Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 61 The Respiratory System ► The respiratory system consists of: The lungs. The respiratory tract

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System

►The respiratory system The respiratory system consists of:consists of: The lungs.The lungs. The respiratory tract.The respiratory tract.

►It supplies the body’s constant It supplies the body’s constant need for oxygen in order for need for oxygen in order for the body to stay in a state of the body to stay in a state of “homeostasis”“homeostasis”


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Functions:Functions:

►Provides the structures for the Provides the structures for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxideexchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

►Responsible for sound production by Responsible for sound production by passing air over the vocal cordspassing air over the vocal cords

►3 types of respiration:3 types of respiration: ExternalExternal InternalInternal CellularCellular


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Nose Nose (nostrils)(nostrils)

► Where air entersWhere air enters► Nasal septum divides the nose into 2 cavitiesNasal septum divides the nose into 2 cavities► Cavities lined with mucous which helps to Cavities lined with mucous which helps to

moisten the air as it enters and trap dirt and moisten the air as it enters and trap dirt and pathogenspathogens By the time air enters the lungs it has been By the time air enters the lungs it has been

warmed, filtered and moistenedwarmed, filtered and moistened► Cilia are present in anterior portion of nose: Cilia are present in anterior portion of nose:

tiny hair-like structures that push particles tiny hair-like structures that push particles toward the stomach to be swallowedtoward the stomach to be swallowed

► Olfactory receptors provide sense of smellOlfactory receptors provide sense of smell► Lacrimal ducts drain tears from the eye into Lacrimal ducts drain tears from the eye into

the nose to provide extra moisture for the airthe nose to provide extra moisture for the air


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SinusesSinuses

►Cavities in the skull around the nasal Cavities in the skull around the nasal areaarea Frontal, maxillary, sphenoid & ethmoidFrontal, maxillary, sphenoid & ethmoid

►Connected to the nasal cavity by short Connected to the nasal cavity by short ductsducts

►Lined with mucous that warms and Lined with mucous that warms and moistens airmoistens air

►Provides resonance for the voiceProvides resonance for the voice


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Pharynx (throat)Pharynx (throat)► Found behind the nasal cavitiesFound behind the nasal cavities► About 5 inches longAbout 5 inches long► Passageway for both food and air.Passageway for both food and air.► Divided into 3 sections:Divided into 3 sections:

Nasopharynx – upper portion; tonsils and Nasopharynx – upper portion; tonsils and eustachian tube openings are found hereeustachian tube openings are found here

Oropharynx – middle section; receives Oropharynx – middle section; receives both air and food from the mouthboth air and food from the mouth

Laryngopharynx – bottom section; Laryngopharynx – bottom section; branches into the branches into the tracheatrachea which carries which carries air to and from the lungs and the air to and from the lungs and the esophagusesophagus which carries food to the which carries food to the stomachstomach


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Larynx (voice box)Larynx (voice box)► Contains the vocal cords.Contains the vocal cords.► Found between the pharynx and tracheaFound between the pharynx and trachea► Joined at an angle to form the thyroid Joined at an angle to form the thyroid

cartilage, or Adam’s applecartilage, or Adam’s apple► Contains the vocal cordsContains the vocal cords

Opening between cords is called glottisOpening between cords is called glottis Epiglottis is leaf-like structure that closes Epiglottis is leaf-like structure that closes

the opening into the larynx during the opening into the larynx during swallowing; prevents food and liquids from swallowing; prevents food and liquids from entering the lungsentering the lungs

Air leaves lungs, the vocal cords vibrate and Air leaves lungs, the vocal cords vibrate and produce soundproduce sound

Tongue and lips act on the sound to produce Tongue and lips act on the sound to produce speechspeech


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Epiglottis


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Trachea (windpipe)Trachea (windpipe)

►Tube that connects the Tube that connects the larynx and carries air to the larynx and carries air to the right and left bronchi. right and left bronchi.

►Lined with mucus to trap Lined with mucus to trap dust particles. Coughing dust particles. Coughing and expectoration dislodges and expectoration dislodges and eliminates dust mucusand eliminates dust mucus

►Series of C-shaped cartilage Series of C-shaped cartilage that help keep the trachea that help keep the trachea open open


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BronchiBronchi►2 division near the center of the 2 division near the center of the

chestchest►Each bronchi enters a lung and Each bronchi enters a lung and

carries air from the trachea to carries air from the trachea to the lungthe lung

►In the lungs, the bronchi In the lungs, the bronchi continue to divide into smaller continue to divide into smaller branches called bronchiolesbranches called bronchioles

►Smallest bronchioles end in air Smallest bronchioles end in air sacs called alveolisacs called alveoli


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Alveoli Alveoli

►Air sacs that resemble a bunch of grapesAir sacs that resemble a bunch of grapes►Adult lungs contain about 500 millionAdult lungs contain about 500 million► Inner surfaces of the alveoli are covered Inner surfaces of the alveoli are covered

with lipid (fatty) material called surfactantwith lipid (fatty) material called surfactant Helps stabilize the alveoli and prevent collapseHelps stabilize the alveoli and prevent collapse

►Allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to be Allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to be exchanged between the blood and the exchanged between the blood and the lungslungs


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Lungs Lungs ► Organs that contain division of the bronchi Organs that contain division of the bronchi

and alveoliand alveoli► Right lung has 3 sections Right lung has 3 sections

SuperiorSuperior MiddleMiddle InferiorInferior

► Left lung smaller because the heart lies Left lung smaller because the heart lies more to the left side of the chestmore to the left side of the chest

► Double-layer membrane that lines each Double-layer membrane that lines each lung called pleuralung called pleura Visceral – attached to the surface of the lungVisceral – attached to the surface of the lung Parietal – attached to the chest wallParietal – attached to the chest wall


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External RespirationExternal Respiration►A.k.a. “breathing”A.k.a. “breathing”►Exchanges oxygen & carbon dioxide Exchanges oxygen & carbon dioxide

between the lungs, the body and the between the lungs, the body and the outside environmentoutside environment

► Inspiration: when air enters the bodyInspiration: when air enters the body WarmedWarmed Moistened Moistened FilteredFiltered

►Expiration: when air leaves the bodyExpiration: when air leaves the body


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► Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the bloodstreambetween the lungs and the bloodstream

► Oxygen enters the alveoliOxygen enters the alveoli► Concentration of Concentration of OxygenOxygen in the alveoli in the alveoli

becomes higher than the concentration of becomes higher than the concentration of Oxygen in the bloodstreamOxygen in the bloodstream

► Oxygen leaves alveoli and enters the Oxygen leaves alveoli and enters the capillaries (bloodstream)capillaries (bloodstream)

► Carbon dioxide, which is carried as waste Carbon dioxide, which is carried as waste by the capillaries, leaves the bloodstream by the capillaries, leaves the bloodstream and enters the alveoliand enters the alveoli

► Alveoli expel it from the body during Alveoli expel it from the body during expirationexpiration

Oxygen exchangeOxygen exchange


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Internal respirationInternal respiration

►Exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide Exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide between the between the cellscells and the and the bloodstreambloodstream

►Oxygen is carried to the cells by the Oxygen is carried to the cells by the capillariescapillaries

►Concentration of O2 is higher in the Concentration of O2 is higher in the blood than in the cells causing oxygen blood than in the cells causing oxygen to leave the blood and enter the cellsto leave the blood and enter the cells

►This leads to cellular respiration…..This leads to cellular respiration…..


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Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

►Cells use oxygen to produce energy Cells use oxygen to produce energy ►Chemical reaction occurs causing Chemical reaction occurs causing

energy (ATP) from food to be energy (ATP) from food to be released, usually in the form of heat, released, usually in the form of heat, to maintain body temperatureto maintain body temperature

►When food is burned, it gives off When food is burned, it gives off waste products through carbon waste products through carbon dioxide and are carried away through dioxide and are carried away through cellular respirationcellular respiration


Types of RespirationTypes of Respiration► ApneaApnea

Temporary stoppage of breathingTemporary stoppage of breathing► DyspneaDyspnea

Difficult or painful breathingDifficult or painful breathing► EupneaEupnea

Normal or easy breathingNormal or easy breathing► HyperpneaHyperpnea

Increase in depth and rate of breathing and abnormal Increase in depth and rate of breathing and abnormal exaggeration of respiratory movementsexaggeration of respiratory movements

► OrthpneaOrthpnea Difficult breathing when in horizontal positionDifficult breathing when in horizontal position

► TachypneaTachypnea Abnormally rapid and shallow rate of respirationAbnormally rapid and shallow rate of respiration

► HyperventilationHyperventilation Rapid breathing where body loses excess carbon dioxide too Rapid breathing where body loses excess carbon dioxide too

quickly; caused by disease or stressquickly; caused by disease or stress

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DiseasesDiseases

► Asthma Asthma ► BronchitisBronchitis► COPDCOPD► EmphysemaEmphysema► EpistaxisEpistaxis► InfluenzaInfluenza► Laryngitis Laryngitis

► Lung cancerLung cancer► PleurisyPleurisy► PneumoniaPneumonia► RhinitisRhinitis► SinusitisSinusitis► TuberculosisTuberculosis► URIURI


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AsthmaAsthma

►Caused by sensitivity to allergen (dust, Caused by sensitivity to allergen (dust, pollen, animals)pollen, animals)

►Symptoms occur when bronchioles Symptoms occur when bronchioles narrow due to spasm causing narrow due to spasm causing tightness in chesttightness in chest

►TreatmentTreatment Medication to open bronchiolesMedication to open bronchioles oxygenoxygen


►Bronchitis – Xtranormal (dual actor)Bronchitis – Xtranormal (dual actor)►Bronchitis – xtranormal (single actor)Bronchitis – xtranormal (single actor)

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Bronchitis Bronchitis ► Inflammation of the bronchiInflammation of the bronchi

Acute – caused by infectionAcute – caused by infection Chronic – occurs after Chronic – occurs after

frequent acute attacks; more frequent acute attacks; more susceptible to reoccurrencesusceptible to reoccurrence

►Symptoms:Symptoms: Chest pain, wheezing, Chest pain, wheezing,

dyspnea (difficulty breathing)dyspnea (difficulty breathing)►Treatment:Treatment:

No cure – antibiotics to fight No cure – antibiotics to fight infection and medication to infection and medication to open bronchiopen bronchi


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COPDCOPD

►Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DisorderDisorder

►Any chronic lung disease that results Any chronic lung disease that results in obstruction of the airwayin obstruction of the airway

►Chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis, Chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, tuberculosis, etc.emphysema, tuberculosis, etc.

►Smoking is primary cause, but Smoking is primary cause, but allergies and chronic infections are allergies and chronic infections are also factorsalso factors


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Emphysema Emphysema ► Noninfectious chronic respiratory Noninfectious chronic respiratory

conditioncondition► Occurs when walls of the alveoli Occurs when walls of the alveoli

deteriorate and become less deteriorate and become less elasticelastic

► Carbon dioxide remains trapped Carbon dioxide remains trapped in alveoliin alveoli

► Common causes: Common causes: Heavy smokingHeavy smoking Prolong exposure to pollutionProlong exposure to pollution

► Treatment: no cure – medication, Treatment: no cure – medication, oxygenoxygen


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Expistaxis Expistaxis ►A.k.a. nosebleedA.k.a. nosebleed►Capillaries in nose become congested Capillaries in nose become congested

and bleedand bleed►Causes:Causes:

Injury to noseInjury to nose HypertensionHypertension HemophiliaHemophilia LeukemiaLeukemia

►Treatment: compress nostrils, elevate Treatment: compress nostrils, elevate the head and tilt it slightly forward, the head and tilt it slightly forward, apply cold compressapply cold compress


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Influenza Influenza

►Highly contagious viral infectionHighly contagious viral infection►Symptoms include chills, fever, sore Symptoms include chills, fever, sore

throat, runny nose, fatiguethroat, runny nose, fatigue►Treatment: bedrest and fluidsTreatment: bedrest and fluids►No cure – treat symptomsNo cure – treat symptoms


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Laryngitis Laryngitis

► Inflammation of the larynx (vocal Inflammation of the larynx (vocal cords)cords)

►Occurs with other respiratory Occurs with other respiratory infectionsinfections

►Causes horseness, sore throat, Causes horseness, sore throat, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)

►Treatment – no cure; treat symptomsTreatment – no cure; treat symptoms


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Lung cancerLung cancer►Leading cause of death in Leading cause of death in

men and womenmen and women►Preventable – main cause is Preventable – main cause is

exposure to carcinogens in exposure to carcinogens in tobaccotobacco

►No symptoms in early stagesNo symptoms in early stages Chronic coughChronic cough Hemoptysis – coughing up bloodHemoptysis – coughing up blood Dyspnea and chest painDyspnea and chest pain Fatigue and weight lossFatigue and weight loss

►Treatment: Treatment: surgery/chemotherapy/radiatisurgery/chemotherapy/radiationon


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Pleurisy Pleurisy ► Inflammation of the pleura Inflammation of the pleura

of the lungsof the lungs► Usually occurs w/ Usually occurs w/

pneumonia or infectionspneumonia or infections► Symptoms:Symptoms:

Stabbing pain while breathingStabbing pain while breathing Crepitation (grating sound in Crepitation (grating sound in

lungs)lungs) Dyspnea and feverDyspnea and fever

► Treatment: medication for Treatment: medication for pain, congestion, and pain, congestion, and infection; possible surgery infection; possible surgery to open cavitiesto open cavities


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Pneumonia Pneumonia

► Inflammation or infection of lungs w/ a Inflammation or infection of lungs w/ a buildup of fluid in the alveolibuildup of fluid in the alveoli

►Can be bacterial, viral or chemicalCan be bacterial, viral or chemical►Symptoms: chills, fever, chest pain, Symptoms: chills, fever, chest pain,

cough, dyspnea, fatiguecough, dyspnea, fatigue►Treatment: antibiotics if bacterial, Treatment: antibiotics if bacterial,

treat symptomstreat symptoms


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Rhinitis Rhinitis

► Inflammation of nasal membrane Inflammation of nasal membrane resulting in runny noseresulting in runny nose

►Common cause in infection and Common cause in infection and allergiesallergies

►Treatment – treat symptoms and Treatment – treat symptoms and antibiotics if bacterialantibiotics if bacterial


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Sinusitis Sinusitis

► Inflammation of mucous membrane Inflammation of mucous membrane lining the sinuseslining the sinuses

►Bacterial or viralBacterial or viral►Symptoms: headache, congestion, loss Symptoms: headache, congestion, loss

of resonance in voiceof resonance in voice►Treat symptoms; antibiotics if bacterialTreat symptoms; antibiotics if bacterial


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Tuberculosis Tuberculosis

► Infectious disease caused by Infectious disease caused by bacteria bacteria (mycobacterium tuberculosis)(mycobacterium tuberculosis)

► Lesions form within the lung tissueLesions form within the lung tissue► Organisms remain dormantOrganisms remain dormant► Active case can occur if body has low Active case can occur if body has low

resistanceresistance► Treatment – medications for 1 year or Treatment – medications for 1 year or

more to destroy the bacteria; good more to destroy the bacteria; good nutritionnutrition

► Becoming more widespread due to influx Becoming more widespread due to influx of immigrantsof immigrants


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Upper Respiratory Infection Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)(URI)

►A.k.a. common coldA.k.a. common cold► Inflammation of the mucous Inflammation of the mucous

membrane lining the upper respiratory membrane lining the upper respiratory tracttract

►Caused by virus and highly contagiousCaused by virus and highly contagious►Symptoms – fever, runny nose, watery Symptoms – fever, runny nose, watery

eyes, congestion, sore throat, cougheyes, congestion, sore throat, cough►Treatment – no cure; treat symptomsTreatment – no cure; treat symptoms

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 61 The Respiratory System ► The respiratory system consists of: The lungs. The respiratory tract