compaction process with particular reference to mixing,

compaction plant, moisture, moisture distribution and layerthickness.

4 Check that an acceptable, closely-knit mosaic surface had beenobtained.

5 Carry out density tests and check compliance with specification.

6 Check the layer thickness is within the specified tolerance.


3604

3604(c)

3607

3606; 3405(b)

3606; 3405(a)

3606; 3405(d)

3606; 3405(e)

3707; 3607

3603

3602;Project Spec. &see tables:3602/13602/23602/3

3604; 3405(b)

3604(c)

3607

3606; 3405(b)



38

7 Check that the levels and longitudinal grade are within thespecified tolerance.

8 Check that the width is within the specified tolerance.

9 Check that the cross-section complies with the drawings and iswithin the specified tolerances.

10 Check that the edges next to any concrete channels are wellcompacted and the depth allowed for the surfacing is uniformalong the channel length.

11 Check that the surface irregularities are within the specifiedtolerances.

12 Check that the frequency of all measurements and tests isadequate.

GRAVEL SHOULDERS :

1. Check whether the gravel shoulders are to be placed before thebase or not.

2. Check the quality of the material with particular reference to :

a) Maximum size material.

b) Grading.c) Plasticity Index.d) Plasticity Index and Grading Modulus combined.

3. Inspect compaction process with particular reference to mixing,compaction plant, moisture, moisture distribution and layerthickness.


5. Check that the levels and layer thickness are within the specified

tolerances.

6. Check that the grade is within the specified tolerance.


8. Check that the frequency of all measurements and tests areadequate.


3606;3405(a)&(c)

3606; 3405(d)

3606; 3405(e)

3604(d)

3606; 3405(f)

3607

3403(b)(ii)

3402(a); Project Spec. &see tables:3402/1

3402/23402/3

3403;Section 3200

3403(b); 3406

3405(a) & (b)

3405(c)

3405(d)

3406



39

BORROW PITS:

Inspect all borrow pits (separate check sheet for each pit) and check thefollowing:

1. Check that the negotiation with owners and authorities has been

completed.

2. Check that all overburden is removed (when there is nooverburden, check on removal of roots, grass, etc.)

3. Check that topsoil is stockpiled separately.

4. Check that there is no undesirable or deleterious material in theborrow pit. Any such material must be marked to prevent mixingwith the approved material.

5. Check that material is only obtained from within the designatedarea both horizontally and vertically.

6. Check that the material excavated from the borrow pits is not inany way inferior to the material shown on the borrow pit plans.

7. Check that the general working of the borrow pit is satisfactoryand that no wastage of good materials occurs.

8. On completion of the working, check that the borrow pit has beensuitably reinstated and topsoiled from the previously reservedstockpile. Check with the local environmental officer and obtain

his approval if necessary.

STABILIZATION :

Note : These checks are in addition to those already listed for the various

pavement layers.

Where stabilization with cementitious stabilizers is undertaken thefollowing checks must be carried out:

1. Check that the stabilizing agent complies with the specification

and do a stabilization design check with the laboratory.

2. Where stabilizing agents are stored, check that they are protectedfrom moisture.

3. Check that the stabilizing agent is spread uniformly before mixingcommences. Carry out tests to ensure that the uniformity ofspreading is within the specified tolerance.


3102

3104(c)

3104(a)

3104(d)

3104(d)

3103(b) & (c)

3104(e)

3105

3502(a)

3502(d)

3503(b); 3506(a)



40

4. Check that the mixing process is satisfactory and that ahomogeneous mixture is produced.

5. Check that water is NOT applied before a homogeneous mixture

of stabilizer and material is produced.

6. Check that the compaction process is satisfactory with particularreference to mixing plant, distribution of moisture and compactionplant.

7. Check that the compaction process is completed within thespecified time limit.

8. Check that the uniformity as determined by quantitative chemicaltests, is acceptable.

9. Check that the curing of stabilized layer is satisfactory.

10. Check that the unconfined compressions strength of samplesobtained form the stabilized layer, complies with the specificationfor the contract.

11. Check that the frequency of all tests and measurements areadequate including the trial section.

PRIME COAT:

1. Check that the prime material complies with the specification.

2. Check that the binder distributor has a valid calibration certificate.

3. Before priming, check that the layer complies with surface andother requirements.

4. Check for any recent damage by traffic or rain.

5. In cases where it rained after completion of the compaction,

check that the moisture content of the base is at least 50% belowoptimum moisture content before priming.

6. Check that weather conditions are favourable before primingcommences.

7. Check that the necessary equipment is available and conforms tothe specifications.


3503(d); 3506(b)

3503(e); (f) & (g)

3503(i)

3506(b)

3503(h)

Project Specification; or

TRH 13 & TRH 14

3507 & 3509

4102

4103(a)

4105

4104

4104

4103



41

8. Check that the surface has been prepared properly including alight application of water to provide a damp surface.

9. Check on storage and spraying temperatures.

10. Check that kerbing, guard rails, etc have been suitably coveredbefore priming commences.

11. Check that the spray rate achieved is within the specifiedtolerances.

12. Ensure that the road is closed to all traffic. If sections of theprimed surface have to be used by traffic ensure that an effectiveblinding layer is used. The use of blinding is not recommended;provide detours wherever possible.

SURFACE TREATMENT : SEALS

Single, Double & Cape Seals :

1. Check material for quality compliance as follows :

a) Seal stone : (i) Aggregate crushing value(ii) Average least dimension

(iv) Grading(v) Flakiness(vi) Dust content

b) Aggregate for slurry seal : (i) Hardness of parent rock(ii) Grading(iii) Sand equivalent(iv) Filler

c) Tack Coat Binder : Compliance with relevant SABS.

d) Penetration Spray Binder : Compliance with relevant SABS.

e) Emulsion for slurry : Compliance with relevant SABS.

f) Fog Spray Binder : Compliance with relevant SABS.

g) Precoating of Aggregate (Hydrophilic aggregates): Compliance with relevant SABS.

Note : Allow adequate time for testing (not less than two weeks)


4105

4106(b)

4106(g)

4106(c); 4108

4302(b)

4302(b)

4302(c)

4302(a);4502; 4602

4302(a); 4502

4302(a); 4602(c)

4302(a); 4403(d);4502(g)

4302(d)



42

2. Check the following items of plant and equipment:

a) Binder distributor.b) Chip spreader.

c) Rollers.d) Brooms.e) Mixer for slurry.f) Spreader box for slurry.g) Precoating Plant.

3. Check that the weather conditions are favourable and that roadsurface temperatures are above the specified minimum.

4. Check that binders are stored at temperatures and for periodswhich do not exceed the specified maximum.

5. Check that binders are sprayed at the correct temperatures.

6. Check that the surface to be sprayed has been cleaned.

7. Check that the prime coat has not been damaged by traffic orrain.

8. In cases where it rained after priming, check that the moisturecontent of the base is at least 50% below optimum moisturecontent before proceeding with the surfacing.

9. Check that the surface to be sprayed has been properlydemarcated.

10. Check that the kerbs, channels, guard rails, etc have beenadequately covered before spraying commences.

11. Check that the rate of application of the binder is within thespecified tolerance.

12. Check that the stone is applied within the specified time and thatall “windows” are immediately filled by hand distribut ion (in backchipping).

13. Check that the rolling sequence and the rolling techniques ingeneral are satisfactory.

14. Check that the surface has been broomed and the specifiedaggregate spread rate has been achieved.

15. Check that any joints between sprays have been properly andneatly constructed.


4303

4304

4305

4305

4306(a)

4306(b)

4307

4307(b)(v)

4309; 4403(a); 4503(a)

4308(d); 4403(a);4503(d)

4303(a) & (d)4403(b); 4503(b),(e) & (f)

4307; 4308;4403(a) & (d)

4307(b)(iv)



43

16. Where a second application of binder on top of the tack stone isspecified, check that the application rate of the binder is within thespecified tolerance.

17. Check on the timing of the second application of binder, with

special reference to the time interval between the application ofthe tack coat and the second binder application.

18. Where a second application of aggregate is required, check onthe spread rate, brooming and rolling.

19. Where a fog spray is required, check on the timing and rate ofapplication.

20. Check that the composition of the slurry is within the specificationwith particular reference to emulsion content, water content andfiller content.

21. Check that the rate of application of the slurry is within thespecified tolerance.

22. Check on the timing of the slurry application with particularreference to:

a) The time interval between the application of the tack coatand the application of the slurry and

b) The time interval between the first and second application

of the slurry (where two applications of slurry arespecified).

23. Check that the finished surface complies with the specifiedtolerances in the following respects:

a) Level and grade..b) Width.

c) Cross-section.

d) Surface regularity.

e) Stone adhesion after first few days of traffic.


COLTO SPECIFICATIONREFERENCE 4308; 4503(d);4603(d)

4503(d)

4503(d), (e) & (f)

4403(d); 4503(g)

4604(c)

4309(b); 4604(e)

4604(b)

4604(e)

4314

Contract Specifications



44

ASPHALT SURFACING:

1. Check the material for quality compliance before constructioncommences as follows:

a) Aggregate for asphalt:

i. Geological classification (check that the parent rockis acceptable).

ii. Aggregate crushing value.

iii. Flakiness.

iv. Polishing stone value.

v. Adhesion.

vi. Absorption.

vii. Sand equivalent (of sand fraction).

viii. Grading (check that by bleeding, a grading complyingwith the grading specification can be obtained).

b) Rolled in chips :

i. Geological classification (check that the parent rockis acceptable).

ii. Aggregate crushing value.

iii. Flakiness.

iv. Polishing stone value.

v. Adhesion.

vi. Absorption.

vii. Grading.

viii. Grade and quantity of precoating binder.

ix. Quantity of active filler.


4202(b)(i) to (ix)

4202(b)(i) to (vii) & (x)



45

c) Filler :

i) Type and activity.

ii) Grading.

iii) Bulk density in benzene.

iv) Maximum quantity of active filler in mix.

d) Binder : Compliance with relevant SABS.

e) Asphalt mix :

i) Marshal stability

ii) Marshal flow.

iii) Voids in mix.

iv) Stability / flow ratio.

v) Filler / bitumen ration.

vi) Bitumen filler thickness.

2. Check the following items of plant and equipment :

a) Mixing plant.b) Paver for asphalt mix.c) Chip spreader for pre-coated chips.d) Rollers.e) Binder distribution.

3. Check that the surface complies with the requirements and hasbeen cleaned and prepared. Check that the prime coat has notbeen damaged by traffic or rain. In cases where it rained afterpriming, check that the moisture content of the base is at least50% below the optimum moisture content before proceeding withthe surfacing in the upper 50mm of the base.

4. Check that the weather conditions are favourabe and that airtemperatures are above the specified minimum.

5. Check that the tack coat has been evenly applied at the correctrate.


4202(c)

4202(a)

4203

See tables andProject Specifications

4204

4205(b)(i) & (ii)

4205(a)

4205(c)(iii)



46

6. Check the following temperatures:

a) Storage temperature of binder.

b) Temperature of the binder as it enters the mixer.c) Temperature of aggregate as it enters the mixer.d) Temperature of the mix on completion of mixing.e) Temperature of the mix when it is spread.Note : Items a – d : Check at plant on an intermittent basis.

Item e : Check every load on site.

7. Check the spreading and compaction of the mix with particularreference to the following:

a) Smooth and efficient spreading of mix.b) The construction of longitudinal and transverse joints.c) The rate of application and uniformity of application of

rolled in chips.d) The operation of the rollers and compaction.e) The surface texture and the degree of embedment of the

rolled chips.Note : At the beginning of a contract check that a trial section has

been laid and that the quality of the trial section is acceptable.

8. Check that the following tests have been carried out on theasphalt mix as process control during construction :

a) Grading (6).b) Binder content (6).c) Spread rate for rolled in chips.d) Grading of rolled in chips.e) Marshall stability, flow and voids (4).f) Density (8).Note : Increase specified frequencies of testing to those

shown in ( x ) when trial sections are evaluated.

9. Check that the construction tolerances and surface finish complywith the specification in the following respects :

a) Level and grade.b) Width.c) Thickness.d) Cross-section.e) Surface regularity.

10. Check that the frequency of all measurements and tests isadequate. (See note about trial sections under item 8.)

11. Check whether filler (lime / cement) is added as specified.Note : This needs to be checked randomly at the asphalt plant and is

often omitted by the producer if no checks are made.


4206(a)

4206(a)4206(b)(i)(1)4206(a)4207

42074208

4209; 4213(b)

42104210

4211

4214; Table 8206/3 andthe Project Specifications

4213(a)

4214



47

CONCRETE PAVEMENTS :

1. Check the materials and the mix design for quality andrequirement compliance before construction commences as

follows:

a) Cement.b) Water.c) Aggregates for concrete.d) Admixtures to concrete.e) Concrete mix:

i) Cement content (cement / water ratio).ii) Specified strength.iii) Workability of concrete.iv) Air content.

2. Check the following items with respect to batching, mixing andtransporting of the concrete:

a) Storage of aggregates and cement.b) Storage temperatures of aggregates and mixing water.c) Proportioning of mix constituents.d) Mixing of the concrete.e) Transporting of the concrete.

3. Check that the surface upon which the concrete is to be placed,complies with the requirements and has been cleaned and

prepared. Check that the prime coat has not been damaged bytraffic or rain. Check the temperature of the primed subbase. If itexceeds 200 C the subbase shall be wetted.

4. Check the placing and compaction of the concrete under thefollowing items :

a) Compaction (vibrate until all air expelled but take care notto over vibrate as this causes bleeding of the mix water).

b) Time taken for placing the concrete.c) Adverse weather conditions (eg. rain, wind, high

temperatures).

d) Maintaining continuity of placing (concrete should not bemoved with the vibrating poker).

e) Width of placing.f) Level of requirements.g) Segregation of aggregates (can be caused by excessive

haul distances).


7102(a)7102(b)7102(c)7102(d)

7103

7105

7106

7107



48

5. Check that the sideforms are clean and comply with therequirements of the following items:

a) Sideforms.b) Setting of forms.c) Removal of forms.

d) Rails.e) Guide wires.

Holes for dowels and tie bars should be drilled to obviatedistortion to the sideform caused when holes are cut. Unusedholes should be securely sealed to prevent mortar loss.

6. Check that the sideform concrete spreading, compaction andfinishing complies with the requirements.

7. Check that the slipform concrete placing, compaction andfinishing complies with the requirements.

8. Check that the hand placing requirements for spreading,compaction and finishing are complied with when concrete isplaced by hand in confined, restricted or non-uniform panels.

9. Check the texturing of the concrete pavement under the followingitems :

a) Equipment.b) Burlap drag and grooved texture.c) Wirebroom texture.

d) Hand texturing.

10. Check that the correct curing compound is applied and that therate of application and cover is as required. If exposed, curingcompound should be applied to the vertical edges of thepavement as well.

11. Check that the pavement is suitably protected against anydamage during the curing period of fourteen days.

12. Check that the joint fillers and sealants comply with the requiredstandards.

13. Joints must be checked to comply with the requirements of:

a) Longitudinal construction joints.b) Transverse construction joints.c) Longitudinal hinge joints.d) Transverse contraction joints.e) Expansion joints.


7108

7109

7110

7111

7113

7102(g); 7114

7114; 7126

7102(e)

711571157116(a)7116(b)7117



49

14. Check that the panel with the “female” section of the keyed joint iscast before the panel with the “male” section.

15. Check that the sawing of joints is carried out by experiencedpersonnel and that the sawing is done at the “right time”. The

“right time” means the optimum time between when the concreteis green and spalling occurs and prior to cracks forming.

16. Check the placing of the tie bars and dowels to ensure that theyare at the correct position and properly aligned. Further checksfor compliance with the tie bar and dowel requirements must bemade. Particular care is to be taken that tie bars and dowels arevertical to the face of the joint.

17. Check that the materials which are to be used for the joint sealingare in compliance with the requirements. The joint must bethoroughly checked for cleanliness and dryness before sealing.Checking must further be carried out to ensure the sealingprocedure is carried out correctly. Care must be taken to ensurethat the neoprene compression seal is not stretched duringinstallation.

18. Check that the remedial work complies with the requirements forthe following items :

a) Removal of concrete.b) Removal of high spots.c) Repairing of joints.

d) Repairing of cracks.

19. Check that the construction tolerances have been met in respectof :

a) Level and Grade.b) Width.c) Joints.d) Thickness.e) Cross-section.f) Surface regularity.g) Dowels.

20. Check that frequency of measurements and testing andcompliance of test results comply with the specifications.

2. PAVEMENT REHABILITATION (Still to be added)

3. CONCRETE STRUCTURES (Still to be added)


7116; 7118

7119

7120

7125

7122

7124



50

4. WATER AND SEWERAGE RETICULATION

EXCAVATION

1. Identify positions where other services may be encountered.These areas should be hand dug and all services exposed.

2. Classify material for and during excavation.

3. Generally three categories, soft, intermediate and hard rock.

4. Hard rock must be measured before blasting takes place.

5. If blasting is necessary ensure that the blaster has a validlicense. Check the blaster’s proposed safety precautions beforeblasting. Also obtain permission from relevant authorities beforeblasting in the vicinity of any services.

6. Excavated material, which is not suitable for bedding or backfill,such as rocks, clays, should be separated from the good materialand spoiled.

7. Where soft, soggy or unsuitable material is encountered, thisshould be removed and replaced with gravel or other approvedmaterial. If in doubt concerning depth, replacement material, etc.consult with Project Engineer.

8. For safety reasons, excavations left open at night should bebarricaded and lit if possible.

9. Excavations left open at night should be checked the followingmorning in case of side collapse, ingress of water, etc., beforeworks is allowed to commence.

PIPE LAYING (Water and Sewerage)

1. Check that pipes are correct type and class as specified.

2. Ensure pipes are stored with ends above the ground unless

stacked on concrete floors.

3. Check bedding as per specification and / or drawings beforepipe laying is allowed to commence.

4. Check invert levels or bedding before and during pipe laying. Also check trench width and alignment.

5. Any pipes left with open ends overnight or for any period of timeshould be properly sealed off at the open end to prevent ingressof dirt into the line.

6. Check at outset that pipe layer is sufficiently proficient.

SABS 1200 SPEC.REFERENCE

Clause 3.1 inSections D, DA & DB

Clauses 3.2, 3.3& 3.5 in Section DB.Clauses 3.1, 3.2,3.3, 3.4.1 & 3.4.2in Section LB.

Section LB



51

BACKFILLING

1. Check pipe alignment before any backfilling is allowed tocommence. The selected backfill must be approved beforeordinary backfill to ground level is allowed to commence.

2. Check that backfill material does not include any rocks or sharpobjects which could damage the pipe.

3. Before testing, backfilling of the pipes should be allowed with the joints left exposed wherever possible.

4. Backfilling should be to ± 150mm above ground level to allow forany subsequent settlement, except in urban areas whereadditional compaction may be required to ensure that pavementareas do not settle further.

Clauses 5.6 to 5.10

6 & 7 in Sect DB

Clauses 3.5, 5.6.1 &5.6.2 in Section DB



52

7. APPENDIX B RESIDENT ENGINEER’S CHECK LIST - WATER

Contents Page

1. PIPE TRENCHESExcavation

BeddingPipe layingBackfillingPressure TestingReinstatement of surfaces

2. UPVC PIPES

3. HDPE WATER PIPES

4. STEEL WATER PIPES

5. SEWER PIPES

6. CONCRETE STORMWATER PIPES

7. VALVES, EQUIPMENT, METERS, STAND PIPES AND FITTINGS

8. CHAMBERS AND MANHOLES

9. PUMPSTATIONS (STILL TO BE ADDED)

10. TREATMENT PLANTS (STILL TO BE ADDED)

11. CONCRETE STRUCTURES (STILL TO BE ADDED)

12. CANALS (STILL TO BE ADDED)

13. MASS EARTHWORKS

14. BOREHOLE INSTALLATIONS (STILL TO BE ADDED)



53

1. PIPE TRENCHES

EXCAVATION

1. Identify positions where other services may be encountered.

Obtain all service plans and copy of the approved wayleaveapplications (where applicable). These areas should be handdug and all services exposed.

2. Classify material for and during excavation and assess thesuitability of the insitu material for the various classes of backfillto the trench. Perform grading and PI tests.

3. Generally three categories, soft, intermediate and hard rock ( oras provided in the project specifications)


5. If blasting is necessary, ensure that the blaster has a validlicense. Obtain a blasting indemnity form from the contractor.Check the blaster’s proposed safety precautions before blasting. Also obtain permission from relevant authorities before blastingin the vicinity of any services. Ensure that notices are submittedto residents and authorities prior to blasting.

6. Excavated material which is not suitable for bedding or backfill,such as rocks, clays should be separated from the good materialand spoiled.

7. Where soft, soggy or unsuitable material is encountered, thisshould be removed and replaced with gravel or other approvedmaterial as per specification. If in doubt concerning depth,replacement material, etc. consult with Project Engineer.

8. For safety reasons, excavations left open at night should bebarricaded and lit if possible.

9. Check that the trench is widened for joints.

10. Excavations left open at night should be checked the following

morning in case of side collapse, ingress of water, etc., beforeworks is allowed to commence.

11. Approve the trench bottom and measure the depth and gradientprior to commencement of the bedding and pipe laying.

12. Assure that bracing and shoring are done at dangerousexcavations. See that the contractor appoints a responsibleperson in writing in terms of the Machinery and OccupationalSafety Act.

SABS 1200 SPEC.REFERENCE

Clause 3.1 inSections D, DA & DB

Clauses 3.2, 3.3& 3.5 in Section DB.Clauses 3.1, 3.2,3.3, 3.4.1 & 3.4.2in Section LB.

Clause 5.1.3 in D, DA



54

BEDDING AND SELECTED BACKFILL

1. Check that the bedding and selected backfill material complieswith the grading and PI specifications prior to placement.

2. Check that bedding and selected backfill material does notinclude any rocks or sharp objects which could damage the pipe.

3. Check that the bedding and selected material are compacted tospecification, that no voids are left under the overhang of thepipes and placed to the correct dimensions (cover and beddingunder pipe)

4. Leave the joints exposed wherever possible for later pressuretesting.

PIPE LAYING

1. Check that pipes are correct type and class as specified.

2. Ensure pipes are stored with ends above the ground unlessstacked on concrete floors.

3. Check that the marking of the pipes are according to thespecifications.

4. Check bedding as per specification and / or drawings before pipelaying is allowed to commence.

5. Verify that each pipe and fitting are thoroughly cleaned out and

carefully examined for damage immediate before laying.

6. Check invert levels during pipelaying.

7. Any pipes left with open ends overnight or for any period of timeshould be properly sealed off at the open end to prevent ingressof dirt into the line.

8. Check at outset that pipe layer is sufficiently proficient.

9. Ensure that pipelines passing through buried beams, walls, orother rigid structures have at least 50 mm clearance between the

pipeline and any part of the structure.

10. Assure appropriate clearance between the pipeline and the otherservices intersecting or laid alongside. Consult the specificationsor the Project Engineer..

BACKFILL

1. Check pipe alignment before any backfilling is allowed tocommence. The selected backfill must be approved beforeordinary backfill to ground level is allowed to commence.

2. Ensure that as-built levels and co-ordinates are taken prior tobackfill.

Clauses 3.1 & 3.2 insection LB

Clauses 5.1.3, 5.1.4, 5.3,6 & 7 in section LB

Section LB

Clauses 5.6 to 5.10

6 & 7 in Sect DB

Clauses 3.5, 5.6.1 &5.6.2 in Section DB



55

3. Check that backfill material does not include any rocks or sharpobjects which could damage the pipe.

4. Before testing, backfilling of the pipes should be allowed with the joints left exposed wherever possible.

5. Backfilling should be to ± 150mm above ground level to allow forany subsequent settlement, except in urban areas whereadditional compaction may be required to ensure that pavementareas do not settle further.

6. Check that the contractor allows sufficient cover before applyingcompaction equipment and wheel loads over the pipes.

PRESSURE TESTING

1. Check that all thrust blocks and/or pedestals (pressured waterlines) are cast and cured prior to pressure testing.

2. Make sure that adequate precaution for air vents are made. Ifnecessary install temporary air vents.

3. Test sewer and water lines in accordance with the specifications.

REINSTATEMENT OF SURFACES

(still to be added)

2. uPVC WATER LINES (SABS 966)

1. Check that pipes and fittings are packed or wrapped to protectthem from damage during transportation. When stored,continuous support should be provided along the full length of thepipe.

2. Verify that pipes and fittings are correct type and class asspecified.

3. Check that the joint rings fitted to the integral pipe end socketsand other fittings are in a good condition and free from oil, petrol,

grease or dirt.

4. Check that the rubber rings used for jointing are those suppliedby the manufacturer

5. Inspect the inner and outer surfaces are smooth and free fromgrooving, blistering, and other deleterious defects.

6. Check that the plain end of the pipes and fittings is clean cut andchamfered to half of the wall thickness of the pipe.

7. Check that both ends are free from chips and rough edges andcut square to the axis.

Sewer: clause 7.2 of LDWater: clause 7.3 of L

Clause 5.2.1 of L

Clause 4.4 & 5.5 ofSABS 966



Clause 6 of SABS 966



56

8. No joints shall visibly leak when tested.

9. Ensure that no pipes are threaded and that no threaded fittingsare used to joint to uPVC pipes.

3. BLACK POLYETHYLENE PIPES (SABS 533)

1. Check that pipes and fittings are correct type and class asspecified.

2. Check that pipes are free from porosity and pinholes and that theinner and outer surfaces are smooth, homogeneous, and freefrom grooving, blistering and other deleterious defects.

3. Check that both ends are free from chips and rough edges andcut square to the axis.

4. Check that pipes are transported and stored in manner notcausing damage and kinking.

5. Check that no pipes are threaded and that no threaded fittingsare used to joint to PE pipes.

4. STEEL PIPES (SABS 62 & 719)

1. Check that the pipes are of the specified type, material and wallthickness.

2. Check that threads, flanges and prepared ends of plain endedpipes and fittings are not damaged.

3. Check that flanges and plain ends are cut and welded square tothe axis of the pipe.

4. Check that the maker’s certificate covering the chemical analysisand physical properties of the steel used in the manufacturing ofthe pipes and specials comply with the specification.

5. Verify, by obtaining written conformation from the manufacturer,that the welding has been carried out by a coded welder.

6. Check that pipe specials and fittings are free from weld spatter

and all sharp corners and edges are grounded smooth andround.

7. Check that the flanges are manufactured to the correct patternand thickness and that the nuts and bots are of the correctspecification.

8. Check that bolt holes are not reamed to oversize dimensions tomake a particular pieces fit.

9. Check that gaskets that comply with the specifications are usedbetween the flanges.

Clause 3.4 of SABS 533


Clause 3.1 of L

Clause 3.1 of L

Clause 3.4.1 of L

Clause 3.4.1 of L

Clause 3.3.4 of L

Clause 3.8.3 & 3.8.4 of L

Clause 3.8.4 of L

Clause 3.8.4 of L

Clause 3.9.2.1 & 3.9.2.2of L

Clause 3.9.2.3 & 7.4 of L



57

10. Check that the bolts are of sufficient length.

11. Check that the pipe coatings comply with the specifications.

12. Check that any detected defects to the coating are repaired asspecified.

13. Check that all plain ends are not oval.

14. Check that all joints, bolts, nuts and washers are coated tospecification.

15. Check that the protection against electrolytic corrosion is installedto specification.

16. Check that pipes are laid to avoid straining of joints (screwedfittings and flanges)

17. Check that all welded joints are tested and pasted in accordancewith the specification.

5. uPVC SEWER AND DRAIN PIPES (SABS 791 & 1601)

1. Check that pipes and fittings are packed or wrapped to protectthem from damage during transportation. When stored,continuous support should be provided along the full length of thepipe.

2. Check that pipes and fittings are the correct type and class asspecified.

3. Check that the joint rings fitted to the integral pipe end socketsand other fittings are in a good condition and free from oil, petrol,grease or dirt.

4. Check that the inner and outer surfaces are smooth and freefrom grooving, blistering, and other deleterious defects.

5. Check that the rubber rings used for jointing are those suppliedby the manufacturer.

6. CONCRETE STORMWATER PIPES (SABS 677)

1. Check that the pipes are of the correct class.

2. Prior to laying, check that the pipes are not cracked or damaged.

3. Check that the pipe lengths are placed hard up against eachother longitudinally to obtain tight joints.

4. Check that each barrel is supported throughout the barrel length.

5. Check that holes or grooves are cut in the bottom of the trench toallow for jointing (spigot and socket pipes)

6. Check that lifting holes are closed with prior to backfilling.

Clause 7.2 of L


Clause 5.2.2 of LE

Clause 5.2.2 of LE



58

7. VALVES, EQUIPMENT, METERS, STAND PIPES AND FITTINGS

1. Check that the valves, equipment, meters etc. are of thespecified type, material, size and marking.

2. Ensure that suppliers’ certificates are provided.

3. Check that valves, equipment, meters etc. are not damaged priorto installation.

4. Check that all adaptor bushes are manufactured specifically forthe purpose and pipe materials.

5. Check that the flanges are manufactured to the correct patternand thickness and that the nuts and bots are of the correctspecification.

6. Check that bolt holes on neither the fitting, etc nor the pipeflanges are reamed to oversize dimensions to make a particularpiece fit.

7. Check that all fittings, meters, valves, equipment, etc. areproperly supported.

8. Check that the bolts are of sufficient length.

9. Check that the outside diameter of pipes is within the tolerancesas prescribed by the manufactures of pipe couplers and adaptorbushes.

10. Check that gaskets that comply with the specifications are usedbetween the flanges.

11. Check that sensitive equipment is stored in a manner to avoiddamage by dust, sunlight and is safely locked away.

12. Check that meters, valves and equipment are installed correctlyto avoid straining on the joints.

13. Check that coatings are not damaged.

8. CHAMBERS AND MANHOLES

1. Refer to “CONCRETE STRUCTURES” for concrete manholesand chambers and concrete slabs that form part of manholes,chambers and grid inlets.

2. Check that the bricks are obtained from a approvedmanufacturer, are either burnt clay or engineering bricks andcomply with the specifications.

3. Check that precast cylinders are of the correct type and class, jointing between the rings are interlocking and self-centring.

4. Check that the precast sections are not damaged or cracked.

Clause 3.11.1 of L,Clause 3.1 of A or AAClause 3.4.1 of LE

Clause 3.11.2 of L,Clause 3.4.2 of LE

Clause 3.11.5.1 of L,Clause 3.4.3 of LE



59

5. Check that manhole cover and frames and grid inlets are of thecorrect type and class. Generally type 1 and 2 cover and framesare used in areas that are subjected to traffic and type 4 in areasnot subjected to loads.

6. Check that the step irons comply with the requirements of BS1247 and of length suitable for fixing in brick, in-situ concrete or

precast concrete as applicable.

7. Check that the compaction around the manholes, chambers andboxes is done to specification.

8. Check that brickwork is properly bonded in a 1:3 cement:sandmortar and are constructed in an approved bond with the fair faceto the inside.

9. Check that plaster are not less that 12 mm and not more than 20mm and that the finish are smooth and even.

10. Check that benching is rendered in granolithic plaster andfinished smooth and true and that corner are rounded.

11. Check that boxes, chambers and valves are constructed to theposition and dimensions as indicated on the drawing. At least300 mm working space should be allowed around valves, metersother equipment that requires future access.

12. Check air vents, locking devices, etc..

13. Ensure that the finished surface of the ground around the

structure is done in a manner to lead the stormwater away fromthe structure.

9. PUMP STATIONS

(still to be added)

10. TREATMENT PLANTS

(still to be added)

11. CONCRETE STRUCTURES

(still to be added)

12. CANALS

(still to be added)

13. MASS EARTHWORKS

1. Identify positions where other services may be encountered.These areas should be hand dug and all services exposed.

2. Classify material for and during excavation.

3. Generally three categories, soft, intermediate and hard rock.

Clause 3.11.4.1 of L,Clause 3.4.4 of LE

Clause 5.8 of L,Clause 5.5.2 of LE

Clause 5.5.3 of LE

Clause 5.5.3 of LE

Clause 6.4 of L,Clause 6.3 of LE

Clause 3.1 in D, DA

Clause 5.1.1.3 in D, DA



60


5. If blasting is necessary, ensure that the blaster has a validlicense. Obtain a blasting indemnity form from the contractor.Check the blaster’s proposed safety precautions before blasting. Also obtain permission from relevant authorities before blasting in

the vicinity of any services. Ensure that notices are submitted toresidents and authorities prior to blasting.

6. Verify that material to be used for fill in embankments, terraces;berms, etc. comply with the CBR, PI, grading and liquid limitrequirements.

7. Make sure that no oversize particles are placed againststructures that can damage the structure.

8. Assure that the contractor select, preserve and the topsoil ifrequired for later use.

9. Assure that material from excavations that is suitable for backfillor the construction of embankments, etc. is stockpiled in thevicinity of future use and that any unsuitable material is spoiled.

10. Agree the overhaul distance to and from spoil, stockpile, borrowand fill areas and measure the quantities of the material moved.Spoil material are measured using the volume prior to excavationand fill material the volume after placement.

11. Check that every excavation that is accessible to the public or

that is adjacent to public road or thoroughfare or by which safetyof persons may be endangered is adequately protected.

12. Assure that bracing and shoring are done at dangerousexcavations. See that the contractor appoints a responsibleperson in writing in terms of the Machinery and OccupationalSafety Act.

13. See that the contractor provides adequate protection againstflooding, damage by stormwater, flow from springs, and seepage.

14. Assure prior to excavation and/or fill that adequate survey

information are available to enable the RE to calculate quantities.

15. See that the contractor manage borrow pits as instructed.

16. Verify that the works are constructed to the tolerances.

17. Check that the contractor carry out sufficient tests to satisfythemselves about the consistency of materials placed and that hehands copies of such tests to the RE.

18. Carry out check tests and make the results available to thecontractor.

19. See that material, compaction and levels that not comply with thestandard and tolerances are rectified to comply with the saidrequirements and tolerances.

Clause 3.2 in D, DA


Clause 3.3.1 and 5.2.1.2of D, DA

Clause 3.3.2 of D, DA

Clause 5.2.5 and 8 of D,DA

Clause 5.1.1.1 of D, DA

Clauses 5.1.1.2 and

5.1.4.3 of D, DA


Clause 5.2.2.3 of D, DA

Clauses 6 of A, AA, D,

DA

Clause 7.2 of D, DA

Clause 7.3 of D, DA



61

14. BOREHOLE INSTALLATIONS

(still to be added)



8. APPENDIX C – RESIDENT ENGINEER’S CHECK LIST – STRUCTURES

Pending

Contents Page