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Role of Nano-technology for Integrated Power Electronics System
Hiromichi Ohashi
Energy Technology Research InstituteNational Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
Outline • Background : More electrified society
– Power consumption and CO2 emission– Horizon of more electrified society
• Electronics enabling efficient power use– Power electronics as Negawatt– Introduction of Negawatt cost
• Technology scheme of next generation power electronics• Technology scheme of next generation power electronics
• Role of Nano-technology for Integrated PE system
• Conclusion
This presentation is based on the 2007 and 2008 NEDO survey researches 「Green electronics technologies for energy saving society toward 2050」
電力消費/電力化率
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
電力
消費
[PJ]
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
電力
化率
電力消費
電力化率
Elec
tric
ity c
onsu
mpt
ion
[Pet
aJo
ule]
Electrified ratio of the final energy
Trend of electricity consumption in Japan
Electrifiedratio
Electricity consumption
Demand for electrical power
• Electricity is clean, safe and convenient energy source
Demand for electricity is continuously increasing with economical growth
• Increase in ICT power consumption
Back ground of the demand
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
1965 68 71 74 77 80 83 86 89 92 95 98 2001 2004
電力
消費
[PJ]
0.0%
5.0%
10.0% 電力
化率
図 2-2 日本の電力消費と電力化率
Elec
tric
ity c
onsu
mpt
ion
[
Electrified ratio of the final energy
IEA data also assums that world demandfor electricity will be double by 2030
• Increase in ICT power consumption
• More electrical power will besupplied by renewable energy
• Expansion of heat pumping usage
• EV, HEV, PHEV
Long Term Energy Vision of Japan by METI
30,000
40,000
50,000
PJ #1#1,#2:Energy saving amount
Others: Created energy by correcting thermal energy with
• Increase of electrical power ratio in final energy
Basic strategy
・Promotion of renewable energy introduction ・Big amount of energy saving
50% reduction in CO2 emission by 2050
10,000
20,000
30,000
0
OthersWater power
Nuclear
Renewableenergy
Coal
@2050
Oil &Gas
Others
#1
#2
Primary(1st ) Energy
Final (2nd)energy
Oil &Gas
Electricity
@2100
#2
Primary(1st ) Energy
Final (2nd)energy
Others
Renewableenergy
Others
Water power
Nuclear
Coal
Electricity
correcting thermal energy with heat pumping and so on
Water power
Coal
Oil &Gas
Coal
Primary(1st ) Energy
Final (2nd)energy
@2000
Nuclear
Oil &Gas
Electricity
What we can do for more electrified society
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
emis
sion
/ 1
M$
GD
P (
Mt)
Russia
India
China
More electrified society make possible sustainable development
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 1 2 3
KoreaJapan
UK
USAGermany
France
Power consumption/GDP ( Twhr/B$)
CO2
emis
sion
India
Brazil
② Total energy saving as whole in a society
Two issues to achieve more electrified society① Reduction of power consumption /person
Kuznets Barrier
Kuznets Barrier
Kuznets Barrier
emis
sion
/per
son Kuznets Barrier
Elec
tric
ity
cons
umpt
ion/
pers
on
Power consumption /Person of advanced countries is still high
Issues of advanced countriesin energy saving
Kuznets barrier peak can be madelower by introducing high efficient
Income
Kuznets Barrier
CO
2 em
issi
on /p
erso
n
Kuznets Barrier
Kuznets Barrier
Elec
tric
ity
cons
umpt
ion/
pers
on
Low income people Rich people
lower by introducing high efficient PE apparatus ubiquitously withaffordable price for lower incomepeople
Key factor of energy saving by PE
Efficiency Improvement × Prevalence
(cost reduction)
Transport efficiency(Tanker、Railway) Transmission
efficiencyGeneration efficiency
99% 39% 95% PowerconverterUPS
Air conditioner
Data center case
Power electronics as Negawatt
5.1~5.9 Total efficiency of this section :36.6%
Crude oil
converter
CPU
88~93% 68~75%
Initial inputenergy
Final energyusage
1.0
40~50% of inputOil can be used for for anther power
generation
3.0 95% 95%Efficiency
improvement 1.0Total efficiency of this section :36.6%
Amount of energy saving by PE =Electrical power generation
NegaWatt Proposed byAmory Lovins in 1989.
Source: Enerdata 2006
toe 2000
2500
3000
(“Negajoule; energy saving calculated on the basis of 1971 energy intensity)
Nega-joulesBiomass
Primary energy demand of EUsupplied mainly by Nega-joule
Target:20% improvement
by 2020
出所:EEAP6(Action Plan for Energy Efficiency):Realizing the PotentialCommission of the European Communities, COM(2006)545 final,2006
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Meg
a-to
e
500
1000
1500BiomassOther electricityNuclear
GasOilCoal
Negawatt cost definition as index for wide use of PE technology
(kWhr) timeOperation enegy Savedcost Runningcost System costNegawatt
×+
=
Negawatt cost comparison
Payback time of power electronics equipments is sufficiently compete with another renewable energy
PE Nega Watt cost 10.6 US-cent/kWh(2.8kW Air-conditioner)
• Coal Steam GN. (500MW) 4.3 US-cent/kWh
• PV(5MW) 41.6 US-cent/kWh
• PV(300W) 56.1 US-cent/kWh
• Wind turbine (100MW) 5.8 US-cent/kWh
• Wind turbine(100kW) 19.7 US-cent/kWh
PE system integration as means of Negawatt cost down
Weight
Volume
Power loss(Efficiency) Cost HEV
1
10
100 OPD=Output power/power converter volume
HVDC
2011/6/1 AIST H .Ohashi (SEMI Forum 2011)
Power density : Po/Volume [W/cm3]
Watt cost:Po/cost[W/$]
0.01
Same analogy with VLSI prevalence Bit density, Bit cost
0.1
1
1970
1980
1990
2000 2010 20201990
Inverter forair conditioner
Board type S.R.
Package type S.R.General purpose
inverter
H. Ohashi JAPP、73 N0.12 (2004)1571.H. Ohashi IEEJ、122 No.3(2002)168
Power density has been increasing by 3 of figure in the last 40 years
10kWRectifier
ECPE
Integrated PE system is now actually prevailing in market
Bip. M: 270M$IGBT M:900M$IPM:780M$
Eupec/InfineonToshiba high power
converter unit
TOYOTAPower control
UnitECPE
High power density power module
Integrated PE system
IPM:780M$Integrated M:200M$
56%
10%
9%5% 4%
Market growth :25%
Market growth:19%
Market data:ISPSD’08 by T. Stockmeier
Motor Drive
Traction
ConsumerRenewable
Automobile
Definition of Next generation Power Electronics
Power
Electronicsan interdisciplinary technology
Nanomaterials
ICTMicro-
electronics
Control
Next GenerationPower Electronics
Electronics(Power
Conversion)
(Green Electronics)
an interdisciplinary technologyintegral of disciplines of electricalengineering; PE, microelectronics,electronics material and ICT forefficient and effective useof electricity.
By H. Ohashi Proceeding of EPE 2010
Renewable energy
Power systemTechnology scheme for Next Generation PE
DistributedPower supply
Application tech.domain
PE system for
Powerstation
DistributedPower supply
HVDCHVAC Smart grid network
Seed tech. domain
Next Generation Power Electronics
More Si
More than Si
BeyondSi
domainPE system for
home and office
PE system for Green IT
PE system forsocial infrastructure
PC
Digital
IntelligentOffice
apparatus
PE system for Green IT
Electronics function diversity
Riko HP
HP HP
Sharp HP
.iPodWearable
ICT terminal
Digitalappliance
NTT-F HP
DataCenter
High endserver
function diversity
ミニグリッド
Various electronic functionsAre Installed in side of
ICT instrumentsPower management
inside of ICT instrumentsis becoming more complex
PE system for home and office
Renewable energy system
Next generation power supply system
Airconditioner
Motor
Other14.7%
Heat
IT4.7%
Next generationmotor system
Next generation lightingLow power loss flat display
FED Survey report (2008)2005(1T kWh)
Super HFHeat pump system
Boiler withH.P. system
Motor57.3%
Lighting13.6%
Heat9.5%
PE system for social infrastructure
BEMS/HEMANew grid
Micro-grid, Smart grid
Next generationMotor drive for
industry
Modal shift
Driving force• Higher power density• Lower watt cost
Approach
• Standardized compacthigh power converter
Seed
• High voltage low loss power device• high frequency magnetic • material s
More than Silicon
Next gen.IGBT
More
Sili
con
Heterogeneous Integration TechnologiesBre
akth
rough in S
i Pow
er
PENow
Technology map for green electronics
High reliability
Integrated DesignTechnology
3D. PKG Reliability physics
HyperCooling
Magneticmaterial
Dielectric material and Insulator
Interconnectionmaterial
UbiquitousPower
ElectronicsBeyond Silicon
IGBT
More
Sili
con
Next gen.MOSFET
SiC GaN
DiamondHetero-epi.
wafer
AdvancedCMOS
Large φthin wafer
Bre
akth
rough in S
i Pow
er
Integrated power device
AC SwitchPE system
Design platform
SensorNew circuittopology
Control
PowerSiP/SoC
SOIPassive
component
100
1000
resi
stan
ce [m
Ωcm
2 ]Trend of advanced power devices
Comparison in on-resistance
: LMOS: SJ MOS
: IGBT (incremental) Silicon
SiCMOSBJT
Source: International Symposium on Power Devices & ICs (2006-2009)
y x( )
x10 100 1000 10000
0.1
1
10
Spec
ific
On-
resi
stan
ce [m
Ωcm
Break-down voltage [v]
Si-IGBT Calculated limitation
SiC-SIT JFET
BJT
SIJFET
Normally on/offGaN
GaNHEMT/MOS/SBD
Wide band-gap semiconductorPlatform (SiC:2015~、GaN:2015 ~Diamond:2025~)
SiCMOS/SIT/SBD
SiCIGBT/PiN
DiamondFET/ BJT/PiN/Field
emitter
Silicon platform (~2030)
Hybrid pair platform of Si-switchingdevice and SiC diode (2013~2035)
Road map of advanced power devices
PowerIntegratedCircuit area
HEMT/MOS/SBD
Blocking voltage [v]1 10 100 1k 10k
CMOS, MOSFET (SJ)/SBD, PiN
IGBT, Thyristor/PiN
Si-MOS(SJ)SiC-SBD
Si-IGBTSiC-SBD, SiC-PiN
Si
SiSilicon MOSFET (CMOS)
GaAs-FET
Approaches for Si-Ultimate IGBT
p+
Narrow & Deep TrenchIdeal IGBT performanceby active layer flat carrierdistribution
Field Stop (n+)
Thin n-wafer
(Active layer)
Transparent p-emitter
•Several tens nm trench technology• Reduction of atomic scale complex defect•Perfect quality large size thin wafer
Monolithic GaN power system covers most of PE application of Home and office apparatuses
GaN power ICs High power (> 3kW) High speed switching (>10
MHz) High temperature operation
(>200 C)
Several hundreds Si Power ICs
Home grid by one-chip GaN
GaN conveter
Si/SiC inverter
Smart Grid
Passive components will be next significant issuesto be solved for Negawatt cost reduction
Drastic improvements of inductor, capacitor and transformer are expected in performance, volume, size and familiarity with semiconductor processing by Nano material technologies
Nano-material Technologies
semiconductor processing by Nano material technologies
Ferro-magnetic coupled particles
Magnetics Dielectric materials
From layer to3-D structure
Inter chip connectionby wireless transmission
Spin torque oscillator(By Prof. Sahashi )
Conclusion• Highly electrified society can make possible low carbonated
society, keeping sustainable growth of society
• Power electronics as Nega watt makes great contribution for energy saving, by reducing Negawatt cost.
• Power electronics system integration is key approach for efficiency • Power electronics system integration is key approach for efficiency improvement and prevalence of PE electronics apparatus with Negawatt cost reduction.
• The emerging next generation power electronics is making up of ME, Nano- materials, ICT and conventional PE technologies
• Most of issues in the next generation PE will be mainly broken through limitation of semiconductor devices, passive components
We well come all of people who are involved in the Nano-technology to the next generation power Electronics world!