Safety Presentation

Training on

Fire Fighting, Safety & First

Aid Management

Facilitator:

Niaz Ahmed CSCM (USA), MBA in MIS (DU), B.Sc in ME (MIST), MPMI

Chief Knowledge Distributor

Corporate Ask Bangladesh Mobile: 01717 577 746

Email: [email protected]

Date: 2 January, 2015

mailto:[email protected]

RISK

MANAGEMENT

Definition of Terms Hazard: The potential to cause harm, including ill health and injury, damage to property, products or the environment; production losses or increased liabilities, social and cultural disruption, and reputation of the company.

Threat: A possible cause that will potentially release a hazard and produce an incident . (Threats are: Thermal, chemical, biological, radiation, kinetic, electrical, climatic conditions, Human Factors)

Incident: An incident is an unplanned event or chain of events, which has, or could have caused injury or illness to people, damage to property, products or the environment; production losses or increased liabilities, social and cultural disruption, and reputation of the company.

Accident: An incident, which relates mostly with physical injuries, loss of workability, permanent or partial disabilities and fatalities, which is a death resulting from a work related injury.

Barrier: A measure which reduces the probability of realising a hazards potential for harm or reducing its consequences.

Risk: A term which combines the chance that a specified undesired event will occur and the severity

of the consequences.

(Risk=Consequence x Frequency)

(Risk=Hazardous event x Vulnerability / Capacity)

Fatality:

Injury:

Crisis, Emergency, Disaster

Unsafe act, Unsafe condition

Definition of Terms

Risk Management involves

• identifying and analyzing safety and health hazards associated with work;

• assessing the risks involved;

• Prioritizing measures to control the hazards and reduce the risks;

• controlling and monitoring the risks; and

• communicating these risks to all affected persons.

Overview on Risk Management

I. Records must be available upon request

II. Records to be kept for at least 3 years Record-keeping

I. Form RM & RA Teams

II. Identify Tasks of Each Process

III. Gather Relevant Information

Preparation

I. Obtain Employer / Management Approval

II. Communicate the Hazards and their

Controls

III. Implement Control Measures

IV. Audit / Regular Inspections

V. Review RA on a Regular Basis

Implementation and Review

I. Hazard Identification

II. Risk Evaluation

III. Risk Control

Risk Assessment

Risk Management Process

1

2

3

4

III. Gather Relevant Information

A. RM Team to gather information related to RM scoping : Workplace

layout plan, Process or work flowchart, List of work activities in the process

I. Form RM & RA Teams

II. Identify Tasks of Each Process

III.Gather Relevant Information

Preparation 1

B. RA Teams to gather information on RA process :

• List of tools, machinery and chemicals used

• Manufacturer’s instruction manual including safety data sheets

• Records of past incidents & accidents

• Observations, interviews and feedback on WSH-related matters

• WSH inspection records and audit reports

• Relevant legislation, Codes of Practice and specifications

• Details of existing risk control measures

• Safe work procedures

• Copies of previous RA

• Medical records of workers


A. What is a Hazard ?

• Anything, any source or any situation with the potential

to cause bodily injury or ill-health


II. Risk Evaluation

III.Risk Control

Risk Assessment 2

Risk Assessment Form

Department: RA Leaders: Approved by: Signature:

Reference Number:

Process: RA Member 1:

Process / Activity Location: RA Member 2:

Original Assessment Date: RA Member 3: Name:

Last review Date: RA Member 4: Designation:

Next review Date: RA Member 5: Date:

Hazard Identification Risk Evaluation Risk Control

Ref Work

Activity Hazard

Possible Injury / Ill-

health

Existing Risk Controls

S L RPN Additional Controls

S L RPN Implementation

Person Due Date

Remarks

B. How to Identify Hazards?

B1. RA Leader to determine ways to identify hazards

• brainstorming

• process review

B2. RA Team to determine sources of hazards

• physical

• mechanical

• electrical

B3. RA Team to consider if the hazards could cause harm beyond

their immediate area of work


II. Risk Evaluation

III.Risk Control

Risk Assessment 2

• chemical

• biological

• others

• process hazard analysis

• job safety analysis

C. How to Identify Risks?

C1. Copy all work activities from the Inventory of Work Activities

(IWA) form to the ‘Work Activity’ column of the Risk Assessment

Form


II. Risk Evaluation

III.Risk Control

Risk Assessment 2


Department: Warehouse RA Leaders: Mr Alan Lee Approved by: Signature:

Reference Number: Warehouse 0001

Process: A) Receiving of Raw Materials RA Member 1: Mr Tan Meng Chin

Process / Activity Location: Entrance Gate 1 RA Member 2: Ms Alice Ng

Original Assessment Date: 05 May 2009 RA Member 3: Mr Abdul Rahman Name: Mr James Chan

Last review Date: 05 June 2009 RA Member 4: Mr Sazali Mohd Designation: Warehouse Manager

Next review Date: 05 June 2012 RA Member 5: Mr Veerasamy Date: 05 June 2009


Ref Work

Activity Hazard


health




Person Due Date

Remarks

A1. Forklift operation

A2. Mechanical Lifting using crane

A3. Manual Lifting

C2. List all hazards for each work activity in the ‘Hazard’ column


II. Risk Evaluation

III.Risk Control

Risk Assessment 2



Reference Number:

Warehouse 0001







Ref Work

Activity Hazard


health




Person Due Date

Remarks


Moving forklift collide with other vehicles, pedestrians, parts or equipment due to speeding

Moving forklift collide with other vehicles, pedestrians, parts or equipment due to misuse


II. Risk Evaluation

III.Risk Control

Risk Assessment 2



Reference Number:

Warehouse 0001







Ref Work

Activity Hazard


health




Person Due Date

Remarks



Injury to forklift operator or co-workers

Fatality to forklift operator or co-workers

C3. List all possible injuries / ill-health in the ‘Possible Injury / Ill-health’ column

II. Risk Evaluation

A. What is a Risk? The likelihood that a hazard will cause a specific

bodily injury to any person


II. Risk Evaluation

III.Risk Control

Risk Assessment 2



Reference Number:







Ref Work

Activity Hazard


health




Person Due Date

Remarks


II. Risk Evaluation

III.Risk Control

Risk Assessment 2

B. How to Evaluate Risk?

B1. List all existing control measures for each injury / ill-health in the

‘Existing Risk Controls’ column



Reference Number:

Warehouse 0001







Ref Work

Activity Hazard


health




Person Due Date

Remarks




Display speed limit sign




II. Risk Evaluation

III.Risk Control

Risk Assessment 2

B2. Rate the most likely severity outcome of the injury in the ‘S’ column

B3. Rate the likelihood that the hazard may cause the injury / ill-

health in the ‘L’ column

B4. Multiply the figures in ‘S’ and ‘L’ columns & enter result in the

Risk Prioritization Number (RPN) column


16/50


Reference Number:

Warehouse 0001







Ref Work

Activity Hazard


health




Person Due Date

Remarks





4 2 8



5 2 10


Reference Number:

Warehouse 0001







Ref Work

Activity Hazard


health




Person Due Date

Remarks





4 2 8



5 2 10


II. Risk Evaluation

III.Risk Control

Risk Assessment 2

B5. Compare the ‘RPN’ against the Risk Matrix

B6. RA Team to take action according to the recommended actions

based on the current risk level


Risk Evaluation according to Code of Practice on Risk Management (1 of 2)


II. Risk Evaluation

III.Risk Control

Risk Assessment 2

Severity Scoring

(‘S’ column)

Likelihood Scoring

(‘L’ column)

Classification of Risk (Risk Matrix)

(‘RPN’ column)

18/50


II. Risk Evaluation

III.Risk Control

Risk Assessment 2

Risk Matrix

Risk Evaluation according to Code of Practice on Risk Management (2 of 2)

III. Risk Control

A. What is Additional Risk Control?

• To eliminate, reduce or confine the risk to an acceptable level


II. Risk Evaluation

III.Risk Control

Risk Assessment 2



Reference Number:







Ref Work

Activity Hazard


health




Person Due Date

Remarks

B. How to Control Risk?


II. Risk Evaluation

III.Risk Control

Risk Assessment 2

B1. Consider more effective measures in the hierarchy of control

ELIMINATION

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

SUBSTITUTION

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS

Most

Effective

Least

Effective

Change the Work Process

Provide Hearing Protectors

Replace Metal Gears with Pulley with Belt

Implement Noisy Machine Enclosure

Implement Work Rotation

Hierarchy of Control Examples for Noise Control


Reference Number:

Warehouse 0001







Ref Work

Activity Hazard


health




Person Due Date

Remarks





4 2 8 Install speed delimiter on forklift Demarcate forklift travel path and pedestrian walkway

4 1 4




5 1 5



II. Risk Evaluation

III.Risk Control

Risk Assessment 2

B2. List all possible controls in the ‘Additional Controls’ column

B3. Re-evaluate severity ‘S’, likelihood ‘L’ and ‘RPN’ scores

(Note: New risk level should not be higher after the additional controls)

Existing risk level

New risk level


II. Risk Evaluation

III.Risk Control

Risk Assessment 2

B4. Identify specific person to lead the implementation of additional

controls and set due date

B5. Record due date for implementation

B6. Implementation person to provide progress updates to RA Team



Reference Number:

Warehouse 0001







Ref Work

Activity Hazard


health




Person Due Date

Remarks






4 1 4 Mr Paul Ng (Operation Manager)

6 Jul 2009




5 1 5 Mr Paul Ng (Operation Manager)

6 Jul 2009

I. Obtain Employer / Management

Approval

II. Communicate the Hazards and

their Controls




I. Obtain Employer / Management Approval

Approve RA form

• Prepare an action plan to implement the measures

• Implement the recommended risk control measures

• Monitor the action plan

Implementation and Review 3

II. Communicate the Hazards and their Controls

Manager to Inform All Persons Exposed to the Risk about :

• The nature of risks

• Any measures / safe work procedures implemented

• Means to minimize / eliminate the risks

Examples of Communication Channel :

• Toolbox meeting / briefing before the start of any work

• Video tools (examples)

Prime Mover Driver and Forklift Operator

Noise-Induced-Deafness Prevention Program

Case Studies - Fall from height

Case Studies - Crushed by gantry crane


Approval


their Controls






Approval


their Controls






Manager to :

• Implement risk control measures

• Ensure an action plan is available, monitored and implemented

(including timeline and person in charge)

• Ensure risk control measures are implemented and effective


Manager to :

• Ensure regular inspections and audits are carried out so that the

risk control measures are implemented and effective


Approval


their Controls






Manager to :

• Review / Revise RA at least once every 3 years, or

after an incident, near miss or dangerous occurrence;

when there is a significant change in the work processes,

facilities, work practices or work procedures, or change in

workplace condition and layout (e.g.: introduction of new

machinery, or chemicals or raw materials);

when new information on WSH risk is available.

I. Records must be Available

upon Request

II. Records to be kept for at least

3 years

Record-keeping 4

I. RA Records Must be Available upon Request

Manager to :

• Ensure RA records to be readily available upon request

• RA records include:

RA forms

RA Register

Risk control measures records

Safe work procedures

Training records

II. Keep RA Records for at least 3 years

Manager to : Keep all RA records for at least 3 years

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE

EQUIPMENTS (PPE)

Coincident or Not ? If, A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Equals, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Then,

K + N + O + W + L + E + D + G + E 11 + 14 + 15 + 23 + 12 + 5 + 4 + 7 + 5 = 96% H + A + R + D + W + O + R + K 8 + 1 + 18 + 4 + 23 + 15 + 18 + 11 = 98% Both are important, but the total falls just short of 100% But, A + T + T + I + T + U + D + E 1 + 20 + 20 + 9 + 20 + 21 + 4 + 5 = 100%

Safety really is about attitude. Make 100% Safe Behavior your choice both ON and OFF the job

Personal Protective Equipment • Introduction

• Eye & Face Protection

• Head Protection

• Hand Protection

• Foot Protection

• Body Protection

• Course Test

Payment for PPE When PPE is required to protect employees, it must be provided by the

employer at no cost to employees, except for specific items, such as:

– Safety-toe footwear

– Prescription safety eyewear

– Everyday clothing and weather-related gear

– Logging boots

Protecting Employees from Workplace Hazards

• Employers must protect employees from workplace hazards and dangerous work procedures that can cause injury, illness and fatalities.

• Employers must:

– Use all feasible engineering and work practice controls to eliminate and reduce hazards

– Then use appropriate PPE if these controls do not eliminate hazards

– Remember: PPE is the last control

Employer Responsibilities Assessment Employers are required to conduct an assessment to

determine the various physical hazards that may be present in your work area

Physical hazards include: – Sources of motion – Sources of high and low temperatures – Sources of light radiation

• welding • brazing • heat treating • high intensity lights

– Sources of falling objects – Sources of sharp objects – Sources of rolling or pinching objects – Sources of electric hazards – Sources of slip, trips, and falls – Sources of harmful dusts

http://www.free-training.com/osha/ppe/Intro/def104.htm

Employer Responsibilities

Assessment

As part of the assessment, employers must also determine the various health hazards that may be present in your work area

Health hazards include:

– Types of chemicals hazards

– Sources of biological hazards

– Sources of nuclear radiation

http://www.free-training.com/osha/ppe/Intro/def105.htm

Employee Responsibilities • You are responsible for attending all PPE training

sessions

• You are responsible for wearing your assigned PPE

• Follow ALL Warnings and Precautions – Take time to read any and all warnings and precautions that may

appear on tools, equipment, chemicals, MSDSs, and personal protective equipment

• Listen and Follow Directions – Listen and follow the directions that you may be given by your

supervisor or safety manager. They want you to return home today, and everyday, safe and sound to your family and friends

• Report – Report any and ALL unsafe conditions you may find in your work

area to your supervisor or safety manager.

– REMEMBER: Safety is a team effort!

Is This An Appropriate

Hard Hat? Is This An Appropriate

Respirator?

Is This an Appropriate

Welder’s Mask?

Is This an Appropriate

Scaffolding?

Training

Employees required to use PPE must be trained to know at least the following

– When PPE is necessary

– What type of PPE is necessary

– How to properly put on, take off, adjust, and wear

– Limitations of the PPE

– Proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal

Eye and Face Protection

Why Eye and Face Protection is Important

Thousands of people are blinded each year from work related eye injuries. Injuries that could have been prevented, if only people would have used eye or face protection.


Types of eye/face hazards

– Impact

– Heat

– Chemicals

– Dust

– Light and/or Radiation

Eye and Face Protection Potential Incidences of Eye/Face Hazards

Object Striking Eyes – Dusts, Powders, Fumes, and Mists

• Small particles of matter can enter your eyes and damage them. Operations such as grinding, chiseling, sanding, hammering, and spraying can create small airborne particles

Contact with Chemicals – Toxic Gases, Vapors, and Liquids

• Toxic chemicals in the form of gases, vapors, and liquids can damage your eyes. Always read the appropriate MSDS before working with any hazardous material.

• Always check with your supervisor or safety manager to learn the type of eye or face protection you will need to use in order to work safely


Potential Incidences of Eye/Face Hazards

Swinging Objects • Large objects such as:

1. swinging chains, cables and ropes;

2. tools that are thrown or fall;

Thermal and Radiation Hazards

• Operations such as welding, metal cutting, and working around furnaces can expose your eyes to heat, glare, ultraviolet, and infrared radiation

Eye and Face Protection Elimination or Control of Hazards

– Machine Guards • Many types of machines such as lathes, grinders, and sanders are equipped with guards,

shields and screens

– Work Area Barriers • Operations such as sanding, grinding, welding, and lathe operations produce dust, vapors, and

flying particles. To protect other workers, work area barriers such as movable screens and barriers should be set up to separate workers and bystanders from hazardous operations


Elimination or Control of Hazards

– Ventilation • Ventilation, along with

damping systems, can significantly reduce the amount of airborne particles that could be hazardous to your eyes

– Lighting • Good lighting reduces

eye strain and glare

Eye and Face Protection Elimination or Control of

Hazards – Signs and Warnings

• Obstructions and protruding objects should be identified and marked

– Eyewash Stations

• Eyewash stations should be located within 100 feet of your work area. If you accidentally get something in your eyes, go directly to the eyewash station and flush your eyes with water for 15 minutes. Be sure to hold your eyes open with your fingers and "look" directly into the water streams.



– Safe Work Practices

• Read and follow all warnings and precautions that may be found on equipment and hazardous materials

• Do not throw tools or participate in horseplay

• Keep sharp or pointed objects away from your eyes

• Follow your supervisor's or safety manager's suggestions and recommendations for working safely


Proper Fit and Use of PPE

– Must be right PPE for right job

• Ex. Safety glasses are not sufficient eye protection for working with chemicals

– Must stay on face during all work activities

• Ex. Should not slide off face or pinch side of head and create a headache


Types of Eye and Face

Personal Protective Equipment

• Safety Glasses – much stronger and more resistant to impact and heat than regular

glasses

– equipped with side shields that give you protection from hazards that may not be directly in front of you

– Safety glasses should be Z-87 approved to meet OSHA regulations

– Should fit comfortable on face through all job tasks. Ensure that glasses are not too big or too tight

– Limitation

• Does not seal around eyes, could allow small droplets to come in contact with eyes


Regular glasses or sunglasses are not appropriate SAFETY GLASSES

Eye and Face Protection Types of Eye and Face


• Goggles

– surround the eye area, they give you more protection in situations where you might encounter splashing liquids, fumes, vapors, powders, dusts, and mists

– must indicate that they are chemical splash goggles to be worn for that purpose

– Limitation • Uncomfortable to wear with other head gear like helmet, ear muffs or

respirator


Types of Eye and Face Personal Protective Equipment

• Face Shields

– full face protection

– used around operations which expose you to molten metal, chemical splashes, or flying particles

– Can be used simultaneously as a hard hat

– Limitations • Are not considered eye protection, will need to wear

goggles or glasses underneath

• Can fog up if working in poorly ventilated area


• Face shield used by an employee working with molten metal

• The molten metal bubbled and burst onto the face shield of the employee

• The employee did not receive any injuries from the incident


Types of Eye and Face


• Welding Helmets

– provide both face and eye protection

– use special absorptive lenses that filter the intense light and radiant energy that is produced during welding operations

– Limitations • Heavy and hot, fog up

• Must wear safety glasses or goggles underneath helmet


Types of Eye and Face Personal Protective Equipment

• Absorptive Lenses

– additional protection if you must work where there is bright light or glare

– Limitations

• Must be used in conjunction with safety glasses or goggles


Safety Tip

• Contact Lenses – Wear your contacts with caution

if you work in areas where you might be exposed to fumes, dusts, powders, vapors, chemical splashes, molten metals, or intense heat, light or glare

– Some chemicals can react with contacts and cause permanent injury

Eye and Face Protection Care of Eye Protection Equipment

• Clean your eye protection equipment. You can usually use mild soap and water – Never use abrasive soaps, rough paper, or cloth towels

• Keep PPE in good working condition – If damaged, replace as soon as possible

• Store your eye protection equipment in a sanitary, cool, dry area away from moisture

• Read the manufacturer's directions and warnings before using any eye protection equipment

• If you have any questions concerning your eye protection equipment, talk with your supervisor or safety manager

Head Protection

Why is Head Protection Important?

• In and around your head are:

– Your eyes, with which you see

– Your ears, with which you hear

– Your nose, with which you smell

– Your mouth, with which you eat and speak

– Your brain, with which you think

• Injuries to the head are very serious. For this reason, head protection and safety are very important .

Head Protection

Types of Head hazards

• Impact

• Electric shock

• Drips

Head Protection Potential Incidences of Head Hazards

– Impact • Falling or flying objects

• falling or walking into hard objects

• injuries include neck sprains, concussions, and skull fractures

– Electric Shock • Live exposed electric wires

• Injuries include electrical shocks and burns

– Drips • Toxic liquids such as acids, caustics, and molten

metals can irritate and burn the head/scalp.

Head Protection


• Safe Work Practices

• Grounded equipment/shock resistant tools

• Signs posted warning of hazards

Head Protection Types of Head PPE

• Hard hats – A rigid shell that resists and deflects blows

to the head

– A suspension system inside the hat that acts as a shock absorber

– Some hats serve as an insulator against electrical shocks

– Shields your scalp, face, neck, and shoulders against splashes, spills, and drips

– Some hard hats can be modified so you can add face shields, goggles, hoods, or hearing protection to them

Head Protection Types of Head PPE • Class A Hard Hats

– Protect you from falling objects – Protect you from electrical

shocks up to 2,200 volts

• Class B Hard Hats – Protect you from falling objects – Protect you from electrical

shocks up to 20,000 volts

• Class C Hard Hats – Protect you from falling objects

• Bump Caps – Bump caps are made from

lightweight plastic and are designed to protect you from bumping your head on protruding objects

Head Protection • Modification of Hard

Hat

– Drilled holes for venting relief

– Inserted pencil holder on hat for easy retrieval

• Hard hat from employee holding ladder

– Employee on ladder dropped screw driver

– Screw driver landed on hard hat and stuck in

Head Protection

Hard hat test performed by Airforce

– The Airforce hard hats are different in shape but are rated the same for impact

Head Protection Proper use and care of hard hat

• Always wear your hard hat while you are working in areas where there are potential head hazards

• Adjust the suspension inside your hard hat so that the hat sits comfortably, but securely on your head

• Inspect the shell of your hard hat for cracks, gouges, and dents. Inspect the suspension system for frayed or broken straps. If your hard hat needs to be repaired, have it repaired immediately or ask your employer for a new one

• Place plastic (non-metal) reflective tape on hat if working at night

• Never paint, scratch or drill "air holes" in your hard hat

• Never carry personal belongings such as cigarettes, lighters, or pens in your hard hat

Head Protection

Care and Maintenance of Hard Hat

• Clean your hard hat at least once a month by soaking it in a solution of mild soap and hot water for 5-10 minutes

• Because sunlight and heat can damage the suspension of your hat, always store your hat in a clean, dry, and cool location

Hand Protection

Why is Hand Protection Important?

• It has been estimated that almost 20% of all disabling accidents on the job involve the hands

• Without your fingers or hands, your ability to work would be greatly reduced

Hand Protection

Types of Hand Hazards

– Traumatic Injuries

– Contact Injuries

– Repetitive Motion Injuries

Hand Protection

Potential Incidences of Hand Hazards

• Traumatic Injuries – Tools and machines with a

sharp edges can cut your hands.

• Staples, screwdrivers, nails, chisels, and stiff wire can puncture your hands.

• Getting your hands caught in machinery can sprain, crush, or remove your hands and fingers

Hand Protection

Potential Incidences of Hand Hazards

• Contact Injuries – Coming into contact with caustic or toxic chemicals,

biological substances, electrical sources, or extremely cold or hot objects can irritate or burn your hands

• WARNING: Toxic substances are poisonous substances that can be absorbed through your skin and enter your body.

• Repetitive Motion Injuries – Whenever you repeat the same hand movement over a

long period of time, you run the risk of repetitive motion problems

• Repetitive motion problems often appear as a numbness or tingling sensation accompanied by pain and the loss of gripping power in your hands

Hand Protection Elimination or

Control of Hazards • Engineering Controls

– Machine guards

• Procedures – Lock out/Tag out

• Housekeeping and Hygiene – Poorly maintained

machinery, tools, sloppy work areas, and cluttered aisles all contribute to hand injuries

Hand Protection

Proper Fit and Use of PPE

• Select and use the right kind of glove for the job you are going to be performing – Check fit, always use correct size

– Make sure chemical resistant to chemical being used

• Inspect your gloves before you use them – Remove any rings, watches, or bracelets that might cut or

tear your gloves

– Look for holes and cracks

that might leak

– Replace gloves that are

worn or torn

Hand Protection

• Never wear gloves around powered

rotating equipment - drills, lathes, etc

Hand Protection

Types of Hand PPE

• Gloves

– Metal mesh gloves • resist sharp edges and prevent cuts

– Leather gloves • shield your hands from rough surfaces

– Vinyl and neoprene gloves • protect your hands against toxic

chemicals

– Rubber gloves • protect you when working around

electricity

Hand Protection

Types of Hand PPE

• Gloves – Padded cloth gloves

• protect your hands from sharp edges, slivers, dirt, and vibration

– Heat resistant gloves • protect your hands from heat and flames

– Latex disposable gloves • used to protect your hands from germs

and bacteria

– Lead-lined gloves • used to protect your hands from

radiation sources

Hand Protection

Types of Hand PPE

• Forearm Cuffs – used to protect your forearm

• Thumb Guards and Finger Cots – protect only your thumb or

fingers

• Mittens – protect your hands while

working around very cold or hot materials

• Hand Pads – Hand pads protect your

hands while working around very hot materials

Foot Protection

Why is Foot Protection Important?

• The human foot is rigid enough to support the weight of your entire body, and yet flexible enough to allow you to run, dance, play sports, and to take you anywhere you want to go. Without your feet and toes, your ability to work at your job would be greatly reduced.

Foot Protection

Types of Foot Hazards

• Impact Injuries

• Injuries from Spills and Splashes

• Compression Injuries

• Electrical Shocks

• Extremes in Cold, Heat, and Moisture

• Slipping

Foot Protection Potential Incidences of Foot

Hazards

• Impact Injuries

– At work, heavy objects can fall on your feet. If you work around sharp objects, you can step on something sharp and puncture your foot

• Injuries from Spills and Splashes

– Liquids such as acids, caustics, and molten metals can spill into your shoes and boots. These hazardous materials can cause chemical and heat burns

Foot Protection

Potential Incidences of Foot Hazards

• Compression Injuries

– Heavy machinery, equipment, and other objects can roll over your feet. The result of these types of accidents is often broken or crushed bones

• Electrical Shocks

– Accidents involving electricity can cause severe shocks and burns

Foot Protection

Potential Incidences of Foot Hazards

• Extremes in Cold, Heat, and Moisture – If not protected, your feet can suffer

from frostbite if you must work in an extremely cold environment. Extreme heat, on the other hand, can blister and burn your feet. Finally, extreme moisture in your shoes or boots can lead to fungal infections

• Slipping – Oil, water, soaps, wax, and other

chemicals can cause you to slip and fall

Foot Protection Elimination or Control of Hazards

• Housekeeping

– Poorly maintained machinery, tools, sloppy work areas, and cluttered aisles all contribute to foot injuries

• Signs

– Identify temporary slip/trip areas

Foot Protection Proper Fit and Use of PPE • Select and use the right kind of

footwear for the job you are going to be performing. Footwear should meet or exceed the standards set by ANSI (ANSI Z41-1991) – Proper fit – Correct protection for job task

• Inspect your footwear before you use them – Look for holes and cracks that might

leak – Replace footwear that are worn or

torn

• When working with chemicals – hose your footwear with water to rinse

away any chemicals or dirt before removing your footwear

• Store footwear in a clean, cool, dry, ventilated area

Foot Protection

Types of Foot PPE

• Safety Shoes and Boots – Steel toe footwear

• protects your toes from falling objects and from being crushed

– Metatarsal footwear • special guards that run from your ankle to

your toes and protect your entire foot

– Reinforced sole footwear • metal reinforcement that protects your foot

from punctures

– Latex/Rubber footwear • resists chemicals and provides extra

traction on slippery surfaces

Foot Protection

Type of Foot PPE

• Safety Shoes and Boots – PVC footwear

• protects your feet against moisture and improves traction

– Butyl footwear • protects against most ketones,

aldehydes, alcohols, acids, salts, and alkalies

– Vinyl footwear • resists solvents, acids, alkalies, salts,

water, grease, and blood

– Nitrile footwear • resists animal fats, oils, and chemicals

Foot Protection

Types of Foot PPE

• Safety Shoes and Boots

– Electrostatic dissipating footwear • conducts static electricity to floors that

are grounded

– Electrical hazard footwear • insulated with tough rubber to prevent

shocks and burns from electricity

– Disposable footwear • includes shower slippers, clear

polyethylene and non-woven booties used in dust free work areas

Foot Protection

• Employee ran over foot with lawn mower

– Notice the damage to the shoe

– The steel toe insert is lying in the grass next to perfectly fine toes

• This employee received no injuries during this incident

Body Protection

Why is Body Protection Important?

• The skin acts as a natural barrier to the elements

• Chemicals can break down the skin barrier and allow secondary infections to manifest

Body Protection

Types of Body Hazards

• Temperature stress

• Chemical Contact

• Radiation

Body Protection

Potential Incidences of Body Hazards

• Temperature stress – Exposure to heat (hot metals) or cold (dry ice)

which results in burns

• Chemical Contact – Chemical splash

– Contact with potentially infectious materials

• Radiation

Body Protection


• Signage

– Communication of hot/cold or radiation

• Physical Barriers

– Metal shielding or cement barrier

– Splash guards on chemical hoods

– Closed chemical systems

Body Protection

Proper Fit and Use of PPE • Select and use the right

kind of body protection for the job you are going to be performing – Make sure chemical

resistant to what working with

• Inspect your aprons/body shields before you use them

• Store body protection in a clean, cool, dry, ventilated area

Body Protection

Types of Body PPE

• Insulated Coats and Pants – Fire resistant

– Heat resistant

– Cold resistant

• Sleeves and Aprons – Work well when pouring or manipulating

chemical to reduce splash

– Make sure the sleeves and aprons are appropriate for the chemical

Body Protection

Types of Body Protection

• Coveralls – Tyvek use for particulate

filtering such as asbestos

– Chemical rated

• Full body suit – Hazardous materials

handling

– Carbon filtering for emergency response

Body Protection

The 5 Ss

• Sort/segregate – when in doubt, throw it out • Simplify/straighten – methods analysis tools • Shine/sweep – clean daily • Standardize – remove variations from processes • Sustain/self-discipline – review work and recognize

progress

Two additional Ss

Safety – build in good practices

Support/maintenance – reduce variability and unplanned downtime

seiri, seiton, seiso, seiketsu, and shitsuke

Lifting Techniques

Lifting process BEFORE YOU LIFT

• Plan Your Route: Path clear? Trip hazards removed? Dry?

• Assess the Load: Too heavy? Can I use a hand truck or forklift? Can I slide it?

WHEN YOU LIFT

• Lift It Right: Position your body close to the object. Keep your back straight.

• Move It Right: Don't twist your back.

• Lower It Right: When you put the load down, bend your knees not your waist.

GET HELP IF YOU NEED IT

• Work Together: Don't be a hero. Communicate with your partner!

Plan ahead

• Size up the load:

– Can it be split into multiple loads?

– Smaller loads cause less strain on the back.

– Can you slide it rather then lift?

• Use material handling equipment if load is too heavy:

– Forklifts

– Hoists

– Dollies

9b

Plan ahead

• Avoid using lower rack for moderately heavy to heavy items or awkward items.

• Get help when lifting heavy, awkward, or long items.

9a

Basic rules of good lifting

• Size up the load before you lift.

• Can you lift a corner?

• Can you get to the item?

• Do you need to move something

to gain better access?

1a


• Bend your knees.

• Get a good hand hold.

• Center yourself over the load.

• Lift straight up - let your legs do the work.

• Don’t twist or turn.

1b


• Have a clear path.

• Set the load down properly.

• Always push a cart or dolly.

• Get help for long loads.

• Split up heavy loads when you can.

• Pushing a load is easier on the back; easier to control.

1c

Never twist or turn when lifting

• Adds strain to the back’s discs, muscles, ligaments, tendons.

• Plan your lift to avoid awkward positions.

• Set load down if you’re losing your grip.

• Don’t twist and turn or juggle load to regain grip.

• Keep back as straight as possible.

5a

Carrying the load

• Ensure a clear path.

• Ensure a place where load can be set down.

• Check for stability of load.

• Can you get a good grip?

6a

Carrying the load

• Use mechanical equipment if load is too heavy.

• Get help if load is too heavy - lift at the same time to keep load balanced.

6c

Lowering the load

• Bend the knees to let leg muscles support the weight.

• Slowly lower it; do not drop the load.

• Avoid sudden movements.

• Lower the load at the same time if working with a partner.

7a

Awkward Lifting

Lifts that are:

• Above the shoulders

• Below the knees

• At arms’ length

Principles for reducing heavy lifting

• Reduce the weight

• Increase the weight (to balance load)

• Use mechanical assistance

• Slide instead of lift

• Team lifting

Reducing heavy lifting

Reduce the weight of the load

Wood pallet

60 pounds

Plastic pallet

20 pounds

Reducing heavy lifting

Slide instead of lifting

Principles for reducing frequent lifting


• Avoid unnecessary lifting

• Use mobile storage shelves

Reducing frequent lifting

Use mechanical assistance…

… instead of lifting by hand

Reducing frequent lifting

Use mobile storage:

Parts stay on racks as they move from one manufacturing process to the next.

Principles for reducing awkward lifting/ Reaching

• Remove obstacles

• Slide closer

• Reduce shelf depth

• Reduce package size


• Team lifting

Reducing awkward lifting/ Reaching

Slide objects closer

“Homemade” hook

for pulling small

boxes to edge of

shelf.

Reducing awkward lifting/ Reaching

Reduce package size

Principles for reducing awkward lifting/Bending

• Use mechanical assistance to raise the load

• Add handles

• Arrange storage

• Avoid unnecessary lifting

Reducing awkward lifting/ Bending Use mechanical assistance to raise the load

Scissor-lift cart

Reducing awkward lifting/Bending

Rearrange storage

Heavy items at waist level

Principles for reducing awkward lifting/ Reaching above shoulders • Arrange storage


• Use a rolling stair or “safety ladder”

Reducing awkward lifting/ Twisting

Use conveyors

Allows boxes to be unloaded and checked in with minimal lifting

Lifting techniques training Teach lifting techniques to employees:

• Training alone is not effective.

• Making changes to jobs and equipment is better.

• Making changes along with training is most effective.

Lifting techniques training

• Job-specific, on-site, hands-on training is more effective than classroom.

• Have employees demonstrate proper lifting techniques before “graduating.”

Other factors in back injuries

• Age of employee

• Improper postures when sleeping, standing, sitting

• Physical condition of employee

• Repetitive motions

10a

WORKING FROM HEIGHT

Fall Hazards Fall hazards can be found

on every construction site:

• Building structures

• Exterior construction areas

• Scaffolds

• Stairs

• Ladders

Building Structures

Work conditions 6’ or more above lower level require the use of fall protection:

• Unprotected sides, edges

• Leading edges

• Excavations

• Walking/working surfaces

Regardless of height, fall protection must be used when working above:

• Dangerous equipment • Sharp objects • Piercing objects

This worker is working 6’ above the lower level without using fall protection.

Building Structures

Building Structures When working at a

height of 6’ above the lower level you must use fall protection:

• Personal fall arrest systems

• Guardrail systems

When working at a height of 6’ above the lower level you must use fall protection.

These workers are not utilizing a personal fall arrest system.

Building Structures

Guardrail systems must be maintained when working 6’ above lower level, or when working above dangerous equipment and sharp objects.

Building Structures

Damaged or missing guardrails must be fixed immediately.

When materials can be kicked off or pushed out and fall on any worker below, toe boards, screens and/or netting must be used.

Building Structures

Falls from a short distance can result in serious injury.

All workers must be protected from falling onto sharp materials or onto dangerous equipment.

Exterior Construction Areas

Exterior Construction Areas All open excavations

and pier holes must be guarded or protected.

Scaffolds Scaffolds are elevated,

temporary work platforms:

• Supported scaffold

• Guardrail Systems

• Access ladders

• Powered work

platforms

• The role of the competent person during erection

Scaffolds Scaffolds are elevated,

temporary work platforms:

• Supported scaffold

• Guardrail Systems

• Access ladders

• Powered work

platforms

• The role of the competent person during erection

Scaffolds Scaffold bases must

rest on a base plate and a mud sill.

The base plate is designed to level and support the scaffold.

Scaffolds Only work from

scaffolds that are properly constructed and supported.

Scaffolds Scaffolds used in stair

wells must be properly constructed.

Scaffolds When working on

scaffolds 6’ above lower level, guardrail systems must be installed.

Scaffolds Never use scaffolds

that do not have a proper guardrail system installed.

Scaffolds Scaffold platforms

must be fully and properly planked.

Scaffolds

Never stack blocks, bricks, or use ladders on top of scaffolds for extra height.

Scaffolds Workers must have

a safe way to access the scaffold.

Scaffolds Never use blocks,

bricks, walk boards, and other unsafe methods to access a scaffold.

Use only ladders

designed for use with scaffolds.

The ladder must be firmly secured to the scaffold.

Scaffolds

Powered Work Platforms Powered platforms

include:

• man-baskets placed on a forklift,

• aerial lifts, and

• scissor lifts.

Powered Work Platforms Always make sure you

have proper fall protection and training before using a powered platform.

Powered Work Platforms

Only use equipment that is designed for lifting personnel and suitable for the assigned task.

Stairs

Stairways must have a stair rail along each unprotected side or edge.

Stairs Stairs that have walls

on both sides must have at least one hand rail on the right-hand side when climbing down.

Stairs Never use stairs

that are not complete or unsafe.

Ladders Ladders must be

inspected prior to use.

Ladders must be kept in a good condition and safe location.

Ladders

Do not stand on the top of a ladder.

Ladders Read labels on

ladders for instructions to ensure proper use.

Ladders

Always maintain good footing on a step ladder.

Use the correct size ladder for the work that is to be done.

Ladders Always use the right

equipment for the job:

• Ladders

• Lifts

• Scaffolds

Ladders Never straddle or sit on top of a step ladder.

Ladders An A-Frame ladder

must be fully opened and locked into position.

Use ladders only for their designed purpose.

Ladders Only use ladders on

stable and level surfaces to prevent accidental movement.

Ladders

Ladders must be positioned at a safe angle to avoid potential fall hazards when climbing.

Extension ladders must extend 3’ over the landing for safe access.

Ladders

When using a portable ladder for access to an upper landing surface, the side rails must extend at least 3’ above the upper landing surface.

Ladders

Proper use vs. improper application

Ladders

Maintain contact with the ladder using both hands to keep a safe grip.

Face ladder when going up or down.

Never climb a ladder while carrying any materials.

Job Made Ladders Job made ladders must

be properly constructed:

• Steps equally spaced

• No missing steps or rungs

• No sharp edges or nails sticking out

Job Made Ladders

Never use a job made ladder that is damaged or missing steps.

Only use a job made ladder that has been properly built.

Job Made Ladders

Job made ladders must also be constructed so that no nails protrude or sharp edges exist.

Nails and sharp edges can catch on clothing and cause falls.

Accident Prevention

A willing, positive attitude towards safety will help make a safer work environment.

Preventing Fall Accidents Construction work

performed at 6’ or higher above a lower level requires fall protection.

Some fall protection methods include: • Guardrail systems

• Warning lines

• Fall arrest systems and

• Floor covers

Guardrail Systems

Guardrail systems must have a top rail, a mid rail and a toe board.

The top rail must be at least 42” from the working surface.

Guardrail Systems

All guardrail systems must be constructed with a top rail and a mid rail.

The top rail must support 200 lbs. of force downward and outward.

The mid rail must support 150 lbs of force.

Guardrail Systems

Cable guardrails must meet the same rules as wood guardrails.

The top rail must be at least 42 inches high and resist up to 200 lbs.

Cable Guardrails

Steel cable guardrails must have the top rail flagged every 6 feet.

Cable Guardrails

The clamps used for a steel cable system must be placed correctly.

U-bolt

Saddle

Dead end

Dead end

Warning Lines

Warning lines are used to keep workers away from an unsafe edge.

The warning line must be at least 6’ away from the edge.

Warning Lines

Warning lines must withstand 16 lbs. of tipping force.

The warning line must be at least 34” from the ground.

Warning Lines

Warning lines must be maintained.

Report any unsafe condition to your supervisor.

Warning Lines

Never work in an area if the warning line has been knocked down or damaged.

Personal Fall Arrest Systems

The fall arrest system components are:

• body harness,

• lanyard, and

• anchorage point.


Body harness must be worn properly.

D-ring must rest between the shoulders and the chest strap must be secured.

D-ring

Chest strap


Body harness must be:

• inspected before use,

• adjusted to fit the worker, and

• free from other visible damage.


Lanyards must be in good condition and free from visible damage.


Lanyard must attach to the D-ring on the body harness.


Never anchor or tie off to pipes, wood structures, electrical wires, or other areas not designed for anchorage points.


The anchorage point is the place where you tie off to or hook to.

The anchorage point must support the force of a person falling.


A life line is used to allow a worker to stay tied off while he moves through the work area.


Workers must always be tied off when working with a personal fall arrest system.

Floor Covers

The cover must be marked to make sure everyone knows it is a safety device.

Floor Covers

The cover must be marked to make sure everyone knows it is a safety device.

Floor Covers

All floor holes where an employee could fall through must be covered or guarded.

Floor Covers

Sky-lights are another form of floor holes.

Never sit, stand, or place any materials on sky-lights.

Floor Covers Pier holes must be

guarded or protected.

Either a guard rail system or floor hole cover can be used.

HOT WORK

What is Hot Work? Definition: Hot Work is any work using open

flames or sources of heat that could ignite materials in the work area.

• Examples of hot work include:

- welding

- burning

- brazing

- propane soldering

- oxyacetylene cutting

- grinding ferrous metals

- torch applied roofing

- heat gun use

Is Hot Work Necessary??

• Before beginning any hot work, ask yourself if the work can be done a safer way. Hot work is potentially very hazardous and should be avoided if not absolutely necessary.

Question to Ask:

Can the job be avoided or is there a safer way?

Work that may not require the use of a hot work permit includes:

Areas that are maintained and identified as:

- Welding Shops

- Maintenance shops with designated

areas for hot work activities

Work on equipment (e.g. Farm Implements) occurring in areas outside of buildings where the potential for fire development is minimal.

Hot Work Safety Precautions

Required Safety Precautions

Fire suppression sprinklers, fire hoses or fire extinguishers are available and operable.

Hot work equipment is operable and in good repair.

Smoke / fire detectors in the immediate area of the hot work have been temporarily disabled until

the hot work is complete.

Building occupants have been protected or isolated from the hot work area.

Drums, barrels and tanks have been cleaned and purged of flammables and toxics,

all tank feeds are closed, and the tank is vented.

The employee performing the Hot Work has the responsibility to verify that all necessary precautions have been taken at the worksite.

Safety Precautions (cont’d)

Welding and other hot work have been found to be a leading cause of fires in University settings. Sprinkler systems should remain in service in the hot work area, unless specifically approved by the EH&S Fire Protection Engineer. If a sprinkler system needs to be taken out of service Campus specific procedures must be followed.

Are Fire Suppression Sprinklers in service ?

Is cutting and welding equipment in good repair ?

• Gas hoses, backflow preventers, fire resistive tarpaulins, curtains and other cutting and welding equipment must be maintained in good repair.

Safety Precautions (cont’d) Anything that can burn must be removed or protected from the

immediate work area.

Requirements within 35 feet:

Area within 35 feet of the work area have been properly swept to remove any combustible debris.

Flammable and ignitable materials and debris have been moved at least 35 feet from the hot work area

or covered and protected with fire resistant materials.

Cracks or holes in floors, walls and ceilings (including ductwork) are covered or plugged.

Combustible floors have been covered with fire-resistive material

Requirements within 50 feet:

Explosives, compressed gas cylinders or stored fuel have been moved at least 50 feet from the hot work

area or have been protected from the hot work.

Work on walls or Ceilings

Construction is noncombustible and has no combustible covering or insulation.

Areas adjacent to walls being worked on are checked for combustibles and any combustibles are either

removed or protected.

Fire Watch

• Fire Watch Personnel must be trained to use fire extinguishers and other fire extinguishing equipment that is present.

• Fire Watch Personnel must be aware of how to report emergencies and to activate building fire alarm systems.

• Fire Watch Personnel must be identified and their qualifications verified prior to commencing hot work.

Fire Watch Personnel's main responsibility is to monitor the area for the possible development of fire from the hot work. Other job tasks can be performed as long as they are able to adequately monitor the area for potential fire.

Fire Watch

Fire watch will be provided during and

for at least 30 minutes after hot work has been completed and during any coffee or lunch breaks.

Fire watch is supplied with suitable

extinguishers, or charged small hose.

Fire watch is trained in use of this

equipment and in sounding alarm.

Fire Watch (cont’d)

Should other precautions fail, trained personnel will be needed with fire fighting equipment to extinguish any fires which start. Personnel and equipment must be readily available before hot work is started.

Fire Watch required during Hot Work and a minimum of 30

minutes following completion of work.

Yes ____ No ____ Name: ___________________________

A fire watch is needed for all hot work activities unless the hot

work area has no fire hazards or combustible exposures. The fire

watch must have fire-extinguishing equipment readily available

and be trained in its use. They must also be familiar with the

procedures for sounding an alarm in the event of a fire. The fire

watch will watch for fires in the exposed areas and are

responsible for extinguishing spot fires and communicating

alarms immediately.

The fire watch may be assigned other work duties while in the hot

work area, however they need to be vigilant in watching for fires.

Hot Work Completion

When work is completed:

Inspected work area, and any potentially affected surrounding areas, for fire, fire damage, or potential for fire.

Reactivated smoke / fire detectors that were disabled because of the hot work.

I verify that the above location has been examined and the necessary precautions have been taken to

prevent the outbreak of fire due to Hot Work.

Employee Signature (Issued): ____________________________ Date: ___________Time: ______

Employee Signature (Closed): ____________________________ Date: __________ Time: ______

Supervisor Signature: ________________________________Date: ___________

This Permit is valid only for the day issued

Before leaving the area for the day, verify that no smoldering

fires have developed within walls, cracks in floors, or in

ceiling areas where you have been working. Return the

Hot Work permit to your supervisor to sign, file a copy and

and forward to EHS.

Summary • All employees who are expected to perform hot work must be

familiar and trained in Hot Work Procedures.

• Jobs like electric arc welding, brazing, gas soldering, oxygen-acetylene cutting, welding and torch applied roofing work may require the use of a hot work permit.

• Permits are issued for a specific job and for a specific time frame.

• All necessary equipment must be on site and in good working order before work begins.

• A fire watch must be present for the duration of hot work and for at least 30 minutes after work is completed.

Summary (cont’d)

• A fire inspection must be conducted by the person doing the hot work before leaving the job site.

• Completed Permits are to be returned to supervisors.

• Supervisors shall return completed permits to the University Fire Protection Engineer at Environmental Health and Safety.

• By following safe hot work practices and procedures you will help maintain a fire safe environment for the Penn State University Community.

Machine Guarding

Guarding Principles

• Prevent contact between hazardous moving parts and body or clothing

• Secure guard: not easily removed

• Protect from objects falling into machinery

• No new hazards: sharp/rough edges

• No interference with job/comfort/speed

• Allow safe lubrication: without removing guards if possible

Guarding Methods

• Location / distance

• Guards

– Fixed

– Interlocked

– Adjustable

– Self-adjusting

Guarding Methods

• Devices

– Presence sensing

– Pullback

– Restraint

– Safety controls (tripwire cable, two-hand control, etc.)

– Gates

Guarding Methods

• Feeding & ejection methods

– Automatic and/or semi-automatic feed and ejection

• Robots

• Miscellaneous aids

– Awareness barriers

– Protective shields

– Hand-feeding tools

Fixed Guard

• Barrier is a permanent part of machine

• Preferable over other types

Interlocked Guard

• Stops motion when guard is opened or removed

Interlocked guard on revolving drum

Adjustable Guard

• Barrier may be adjusted for variable operations

– What are the drawbacks?

Bandsaw blade adjustable guard

Self-Adjusting Guard

• Adjusts according to size/position of material

Circular table saw self-adjusting guard

Pullback Device

• Cables attached to

operator’s hands or wrists

• Removes hands from point of operation during danger period

– What are the drawbacks?

Restraint Device

• Cables attached to fixed point and wrists or hands

• Adjustable to let hands travel in predetermined area

• May be accompanied by hand-feeding tools

Safety Tripwire Cable

• Device located around the perimeter of or near the danger area

• Operator must be able to reach the cable to stop the machine

Two-Hand Control

• Requires constant pressure on both pads to activate the machine

• Hands on controls at safe distance while machine is in dangerous cycle

Gate

• Must close fully to protect user before cycle will start

Gate Open Gate Closed

Safeguarding by Location/Distance

• Location of hazardous parts that is inaccessible or not a hazard during normal operation

• Must maintain safe distance

• Training, warning, communication necessary

Fire Safety Management

It’s real, it does happen, and it could happen to you.

If you think, It will never happen to you, consider this

Preventive actions

Rather than curative actions

Q: What are the Dangers of Fire? Fumes

Suffocation Smoke

Burn Structural Damage

Careless smoking Electric Sparks /

Short Circuits

How can you have Electric Fire?

Cause Percent

fixed wiring 34.7 %

cords and plugs 17.2 %

light fixtures 12.4 %

switches, receptacles, and outlets 11.4 %

lamps and light bulbs 8.3 %

fuses, circuit breakers 5.6 %

meters and meter boxes 2.2 %

transformers 1.0 %

unclassified electrical distribution equipment 7.3 %

223

Hazardous storage of

flammable materials

Carelessness & Ignorance

Arson

Mechanical heat & spark Overheating of electric equipment Naked lights Rubbish burning Sabotage

Minimizing fire hazards • Good housekeeping;

• Managing laundries;

• Managing kitchen areas;

• Managing storage;

• Dangerous substances, storage, display and use;

• Maintenance of equipment and machinery;

• Electrical safety; and

• Managing building work and alterations.

Security Measure against arson & sabotage

• Ensure physical security

• Ensure access control procedure

• Integrated manned, electronic system

• Background screening of the employees

The fire triangle The fire triangle or combustion triangle is a simple model

for understanding the ingredients necessary for most fires.

The triangle illustrates a fire requires three elements: heat, fuel, and

an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen)

Without sufficient heat, a fire cannot begin, and it cannot continue.

Without fuel, a fire will stop.

Without sufficient oxygen, a fire cannot begin, and it cannot continue.

The fire tetrahedron is an addition to the fire triangle.

It adds the requirement for the presence of the

chemical reaction which is the process of fire.

226

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fire_triangle.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fire_tetrahedron.svg

Fuel Source Class of Fire Extinguishing Agent Ordinary combustibles A Water; chemical foam; dry chemical powder (e.g. trash, wood, paper, cloth)

Flammable liquids B Carbon dioxide (CO2); dry chemical powder (e.g. oil, grease, tar, aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) gasoline, thinners paints Electricity C CO2; dry chemical powder (e.g. live electrical equipment)

Combustible metals D Dry powder (suitable for the specific (e.g. magnesium, combustible metal involved) titanium)

Combustible Cooking K Co2, Dry chemical powder (e.g. cooking oils; animal fats, vegetable fats)

Water can’t be used on certain type of fires such

as Electrical fires, Hydrocarbon fires Metal fires

, Fat fires .

Water: The most well-known and by far the most used extinguishing agent.

Water is available almost everywhere, it is cheap, it cools the best, it is

extremely easy to handle and it is completely safe.

Extinguishing methods: To stop a combustion reaction, one of the three

elements of the fire-triangle has to be removed:

Suppression of the Combustible Material (Fuel)

Suppression of the Activation Energy (Heat)

Suppression of the Oxidizer (oxygen)

Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide is a non-flammable gas that takes away the oxygen

element of the fire triangle. Without oxygen, there is no fire. CO2 is very cold as it

comes out of the extinguisher, so it cools the fuel as well

Foam: Foam was invented as a way to retain the excellent extinguishing properties

of water but to eliminate its drawbacks

Dry Chemical Powder: Dry chemical extinguishers put out fire by

coating the fuel with a thin layer of dust. This separates the fuel from

the oxygen in the air.

The powder also works to interrupt the chemical reaction of fire.

Mono ammonium phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, are commonly

used as dry chemical extinguishers

The stages of fire :

Stage 1: Ignition - This is the only stage at which a fire

extinguisher can be used safely, when the flame is relatively small

Stage 2: Critical - Fire begins to engulf large areas and a huge

amount of extinguishing agent is required to put it out. Only

sophisticated sprinkler systems will prove useful at this point

Stage 3: Blaze - By now the fire is out of control. It can only be

put out with thousands of liters of extinguishing agent. Only a fire

brigade might be able to tackle it. Not so much to put out the fire,

but to prevent it from spreading to neighboring properties.

What to do in case of fire ?

102

Call 102

What to do, if your clothing catches fire ?

How to escape from the smoke & How to prevent smoke from entering the room ?

Classification of Fire

Class of Fire Description

A class Fire involving solid materials such as

wood, paper or textiles.

B class Fire involving flammable liquids such as

petrol, diesel or oils.

C class Fire involving gases.

D class Fire involving Metal.

Special Fire Electrical fire.

Fire Detection System • Smoke & Heat Detector

• Break Glass Station

• Fire panel board

• Fire bell

Fire Protection System

Types of fire Extinguisher

1) CO2 type

2) Dry chemical Powder type

3) Foam Chemical

4) Dry Powder

Color code

1) Water type (Red)

2) CO2 type (Black)

3) Dry chemical Powder type (Blue)

4) Foam Chemical (Cream)

Extinguishers

Water Type CO 2 Type DCP Type Foam Type

Colour code standardization as per British Standard

FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Dry Chemical Powder CO2

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DRY CHEMICAL POWDER

STUCTURE:

It is made of mild steel

Explosive pressure :7000 bar

Testing pressure :5000 bar

Discharging duration:12- 15

Second.

Shooting range : 4.5 m.

Chemical:

- Chellate powder 45%,

- Bitumen 45 % and

- Sodium strait 10%.

Fire Rating : 12-15 second.

CO2 FIRE EXTINGUISHER

STRUCTURE:

It is made of mild steel.

Explosive pressure :7000 bar

Testing pressure :5000 bar

Working pressure :14 bar

Shooting range :4.5meter

Discharging duration:12-15 Second

Refilling heat and pressure:71.1 Degree and

31.1 bar.

Chemical: only Co2 gas.

FIRE EXTINGUISHER

(CYLINDER) DRY POWDER

CHEMICAL

MANOMETER FIRE EXTINGUISHER VALVE

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TYPE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER DRY CHEMICAL POWDER

METER TYPE ORDINARY

CONSTRACTION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER

CARTIDGE AND CYLINDER CHEMICAL POWDER

Fire Cart / Fire Point

• Fire Warden Shoes • Search light • Helmet • Breathing apparatus • Whistle • Blanket • Musk • Cutter • Fire Dress • Stretcher • Flag • Fire Extinguisher • Water drum • First Aid Box • Fire Hook

246

Check list for Fire Extinguisher’s set-up

• Are the Extinguishers suitable for the purpose?

• Are the Extinguishers visible or does their position need indicating?

• Are their enough Extinguishers sited throughout the premises?

• Are the right types of Extinguishers located closed to the fire hazard?

• Can the user get to them without exposing themselves to risk?

• Have you taken steps to prevent the misuse of extinguishers?

• Do you check the pressure?

• Are those who test & maintain the equipment competent to do so?

• Setting height-1 meter for (larger extinguisher) and 1.5 meter (for smaller one) to the level of handle

• Availability -1XDCP 6kg. For 90 square meter floor space & less than 30 meter travel distance

EMERGENCY EVACUATION PROCEDURES

o The activation of the fire alarm and campus mass notification system signals the evacuation

o Everyone is required to evacuate the building immediately

o Evacuation wardens wear yellow vests and have yellow flags for easy identification by employees reporting to them

o Evacuation wardens direct occupants to the nearest unobstructed fire exit.

o Assist disabled persons out of the building or into the nearest stairwell

o Have contingency plans for persons with special needs

o Consider and address security issues during a drill o Do not use the elevators

o Assemble in a pre-specified area of the assembly point

o Stay clear of buildings

o Do not block fire lanes

o Report to the Safety Coordinator

o Do not re-enter the building until advised by the Safety Coordinator or Public Safety Officer

Shelter In Place Information

• During certain emergency situations, directions may be given to “Shelter in Place.”

Depending on the type of emergency situation, directions to shelter in place may be

sent using a variety of communication tools, including: campus telephones, campus

televisions, loud speakers, or department Safety Coordinators.

• If directed to shelter in place:

1. Stay inside the building or find a safe place.

2. If you are in a room with a door, make sure the door is closed.

3. Due to the varying age of campus buildings, locks may lock manually, remotely or

not at all. If applicable and time permits, lock doors.

4. If you are in a room with a window, make sure the window is closed.

5. Remain where you are until further direction from emergency personnel or

department Safety Coordinators.

• For chemical, biological or radioactive material releases, additional directions will be

given.

Basics Before An Emergency

• Please note that all emergency situations are unique and although

general guidelines apply, specific details and directives will be given

based on the situation.

• Become familiar with the Emergency Resources Guide.

• Know your building’s floor plan and become familiar with building

exits and doors.

• Be aware of the building’s Evacuation Assembly Point(s).

• Faculty can share this information with students at the beginning of

each semester.

• Know your building’s Emergency Coordinator.

• Gather individual preparedness supplies.

• Participate in and cooperate during drills.

Basics During An

Emergency • Try to remain calm.

• Alert emergency responders.

• When evacuating go to assembly point using a safe route.

• Assist individuals with disabilities.

• Walk, do not run.

• Use stairs, do not use elevators.

• Wait for and follow instructions from Public Safety or designee.

• When Sheltering in Place stay inside or find a safe place.

Basics After An Emergency

• Wait for and follow instructions from Public Safety or a designee.

• Updated emergency information and information concerning the

status of the campus will be communicated through a variety of

sources, as available.

• Plans are in place for essential university functions to continue on a

temporary basis.

• Personnel and facilities are designated to carry on operations on a

limited basis if it is safe to do so.

• Alternate facilities will be established if necessary.

• Normal campus operations will resume as soon as possible following

an emergency.

Fire safety records

• Details of any significant findings from the fire risk assessment

• Testing & checking of escape routes

• Testing of fire warning systems & periodic maintenance

• Keeping record of false alarms

• Testing and maintenance of lighting systems

• Testing and maintenance of fire extinguishers, hose reels

• Testing and maintenance of smoke control system

• Training of relevant people

• Fire evacuation drill

• Records – daily checks, weekly, monthly, six monthly & annual test & check reports.

• Communications

• General employee’s action

• Telephone operator’s action

• CFW’s action

• Fire warden’s action

• Command post

• Assemble Point

EMERGENCY PLAN

Fire Warden

FW

Fire Fighting

Party

First Aid Party

Rescue Party

Fire warden role in emergency • Fire fighting with the existing fire fighting equipment

• Rescue & search

• Sweeping of the premises

• Guidance on leave the building

• Shutting down vital or dangers equipment

• First Aid

• Liaising with the fire and rescue service on arrival

• Performing a supervisory/managing role.

• Taken the charge at the assemble area

• Roll call

General Employee’s action (Do’s) • Know / familiarize with your premises

• Know / familiarize with your fire safety facilities Remain calm

• Call your emergency number • Feel every door before you open it • Follow the exit sign • Leave building by the nearest exit • If you trapped in smoke then crawl

Report to the assemble point Use stair

If your clothes catch fire, stop, drop and roll

Fire action (Dont’s) General Employees

• Do not shout Fire… Fire….

• Do not waste time gathering valuables

• Do not use elevator.

• Do not enter a smoke filled area alone, or without protection.

• Do not re enter until told it is safe to do so

Chief fire warden’s role in general situation • Prepare the fire emergency policy • Discuss with the management & approval • Prepare evacuation map • Formation of fire warden • Conduct specialized training for fire warden • Conduct basic fire fighting training for general

employee’s • Conduct periodical fire drill • Identify the fire hazards in the premises • Liaison with local fire brigade hospitals & law

enforcement agencies • Maintenance of fire equipment • Understanding the local fire safety law & it’s

implementation

260

Fire warden duties in General situation

• Providing clear and relevant information to general

employees

• Inform non-employees, such as temporary or contract

workers, visitors about fire safety procedures

• Consider the presence of any dangerous substances

• Establish suitable means of contacting fire service

• Provide appropriate training & instruction to general

employees

• Maintenance of fire equipment

• Key role in fire drill

• Keeping records

How to Operate a Fire

Extinguisher

• 1) P - Pull the safety lock or safety pin

• 2) A - Aim at the base of fire

• 3) S - Squeeze the handle

• 4) S - Sweep the Hose Pipe

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How to Operate Fire Hose Reels

Use of Fire Blanket

R.B – F.W Action Plan Sl No Action Who When Status

01 Develop “Emergency Evacuation Procedure”

02 Develop “Emergency Action Plan”

1.1. Prepare Evacuation Procedure,

1.2. Identify Training needs,

1.3. Conduct staff awareness training,

1.4. Conduct Emergency Team members training.

1.5. Implement Fire prevention system.

03 Formation of building & safety committee

Create safety executive position

04 Develop Office Safety Inspection checklists.

05 Schedule and develop Team for Office Safety

Inspection and carry out inspection monthly.

06 Install Fire Detection, Warning, and

Protection system.

07 Install Fire Safety Signs.

08 Install Emergency Lights.

09 Install Emergency Exit Signs.

10 Develop Fire Appliances Inspection checklists and

carry out monthly inspection.

Action Plan Sl No Action Who When Status

11 Install Emergency Break Glass at all Access Control Doors.

12 Develop House keeping checklists and carry out monthly inspection.

13 Store records, boxes and other items into separate store

14 Develop Electrical equipment checklists and carry out monthly

inspection.

15 STOP Smoking into office premises with approval and support of top

management.

16 Carry out power load sharing capacity inspection by a competent

Electrical engineer and relocate electrical appliances as per his or

her guidance.

17 Installation of suppression system with dehumidifier at server room.

18 Develop “Emergency Contact Chart” and make available with

Security Guards, Emergency Team members and places it into

Notice board

19 Conduct fire drill

20 Prepare evacuation map & its placement floor wise

21 Review survey

Thank

You

Documents

Safety Presentation