Respiratory System Cornell Notes

How does air get into the lungs?

• Your respiratory system is made of two lungs and a series of tubes• Inside the lungs, at the

end of the tubes are alveoli

(pr: Al-vee-o-lee)

Destination: Alveoli

1. Nose or mouth2. Pharynx3. Larynx (vocal

chords/Adam’s apple)

4. Trachea

5. Bronchus (bronchi)6. Bronchioles7. Alveoli

What are alveoli?

• Alveoli are the location of external respiration.–Respiration means

exchanging gases

• Alveoli are surrounded by tiny blood vessels called capillaries.

What is external respiration?

1. Carbon dioxide leaves the blood and goes into alveoli to be exhaled.

2. Oxygen enters the blood when inhaling.

What is cellular respiration?

• Cellular respiration is what cells do to make ATP.

• Materials needed: Oxygen and glucose

• Materials produced: ATP, carbon dioxide, and water

How is breathing possible?

• You use your diaphragm and intercostals (muscles between your ribs) to breathe.– Exhale: breathing out– Inhale: breathing in

• When you exhale, diaphragm moves up and curves toward your head.

• When you inhale, diaphragm contracts in order to be a flat shape.

Circulatory System Cornell Notes

What color is blood?

• Blood can be different shades of red.–Red blood cells

• It is never blue.– In textbooks, blue

means “high in carbon dioxide, low in oxygen”–Red means “high in

oxygen, low in carbon dioxide”

• Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen (and sometimes carbon dioxide).

• White blood cells can destroy many bacteria by engulfing them.

• Platelets are sticky fibers that help close wounds.

• Plasma is the liquid everything else is carried in.

What is blood made of?

• Like a highway for the body• Carries carbon dioxide from

cells for external respiration• Carries oxygen to cells for

cellular respiration• Carries glucose to cells• Carries hormones—

chemicals we will discuss later— to different parts of the body

What is the purpose of blood?

• Arteries are usually high in oxygen because they carry blood away from the heart– Exception: pulmonary

arteries• Veins are usually high in

carbon dioxide because they carry blood toward the heart– Exception: pulmonary veins

How are arteries and veins different?

• Simple mnemonic device:–Ray’s R.V. went from L.A.

to L.V.

1. Venae Cavae 2. Right Atrium3. Right Ventricle4. Left Atrium5. Left Ventricle6. Aorta

How does blood travel through the heart?

• A system of valves keeps blood flowing in the correct direction.• When blood leaves

an atrium, a valve closes like a gate, so blood cannot move backwards.

Why does blood only move in one direction through the heart?

Nervous System Cornell Notes

What is the nervous system made of?

• The brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

• Nerves are bundles of neurons.–A neuron is a long cell.

What are the parts of a neuron?

• Cell body which contains a nucleus (eukaryote cell)

• Many Dendrites receive electrochemical signals called impulses

• Axon carries an impulse away from the cell body

• Axon endings contain neurotransmitter

• Myelin sheath keeps the impulse from leaving the cell’s membrane; keeps it moving in the direction toward the axon endings.

What is an impulse?

• An impulse is a signal started by neurotransmitters–It is like a chain

reaction.

How does an impulse

travel through a neuron?

1. Dendrite2. Cell body

3. Axon4. Axon

endings

How is an impulse sent to another

neuron?

• When the impulse reaches the axon endings:

1. Neurotransmitter is released into synapse • Synapse: space between

neurons

2. Neurotransmitter lands on receptors of nearby dendrites.

How do neurons create

sensations?

1. Sensory neurons in eyes/ears/nose/mouth/skin receive an impulse.

2. The impulse is sent to Interneurons in the Central Nervous System (CNS).–The CNS is made of

the brain and spinal cord.

How do neurons

move our muscles?

1. Interneurons in our CNS receive an impulse.

2. The impulse is sent to motor neurons in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).– The PNS includes all the

nerves that carry messages to/from the CNS

3. The impulse is sent to a muscle cell (effector).

Which neurons are used during

thinking?

Choose one of the following:

a) Sensory neuronsb) Interneuronsc) Motor neurons

The correct answer is b.

What are the parts of the

PNS?

• The Somatic Nervous System sends impulses to and from skeletal muscles (neck, arms, fingers, legs, etc.)

• The Autonomic Nervous System sends impulses to and from your internal organs (heart, diaphragm, liver, kidneys, etc.)

Which neurons are used during a reflex?

1) a sensory neuron – OUCH! You touch a cactus

needle.

2) A spinal cord interneuron

— NOT a brain interneuron, because you don’t think about what to do next

3) a motor neuron– You move your hand away

quickly.

2.6 ParagraphThe urinary system

contains kidneys, which are made of nephrons. Humans have two kidneys. Their job is to filter blood. Each kidney is made of about one million nephrons. A nephron can filter out waste and make sure body fluids are balanced. This describes the role of kidneys and their basic units, nephrons.

4.10 ParagraphIn my study of abused

drugs, I learned about stimulants, depressants, narcotics, and hallucinogens. Stimulants increase the activity of the Central Nervous System and the sympathetic .…