TRNG I HC NNG LM TP. HCM

KHOA MI TRNG V TI NGUYN

BO CO MN HC KHOA HC MI TRNG

TI RNG VAI TR CA RNG

GVHD: TS L QUC TUN

Sinh vin thc hin:

1. Nguyn Th T 12149650

2. Pht Tin 12124084

3. Dng Vn Nm 12124379

4. Hunh Th Phc 12149616

5. L Ho 12114030

6. Trn Thanh Sang 12114084

Tp. HCM, thng 04/ 2013

i

MC LC

MC LC .................................................................................................................... i

I. T VN .......................................................................................................... 1

II. NI DUNG ............................................................................................................. 3

II.1. Khi nim rng .................................................................................................... 3

II.2. Phn loi rng ...................................................................................................... 3

II.2.1. Theo chc nng ................................................................................................. 3

II.2.1.1. Rng phng h ............................................................................................... 3

II.2.1.2. Rng c dng ............................................................................................... 6

II.2.1.2.1.Vn quc gia .............................................................................................. 6

II.2.1.2.2. Khu bo tn thin nhin (khu d tr t nhin v khu bo ton loi sinh

cnh) ............................................................................................................................ 8

II.2.1.2.3. Khu rng vn ha lch s mi trng ..................................................... 9

II.2.1.2.4. Nguyn tc bo v v pht trin ................................................................... 9

II.2.1.2.5. Phn khu bo v nghim ngt ...................................................................... 9

II.2.1.3. Rng sn xut ............................................................................................... 10

II.2.2. Theo tr lng................................................................................................. 12

II.2.3.1. Rng t nhin ............................................................................................... 13

II.2.3.2. Rng nhn to .............................................................................................. 13

II.2.4. Da vo ngun gc .......................................................................................... 13

II.2.4.1. Rng chi ..................................................................................................... 13

II.2.4.2. Rng ht ....................................................................................................... 13

II.2.5. Rng theo tui ................................................................................................. 13

II.2.5.1. Rng non ...................................................................................................... 13

II.2.5.2. Rng so ...................................................................................................... 13

II.2.5.3. Rng trung nin ............................................................................................ 14

II.2.5.4. Rng gi ....................................................................................................... 14

II.2.6. Sinh thi .......................................................................................................... 14

II.3. Vai tr ca rng ................................................................................................. 14

II.3.1. i vi mi trng .......................................................................................... 14

II.3.1.1. Kh hu ......................................................................................................... 14

i

II.3.1.2. t ai .......................................................................................................... 16

II.3.1.3. Bo v ngun nc, chng l lt, gim nhim mi trng ......................... 18

II.3.1.4. a dng sinh hc .......................................................................................... 19

II.3.2.1. G ................................................................................................................ 21

II.3.2.2. Lm sn ngoi g ......................................................................................... 22

II.4. Hin trng ca rng v nguyn nhn .................................................................. 25

II.4.1 Hin trng ........................................................................................................ 25

II.4.1.1.Hin trng rng Vit Nam ............................................................................. 25

II.4.1.2. Tnh Hnh Chung V Nn Ph Rng............................................................. 28

II.4.2. Nguyn nhn ................................................................................................... 29

II.5. Bin php bo v rng ........................................................................................ 31

II.5.1. Quan im v vic bo v rng ....................................................................... 31

II.5.2. Mc tiu ca bo v rng ................................................................................ 31

II.5.3. Cc bin php bo v ti nguyn rng ............................................................. 31

II.5.4. C ch pht trin sch ..................................................................................... 36

III. KT LUN ......................................................................................................... 43

TI LIU THAM KHO.......................................................................................... 45

1

I. T VN

Vn c xem l "l phi" ca tri t, rng c vai tr rt quan trng trong vic

duy tr cn bng sinh thi v s a dng sinh hc trn hnh tinh chng ta. Bi vy, bo

v rng v ngun ti nguyn rng lun tr thnh mt mt yu cu, nhim v khng th

tr hon i vi tt c cc quc gia trn th gii trong c Vit Nam. l mt thch

thc v cng to ln i hi mi c nhn, t chc thuc cc cp trong mt quc gia v

trn th gii nhn thc c vai tr v nhim v ca mnh trong cng tc phc hi v

pht trin rng.

.Rng l mt h sinh thi m qun x cy rng gi vai tr ch o trong mi

quan h tng tc gia sinh vt vi mi trng. Rng l hi th ca s sng, l mt

ngun ti nguyn v cng qu gi, n gi mt vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh

pht trin v sinh tn ca loi ngi. Rng iu ha kh hu (to ra oxy, iu ha

nc, ngn chn gi bo, chng xi mn t, ) bo tn a dng sinh hc, bo v mi

trng sng, Rng cn gi vai tr c bit quan trng i vi vic pht trin kinh t

nh: cung cp ngun g, tre, na, c sn rng, cc loi ng, thc vt c gi tr trong

nc v xut khu, ngoi ra n cn mang ngha quan trng v cnh quan thin

nhin v an ninh quc phng.

V vy t l t c rng che ph ca mt quc gia l mt ch tiu an ninh mi

trng quan trng (din tch t c rng m bo an ton mi trng ca mt quc gia

ti u l 45% tng din tch).

Vit Nam nm trong vnh ai nhit i gi ma, nc ta l mt trong 16 quc

gia c tnh a dng sinh hc cao nht trn th gii. Vi s a dng v chng loi,

phong ph v thnh phn ng thc vt rng cung cp lm sn, thuc cha bnh

cho con ngi.

V thc vt, theo s liu thng k gn y th c khong 12.000 loi thc vt,

nhng ch c khong 10.500 loi c m t (H, 1991 1993), trong c

khong 10% l loi c hu, 800 loi ru, 600 loi nm, ... Khong 2.300 loi cy c

mch c dng lm lng thc, thc phm, lm thc n cho gia sc. V cy ly

g gm c 41 loi cho g qu (nhm 1), 20 loi cho g bn chc (nhm 2), 24 loi cho

g mc v xy dng (nhm 3), ... loi rng cho g ny chim khong 6 triu ha.

2

Ngoi ra rng Vit Nam cn c loi rng tre, trc chim khong 1,5 triu ha gm

khong 25 loi c gy trng c gi tr kinh t cao.

Ngoi nhng cy lm lng thc, thc phm v nhng cy ly g ra, rng Vit

Nam cn c nhng cy c s dng lm dc liu gm khong 1.500 loi trong

c khong 75% l cy hoang di. Nhng cy c cha ha cht qu him nh cy T

hp (Altingia sp.) cha nha thm c vng ni Ty Bc v Trung b; cy Gi bu

(Aquilaria agalocha) sinh ra trm hng, phn b t Ngh Tnh n Thun Hi; cy

Du ri (Dipterocarpus) cho g v cho du nha, ...

Cc ng vt trong rng cng rt a dng, ngoi cc loi c hu Vit Nam cn

c nhng loi mang tnh cht tng hp ca khu h ng vt min nam Trung Hoa, n

, M Lai, Min in. Hin ti thng k c khong 774 loi chim, 273 loi th,

180 loi b st, 80 loi lng c, 475 loi c nc ngt v 1.650 loi c rng ngp

mn v c bin; chng phn b trn nhng sinh cnh khc nhau, trong c nhiu loi

c gi tr kinh t cao, c ngha khoa hc,mt s c tn trong Sch ca th gii.

Mi quan h ca rng v s sng tr thnh mt mi quan h hu c. Khng c mt

dn tc, mt quc gia no khng bit r vai tr quan trng ca rng trong cuc sng.

Tuy nhin ngy nay, nhiu ni con ngi khng bo v c rng, m cn

cht ph ba bi lm cho ti nguyn rng kh c phc hi v ngy cng b cn kit,

nhiu ni rng khng cn c th ti sinh, t tr thnh i trc, sa mc, nc ma to

thnh nhng dng l ra tri cht dinh dng, gy l lt, st l cho vng ng bng,

gy thit hi nhiu v ti sn, tnh mng ngi dn. Vai tr ca rng trong vic bo v

mi trng ang tr thnh vn thi s v li cun s quan tm ca ton th gii.

mi ngi hiu bit thm v cc gi tr ca rng v thy c nhng hu qu

t vic ph hoi ngun ti nguyn qu gi ny nn nhm em quyt nh tm hiu ti

Rng Vai tr ca rng.

3

II. NI DUNG

II.1. Khi nim rng

C nhiu cch nh ngha rng khc nhau nhng hu ht u nh ngha da vo

phm vi khng gian, h thng sinh vt v cnh quan a l:

Rng l mt tng th cy g, c mi lin h ln nhau, n chim mt phm vi

khng gian nht nh mt t v trong kh quyn (Morozov 1930). Rng chim phn

ln b mt tri t v l mt b phn ca cnh quan a l.

Rng l mt b phn ca cnh quan a l, trong bao gm mt tng th cc

cy g, cy bi, cy c, ng vt v vi sinh vt. Trong qu trnh pht trin ca mnh

chng c mi quan h sinh hc v nh hng ln nhau vi hon cnh bn ngoi

(M.E.Tcachenco 1952).

Rng l s hnh thnh phc tp ca t nhin, l thnh phn c bn ca sinh

quyn a cu (I.S.M l Khp 1974).

Rng cng c th hiu bng mt cch khc l t rng c cy ci mc lu

nm.

Rng t nhin 9,77 triu ha,chim 84,37%. Rng trng 1,81 triu ha, chim 14,63%. Rng c s cn bng c bit v trao i nng lng v vt cht, lun lun tn

ti qu trnh tun hon sinh vt; ng thi n thi ra khi h sinh thi cc cht v b

sung thm vo mt s cht t cc h sinh thi khc.Rng l mt tng hp phc tp

c mi quan h qua li gia cc c th trong qun th, gia cc qun th trong qun x

v c s thng nht gia chng vi hon cnh trong tng hp , rng lun c s cn

bng ng, c tnh n nh, t iu ha v t phc hi chng li nhng bin i ca

hon cnh v nhng bin i v s lng sinh vt. Nhng kh nng ny c hnh

thnh do kt qu ca s tin ha lu di v ca chn lc t nhin tt c cc thnh

phn rng.

II.2. Phn loi rng

II.2.1. Theo chc nng

II.2.1.1. Rng phng h

Nhm iu tit ngun nc cho cc dng chy, cc h cha hn ch l lt,

gim xi mn, bo v t, ngn s bi lp lng sng, lng h. Ch yu l nhng ni

4

i ni c dc cao, yu cu i vi rng phng h u ngun phi to thnh vng

tp trung c cu trc hn loi, nhiu tng, c che ph ca tn rng l 0,6 tr ln.

Rng phng h ven bin: c thnh lp vi mc ch chng gi hn, chn ct

bay, ngn chn s xm mn ca bin, chn sng ln bin, chng st l, bo v cc

cng trnh ven bin. Rng phng h bo v mi trng sinh thi. Nhm mc ch iu

ha kh hu, chng nhim mi trng trong cc khu dn c, khu th, khu du lch.

Rng phng h 5,42 triu ha, chim 46,8% (nm 2000).

Rng ngp mn

Cc va san h v c bin cn nguyn vn c th lm gim nh hoc tiu tan cc

t sng thn cao 15 mt. Mt nghin cu ca Nht Bn cho thy, mt Rng ngp

mn c chiu rng 100 mt c th lm gim 50% chiu cao ca sng triu v gim

50% nng lng ca sng. Trong t ng t v sng thn ngy 26 thng 12 nm

2004, ti o Pulau Smplu ca Innxia nm gn tm ngoi ca trn ng t, ch c

100 ngi b cht v nhng ngi dn trn o hc c kinh nghim chy trn ln

vng t cao v nhng vng c rng ngp mn bao quanh...

Vit Nam vi b bin di 3260 km, nm trong vng nhit i gi ma, hng nm

thng xuyn phi hng chu nhng cn bo v triu cng gy thit hi ln. Trc

y, nh c cc dy rng ngp mn t nhin v nhng dy rng c trng cc vng

ca sng, ven bin nn iu t khi b v. Nhng gn y do vic ph rng ngy

cng tng, nn l t, l lt xy ra nhiu nn cuc sng ca cng ng dn c ven bin

ngy cng b e do. Ngay trong nm 2005, Vit Nam phi gnh chu nhng thit

hi to ln v ngi, ti sn v c s h tng. Nhiu on bin b v hoc st l

nghim trng. Nhng sau nhng thit hi m bo s 2, bo s 6 v bo s 7 gy ra,

nhiu ngi dn vng bin u c nhn xt rng: nhng khu vc c rng ngp

mn, bin khng h st l.

Ti tnh Thanh Ho, bo s 7 gy nhng thit hi nghim trng, nhng cng

qua cn bo ny, ngi dn cng nhn thc su sc hn v vai tr ca rng ngp mn.

B Vin Th Hoa - Ch tch Hi Ch thp Thanh Ho ni: "Sau bo s 7, chng ti

c dp i mt s tnh nm trong d n trng rng ngp mn do Hi Ch thp an

Mch v hi Ch thp Nht Bn ti tr. Tn mt chng kin nhng on v,

nhng khu nh ngp trong nc v c dp so snh vi nhng qung lnh ln c

5

che ch bi nhng cnh rng ngp mn hoc nhng khong tre gai... chng ti d

dng nhn thy mt iu: u c rng ngp mn, sc tn ph ca sng bin b suy

gim. Rng ngp mn l vnh ai xanh gp phn quan trng trong vic phng chng

v gim thiu thit hi thin tai".

Gio s Tin s Phan Nguyn Hng mt chuyn gia trong lnh vc rng ngp

mn cho bit: "Rng ngp mn c ngha to ln trong vic phng v chng xi l

vng ven bin. Nu ch no khng c rng ngp mn th khi c bo d b ph. cc

nc c Rng ngp mn, h rt quan tm gip cc nc khng c rng ngp mn

nh Nht Bn, H Lan. Mt s nc Bc u mun Vit Nam pht trin rng ngp

mn bo v dn, ngi ta u t nhiu tin cho chng ta phc hi rng, nhng

mt s a phng li c ch trng ph rng i lm m tm, v li ch trc mt

khng tnh n hu qu lu di. Hu qu cn bo s 7, s 6 l nhng bi hc rt t gi

cho chng ta". Chng ta u bit rng, ngay sau trn sng thn v ng t xy ra

khu vc Nam cui nm ngoi, rt nhiu hi tho khoa hc v thm ho thin tai

c t chc v tm quan trng ca rng ngp mn trong vic phng nga v gim

nh thin tai c cc quc gia c bit quan tm, ch . Bi hc nhn tin t s

thit hi v ngi, v ti sn Thi Lan - t nc qu quan tm n vic pht trin

kinh doanh du lch m cha tnh n s tn tht phi tr gi t v thin tai dng nh

Hnh 1: Rng ngp mn

6

cha v mt s a phng vn cn tnh trng ph rng lm m nui trng thu

sn.

II.2.1.2. Rng c dng

c s dng cho mc ch c bit nh bo tn thin nhin, mu chun h sinh

thi, bo tn ngun gen ng thc vt, phc v nghin cu khoa hc Bao gm cc

vn quc gia, cc khu bo tn thin nhin, cc khu vn ha lch s v mi trng.

Rng c dng 1,443 triu ha, chim 12,46% (nm 2000).

II.2.1.2.1.Vn quc gia

L vng t t nhin c thnh lp bo v lu di mt hay nhiu h sinh thi,

p ng yu cu sau:

Vng t t nhin bao gm mu chun ca cc h sinh thi c bn cn nguyn

vn hoc t b tc ng ca con ngi, cc khu rng c gi tr cao v vn ha, du lch.

Phi rng cha c mt hay nhiu h sinh thi v khng b thay i bi

nhng tc ng xu ca con ngi.

T l din tch h sinh thi cn bo tn phi t t 70% tr ln.

iu kin giao thng tng i thun li.

Vn quc gia ti Vit Nam l mt danh hiu do Chnh ph Vit Nam cng nhn

chnh thc thng qua ngh nh. Thng thng cc vn quc gia nm trn a phn

nhiu tnh, thnh ph th do B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn Vit nam qun l,

i vi cc Vn quc gia nm trn a bn mt tnh, thnh ph th do y ban nhn

dn tnh, thnh ph qun l. Nm 1966, Vit Nam c Vn quc gia u tin mang

tn Cc Phng nm trn a bn ba tnh Ninh Bnh, Thanh Ha, Ha Bnh. Hin nay

nc ta c 30 vn quc gia vi din tch khong 10.350,74 Km2 (trong c 620,10

Km2 l din tch mt bin) chim 2,93 Km2 din tch lnh th.

7

Cc vn quc gia nm trn 7 vng ca t nc:

Vng Tn vn quc gia Nm thnh lp

Din tch (ha) Tnh, thnh ph

Trung du

min ni

pha Bc

Bi T Long 2001 15.783 Qung Ninh Ba B 1992 7.610 Bc Cn Tam o 1986 36.883 Vnh Phc, Tuyn

Quang, Thi Nguyn

Xun Sn 2002 15.048 Ph Th Hong Lin 1996 38.742 Lai Chu, Lo Cai

ng bng

Bc b

Ct B 1986 15.200 Hi Phng Xun Thy 2003 7.100 Nam nh Ba V 1996 6.986 H Ni Cc Phng 1966 20.000 Ninh Bnh, Thanh

Ha, Ha Bnh

Bc Trung

b

Bn En 1992 16.634 Thanh Ha P Mt 2001 91.113 Ngh An V Quang 2002 55.029 H Tnh Phong Nha- K Bng

2001. 200.000 Qung Bnh

Bch M 1991 22.030 Tha Thin Hu Nam

Trung Phc Bnh 2006 19.814 Ninh Thun Ni Cha 2003 29.865 Ninh Thun

Hnh 2: Vn quc gia Cc Phng

8

b

Ty Nguyn

Ch Mom Ray 2002 56.621 Kom Tum Kon Ka Kinh 2002 41.780 Gia Lai Yok n 1991 115.545 k Lk Ch Yang Sin 2002 58.947 k Lk Bidoup Ni B 2004 64.800 Lm ng

ng Nam b

Ct Tin 1992 73.878 Lm ng, Bnh Phc, ng Nai

B Gia Mp 2002 26.032 Bnh Phc L G Xa Mt 2002 18.765 Ty Ninh Cn o 1993 15.043 B Ra Vng Tu

Ty Nam b

Trm Chim 1994 7.588 ng Thp Mi C Mau 2003 41.862 C Mau U Minh Thng 2002 8.053 Kin Giang Ph Quc 2001 31.422 Kin Giang

II.2.1.2.2. Khu bo tn thin nhin (khu d tr t nhin v khu bo ton loi sinh

cnh)

L vng t t nhin c thnh lp nhm mc ch m bo din th t nhin

v p ng cc yu cu sau:

L vng t t nhin c d tr ti nguyn thin nhin v c gi tr a dng sinh

hc cao.

C gi tr cao v khoa hc, gio dc, du lch.

Hnh 3: Khu d tr sinh quyn Ct B

9

C cc loi ng thc vt c hu hoc l ni c tr, n nu, kim n ca cc

loi ng vt hoang d qu him.

rng cha c mt hay nhiu h sinh thi, t l cn bo tn trn 70%.

Khu bo ton thin nhin c th hin (hnh 3).

II.2.1.2.3. Khu rng vn ha lch s mi trng

L khu vc gm mt hay nhiu cnh quan c gi tr thm m tiu biu c gi tr

vn ha-lch s nhm phc v cc hot ng vn ha, du lch hoc nghin cu, bao

gm:

Khu vc c cc thng cnh trn t lin, ven bin hay hi o.

Khu vc c di tch lch s-vn ha c xp hng.

II.2.1.2.4. Nguyn tc bo v v pht trin

Phi m bo s pht trin t nhin ca rng, bo tn a dng sinh hc v cnh

quan ca khu rng.

Vn quc gia, khu bo tn thin nhin phi xc nh s phn khu bo v

nghim ngt, phn khu phc hi sinh thi v phn khu hnh chnh dch v. Ba phn

khu ny gi l vng li ca rng c dng ngoi ra cn c vng m.

Mi hot ng ca rng c dng phi c php ca ch rng v phi tun

theo quy ch qun l rng.

II.2.1.2.5. Phn khu bo v nghim ngt

L khu vc c m bo ton nguyn vn v qun l bo v cht ch nhm theo di

din bin t nhin, nghim cm mi hnh vi lm thay i cnh quan t nhin ca khu

rng. C ch bo v: nh nc cm hon ton cc hot ng sau:

Lm thay i cnh quan t nhin.

Lm nh hng thay i n i sng t nhin ca cc loi ng thc vt

hoang d.

Cm th v nui trng cc loi ng thc vt t ni khc ti.

Cm khai thc ti nguyn sinh vt.

Cm chn th gia sc.

Cm gy nhim mi trng.

Cm mang ha cht c hi vo rng, t la trong rng, ven rng.

10

II.2.1.3. Rng sn xut

Bao gm cc loi rng s dng sn xut kinh doanh g, c sn rng, ng

vt rng v kt hp bo v mi trng sinh thi.

Rng sn xut 4,717 triu ha, chim 40,73% (nm 2000).

Quyt nh 147/2007/Q TTg do Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh mi y thc

s l ng lc thc y cc ch rng tham gia trng rng sn xut, m bo bnh

qun mi nm c thm 250.000 ha (bao gm c din tch trng li rng sau khai thc).

Tng mc u t thc hin chng trnh ny khong 40.000 t ng, trong huy

ng cc thnh phn kinh t khong 31.000 t ng, vn ngn sch nh nc 9.000 t

ng. C th, cc x c bit kh khn (theo Q 164/2006/Q-TTg), b con c

h tr 3 triu ng/ha khi trng cc loi cy sn xut g ln (khai thc sau 10 nm

tui), cy bn a trn t trng, i ni trc, hay 2 triu ng/ha vi cc loi cy sn

xut g nh. Ring ch rng trng rng ti cc x bin gii c h tr thm 1 triu

ng/ha, ngoi mc h tr trn.

H gia nh, c nhn v cng ng l ng bo dn tc thiu s nhng khng

thuc x c bit kh khn s c h tr 2 triu ng/ha nu trng rng sn xut.

Nu trng rng kho nghim (ging mi, trn vng t mi) cn c tr vn bng

60% gi thnh trng rng c duyt. Khi trng rng, ch rng c hng ton b

Hnh 4: Rng cao su

11

sn phm t rng trng. Hn na, khi khai thc, sn phm c t do lu thng v

c hng cc chnh sch u i v min gim thu v tin s dng t theo quy

nh hin hnh. Ch rng ch phi np cho ngn sch x 80kg thc/ha/chu k rng

trng khi khai thc xy dng qu pht trin rng ca x v qu pht trin rng thn,

bn, trong trch np cho mi qu l 50%.

Trng hp mt rng do nguyn nhn bt kh khng nh thin tai, ho hon, su

bnh c xc nh theo ng quy nh ca B NN & PTNT, ngi trng rng khng

phi hon tr s tin nhn h tr.

Quyt nh 147 cng nu r, cc rng ging, vn ging cng c h tr ti a

l 30% tng din tch c quy hoch. Mc h tr ti a t ngn sch nh nc l 1,5

t ng cho mt trung tm ging.

i vi cc doanh nghip, Nh nc ch h tr i vi nh my sn xut vn

ghp thanh kt hp vi vn dm hoc vn ghp thanh kt hp vi vn MDF tn

dng nguyn liu. Nh my khng c di a bn ng k sn xut trong vng 20

nm. Nh my xy dng c quy m cng sut thc t ti thiu 10.000 m3/nm; thit b

my mi 100%; doanh nghip phi c din tch rng sn xut trng n thi k

c thu hoch bo m cung cp nguyn liu cho nh my ti thiu t 50% cng

sut thit k, y ngha l tc ng n thnh phn ca h sinh thi rng, tc ng v

lm thay i cc quy lut vn ng ang din ra mt cch n nh, d ch mt tc ng

nh n rng cng lm thay i rt nhiu mi quan h khc nhau trong rng.

D on trong tng lai, nu khng c chnh sch bo v hu hiu ca Nh nc

th rng Vit Nam ngy cng b nh hng xu nghim trng: gy l lt, xi mn t,

din tch t trng i trc ngy cng tng,

Ngun ti nguyn rng, t rng quc gia hin c cng nh trong tng lai trn

c s n nh lu di p ng nhu cu ca Nh nc v lm sn, bo v mi

trng, nng cao sn lng rng,

H sinh thi rng lun c kh nng duy tr v iu ho. iu c ngha l nu

rng c bo v tt, tc l cc qu trnh vn ng, cc chu trnh trong h sinh thi

rng khng b nh hng. Bo v rng tt tc l ngn chn cc tc ng c hi n

rng nh la rng, ph rng thc hin cc hot ng phi lm nghip, khai thc rng

12

qu mc cho cc qu trnh t iu chnh ca rng din ra thun li theo ng quy

lut vn c ca n.

H sinh thi rng c tnh n nh khi c bo v. Nu khng c s can thip

ca con ngi, cc h sinh thi rng tin ho theo hng ngy cng phc tp v bn

vng. Ph i cc h sinh thi rng t nhin v thay vo l cc h sinh thi rng

nhn to, con ngi lm cho chng mt i tnh phc tp v tnh bn vng.

Do , bo tn c h sinh thi rng l mt i hi cp bch, nht l i vi h

sinh thi rng nhit i. Bin php bo tn duy nht v hu hiu nht trong vic bo

tn h sinh thi rng l bo tn ti ch. Bin php bo tn ny cho php iu tra,

nghin cu cc c im sinh hc, sinh thi v cc iu kin mi trng, cc qui lut

hnh thnh h sinh thi cng nh pht hin ra cc bin d di truyn ca cc loi

trong . T nhng nm 60, Nh nc ta quan tm n vn ny v cho n nay

c mt h thng bo tn ti ch di 3 hnh thc khc nhau: Cng vin Quc gia,

Khu bo tn, Khu vn ho lch s v mi trng gi chung l h thng rng c

dng.

Bo tn ngun gen thc vt rng l mt vic lm cp thit v thng xuyn, va

nhm phc v cc mc tiu trc mt v lu di ca cng tc ci thin ging, va gp

phn quan trng vo cng tc bo tn thin nhin, bo v s a dng sinh hc.

Quan trng hn l tng cng s tham gia ca nhn dn vo vic trng, bo v

v qun l, pht trin rng c hiu qu v li ch ca mi trng chung. Song song vi

vn cn phi ng gp ci thin i sng, tng vic lm cho nhn dn, c bit

l cc cng ng min ni.

II.2.2. Theo tr lng

Rng giu

Tr lng rng trn 150 m3/ha.

Rng trung bnh

Tr lng rng nm trong khong (100 150) m3/ha.

Rng ngho

Tr lng rng nm tong khong (80 100) m3/ha.

Rng kit

Tr lng rng thp hn 50 m3/ha.

13

L rng c sn trong t nhin hoc phc hi bng ti sinh t nhin.

II.2.3.1. Rng t nhin

Rng nguyn sinh: l rng cha hoc t b tc ng bi con ngi, thin tai;

Cu trc ca rng cn tng i n nh.

Rng th sinh: l rng b ph hy sau mt thi gian di c phc hi.

II.2.3.2. Rng nhn to

L rng c hnh thnh do con ngi trng, bao gm:

Rng trng mi trn t cha c rng.

Rng trng li sau khi khai thc rng trng c.

Rng ti sinh t nhin t rng trng khai thc.

Theo thi gian sinh trng, rng trng c phn theo cp tui, ty tng loi cy

trng, khong thi gian quy nh cho mi cp tui khc nhau.

II.2.4. Da vo ngun gc

II.2.4.1. Rng chi

L rng c trng bng chi thn, chi r hay chi gc. Ch p dng cho cc

loi cy c kh nng m chi mnh.

II.2.4.2. Rng ht

L rng c ngun gc ht, tin hnh ti sinh ht sau khai thc trong qu trnh

nui dng rng.

Rng ht c sc sng mnh, n nh, i sng di, cy g ln.

II.2.5. Rng theo tui

II.2.5.1. Rng non

Giai on pht trin ca rng t lc cy non hnh thnh, tn bt u giao nhau

(i vi rng trng) cho n lc cy mc n nh v chiu cao.

II.2.5.2. Rng so

Rng bt u khp tn, xut hin quan h cnh tranh gay gt v nh sng v

chiu cao gia cc c th cy g. Giai on ny cy g pht trin mnh v chiu

cao.

14

II.2.5.3. Rng trung nin

Rng khp tn hon ton, s pht trin v chiu cao chm li, c s pht trin v

ng knh. Rng thnh thc v ti sinh.

II.2.5.4. Rng gi

Tr lng cy g t ti a. C mt vi cy g gi, cht, tn cy tha dn, cy

rng vn ra hoa, kt qu nhng cht lng khng tt.

II.2.6. Sinh thi

- Kiu rng kn thng xanh ma m nhit i

- Kiu rng kn rng l hi m nhit i

- Kiu rng kn l cng hi kh nhit i

- Kiu rng tha cy l rng hi kh nhit i

- Kiu rng tha cy l kim hi kh nhit i

- Kiu rng tha cy l kim hi kh nhit i ni thp

- Kiu trng cy to, cy bi, cy c cao kh nhit i

- Kiu trung bi gai hn nhit i

- Kiu rng kn thng xanh ma m nhit i ni thp

- Kiu rng kn hn hp cy l rng, l kim m nhit i ni thp

- Kiu rng kn cy l kim m n i m ni va

- Kiu qun h kh lnh vng cao

- Kiu qun h lnh vng cao

II.3. Vai tr ca rng

II.3.1. i vi mi trng

II.3.1.1. Kh hu

Rng c tc dng iu ha kh hu ton cu thng qua vic gim lng nhit

chiu t mt tri xung tri t, do rng c che ph ln, rng cn c vai tr rt

quan trng trong vic duy tr v iu ha lng carbon trn tri t do vy rng c tc

dng trc tip n s bin i kh hu ton cu.

Cc loi thc vt sng c kh nng tch tr lng carbon trong kh quyn, v vy

s tn ti ca thc vt rng cng nh h sinh thi rng c vai tr rt quan trng trong

vic chng li hin tng nng dn ln ca tri t. Theo thng k th trong t (tnh

n su 30m) carbon trong sinh khi v trong ton b h sinh thi rng l 638 Gt

15

(Giga), lng carbon ny ln hn nhiu so vi lng carbon c trong kh quyn, do

trong ngh nh th Kyoto nu ln cc gii php quan trng trong tin trnh ct gim

kh nh knh l tng cng cc hot ng trng rng, ti trng rng v qun l bn

vng cc h sinh thi.

Mi quan h gia rng v bin i kh hu rt phc tp.Cc khu rng mt mt c

th lm gim bin i kh hu bng cch hp thu carbon, trong khi mt khc rng c

th gp phn lm bin i kh hu b suy thoi hoc ph hy.

Pht trin cng nghip cng vi vic gia tng dn s, vn v t sn xut v

c ng ngy cng c quan tm. t ai khng sinht hm, mun c ch v lm

vic con ngi buc phi chuyn i mc ch s dng ca rng, iu ny ng ngha

vi vic ti nguyn rng ang suy gim v ko theo nhng hu qu nng n. Theo

FAO (t chc lng thc th gii) tnh n thng 2/2011, c th gii mt hn 13

triu ha rng, ch yu l do chuyn i mc ch s dng rng, rng ch cn chim

31% din tch cc chu lc ton cu vi tng din tch cha y 4 t ha. Bo co nh

gi ln th 4 ca IPCC cng b nm 2007 cho thy 20% lng cht thi gy hiu ng

nh knh ca th gii c gy ra bi vic s dng rng cho mc ch khc bao gm

c vic s dng rng cho nng nghip y cng l nguyn nhn ch yu lm cho tri

t nng dn ln.

Trong th k XX, nhit tri t tng t 0.20C n 0.60C, tip tc trong sut th k

XXI, theo d on ca cc nh khoa hc nhit ca tri t c th tng t 1.10C n

Hnh 5: Kh hu tht thng cng ngy cng khc nghit hn vi tnh

trng bin i kh hu.

16

6.40C t y n nm 2100, tuy nhin theo kho st hin tng m dn ln ca tri t

vn tip tc sau nm 2100 d cho con ngi c ngng thi kh c gy hiu ng nh

knh i chng na, nhng thay i ca kh hu ang din ra hng ngy hng gi bn

cnh chng ta m chng ta l nn nhn ca hnh ng v thc ca chnh bn thn

mnh.

II.3.1.2. t ai

Rng bo v t, tng ph nhiu, bi dng tim nng cho t:

t tt cho rng hng thnh. nhng ni c rng, t c bo v kh tt, hn

ch hin tng bo mn, st l, nht l nhng ni c a hnh dc, lp t mt khng

b mng gi c h thng vi sinh vt v cc khong, cht hu c c trong t. Cy

ci ly cht dinh dng t t v tr li cho t mt lng sinh khi rt ln, y l

ngun lm cho t rng ngy cng tr nn mu m (Hnh 4) .

Rng mt th t kit, t kit th rng cng suy vong. nhng ni rng b ph

hy th t dn b thoi ha din ra mnh lit v nhanh chng, khin cho cc vng t

ny hnh thnh khu t trng, i trc, tr si , mt dn tnh gi nc, chua tng

cao, thiu dinh dng nh hng ln n cc sinh vt. Hin tng bo mn, ra tri

cng din ra nhanh, t khng cn bm d b st l.

Hnh : Biu nhit tri t t nm 1880-2000

17

Nu rng b ph hy, t b xi,qu trnh t mt mn v thoi ha s xy ra rt

nhanh chng v mnh lit. c tnh ni rng b ph hoang tr t trng mi nm b

ra tri mt khong 10 tn mn/ ha. ng thi cc qu trnh feralitic, tch t st, nhm,

hnh thnh kt von, ong, li tng cng ln lm cho t mt tnh cht ha l, mt vi

sinh vt, khng gi c nc, d b kh hn, thiu cht dinh dng, tr nn rt chua,

kt cng li, i n cn ci, tr si .

Hnh 6: t rng mu m

Hnh 7: Mt im st l min ni Ty Tr

18

Hin nay ngun ti nguyn t c bit l t rng ang ngy cng b suy gim

do cn phi c bin php khai thc v s dng hp l ngun t v t rng bo

v v pht huy ti a tim nng ca ti nguyn ny.

II.3.1.3. Bo v ngun nc, chng l lt, gim nhim mi trng

Mt vai tr khng km phn quan trng ca rng l iu ha ngun nc, gim

dng chy b mt, tng lng nc ngm, hn ch hin tng lng ng, dng sng,

lng h. Tng lng nc vo ma kh, hn ch nc vo ma l.Mt s nh khoa

hc tin rng lu lng nc chy b mt gim i nhng ni c t rng so vi

nhng khu vc t trng i trc c bit l t nng nghip, thng tin ny c

chng minh bi cc cng trnh nghin cu khc nhau c s dng hng lot k thut

khc nhau. Nghin cu Vit Nam cho rng lu lng dng chy mt ti ni c rng

thp hn t 2,5 n 27 ln so vi cc khu vc canh tc nng nghip. Thm vo

rng t nhin c tc dng tt hn so vi rng trng trong vic gim dng chy mt,

nguyn nhn l do rng trng c lp thm mc t v b c gii ha. y l yu t

quan trng ca rng trong vic ngn chn v lm gim tc ng ca cc cn l.

Rng cn l mt nh my x l nc thi v cung cp khng kh trong lnh khng l.

Rng Cn Gi tnh theo l thuyt c kh nng chu ti ln n 158.5m3/ m2/ nm, gi

mt nhim v quan trng l gim ti nhim t TP.H Ch Minh ra bin ng, h

thng cy ngp mn v to hp thu CO2 thi O2 l l phi xanh ca hn 10 triu dn

thnh ph. Rng cn l mt h thng ro chn t nhin, chng li hin tng ct bay,

ct ln, bo v cc vng t ni a v h thng bin.

Hnh 8: Rng Cn Gi l phi v qu thn ca TP H Ch Minh

19

Cung cp cc loi g v lm sn ngoi g c gi tr s dng cho con ngi trong

nhiu lnh vc nh: Th cng m ngh, g ni tht, dc liu, nghin cu khoa

hc,

II.3.1.4. a dng sinh hc

Vit Nam nm phn ng bn o ng Dng, trong vnh ai nhit i bc bn

cu tip cn vi xch o, phn t lin tri di trn 15 v t pha Bc xung pha

Nam vi khong 1.650km. Vit Nam c tng din tch t nhin t lin l 329.241km2

gm hng ngn o ln nh ven b v hai qun o ln l Hong Sa v Trng Sa. V

kh hu, Vit Nam c c kh hu nhit i gi ma v kh hu nhit i, n i ni

cao. S a dng v a hnh, kiu t, cnh quan v kh hu to nn tnh a dng

sinh hc v cng phong ph v c sc ca Vit Nam, th hin trong cc khu rng

rng ln v loi v ngun gen.

a dng loi bao gm: 774 loi chim, 273 loi th, 180 loi b st, 80 loi lng c,

475 loi c nc ngt v 1.650 loi c rng ngp mn v c bin.Rng cung cp

ngun gen v thc vt v ng vt vi 14.000 ngun gen c bo tn v lu gi.

gn gi ngun ti nguyn a dng phong ph ny, chng ta t nhiu thnh tu,

quan trng nh: che ph ca rng lin tc tng; m rng h thng cc khu bo tn

thin nhin; thc hin cc hnh thc bo tn chuyn ch bc u c pht trin;

pht trin nhn nui cc loi nguy cp qu him c gi tr kinh t cao. Tuy nhin, bn

cnh nhng thnh tu dt c trong thi gian qua cng tc bo tn a dng sinh

hc v ang c thch thc nht nh, l cc h sinh thi rng t hin b tc ng

v s lng loi nguy cp, qu, him b e da ang tng ln. Nguyn nhn gy ra vic

Hnh 9: Rng Phi lao ven bin huyn Triu Phong Qung Tr

20

suy gim a dng sinh hc l khai thc tri php v qu mc ti nguyn sinh vt, bun

bn tri php ng vt hoang d, chuyn i mc ch s dng rng mt cch thiu

khoa hc, s xm ln cc ging mi v cc sinh vt ngoi lai.

Mt s loi c ghi trong sch Vit Nam: Danh mc thc vt nm trong sch

Vit Nam thuc din rt nguy cp nh hong n r, hong n, bch vng, bch

tn i Loan; 1 s cy thuc qu nh ba gc hoa , sm v dip, tam tht hoang; cc

loi thc vt c hu ca Vit Nam nh gic Tam o, sao l cong; cy cnh qu

him nh lan hi , lan hi im ngc, lan hi Tam o, lan hi H-len.

Danh mc sch ng vt Vit Nam bao gm cc loi ng vt c trong Sch

Vit Nam di cc mc e da khc nhau. Trong s l cc loi ng vt ch

tm thy duy nht trn lnh th Vit Nam, khng tm thy ni khc trn th gii nh:

G li lam ui trng (Lophura hatinhensis), G li lam mo trng (Lophura

edwardsi), G tin mt (Polyplectron germaini), G tr sao (Rheinardia ocellata),

G so c hung (Arborophila davidi), Voc mi hch Bc B (Rhinopithecus

avunculus), Voc ng sc (Trachipithecus phayrei) v cc loi ln u pht hin trn

th gii ti Vit Nam, hin ti cha thy hoc t thy chng cc nc khc: Mang

Trng Sn (Muntiacus truongsonensis), Mang ln, Sao la (Pseudoryx

nghetinhensis),B rng xon.

Hinh 10: Mt s loi phong lan Vit Nam

21

II.3.2. i vi kinh t

II.3.2.1. G

Rng va l yu t bo v mi trng nhng cng l mt thnh phn kinh t quan

trng, c bit trong lnh vc cung cp g cho cng nghip ch bin v xut khu.Xut

khu g l ngnh xut khu ch lc ca Malaysia, mi nm ng gp vo nn kinh t

nc ny khong 7 t USD.Trong nhng nm gn y, tnh hnh xut g ca Vit Nam

ngy mt gia tng ng gp vo s pht trin ca t nc (Ngun Tp ch g Vit s

23 t-12/2010).Nu nh trong thp nin 90, v tr m nht ban u th nay Vit Nam

vn ln ng th 2 sau Malaysia v xut khu g trong ASEAN vi kim ngch

xut khu l4.6 t USD nm 2012 (Ngun: Hip hi g v lm sn Vit Nam).

Ty vo c im tnh cht ca tng loi cy m chng ta c sn phm ph hp.

Chng hn g hunh, sng le, sao nh, bn, x vn di, ngm trong nc mn khng b

h n nn c lm vn cc loi thuyn i trn bin.

G Lim, g Su l th g bn thin nin nn c dng lm nh cha, cung in.

Hnh 11: Sao La

22

Mt s loi c dng lm hng th cng m ngh xut khu, qu lu nim trong

cc khu dch v du lch:

II.3.2.2. Lm sn ngoi g

Gi tr m lm sn ngoi g mang li l khng h nh, theo ghi nhn c 150 loi

LSNG c gi tr c bun bn trn th trng quc t, vo nhng nm 1990 trung

bnh gi tr trao i hng nm ln n t 5 n 10 t USD. Ch ly v d mt hng my

ca Indonesia trong cc nm t 1988 n 1994 cho chng ta thy gi tr ngy cng

Hnh 12: Cha Mt Ct

Hnh 13: Hng th cng m ngh c gi tr xut khu

23

tng ca loi lm sn ngoi g ny (bng 1). S liu thng k ca TCHQ Vit Nam,

kim ngch xut khu hng my, tre, ci thm 11 thng nm 2012 tng 7,09% so vi

cng k nm 2011, tng ng vi 191,2 triu USD. Trong Hoa K l th trng

xut khu chnh mt hng ny ca Vit Nam vi kim ngch t 37 triu USD, tng

32,64% so vi 11 thng nm 2011 v tng 94,35% so vi thng 11/2011 vi kim

ngch t 4,7 triu USD, mt v d khc cng l mt hng ny ca Malaysia bn o

Peninsular (bng 2).

Bng 1

Nm Gi tr (triu USD)

1988 195

1989 157

1990 222

1991 277

1992 295

1993 335

1994 360

Thc t th nhng con s trn th cng khng ghi nhn gi tr ca lm sn ngoi g

do rng mang li, mt s ni th gi tr ca n cn c th mang li ngun ti chnh

hn c g. Theo FAO-1995, Zimbabwe c 237000 ngi lm vic lin quan n lm

sn ngoi g, trong khi ch c 16000 ngi lm trong ngnh lm nghip, khai thc

ch bin g; th trng lm sn ngoi g tng 20%/ nm.

Rng l cn l ni cung cp ngun dc liu t nhin. T chc y t th gii

WHO nh gi l 80% dn s cc nc ang pht trin dng lm sn ngoi g cha

bnh, lm thc phm bi b sc khe. Mt s loi dc liu nh: Tam tht, nm Linh

Chi, ng Trng H Tho, sm , sm dy, ... hin nay c nhiu cng trnh nghin

cu v cng dng v cch pht trin nhng loi quy ny.

Vit Nam cng nh cc nc trn th gii ang thc hin nhiu d n pht trin lm

sn ngoi g nh Trnh din nng lc Phc hi rng bn vng Vit Nam, do

APFNET ti tr. D n ny thc hin c hai nm ti huyn Thanh Sn v Tn

Nm Gi tr (triu USD)

1990 107,221

1991 168,836

1992 161,354

1993 133,364

1994 91,142

Bng 2

24

Sn thuc tnh Ph th, ngun vn gn 600.000 USD, APFNET ti tr gn 500.000

USD.

II.3.2.3. Du lch sinh thi.

Du lch sinh thi l loi hnh du lch da vo thin nhin v vn ha bn a gn

vi gio dc mi trng, ng gp cho n lc bo tn v pht trin bn vng vi s

tham gia tch cc ca cng ng a phng.

Du lch sinh thi gn lin vi cc vn quc gia, khu bo tn thin nhin, nhng

a im c cnh quan c bit.Du lch sinh thi l mt dch v gp phn nng cao i

sng tinh thn v vt cht cho ngi dn a phng.Thng qua du lch sinh nhng

ngi dn a phng nhn thc c gi tr do rng mang li h s gn b vi rng

hn, tch c hn trong cng tc xy dng v pht trin rng bn vng.

II.3.2.4. An sinh x hi

Rng em li mt gi tr x hi khng h nh khng nhng i vi ngi dn sng

gn rng m cn vi nhng ngi khu vc thnh th.

i vi ngi dn sng gn rng, gii quyt nn thiu lng thc lm n nh tnh

hnh x hi; gi an ninh v pht trin i sng cho ngi dn, rng mang li ngun thu

nhp thng xuyn v thit thc hn l cc ngun ngun khc; rng to mt s lng

vic lm ln quanh nm cho ngi dn y; bo tn nhng kin thc bn a ca

ngi dn v gy trng, ch bin, cha bnh bng cy thuc t nhin, cc ngnh ngh

Hnh 14: Mc Hng Tam tht hai loi cy dc liu qu ca Vit Nam

25

th cng m ngh; gi gn cc gi tr vn ha ca cng ng ca cc dn tc. V vy

pht trin rng l hng ti ngi dn c thu nhp thp ven rng v min ni.

i vi khu vc thnh th, to cng n vic lm cho cc nh my x nghip sn xut,

ch bin dng nhng sn phm c t rng; cung cp cc dch v gii tr, vui chi cho

ngi dn thnh th; a dng ha cc sn phm cng nghip cho cc nh my x

nghip; rng l kho cung ng nguyn liu sn c v lu bn, gim chi ph vn

chuyn, nhp khu t nc ngoi; tng tnh cnh tranh thng mi trong v ngoi

nc,

II.4. Hin trng ca rng v nguyn nhn

II.4.1 Hin trng

II.4.1.1.Hin trng rng Vit Nam

Rng nc ta ngy cng suy gim v din tch v cht lng, t l che ph thc

vt di mc cho php v mt sinh thi, din tch t ai ca nc ta (so vi din

tch t t nhin) l i ni, kh hu nhit i m gi ma nn rng rt quan trng

trong vic cn bng sinh thi.

Vit Nam l mt nc nhit i nm vng ng Nam , c tng din tch lnh

th khong 331.700 km2, ko di t 9 23 v bc, trong din tch rng v t

rng l 20 triu ha, chim khong 20% din tch ton quc (Tng cc thng k nm

1994).

Nu nh vo khong th k XX nc ta che ph ca rng cn li 43% din

tch t t nhin. Th sau 30 nm chin tranh tip theo l giai on m rng Vit Nam

b thu hp li kh nhanh. Hn 80 triu lt cht dit c cng 13 triu tn bom n vi 25

triu h bom n, bom chy rng cng vi i xe i t khng l tiu hy hn 2

triu ha rng nhit i cc loi v din tch rng ch cn khong 9,5 triu ha, chim

29% din tch c nc.

Theo s liu thu c nh phn tch nh Landsat chp nm 1979 1981 v

KATE 140 trong cng thi gian, cho thy trong giai on ny rng ch cn li 7,8 triu

ha, chim khong 24% din tch c nc (Vin iu tra v Quy hoch rng), trong

10% l rng nguyn sinh. nhiu tnh rng t nhin giu cn li rt thp, nh Lai

Chu cn 7,88%, Sn La 11,955 v Lo Cai 5,38%. S suy gim v che ph rng

cc vng ny l do mc tng dn s to nhu cu ln v lm sn v t trng trt.

26

Kt qu dn ti vic bin nhiu vng rng thnh t hoang cn ci. Nhng khu

rng cn li vng ni pha Bc xung cp, tr lng g thp v b chia ct thnh

nhng m rng nh phn tn.

Theo s liu thng k ca B Nng nghip v PTNT, tnh n thi im thng 12

nm 2008 din tch rng c nc l 13,1 triu ha (chim 38,7% tng din tch t

nhin) bao gm : 10,3 triu ha rng t nhin v 2,8 triu ha rng trng. Nu phn chi

theo 3 loi rng nm 2008 nh sau : rng c dng : 2,1 triu ha (tng ng vi

15,7% tng din tch rng), rng phng h : 4,7 triu ha (36,1% tng din tch rng)

v rng sn xut : 6,2 triu ha (47,3% tng din tch rng) v rng ngoi t quy

hoch cho lm nghip l 118,568 ha (0,9% tng din tch rng). Mc d din tch rng

tng t 7,8 triu ha (nm 1981) ln 13,1 triu ha (nm 2008) nhng hin tng mt

rng vn tip din phc tp ti nhiu ni, t vng Ty Nguyn, Duyn hi min Trung

v ng Nam b. Hin tng mt rng v ph v s gn kt cc mng rng lm cho

rng tr nn manh mn kh ph bin ti cc khu rng t nhin

Theo s liu Bo co Chng trnh iu tra, theo di v nh gi ti nguyn rng

ton quc (NFIMAP) chu k III, hn 2/3 din tch rng t nhin ca Vit Nam c

coi l rng ngho; Rng giu v rng trung bnh ch chim 4,6% tng din tch rng

v phn ln phn b ti cc vng ni cao, vng su, vng xa. Nhiu khu rng ngp

mn v rng Trm ti vng ng bng ven bin c vai tr quan trng trong vic duy tr

ang dng sinh hc dng nh bin mt. C hi ti sinh t nhin c tr lng ln

thng c lp v manh mn. Bo co cng cho thy cht lng v a dng sinh hc

rng tip tc b suy gim. Trong giai on 1999 2005, din tch rng t nhin giu

gim 10,2% v rng trung bnh gim 13,4%. Nhiu din tch rng t nhin rng ln ti

vng Ty Nguyn, ng Nam B v Ty Bc b mt trong giai on t 1991

2001.

Vit Nam hin nay c ch tiu rng vo loi thp, ch t mc bnh qun khong

0,14 ha rng, trong khi mc bnh qun ca th gii l 0,97 ha/ ngi. Cc s liu

thng k cho thy, n nm 2000 nc ta c khong gn 11 triu hecta rng, trong

rng t nhin chim khong 9,4 triu hecta v khong 1,6 triu hecta rng trng;

che ph ca rng ch t 33% so vi 45% ca thi k gia nhng nm 40 ca th k

XX. Tuy nhin, nh c nhng n lc trong vic thc hin cc ch trng chnh sch

27

ca Nh nc v bo v v pht trin ti nguyn rng, "ph xanh t trng i ni

trc" nn nhiu nm gn y din tch rng nc ta tng 1,6 triu hecta so vi

nm 1995, trong rng t nhin tng 1,2 triu hecta, rng trng tng 0,4 triu hecta.

-Trc y, rng chim din tch khong 60 triu km2.

-n nm 1958 ch cn 44,05 triu km2 (chim khong 33% din tch t lin).

-Nm 1973 cn 37,37 triu km2.

Hin nay din tch rng ngy cng gim, ch cn khong 29 triu km2.

+ Vit Nam:

-Vo nm 1943 c khong 14 triu ha, t l che ph 43% din tch.

-Nm 1976 cn 11 triu ha, t l che ph cn 34%.

-Nm 1985 cn 9,3 triu ha, t l che ph cn 30%.

-Nm 1995, cn 8 triu ha v t l che ph cn 28%.

L mt quc gia t hp ngi ng, Vit Nam hin nay c ch tiu rng vo loi

thp, ch t mc bnh qun khong 0,14 ha rng, trong khi mc bnh qun ca th

gii l 0,97 ha/ ngi. Cc s liu thng k cho thy, n nm 2000 nc ta c khong

gn 11 triu hecta rng, trong rng t nhin chim khong 9,4 triu hecta v

khong 1,6 triu hecta rng trng; che ph ca rng ch t 33% so vi 45% ca

thi k gia nhng nm 40 ca th k XX. Tuy nhin, nh c nhng n lc trong vic

thc hin cc ch trng chnh sch ca Nh nc v bo v v pht trin ti nguyn

rng, "ph xanh t trng i ni trc" nn nhiu nm gn y din tch rng nc

ta tng 1,6 triu hecta so vi nm 1995, trong rng t nhin tng 1,2 triu hecta,

rng trng tng 0,4 triu hecta. nhiu tnh, rng t nhin giu cn li rt thp, nh

Lai Chu cn 7,88%, Sn La 11,95%, v Lo Cai 5,38%. S suy gim v che ph

rng cc vng ny l do mc tng dn s to nhu cu ln v lm sn v t trng

trt. Kt qu dn ti vic bin nhiu vng rng thnh t hoang cn ci. Nhng khu

rng cn li vng ni pha Bc xung cp, tr lng g thp v b chia ct thnh

nhng m rng nh phn tn. Tnh n nm 2010 nc ta c tng din tch rng l

13.388.075 ha, trong rng t nhin l 10.304.816 ha v rng trng l 3.083.259

ha. che ph rng ton quc l 39,5% (Theo Quyt nh s 1828/Q BNN

TCLN ngy 11 thng 8 nm 2011)

+Cn trn th gii:

28

-Tng s rng c tr lng g trn 50 m3/ha ch c khong 2,8 t ha, cn li l rng

tha khong 1,2 t ha.

-Phn ln din tch rng kn phn b vng nhit i.

II.4.1.2. Tnh Hnh Chung V Nn Ph Rng

+ Cht ph rng ba bi:

-T 7000 nm trc vic cht ph rng cho pht trin nng nghip c xc nh

Trung v Nam Phi, cn n c xc nh vo 9000 nm trc. Tuy nhin, vo

nhng nm trc vic cht ph rng lm nng ry theo quy m nh nn khng tc

ng xu n mi trng.

- nhng vng nhit i vic cht ph rng xut hin vo nhng nm cui th k

XIX do m rng din tch trng cy nng nghip v cng nghip.

-Theo FAO t nm 1950 rng nhit i mt khong 50%, nhiu nht l Trung M

(60%), Trung Phi (52%), Nam Phi v ng Nam tng ng l 37 v 38%.

- n nhng nm u ca th k 80 rng nhit i b mt theo tc 113000

km2/nm, trong c khong 3/4 rng kn. Tc mt rng trong nhng nm gn

y cng ngy cng gia tng mnh, d on n nm 2020 khong 40% rng cn li b

ph hu nghim trng.

- nc ta, tc kinh t tng nhanh tng ng vi tc ph rng, mi nm rng

Vit Nam mt i 13-15 nghn ha ch yu do nn du canh du c, ly g, t rng ly

t trng cy cng nghip xut khu, p ng nhu cu giao thng, khai thc m, xy

dng th,

Hnh 15: Cht ph rng lm nng ry

29

+ Hu qu cuc chin tranh ho hc ca M li mt tn tht khng nh, lm mt

i 1/4 din tch rng nguyn sinh Vit Nam.

+Rng b tn ph, b khai thc qu mc tr ngho kit, cc h sinh thi rng b ph

hy. Nhiu loi thc vt rng qu ang b cht h, thu hi khng c k hoch nn ang

ng trc nguy c b tuyt chng.

S mt dn a dng sinh hc

S gim st din tch rng: 1943 rng che ph 50% c nc, song hin nay ch

cn 33,2%. Nm 1995 rng che ph ch cn 28%. S suy gim rng gy ra nhng hu

qu v cng ln i vi a dng sinh hc (350 loi thc vt v 300 loi ng vt c

mt trong sch Vit Nam ang trong tnh trng bo ng).

Nguyn nhn lm suy thoi a dng sinh hc:

Ph bin ton cu: kh hu, ng t. C th ti to li tr li c. ng lo ngi

l cc nguyn nhn t con ngi.

S tng dn s khng bnh thng:biu hin r nt Vit Nam. T 1994 n nay

tng 10 triu dn, n 2004 l 84 triu ngi. D bo vi tng hin nay th n

2050 dn s Vit Nam s l 158 triu ngi.

Thng mi nng sn, lm sn, hi sn, ph rng trng c ph.

Vic hoch nh cc chnh sch thu khng thy ht gii tr ca mi trng v ti

nguyn mi trng 1976 n 1987: VN khai thc v xut khu 11700 mu g trn.

1986: 22.000 km2; nm 1991: 240.000 m3.

S bt bnh ng trong qun l s hu.

S suy thoi a dng sinh hc bt ngun t s hy hoi cc h sinh thi khc: t

ngp mn, h sinh thi rng, h sinh thi san h cng ng trc nguy c b tn ph

bi con ngi.

II.4.2. Nguyn nhn

Kt qu ca cc nghin cu khoa hc v Chng trnh iu tra, theo di v nh

gi din bin ti nguyn rng ton quc t nm 1991 n nay ch ra mt s nguyn

nhn ch yu dn n s bin ng din tch v cht lng rng Vit nam .

Bn cnh nhng nguyn nhn nh iu kin t nhin, c im a l, bin i

kh hu khin tnh trng ma l VN ngy cng tr nn khc lit, cn c nguyn nhn

trc tip ca con ngi. Nn ph rng u ngun khai thc g, pht trin nng

30

nghip, thy in lm thm thc vt trn lu vc ngy cng gim dn n kh nng

cn dng chy km, l tp trung nhanh hn.

Do chuyn i rng sang t canh tc nng nghip. y c coi l mt trong

nhng nguyn nhn ch yu dn n mt rng.

Do tp qun canh tc lc hu, du canh, du c v ph thuc nng n vo ti

nguyn rng sinh tn. Bn cnh , vic di dn t vng ng bng ln cc vng cao

v t min ni pha Bc vo Ty Nguyn gp phn vo t l tng dn s v to p

lc ln nhng din tch rng hin c.

Do cha c bin php qun l v khai thc rng hp l, nn khai thc g lu vn

xy ra nhiu a phng. H thng php l cha hon thin, nng lc thc thi php

lut cn hn ch, thiu s phi hp gia cc c quan thc thi php lut. Qu trnh giao

dt, giao rng cng vi vic cp giy chng nhn quyn s dng t chm, quyn s

dng rng cha r rng.

Do nhu cu pht trin kinh t, x hi nh: xy dng h thng thy li, thy in,

h thng ng giao thng, b tr ti nh c, xy dng cc khu cng nghip, khai thc

khong sn

Do nhu cu cung cp nguyn liu cho cng nghip ch bin, xut khu g v lm

sn.

Do s gia tng dn s qu nhanh dn n vic thiu t , thiu t canh tc nn

ngi dn cht ph rng mt cch ba bi c t sng.

Hnh 16: Chy rng U Minh

31

Do lc lng kim lm mng, a v php l cha r rng, trang thit b, phng

tin thiu thn, lc hu. Ch , chnh sch cho kim lam cha tng xng vi nhim

v c giao. Cng tc o to, hun luyn nghip v, gio dc o c phm cht

cho i ng bo v rng nht l kim lm cha c coi trng n mc, cha c c

s, vt cht cho vic o to hun luyn.

C s vt cht cho cng tc bo v rng ht sc kh khn. T trng vn u t

ca x hi cho cng tc bo v rng khng ng k.

Cha huy ng cc lc lng x hi cho bo v rng. Vic x l cc vi phm

cha kp thi, thiu kin quyt, cn c nhng quan im khc nhau ca cc c quan

chc nng mt s a phng. Trong khi lm tc ph rng, khai thc g tri php vi

th on ngy cng tinh vi, chng tr ngi thi hnh cng v ngy cng hung hn. Nu

khng x l kin quyt, nghim minh lm tc s coi thng php lut v tip tc chng

ngi thi hnh cng v vi mc ngy cng ph bin hn.

II.5. Bin php bo v rng

II.5.1. Quan im v vic bo v rng

Bo v rng l trch nhim ca ton dn, cc cp, cc ngnh, trong kim lm

l lc lng nng ct.

Bo v rng gn vi pht trin, s dng rng bn vng, duy tr din tch phn

rng n nh, ch trng bo v rng v kim sot lm sn ti ni ch bin, tiu th,hn

ch kim sot trong lu thng.

II.5.2. Mc tiu ca bo v rng

Nng cao nng lc qun l, bo v rng, bo v n nh lm phn cc loi rng,

pht huy vai tr, li th ca tng loi rng, trn c s bo tn, s dng, cung cp cc

dch v v pht trin rng bn vng, gp phn pht trin kinh t v x hi, duy tr cc

gi tr a dng sinh hc ca rng, gp phn tch cc bo v mi trng v thch ng,

gim thiu bin i kh hu.

II.5.3. Cc bin php bo v ti nguyn rng

Tuyn truyn, ph bin, gio dc, nng cao nhn thc v qun l bo v rng:

32

Xy dng cc chng trnh v thng tin gio dc truyn thng, ph bin

kin thc v php lut bo v v pht trin rng nhm nng cao nhn thc v bo v

rng ca cc ch rng, chnh quyn cc cp, cc ngnh v ton x hi.

i mi phng php tuyn truyn ph hp vi tng i tng tip nhn thng

tin, nht l i vi ng bo dn tc sng vng su, vng xa.In n , pht hnh cc ti

liu tuyn truyn phn pht cho cc cng ng, xy dng cc bng tuyn truyn

nhng khu vc cng cng, trn giao l, ca rng, ...

Vn ng cc h gia nh sng trong v gn rng k cam kt bo v rng, xy

dng v thc hin cc quy c bo v rng cp x.

Quy hoch, xc nh lm phn cc loi rng n nh:

y ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc TW t chc r sot, lp quy

hoch ba loi rng ca a phng; b Nng Nghip v Pht trin nng thn phi hp

vi b Ti nguyn v Mi trng r sot quy hoch rng ngp mn ven bin m bo

an ton bo v mi trng ven bin v pht trin nui trng thy sn hp l, tng hp

quy hoch ba loi rng quc gia trnh Th tng Chnh ph ph dit quy hoch tng

th ba loi rng ton quc.

B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn r sot danh mc h thng rng c

dng n nh n nm 2020 trnh Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt trong nm

2006.Trn c s xc nh th t u tin u t cho cc khu rng c dng theo

Chin lc qun l h thng khu bo tn thin nhin Vit Nam c Th tng

Chnh ph ph duyt nm 2010.

Xc nh ranh gii ba loi rng trn bn v thc a, hon thnh vic ng

ct mc, cm bin bo ranh gii rng c dng v rng phng h u ngun.

Hon thin th ch chnh sch v php lut:

Phn nh r chc nng, nhim v qun l Nh nc ca cc B, Ngnh, y

ban nhn dn cc cp i vi cng tc qun l, bo v v pht trin rng. Thit lp c

ch, t chc qun l rng v t lm nghip theo ngnh v lin ngnh hp l qun

l, bo v rng c hiu qu.

B Nng Nghip v pht trin Nng thn ch tr, phi hp vi cc B, Ngnh

c lin quan r sot h thng ha h thng vn bn quy phm php lut hin hnh v

bo v v pht trin rng, sa i, b sung, xy dng mi cc vn bn quy phm php

33

lut c lin quan m bo quyn li, trch nhim v ngha v ca ch rng, chnh

quyn cc cp v ngi dn trong cng tc qun l, bo v v pht trin rng.Trn c

s , xy dng chin lc khung php l v bo v v pht trin rng n nm 2020,

to hnh lang php l n nh trong hot ng lm nghip.

B Nng Nghip v pht trin Nng thn ch tr xy dng chnh sch v bo v

rng theo hng m bo li ch ca nhng ngi lm ngh rng, nhng ngi trc

tip tham gia bo v rng, to ng lc thu ht u t cho cng tc bo v v pht

trin rng.

y ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc TW tip tc r sot v sp xp

cc lm trng quc doanh, ng thi trin khai ngay cc phng n bo v rng v

t lm nghip thu hi t cc lm trng quc doanh, khng tnh trng rng tr

thnh v ch.Trao quyn t ch v kinh doanh v ti chnh cho cc nng, lm trng

quc doanh sau khi sp xp li.

Nng cao trch nhim ca ch rng, chnh quyn cc cp v s tham gia ca cc

ngnh, cc t chc x hi vo bo v rng:

i vi ch rng:

Ch rng phi chu trch nhim bo v rng c Nh nc giao, cho thu theo

quy nh hin hnh ca Php lut. Nhng ch rng qun l trn 500 ha rng phi c

lc lng bo v rng ca mnh.

Hnh 17: Tch cc trng rng ph xanh t trng i trc

34

Xy dng cc chng trnh, n bo v rng trn din tch c giao, c

thu, m bo b tr cc ngun lc khng rng b xm hi tri php lut.

i vi y ban nhn cc cp:

Thc hin nghim tc trch nhim qun l Nh nc v bo v rng theo quy

nh ti Lut bo v v pht trin rng.

+T chc cc lc lng truy qut lm tc ph rng ti a phng

+Ngn chn kp thi cc trng hp khai thc, ph rng v ln chim t rng

+Ch o x l nghim khc cc t chc, c nhn vi phm php lut v bo v rng v

nhng ngi bao che, tip tay cho lm tc

T chc khi phc li din tch rng b ph, ln chim tri quy nh ca php

lut trong thi gian qua

Tin hnh kim tra, cng ch tt c nhng ngi di c t do ra khi cc vng

rng nguyn sinh, rng c dng, rng phng h

Hon thnh giao t, giao rng v cp giy chng nhn quyn s dng t cho

cc t chc, h gia nh, c nhn

i vi lc lng cng an:

B cng an ch o cng an cc tnh, thnh ph h tr v phi hp thng xuyn

vi lc lng kim lm trong cng tc phng chy, cha chy rng theo mt c ch

thng nht. T chc iu tra, nm bt cc i tng ph rng, kinh doanh bun bn

lm sn tri php, c bit phi trin khai cc bin php kin quyt trng tr thch

ng, ngn chn trit cc tnh trng chng ngi thi hnh cng v, phi hp vi cc

lc lng c lin quan truy qut bn ph rng v kim tra, kim sot lu thng lm

sn. R sot v x l dt im cc v n hnh s tn ng trong lnh vc bo v rng.

i vi cc t chc x hi:

Phi hp vi chnh quyn cc cp xy dng v t chc thc hin cc chng

trnh tuyn truyn, vn ng v gio dc php lut v bo v rng cho cc thnh vin,

pht hin, u tranh, phng nga cc hnh vi vi phm php lut, t chc cc phong

tro qun chng tham gia bo v v pht trin rng.

Cng c t chc, nng cao nng lc ca lc lng kim lm:

i mi t chc lc lng kim lm theo Lut bo v v pht trin rng

kim lm gn vi chnh quyn, vi dn, vi rng, thc hin chc nng tham mu cho

35

chnh quyn a phng, t chc bo v rng c dng v rng phng h, bo m

chp hnh php lut trong vic bo v v pht trin rng. B tr kim lm a bn

100% cc x c rng tham mu cho chnh quyn c s trong cng tc qun l nh

nc v lm nghip, theo di cht ch din bin rng, kp thi pht hin, ngn chn

ngay t u nhng v vi phm.

Tng cng trang thit b cho kim lm gm cc phng tin hot ng ph

hp vi a bn vng ni, h thng thng tin lin lc, thit b phng chy, cha chy

rng.

Ban hnh mt s chnh sch v kinh ph cho hot ng nghip v, tin lng,

ch thng binh, lit s, c ch s dng v kh, cng c h tr trn p lm tc.

Lp k hoch o to, bi dng v chuyn mn nghip v, t chc cc chng

trnh trao i kinh nghim v cng tc qun l, bo v rng

H tr nng cao i sng ngi dn:

y mnh vic giao rng v t lm nghip, khon bo v rng cho cc h gia

nh, cng ng dn c sng ch yu bng ngh lm nghip, c bit l i vi ng

bo dn tc khu vc Ty Nguyn v Ty Bc, ng thi hoanfc thnh vic cp giy

chng nhn quyn s dng t cho cc ch rng.

Sm hon thnh ch trng gii quyt t , t sn xut, h tr nh cho

ng bo dn tc ang gp nhiu kh khn, gn vi cc chng trnh mc tiu quc

gia v xa i gim ngho, chng trnh nh canh nh c, quy hoch v t chc cc

Hnh 18: Kim lm i tun tra

36

d n n nh vng kinh t mi ngi dn c thu nhp t sn xut, sm n nh

cuc sng, gim bt s l thuc vo thu nhp t cc hot ng khai thc rng tri php

lut.

Xy dng c s h tng, u t trang thit b bo v rng:

Lp t v khai thc c hiu qu trm thu nh vin thm phc v cho cng tc

d bo, cnh bo chy rng v theo di din bin rng

Xy dng cc cng trnh phng chy, cha chy rng, bo v rng cc khu

rng c dng, phng h, cc vng trng im c xc nh v ph rng v chy

rng.

u t xy dng cc Trung tm hun luyn, o to chuyn ngnh cho lc

lng bo v rng

Trang b phng tin p ng yu cu cng tc hin trng cho cc Ht kim

lm trn ton quc, trc mt tp trung u t cho cc ht kim lm nhng vng

trng im.

ng dng khoa hc cng ngh:

ng dng cng ngh tin hc, GIS, vin thm vaofc cng tc qun l bo v

rng, theo di din bin rng v t lm nghip.

Thit lp v s dng c hiu qu mng my tnh chuyn ngnh, xy dng phn

mm qun l, theo di din bin ti nguyn rng v cc v vi phm php lut bo v

v pht trin rng.

Hp tc quc t:

Trin khai thc hin tt cc iu c quc t m Vit Nam l thnh vin.

Thu ht cc ngun vn ODA v cc h tr k thut ca cng ng quc t cho

cng tc bo v rng.

Xy dng v thc hin cc tha thun song phng v hp tc bo v rng lin

bin gii vi cc nc Lo v Campuchia.

II.5.4. C ch pht trin sch

Hin nay trn th gii ang trin khai chng trnh C ch pht trin sch

nhm gim thiu kh gy nhim v gip cc nc ang pht trin vi chnh sch pht

trin bn vng vi mi trng.

37

C ch pht trin sch (Clean Development Mechanism CDM) l mt phng

thc hp tc quc t mi trong lnh vc mi trng gia cc quc gia ang pht trin

v cc quc gia cng nghip ho. Nu nh vi thp k gn y, phng thc vin

tr pht trin chnh thc (ODA) l ph bin v c coi l mt bin php thc y

tng trng kinh t cc nc ang v km pht trin, th hin nay trc vn

nhim mi trng ang c s quan tm ca cng ng quc t, CDM tr thnh mt

cng c trin khai chnh sch quc gia v mi trng nhiu nc tham gia Ngh nh

th Kyoto (1997).

Mc tiu chnh ca CDM l gip cc nc ang pht trin t pht trin bn

vng v to thun li cho cc nc pht trin t c mc tiu gim pht thi ca

mnh thng qua cc d n trin khai ti cc nc ang pht trin.

Lng kh nh knh thu c t mi d n CDM s c o lng bng cc

phng php c quc t thng qua v c th hin bng n v o lng chun

gi l cc CERs Certified Emission Reductions (1CER = 1 tn CO2).

tham gia CDM, cc nc phi p ng c 3 yu cu c bn theo Ngh nh

th Kyoto l phi ph chun Ngh nh th Kyoto, t nguyn tham gia CDM v thnh

lp c quan quc gia v CDM. Ngoi ra, cc nc cng nghip ho phi thuc danh

sch cc nc trong Ph lc I v p ng mt s iu kin c th theo iu 3 ca

Ngh nh th Kyoto. V phm vi p dng, cc d n CDM thch hp vi cc lnh vc

ch yu sau: Nng cao hiu qu cung cp v s dng nng lng, tit kim nng lng

v nng lng ti sinh, chuyn i nhin liu v cng ngh sch, nng nghip v lm

nghip (thu hi v hp th kh pht thi), cc qu trnh sn xut cng nghip pht thi

kh nh knh... kha cnh ti chnh, theo quy nh, cc d n CDM thnh cng c

nhn CER nhng cng phi np mt mc ph l 2% v c a vo mt qu ring

(gi l Qu thch ng) gip cc nc ang pht trin thch nghi vi cc tc ng

tiu cc ca bin i kh hu. Ngoi ra, mt s khon thu khc s gp phn thanh ton

cc chi ph qun l CDM. Tuy nhin, d n CDM ti cc nc km pht trin c th

khng phi chu mc ph Qu thch ng v cc chi ph qun l.

Vi cam kt phi ct gim GHG (Green House Gas Kh nh knh), cc quc gia

cng nghip ha phi u t, i mi, ci tin cng ngh vi chi ph rt tn km m

hiu qu mang li khng cao th c mt cch lm tt hn l tin hnh u t nhng d

38

n CDM nhng nc ang pht trin, ni trnh cng ngh cha cao, mi trng

cha b nhim nng, vi chi ph u t thp hn nhiu. i li, cc doanh nghip u

t nhn c chng ch gim pht thi c cng nhn p dng vo ch tiu ct

gim pht thi quc gia mnh.

Nhng quc gia ang pht trin khng b rng buc bi cam kt phi ct gim

kh nh knh ca ngh nh th Kyoto c th ci thin tnh hnh kinh t, x hi v mi

trng t ngun ti chnh v cng ngh tin tin c chuyn giao t nhng d n

CDM.

mc ton cu, thng qua cc d n gim pht thi, CDM c th khuyn

khch u t quc t, cung cp cc ngun lc cn thit cho tng trng kinh t nhiu

ni, nhiu khu vc trn th gii. Bi vy ngay t u CDM ginh c s quan tm

c bit ca c nhng nc ang pht trin v nhng nc cng nghip ha

Ngh nh th Kyoto ca Cng c kh hu l vn bn php l thc hin Cng

c kh hu, c hiu lc thi hnh k t ngy 16/2/2005.

Ni dung quan trng ca ngh nh th Kyoto l a ra ch tiu gim pht thi

kh nh knh c tnh rng buc php l i vi cc nc pht trin v c ch gip cc

nc ang pht trin t c s pht trin kinh t, x hi mt cch bn vng thng

qua thc hin "C ch pht trin sch" (CDM: Clean Development Mechanism). Vit

Nam ph chun Cng c kh hu v Ngh nh th Kyoto nn c hng nhng

quyn li dnh cho cc nc pht trin trong vic tip nhn h tr ti chnh v chuyn

giao cng ngh mi t cc nc pht trin thng qua cc d n CDM.

Ngh nh th Kyoto l mt tho thun rng buc quc t c tnh php l gim

thiu kh nh knh pht thi gy thay i kh hu. Bn tha thun nu cam kt ca cc

nc cng nghip ha gim pht thi 6 loi kh nh knh 5% vo nm 2012. Hn th

na l t ra mt mc tiu c th cho mi loi kh, cc mc tiu tng th i vi tt c

6 loi kh s c qui i "tng ng vi CO2" ch cn mt s liu.

S cam kt ghi r rng tt c cc bn k kt vo Ngh nh th phi tun th mt

s bc bao gm.

+ Thit k v trin khai cc chng trnh gim thiu v thch nghi vi s thay i

kh hu.

39

+ Chun b mt s liu thng k quc gia v loi b cc pht thi bng cch gim

ccbon.

+ Khuyn khch chuyn giao cng ngh thn thin vi kh hu.

+ Thc y s hp tc trong nghin cu v quan st thay i kh hu, cc tc

ng v cc chin lc i ph.

Cc nc ang pht trin vn cha c rng buc php l i vi nhng mc tiu

gim pht thi, v cc quc gia ny ch chu trch nhim mt phn nh ca pht thi

kh nh knh trong qu kh.

S trin khai d n CDM trn th gii: D n CDM u tin trn th gii c

thc hin ti Rio de Janeiro, Brazil t nm 2004, vi lnh vc hot ng l gim pht

thi kh nh knh t bi chn lp cht thi bng cch thu hi kh mtan sn xut

in. Theo tnh ton, mi nm d n gim c 31 ngn tn mtan, tng ng vi

670 ngn tn CO2. D n mang li hiu qu tch cc cho mi trng v cng ng

dn c trong khu vc, ng thi m ra mt giai on mi gip th gii t cc mc

tiu ngn chn bin i kh hu v thc y s pht trin bn vng.

Ngnh nng lng l lnh vc nng bng nht cho cc d n CDM trn ton th

gii (52,68%), sau l cc ngnh x l v tiu hy cht thi (20,77%) v nng

nghip (7,8%).

Chu Thi Bnh Dng hin ang l khu vc si ng nht v cc d n CDM.

Trong , n l ni c nhiu d n CDM nht, cn Trung Quc l quc gia ng

u v nhn c CERs. u t vo cc d n CDM nhiu nht l cc nc Anh,

Ailen, H Lan v Nht Bn.

Theo s liu thng k ca Ban Th k Cng c Kh hu, tnh n ngy

16/10/2008, c 1184 d n CDM c Ban chp hnh CDM ng k cho thc hin.

Trung bnh mi nm cc d n to ra gn 228 triu n v gim pht thi c chng

nhn (CER), tc l gn 228 triu tn CO2 tng ng. Nu tnh n nm 2012, nm

kt thc giai on u thc hin cc cam kt trong Ngh nh th Kyoto, tng s CER

do cc d n c ng k to ra s l hn 1 t 330 triu. Nu tnh cho ton b s

d n c trong danh mc, s CERs d tnh n 2012 l hn 2 t 700 triu n v. Bn

nc ng u v s d n c thc hin v s CER thu c hng nm l n ,

chim 30,24% s d n, thu c hn 31 triu CER/nm (13,67% tng CER thu

40

c); tip sau l Trung Quc, tuy ch chim 23,73% s d n nhng to ra hn 120

triu CER/nm (52,74%); Brasil chim 12,25% s d n v thu c hn 19 triu

CER/nm (8,53%); Mexico chim 8,95% s d n vi hn 7 triu CER/nm (3,25%).

Hn Quc tuy c s d n t hn Mexico nhng s CER thu c li nhiu hn hai

ln, t gn 15 triu CER/nm, chim 6,41% tng CER thu c hng nm ca cc d

n CDM.

Tng s CERs c Ban chp hnh CDM pht hnh cho cc nc ch tr d

n (tnh n 16/10/2008) l hn 200 triu n v, trong Trung Quc nhn c

37,54%, n c 24,59%, Hn Quc c 15,35% v Brasil c 12,31%. Vit

Nam ch c 2 d n c ng k nhng s CER nhn c cng chim 2,24%, tng

ng khong 4,5 triu n v.

Trn bnh din quc t, trin khai v gim st d n CDM mi quc gia, cn

thit c mt Ban chp hnh (c thnh lp theo Ngh nh th Kyoto v hin ti gm

10 quc gia thnh vin) thc hin chc nng duy tr vic ng k v gim st CDM.

i vi mi quc gia thnh vin, trc khi tham gia CDM phi thnh lp mt C quan

quc gia v CDM nh gi, ph duyt cc d n, ng thi l u mi phi hp

vi quc t.

Yu cu cho vic xy dng mt d n CDM c nhn mnh n tnh c th, xc

thc v c th thu c kt qu r rng (c th o m c). V mt cu trc, ni

chung mt d n CDM s c trin khai qua 7 bc, hnh thnh nn mt quy trnh

thng nht nh m t di y:

Quy trnh d n:

1. Thit k v xy dng d n

2. Ph duyt quc gia

3. Ph chun/ng k

4. Ti chnh d n

5. Gim st

6. Thm tra/chng nhn

41

7. Ban hnh CERs

Phng php lun ch yu tnh ton hiu qu ca d n CDM l so snh gia

lng pht thi c tnh ca d n vi cc pht thi tham chiu (gi l pht thi ng

c s). Mc d hin nay c 3 phng php lun ng c s ph bin, nhng Vit

Nam thc t ch p dng c mt phng php, l da trn s liu cc pht thi

hin ti hoc trong qu kh thch hp (phng php ni suy).

Hi ngh bn trn v cc d n CDM ng hng li ti Vit Nam:

Trong khun kh chuyn thm thc t ln th nht i vi vic pht trin cc d

n C ch pht trin sch (CDM) ng hng li s dng cc d n tn dng ODA ti

Vit Nam, B Mi trng Nht Bn (MOEJ) phi hp vi Ngn hng Hp tc quc t

Nht Bn (JBIC) t chc Hi ngh Bn trn tho lun v vn ny ti Cu lc b

Bo ch vo ngy 22 thng 8 nm 2008.

Hnh 19: Quy trnh d n CDM

42

Tham d Hi ngh c i din ca Cc Kh tng Thu vn v Bin i kh hu

B TN&MT; B K hoch v u t; B Xy dng; B Ti chnh; Tp on in lc

Vit Nam. V pha cc T chc Quc t c B Mi trng Nht Bn; Vn phng JBIC

ti Vit Nam; Vin Chin lc Mi trng ton cu (IGES); Trung tm Hp tc Mi

trng Hi ngoi, Nht Bn (OECC); Cng ty t vn Pacific.

Trong chuyn thm ln ny, pha Nht Bn tin hnh kho st thc t ti thnh ph

Hi Phng v thnh ph H Ch Minh xem xt vic hp tc thc hin cc d n

CDM ng hng li lin quan n lnh vc nng lng v x l cht thi ti Vit

Nam.

Ph duyt d n CDM:

T thng 6/2008 n thng 8/2008, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, C quan u mi

ca Chnh ph Vit Nam tham gia v thc hin Cng c kh hu v Ngh nh th

Kyoto, ph duyt 23 Ti liu Thit k D n (PDD) theo CDM. Bao gm:

Thu in Sng ng Tng tim nng gim pht thi: 164.782tCO2/07 nm

Thu in Yan Tann Sien 319.100tCO2/07 nm

Thu in Khe Soong v Hp Thnh 167.140tCO2/07 nm

Thu in Thi An 1460.367tCO2/07 nm

Thu in Bn Chung 92.430tCO2/10 nm

Thu in Yn Lp 37.420tCO2/10 nm

Cm thu in Nm Tha 495.322tCO2/07 nm

Thu in k Pne 280.286tCO2/07 nm

Ni hi t tru 686.581tCO2/10 nm

ng pht nhin in tru nh Hi 287.825tCO2/07 nm

X l nc thi v thu hi kh m-tan pht trin 784.876tCO2/07 nm

in ti Nh my Cn nhin liu ng Xanh

Nh my in gi Bnh Thun s 1-30MW 405.921tCO2/07 nm

Thu in An im II 318.165tCO2/07 nm

Trch kh sinh hc t nc thi sn xut tinh bt m 644.273tCO2/07 nm

v s dng cho Cng ty C phn Nng snthc phm Qung Ngi

Thu in HMun 448.790tCO2/10 nm

Thu in Bn R 454.740tCO2/10 nm

43

Thu in Ia Puch 3 200.810tCO2/10 nm

Thu in Nm Xy Lung 1 201.606tCO2/10 nm

Thu in Mng Hum 559.454tCO2/07 nm

Thu in k NTeng 248.773tCO2/07 nm

Thu in Ngi Pht 2.157.833tCO2/10 nm

Thu in Ea Drng 2 123.851tCO2/07 nm

Thu in La Hing 2 237.951tCO2/07 nm

Theo PDD, cc D n ny s khuyn khch, thc y qu trnh pht trin cng

ngh nng lng ti to v p ng mt phn nhu cu in ang gia tng cc tnh,

thnh ph trn. Cc D n s gp phn pht trin kinh t-x hi, xo i gim ngho,

bo v mi trng a phng v gim pht thi kh nh knh.

Cc c quan, t chc c lin quan n d n ang trin khai tip cc bc cn thit

theo chu trnh d n CDM.

III. KT LUN

Trong nhng nm qua, chng ta nhn thc rt r cc nguyn nhn gy ra mt

rng v suy thoi rng v c rt nhiu n lc gii quyt vn ny v t

c nhng kt qu c quc t nh gi cao. Tuy nhin, s u t ca Nh nc

khng phi l v hn. Do cn phi y mnh cng tc x hi ha vic bo v v

pht trin rng thng qua vic thit lp mt c ch ti chnh mi v bn vng da vo

chnh sch chi tr dch v mi trng rng. Bn cnh , vic qun l bo v rng bn

vng cng gp phn em li nhng li ch cho khu vc v ton cu (v d : hn ch

bin i kh hu, bo tn a dng sinh hc )

Hin nay gi tr ca rng vn cha c tnh ton mt cch y v ngi dn

vn cha yn tm sng bng ngh rng cng nh tch cc tham gia qun l v s dng

rng bn vng. H qu tt yu l p lc ln ti nguyn rng hin c ngy cng tng,

hin tng mt rng v suy thoi rng vn cn tip din nhiu ni. Nu gi tr ca

rng c nh gi v c lng ha mt cch y (c gi tr v g, lm sn

ngoi g v gi tr bo v mi trng ) th s l c s quan trng so snh gia

li ch ca vic bo v v pht trin rng vi li nhun thu c t cc hot ng

chuyn i rng sang cc mc ch s dng khc. cng l cng c xy dng

mt chnh sch khuyn khch mnh ngn chn mt rng v suy thoi rng. Tuy

44

nhin, vic nh gi rng (c bit l lng ha gi tr ca rng i vi vic hp th

cc bon v gim pht thi kh nh knh) v tnh ton chi ph c hi ca cc hot ng

s dng ti nguyn khc nhau Vit Nam cng nh vic tm kim th trng cn gp

nhiu kh khn.

L mi ngi dn Vit Nam chng ta cn tch cc trong vic bo v rng,

cng chnh l bo v cuc sng ca chng ta.V cha gi knh yu ca dn tc ta

tng ni: Rng vng, bin bc, t ph nhiu.V th chng ta cn c trch nhim

trong vic gi gn v pht trin ngun ti nguyn qu gi .

45

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. TS. L Quc Tun, khoa hc mi trng. Khoa mi trng v ti nguyn, i

hc Nng Lm.

2. GS. Th t, Sinh thi hc v cc h kinh t sinh thi Vit Nam. Vin nghin cu v ph bin kin thc bch khoa.

3. ng nh Bi, 2002. Lm sn ngoi g, Chng trnh h tr Lm nghip x hi.

4. Bo co quc gia v a dng sinh hc nm 2011, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, 2011.

5. Nguyn Duy Chuyn, 1994. Nhng gi tr kinh t v mi trng ca cc h sinh

thi rng trn a bn kinh t trng im pha nam.

6. The role of forest protected areas in adaptation to climate change S.Mansourian,

A.Belokurov and P.J.Stephenson.

7. http://www.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx

?ItemID=11909

8. http://xahoihock33.pro-forums.in/t34-topic

9. http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0670e/i0670e13.htm