Revolutions 4/29/13

Revolutions 4/29/13http://mrmilewski.com

• OBJECTIVE: Examine “Fit to Rule”. MCSS WH-6.1.5• I. Administrative Stuff

-Attendance• II. The Day the Universe Changed

-questions on episode#8 “Fit to Rule” • III. Homework Monday 5/6/13

1.) Read Chapter#17 section#3 p.430-435-Answer questions (1-7)* p.435

2.) Chapter#17 section#4 p.436-439-Answer questions (1-6)* p.439

3.) Read Chapter#17 section#5 p.440-443-Answer questions (1-6)* p.443

*Answer 4 questions of your choice


• OBJECTIVE: Examine the Austrian Hapsburgs and the Prussians. MCSS WH-4.3.5

• I. Journal#14 pt.A-Examine the map on p.437-Answer questions (1-3) p.437

• II. Journal#14 pt.B-notes on Austria & Prussia

• III. Homework due Monday 5/6/131.) Read Chapter#17 section#3 p.430-435

-Answer questions (1-7)* p.4352.) Chapter#17 section#4 p.436-439

-Answer questions (1-6)* p.4393.) Read Chapter#17 section#5 p.440-443

-Answer questions (1-6)* p.443• NOTICE: Chapter#17 Test Monday 5/6/13

The Holy Roman Empire 1618• Voltaire (French

Philosopher) said that the Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, Roman, nor an Empire.

• It was a patchwork of hundreds of small states that paid little attention to the emperor.

• The north was Protestant.• The south was Catholic.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Imperial_Circles-2005-10-15-de.png/300px-Imperial_Circles-2005-10-15-de.png

The Thirty Years’ War• The war began in Bohemia (Czech

Republic) as Ferdinand, the Hapsburg king of Bohemia sought to suppress Protestants and assert royal authority.

• In May 1618, a couple of Royal officials were tossed out of a castle window by two Protestant noblemen.

• The war began.• With the support of Poland, Spain, and

other Catholic nations, Ferdinand sought to roll back the reformation.

• The Bohemians were defeated and this caused the Protestant nations of the Netherlands and Sweden to send troops into Germany.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ferdinand2.jpg/200px-Ferdinand2.jpg

Europe at War• The once local conflict spread.• Political motives outweighed

religious ones as Catholic & Protestant rulers changed alliances to meet their needs.

• Example: Catholic France joined Lutheran Sweden against the Catholic Austrian Hapsburgs.

• Bands of mercenaries destroyed all in their path.

• Murder & torture were followed by famine & disease.

• 1/3 of the population of the German states died in the Thirty Years’ War.

http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/1/12/320px-Battle_of_Lutzen.jpg

http://schools-wikipedia.org/images/252/25299.jpg

Treaty of Westphalia 1648• Because so many European powers

had been involved, a series of treaties had to be accepted by the exhausted combatants.

• They tried to solve all the European problems and international problems as well.

• France emerged as the clear winner

• They gained territory in both German and Spanish frontiers.

• The Hapsburgs were the losers. The princes of the Holy Roman Empire received almost total independence.

• The Netherlands and the Swiss Federation (Switzerland) were established.

http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/e/e3/300px-The_Ratification_of_the_Treaty_of_Münster_(Gerard_Terborch_1648).jpg

The Germans• Germany was divided

into 360 separate states.• They acknowledged the

leadership of the Holy Roman Emperor, but each state had its own government, coinage, state church, armed forces, and foreign policy.

• Germany, could have possibly been the most powerful nation in Europe, but it remained divided for another 200 years.

http://home.versatel.nl/gerardvonhebel/euro1648.GIF

Hapsburg Austria

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/dfg/core/hapsb.jpg

Hapsburg Austria• They kept the title of “Holy

Roman emperors”, but focused attention on expanding their own territory.

• They added Bohemia, Hungary, and later parts of Poland & Italy.

• They had many difficulties ruling this diverse empire.

• Further difficulties faced the Hapsburgs when Charles VI had no male heir.

• When Frederick II of Prussia seized a rich Hapsburg province (Silesia) Maria Theresa looked for help (Hungary, Britain & Russia).

• During the eight year war she failed to regain the lost territory, but she preserved the empire and won the support of her subjects.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kaiserin_Maria_Theresia_(HRR).jpg/305px-Kaiserin_Maria_Theresia_(HRR).jpg


• OBJECTIVE: Examine the Polish Empire. MCSS WH-5.3.5


• II. Journal#15 pt.B-finish notes on Prussia & notes on Poland

• III. Homework due Monday 5/6/131.) Read Chapter#17 section#3 p.430-435

-Answer questions (1-7)* p.4352.) Chapter#17 section#4 p.436-439

-Answer questions (1-6)* p.4393.) Read Chapter#17 section#5 p.440-443

-Answer questions (1-6)* p.443• NOTICE: Chapter#17 Test Monday May 6th

Prussia• After the Treaty of

Westphalia, the Protestant Hohenzollern family united their lands & took over the states that were between them.

• They imposed absolute power by reducing the independence of the nobles called Junkers.

• They set up an efficient bureaucracy & built the best trained army in Europe.

• By 1740, they were strong enough to challenge their neighbor and rival Austria.

http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/germany/prfrederick.gif

“Prussia is not a state which possesses an army, but an army that possesses a state.”

Frederick the Great• Frederick II took the

throne in 1740.• His dad, Frederick

William wanted him to be a soldier, but he preferred playing the flute & writing poetry.

• His dad had one of his friends beheaded in front of him for helping the young Frederick with his own interests.

• As king, he wasted no time putting this military training to use and expanded the size of the empire.

http://artfiles.art.com/images/-/Anton-Graff/Frederick-the-Great-Giclee-Print-C12471506.jpeg

The Slavs• Before Mongol invasion,

Slaves from central heartland (West Slavs) of Russia migrate into modern day nations (lands) of Poland, Czech Rep, Slovakia.

• South Slavs migrate in the Balkans (ancestors of Serbs, Croats, & Slovenes)

• Balkans continually invaded by waves of Asian & Germanic people (Huns, Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, Magyars, Germans & Vikings)

• Byzantine culture spreads into the Balkans & Russia.

http://www.geocities.com/reginheim/slavs.gif

Poland• German Knights &

missionaries spread Roman Catholic Christianity into Poland, Hungary, & Czech areas.

• West Europe’s persecution of the Jews forces them into Poland where the Polish king follows a policy of Jewish tolerance.

• Jewish scholars contribute to cultural development of Poland.

http://www.state.gov/cms_images/map_poland_flag.jpg

Poland• The first king is

crowned in 1000AD.• To survive, the new

kingdom had to battle German, Russia, & Mongol forces.

• This caused the king to centralize power before the neighboring areas did.

http://asv.vatican.va/immagini/visit/p_nob/p_nobile_sala3_06.jpg

Casimir I, King of Poland (1034-1058), after defeating the enemies, offers his kingdomto Gregory VI (1045-1046), as St. Peter’s pence


• OBJECTIVE: Examine the Czarist Empire. MCSS WH-5.3.5


• II. Journal#16 pt.B-notes on Russia

• NOTICE: Chapter#17 Test Monday

Poland’s Great Age• Queen Jadwiga of Poland

married Duke Jagiello of Lithuania in 1386 united the nations.

• The Polish empire stretched from the Baltic to the Black Sea.

• The University of Krakow was established.

But,• When monarchs in

Western Europe & Russia gradually gained power at the expense of the nobles Poland does it backwards.

• Without a strong central government to unite Polish nobles, Poles couldn’t fight off invaders (sort of like Rome).

http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/Poland1795.jpg

Poland’s Last Stand• In 1683, King Jan

Sobieski broke the Ottoman siege of Vienna.

• This ended the Ottoman advance into Europe.

• Over the next century, Poland disappeared from the map entirely.

http://www.nyc24.org/2002/issue01/story02/images/sobieski.jpg

Prince Vladimir• In 988, the ruler of

Kiev, Prince Vladimir converted to Byzantine Christianity (Orthodox).

• This caused Russians to be alienated from Western Europeans who were Roman Catholics.

http://www.unn.runnet.ru/pic/museum/kresch.jpg

Ivan the Great• Ivan III, 1462-1505• He ended Mongol rule in 1480

(refused to pay any more taxes to them)

• Conquered additional land• Built a strong gov’t based on

Byzantine ideas• He took the title Czar, Russian for

Caesar• He was an autocrat and ruled with

absolute powerhttp://www.guidetorussia.org/im/ivan4.jpg

Ivan the Terrible• Ivan IV mid 1500s• He was the grandson of Ivan the

Great.• He strengthen the power of the

autocracy by creating a secret police force & conducting a reign of terror against powerful independent nobles who opposed him.

• He expanded Russian boarders & made contact with the west.

• He issued laws that bound peasants to the land as a result serfdom took root in Russia while it was on the decline in the West.http://encyclopedia.quickseek.com/images/Kremlinpic4.jpg

Peter the Great• Peter I, late 1600s.• Russia fell behind the West

following the Renaissance in areas of technology, military power, and empire.

• He hired western engineers, shipbuilders, and other technological experts to modernize the Russian army & navy, and build industry.

http://www.nndb.com/people/599/000078365/peter-the-great-2-sized.jpg

Peter’s Capital• Peter build a new capital

city, later known as St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea.

• It was to be a window on the West.

• When conservative nobles refused to modernize he used force & terror to make them comply.

http://cse.unl.edu/~bkell/st-petersburg.jpg

Examples• When Russian nobles refused to shave

their beards, Peter grabbed a pair of scissors & did it for them.

• He insisted that women, who had been kept in isolation, attend public events.

Results of Peter’s Reforms• His reforms closed the technology gap

between Russia & the west, but didn’t eliminate it.

• Later leaders like Catherine the Great (late 1700s) continued Peter’s reforms during the Enlightenment, except when Enlightenment ideas conflicted with her own autocratic rule.

Russian Expansion• For years Russian rulers

expanded their empires.• Ivan IV opened Siberia to

traders & explorers which eventually extended the empire to the pacific.

• Peter the Great won the cold water ports of modern day Estonia & Latvia

• Catherine the Great won warm water ports on the Black Sea & lands in modern day Poland, Lithuania, & Belarus.

http://worldroots.com/brigitte/gifs/cath2russia.jpg

The Russian Empire

http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/zencmed/targets/maps/mhi/0c8600de.gif

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Revolutions 4/29/13