{\rtf1{\fonttbl{\f2 Monotype Corsiva;}{\f3 Monotype Corsiva;}{\f4 Monotype Corsiva;}{\f5 Monotype Corsiva;}{\f6 Monotype Corsiva;}{\f7 Monotype Corsiva;}{\f8 Times New Roman;}{\f9 Times New Roman;}{\f10 Monotype Corsiva;}{\f11 Monotype Corsiva;}{\f12 MS Mincho;}{\f13 Times New Roman;}{\f1000000 Times New Roman;}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;}\viewkind1\viewscale100\margl0\margr0\margt0\margb0\deftab80\dntblnsbdb\expshrtn\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg1}{\bkmkend Pg1}\par\pard\ql \li3993\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3993\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3993\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3993\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3993\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3993\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3993\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3993\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3993\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3993\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3993\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3993\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3993\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3993\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3993\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3993\sb52\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? 1 and the Origins of the Qur\u8217?\u257?n \par\pard\ql \li3516\ri3351\sb238\sl-260\slmult0\tx4063 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 B e h na m S a d e g h i and M o h s e n G o u da r z i\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 1 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 Stanford University / Harvard University \par\pard\ql \li5577\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5577\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5577\sb85\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Abstract \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2544\sb126\sl-235\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 The lower text of \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? 1 is at present the most important document for the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 history of the Qur\u8217?\u257?n. As the only known extant copy from a textual tradition \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 beside the standard \u8216?Uthm\u257?nic one, it has the greatest potential of any known \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 manuscript to shed light on the early history of the scripture. Comparing it with \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 parallel textual traditions provides a unique window onto the initial state of the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 text from which the different traditions emerged. The comparison settles a peren-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 nial controversy about the date at which existing passages were joined together to \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 form the s\u363?ras (chapters). Some ancient reports and modern scholars assign this \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 event to the reign of the third caliph and link it with his standardizing the text of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 the Qur\u8217?\u257?n around AD 650. However, the analysis shows that the s\u363?ras were \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 formed earlier. Furthermore, the manuscript sheds light on the manner in which \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 the text was transmitted. The inception of at least some Qur\u8217?\u257?nic textual tradi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 tions must have involved semi-oral transmission, most likely via hearers who \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 wrote down a text that was recited by the Prophet. This essay argues for these \par\pard\qj \li2692\sb0\sl-236\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2692\ri2542\sb9\sl-236\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) We are grateful to Christian Robin, the Noja Noseda Foundation, and \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 CNRS (UMR 8167, Orient et Mditerrane) for giving us their photographs and \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 ultraviolet images of the DAM 01-27.1 folios. We thank Michael Cook, David Pow-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 ers, Patricia Crone, and Ursula Dreibholz for reading the essay and providing \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 valuable written comments. We thank Ursula Dreibholz for graciously agreeing to \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 be interviewed by telephone, and Ursula Dreibholz, Lily Feidy, Sharif Kanaana, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 Sari Nusseibeh, Ghassan Abdullah, Lawrence Conrad, and Alexander Stille for \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 patiently answering our questions by e-mail. We also thank the following persons \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 for their help with various other aspects of the project: Uwe Bergmann, the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 anonymous owner of the Stanford 2007 folio, Mette Korsholm of the David Collec-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 tion, Michael Cooperson, Devin Stewart, Robert Waltz, Scott Lucas, M.S.M. Saiful-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 lah, Sarah Kistler, Bryce Cronkite-Ratcliff, Robert Gregg, Burak Keskin-Kozat, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 the staff at the Abbasi Program in Islamic Studies at Stanford University, Ceci \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Evangelista of the Office of Development at Stanford University, and the staff at \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Stanford University Libraries and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Labora-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 tory. This essay was submitted for publication on August 31, 2011. \par\pard\li2677\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li2677\sb86\sl-161\slmult0\fi0\tx7332 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs14 Der Islam Bd. 87, S. 1-129\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 DOI 10.1515/islam-2011-0025\par\pard\ql \li2677\ri3813\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Walter de Gruyter 2012 \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ISSN 0021-1818 {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2692\shptop9808\shpright3714\shpbottom9828\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz110\shplid0{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 1022}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(1022,20);(1022,0);(0,0)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg2}{\bkmkend Pg2}\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb175\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx4182 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 2\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 Behnam Sadeghi and Mohsen Goudarzi\par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2545\sb197\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 conclusions by considering the broad features of the text. The essay also presents \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 the edited text of the folios in the D\u257?r al-Makh\u7789?\u363?\u7789?\u257?t, \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217?, Yemen, in addition to \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 four folios that were auctioned abroad. A systematic analysis of all the variants is \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 postponed to future publications. \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2692\sb69\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 Introduction \par\pard\ql \li3755\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3755\sb60\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 The Manuscript and the Field of Qur\u8217?\u257?nic Studies \par\pard\ql \li2692\ri2529\sb249\sl-256\slmult0\fi299\tx2992 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 Scholarly approaches to the early history of the standard text of the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Qur\u8217?\u257?n can be enumerated in a broad and rough manner as follows: \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 There is the traditional account that is associated with most pre-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 modern scholars. They held that the Prophet Mu\u7717?ammad (d. AD 632) \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 disseminated the Qur\u8217?\u257?n gradually. Some of his Companions compiled \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 copies of the scripture. These codices had differences. Motivated by the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 differences and seeking uniformity among Muslims, the Caliph \u8216?Uthm\u257?n \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 (d. AD 656), himself a Companion, established a standard version. He -\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 or, more precisely, a committee of Companions appointed by him - did so \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 by sending master copies of the Qur\u8217?\u257?n to different cities - codices that \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 themselves differed slightly in a small number of spots - and people in \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 turn made copies of them. In subsequent decades and centuries, this \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 standard text was read differently by different readers. For example, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 they often vowelled and pointed the consonants differently, but many of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 these readings - including those of the famous \u8220?Seven Readers\u8221? - ad-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 hered to the undotted consonantal skeletal form of the original master \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 codices. Here, \u8220?skeletal form\u8221? requires explanation: one does not know \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 the spelling of every word in the original codices of \u8216?Uthm\u257?n. For exam-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 ple, in most cases it is not known whether the \u257? sound in the middle of a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 word was represented by the letter alif. However, at the very least we \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 know the text at the \u8220?skeletal-morphemic\u8221? level.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 2 \par\pard\qj \li2692\sb0\sl-235\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2692\ri2548\sb87\sl-235\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) The Islamic scholarly tradition does not purport to have preserved the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 spelling of every word in the codices sent out by \u8216?Uthm\u257?n. Rather, Muslim tradi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 tion preserves the original \u8216?Uthm\u257?nic codices at least at the skeletal-morphemic \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 level, that is, with respect to features of the skeletal (unpointed) text that would \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 necessarily change a word or part of word (morpheme) into something else if \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 they were different. Some skeletal variations, such as different spellings of a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex138 word, are not skeletal-morphemic because they do not necessarily change a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 word. Moreover, differences in the way consonants are pointed may change a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 word, but they are not skeletal-morphemic either since they do not change the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 skeleton. Normally, a reading is said to differ from the standard \u8216?Uthm\u257?nic rasm {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2692\shptop11218\shpright3714\shpbottom11238\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz172\shplid0{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 1022}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(1022,20);(1022,0);(0,0)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg3}{\bkmkend Pg3}\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb212\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9107 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? 1 and the Origins of the Qur\u8217?\u257?n\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 3\par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2526\sb168\sl-255\slmult0\fi299 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 It is convenient to call the adherents of this account \u8220?traditionalists.\u8221? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 The narrative continues to be fairly popular among the specialists in the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Muslim world, in part because most of them have not come to entertain \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 radical doubt about the broad outlines of early Islamic history. By con-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 trast, scholars located in Europe and North America generally do not ac-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 cept this account (which is not to say that they reject it). This is due to a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 prevailing distrust in the literary sources on which it is founded. These \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 sources were compiled long after the events they describe, and the extent to \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 which they preserve truly early reports has been the subject of an evolving \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 academic debate. This Euro-American majority falls into two main groups. \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2527\sb5\sl-256\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 The first group, a minority, consists of the \u8220?revisionists,\u8221? that is, those \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 who consider the traditional narrative as wrong. They reject the idea \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 that \u8216?Uthm\u257?n attempted to fix the text, or they hold that there contin-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 ued to be major changes in the standard text after \u8216?Uthm\u257?n, or, in the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 case of Wansbrough, they think it may be anachronistic to speak of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 the Qur\u8217?\u257?n at the time of \u8216?Uthm\u257?n in the first place, since the text coa-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 lesced long after. Notable revisionists include John Wansbrough, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 Patricia Crone, Alfred-Louis de Prmare, and David Powers.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 3\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 The \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 degree of textual stability that according to the traditional account had \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 been reached by ca. AD 650 was according to John Wansbrough at-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 tained no earlier than the ninth century AD. Most revisionists are more \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 conservative in their dating, focusing on the reign of the Umayyad caliph \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \u8216?Abd al-Malik, that is, AH 65-86/ AD 685-705 as the date of textual final-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 ity and/or canonization. Revisionists tend to support their views by \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 citing documentary evidence, Christian sources, and Muslim traditions. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 Their use of the Muslim reports constitutes what they regard as judi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 cious reading between the lines, but what their opponents view as mar-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 shaling cherry-picked, decontextualized, and misinterpreted reports. \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2531\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi299 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 The second group of scholars, the \u8220?skeptics,\u8221? is by far larger. Its \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 members likewise do not accept the traditional account, considering it \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 unreliable along with nearly every report in the Muslim literary sources \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2548\sb221\sl-236\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 only if it changes both the skeleton and the word, that is, if the change is skeletal \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 and morphemic. All of this has been well-understood for many centuries and is \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 simply taken for granted in the way most Muslim Qur\u8217?\u257?n specialists have writ-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 ten about the different readings (qir\u257?\u8217?\u257?t). (We are setting aside a caveat concern-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 ing cases in which nonetheless the original \u8216?Uthm\u257?nic spelling or pointing is \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 knowable.) \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2548\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi299 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 3\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) For their contributions, see the Bibliography. P. Crone\u8217?s approach in her \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 1994 essay is different from the others we list (or from her 1977 work) in that \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 she provisionally suggests the late canonization of a largely stable text rather \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 than a late date for the attainment of textual stability. {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2692\shptop11218\shpright3714\shpbottom11238\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz214\shplid0{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 1022}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(1022,20);(1022,0);(0,0)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg4}{\bkmkend Pg4}\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb175\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx4182 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 4\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 Behnam Sadeghi and Mohsen Goudarzi\par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2528\sb204\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 bearing on Islamic origins. But they do not subscribe to the theories of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 the revisionists either, which they consider to be unsupported by the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 evidence. The scholars in this group are agnostics, so to speak. They may \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 not assert that the standard text came into being or changed signifi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 cantly after \u8216?Uthm\u257?n, but they do not deny that it could have. They may \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 be adamant that they are not revisionists, but they are de facto revision-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 ists in respect of their attitude towards the literary sources. They may be \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 called \u8220?skeptics\u8221? inasmuch as they are equally unconvinced by tradi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 tional and revisionist narratives. They tend to not publish much on \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 Islamic origins, since as skeptics they have few firm beliefs to write \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 about. This belies the fact that they form the larger group. An indication \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 of their size is given by what has not been published: in recent decades, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 European and North-American academics have written relatively few \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 accounts of the initial decades of Islamic religion based on the literary \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 sources. Many academics have simply moved to later periods (focusing \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 on how the initial decades were remembered), other topics, or languages \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 other than Arabic. \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2528\sb6\sl-254\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 There is also a minority among scholars in North America and \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 Europe who support key features of the traditional narrative as re-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 counted above. They do not take all the reports in the later sources at \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 face value, but they believe that critical and detailed analysis of the lit-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 erary evidence confirms elements of the traditional account. These \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 scholars have their counterparts in the Muslim world. Notable members \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 of this group include Michael Cook, Mu\u7717?ammad Mu\u7717?aysin, and Ha-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 rald Motzki, the first one being a defector from the revisionist camp.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 4 \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 One may call scholars who support the traditional account based on a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 critical evaluation of the literary sources \u8220?neo-traditionalists.\u8221? They are \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 traditionalists who argue for the traditional account rather than take it \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 for granted as a self-evident part of our scholarly heritage.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 5 \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2528\sb2\sl-260\slmult0\fi299 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 We do not believe that this climate of disagreement reflects sheer \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 underdetermination of theory by evidence. This is not a case of tak\u257?fu\u8217? \par\pard\qj \li2692\sb0\sl-235\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2692\ri2543\sb6\sl-235\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs19\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 4\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) For their works on the Qur\u8217?\u257?n, see the Bibliography. For a brief discussion of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Mu\u7717?aysin\u8217?s work, see Behnam Sadeghi, \u8220?Criteria for Emending the Text of the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Qur\u8217?\u257?n,\u8221? in Law and Tradition in Classical Islamic Thought, ed. Michael Cook, et al. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, forthcoming, 2012). For a summary and discussion of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Cook\u8217?s work, see Sadeghi and Bergmann, \u8220?The Codex,\u8221? 364, 367-9. \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2546\sb5\sl-235\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 5\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) The labels traditionalist, revisionist, skeptic, and neo-traditionalist are \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 merely convenient names for the four groups. We do not use these terms in their \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 literal senses or imply other associations. For example, we do not imply that the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 traditionalists are attached to tradition or that the skeptics are philosophical \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 skeptics. {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2692\shptop11218\shpright3714\shpbottom11238\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz207\shplid0{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 1022}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(1022,20);(1022,0);(0,0)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg5}{\bkmkend Pg5}\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb212\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9107 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? 1 and the Origins of the Qur\u8217?\u257?n\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 5\par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2527\sb167\sl-256\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 al-adilla: the arguments for the different sides are not equal in strength. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 We also do not believe that the relative size of each group of scholars \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 mirrors the quality of the evidence in its favor, or that the disagreements \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 will dissolve completely if very strong new evidence were to surface in \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 favor of a particular position, or that if a consensus were to emerge, that \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 would necessarily signify a lack of ambiguity in the evidence. Patterns of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 human adherence to paradigms depend on sociological, psychological, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 and other irrational factors as well as on the quality of the evidence.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 6 \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 Nonetheless, it also goes without saying that any evidence that can po-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 tentially shed further light on early Islam will be of great interest to \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 historians and may sway at least some of us. \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2530\sb6\sl-254\slmult0\fi299 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 The Qur\u8217?\u257?n under study is one such piece of evidence. \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? 1 is a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 palimpsest, that is, a manuscript of which the text, \u8220?lower writing,\u8221? was \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 erased by scraping or washing and then written over. Recycling parch-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 ment in this manner was not uncommon. It was done, for example, for an \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 estimated 4.5% of manuscripts from the Latin West produced from AD \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 400 to AD 800,\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 7\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 though one should not rashly generalize this figure since \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 the frequency of palimpsesting varied greatly depending on time and \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 place.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 8\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 Beside \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? 1, we know of several other Arabic palimpsests.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 9 \par\pard\qj \li2692\sb0\sl-235\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2692\ri2543\sb27\sl-235\slmult0\fi299 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 6\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) The irrational factors have been famously emphasized in Thomas Kuhn, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 1970). In the field of Islamic studies, the irrational factors that affect whether \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 one accepts an author\u8217?s work include, for example, the eminence of the author, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 the author\u8217?s religious background, whether scholars whom one admires agree \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 with the author, whether one\u8217?s mentors and peers agree with the author, whether \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 the author\u8217?s work agrees with the consensus, the author\u8217?s rhetorical strategies, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 and whether the author\u8217?s positions match those of a particular academic, reli\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 gious, philosophical, or ideological movement. \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2544\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex138 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 7\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) Georges Declercq, \u8220?Introduction: Codices Rescripti in the Early Me\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 dieval West in Early Medieval Palimpsests,\u8221? in Early medieval palimpsests, ed. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Georges Declercq (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2007), 12. \par\pard\ql \li2992\sb29\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex140 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 8\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) Declercq,\u8220?Introduction,\u8221?11-13. \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2546\sb10\sl-236\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 9\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) There are two Arabic palimpsests in the Monastery of St. Catherine in the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 Sinai Peninsula. They are discussed in Aziz S. Atiya, Arabic Manuscripts of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Mount Sinai: A Hand-list of the Arabic Manuscripts and Scrolls Microfilmed at \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 the Library of the Monastery of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai (Baltimore: John Hop-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 kins Press, 1955), 19, 24; and Aziz S. Atiya, \u8220?The Monastery of St. Catherine and \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 the Mount Sinai Expedition,\u8221? Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2547\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 96.5 (1952): 578-86. One palimpsest, no. 514, has five layers of text in three lan-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 guages: two Arabic, two Syriac, and one Greek. Its top writing, consisting of a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Christian hagiography and the Book of Job, is \u8220?in the middle Kufic of the eighth \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 to early ninth century,\u8221? while its second layer, another Christian text, is \u8220?in ar-{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2692\shptop8163\shpright3714\shpbottom8183\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz117\shplid0{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 1022}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(1022,20);(1022,0);(0,0)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg6}{\bkmkend Pg6}\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb175\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx4182 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 6\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 Behnam Sadeghi and Mohsen Goudarzi\par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2527\sb206\sl-254\slmult0\fi299 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 In \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? 1, as with some other palimpsests, over time the residue of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 the ink of the erased writing underwent chemical reactions, causing a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 color change and hence the reemergence of the lower writing in a pale \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 brown or pale gray color. Color change is normal for metal-based ink. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Thus, a black ink may turn brown over time, and the traces of ink buried \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 deep in the parchment can bring an erased text back to life. Transition \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 metals like iron, copper, and zinc are implicated in corrosion and color \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 change.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 10\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 All three metals are present in the inks of both layers of \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? 1, \par\pard\qj \li2692\sb0\sl-234\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2692\ri2546\sb29\sl-234\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 chaic Kufic of the first century of the Hijra, that is, seventh to eighth century \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 AD.\u8221? (Atiya, Arabic Manuscripts of Mount Sinai, 19). The image of a folio \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 (Atiya, \u8220?Monastery of St. Catherine,\u8221? 584) shows that in the top writing the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 verses are separated by a number of dots, a feature found in early Qur\u8217?\u257?ns. The \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 second Arabic palimpsest, no. 588, has three layers of Christian writing. The top \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 layer is in Arabic and dates from about the 10\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 th\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 century AD. Underneath, there is \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 a Syriac text. Underneath, \u8220?a third layer of Arabic could be traced in some \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 places\u8221? (Atiya, Arabic Manuscripts of Mount Sinai, 24). \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2544\sb6\sl-235\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 There is a palimpsest in the University Library of Cambridge that has a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Qur\u8217?\u257?nic lower text in the \u7716?ij\u257?z\u299? script. It is discussed in the following publica-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 tions: Alphonse Mingana and Agnes S. Lewis, Leaves from Three Ancient \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Qurns, Possibly Pre-\u8216?Othmnic (Cambridge: University Press, 1914); Mu\u7717?am-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 mad Mu\u7779?\u7789?af\u257? al-A\u8216?\u7827?am\u299?, The History of the Qur\u8217?\u257?nic Text, 2\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 nd\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ed. (Riyadh: Azami \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 Publishing House, 2008), 342-5; Alba Fedeli, \u8220?Early Evidences of Variant \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Readings in Qur\u8217?\u257?nic Manuscripts,\u8221? in Die dunklen Anfnge: Neue Forschungen \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 zur Entstehung und frhen Geschichte des Islam, ed. Karl-Heinz Ohlig et al. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 (Berlin: Verlag Hans Schiler, 2007), 293-7; Alba Fedeli, \u8220?Mingana and the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Manuscript of Mrs. Agnes Smith Lewis, One Century Later,\u8221? Manuscripta Orien-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 talia 11.3 (2005): 3-7. Fedeli and al-A\u8216?\u7827?am\u299? both find Mingana\u8217?s transcription \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 completely unreliable. Fedeli could verify only thirteen of thirty-seven readings \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 given by Mingana (Fedeli, \u8220?Mingana,\u8221? 7). In addition, Mingana\u8217?s characteriza-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 tion of the text as \u8220?possibly pre-\u8216?Othm\u257?nic\u8221? is unwarranted. (We came to know \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 of the following useful contribution too late to incorporate its contents about \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 the Cambridge and other palimpsests: Alba Fedeli, \u8220?The Digitization Project \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 of the Qur\u257?nic Palimpsest, MS Cambridge University Library Or. 1287, and the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Verification of the Mingana-Lewis Edition: Where is Sal\u257?m?,\u8221? Journal of Islamic \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Manuscripts 2.1 (2011): 100-117.) \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2543\sb0\sl-236\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 There are several other palimpsests in the D\u257?r al-Makh\u7789?\u363?\u7789?\u257?t in \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217?, all rela-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 tively late, and all represented by no more than a few pages apiece (Ursula Dreib-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 holz, interview, July 30, 3011). The picture of a page from one of them appears as \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 image 043020C.BMP in a CD published by the UNESCO. Both layers of text are \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Qur\u8217?\u257?nic and seem later than the palimpsest under study in this essay, though the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 lower writing looks like it could be as early as the late first century AH. \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2549\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 10\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) Christoph Krekel, \u8220?The Chemistry of Historical Iron Gall Inks,\u8221? Inter\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 national Journal of Forensic Document Examiners 5 (1999): 54-8. {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2692\shptop5343\shpright3714\shpbottom5363\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz56\shplid0{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 1022}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(1022,20);(1022,0);(0,0)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg7}{\bkmkend Pg7}\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb212\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9107 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? 1 and the Origins of the Qur\u8217?\u257?n\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 7\par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2533\sb180\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 though the lower ink has somewhat more copper and a much greater \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 quantity of zinc than the upper one.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 11 \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2531\sb27\sl-256\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 Both layers of writing are Qur\u8217?\u257?ns, and each layer appears to have \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 once constituted a complete codex.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 12\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 The upper text is from the standard \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 textual tradition and was probably written sometime during the seventh \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 or the first half of the eighth century AD. With future advances in pale-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 ography and the application of other methods, it may become possible to \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 obtain a more precise date than this. Its verse division pattern displays a \par\pard\qj \li2692\sb0\sl-233\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2692\sb0\sl-233\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2692\sb0\sl-233\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2692\ri2549\sb25\sl-233\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs19\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 11\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) The scientific analysis of the inks on the Stanford 2007 folio was con\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 ducted by Uwe Bergmann. The details may be published separately. Cf. Behnam \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex139 Sadeghi and Uwe Bergmann, \u8220?The Codex of a Companion of the Prophet \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 and the Qur\u8217?\u257?n of the Prophet,\u8221? Arabica 57.4 (2010): 348, 357. \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2543\sb6\sl-235\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 12\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) In addition to the writings corresponding to the putative full codices, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 there are occasional interpolations by different hands. For example, an \u8220?upper \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 modifier\u8221? filled gaps in the upper writing where the text had faded. There is also a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 hand (or possibly more than one hand) on a few folios that we call the \u8220?lower \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 modifier(s),\u8221? responsible for jottings that occasionally either modified the lower \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 writing or filled its gaps where the text had faded or been erased irremediably. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 The lower modifier is black and was written with a narrower pen than all the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 other scripts. It appears on folios 2, Stanford 2007, David 86/2003, 22 (possibly \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 different hand), and possibly 23. It dates from a period after the complete erasure \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 of the lower writing, the addition of the upper writing, and the resurfacing of the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 lower writing. Four considerations establish this dating: First, the fact that the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 writing is black proves that it does not belong to a reemerged text, since lower \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 writings in palimpsests come to light as pale brown or pale gray if they reappear \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 at all. This argument alone is conclusive. Second, Uwe Bergmann\u8217?s examination of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 the Stanford 2007 folio has established that the lower modifier\u8217?s ink has no iron, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 copper, or zinc, the transition metals responsible for corrosion and color change \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 over time (see above, footnotes 10 and 11), confirming that the script has not \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 resurfaced and thus was never erased to begin with. The ink appears to be based \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 on carbon and is thus relatively inert, invulnerable to corrosion-related color \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 change and more easily erased or worn out than metal-based ink. This considera-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 tion, too, is conclusive by itself. Third, in terms of calligraphic style, width of the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 pen stroke, and the chemical composition of the ink, the upper writing is much \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 closer to the lower writing than to the lower modifier, which again supports its \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 predating the lower modifier. Fourth, the lower modifier\u8217?s calligraphic style sug-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 gests that it does not belong to the first two centuries AH. On folio 22, however, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 the calligraphic style looks early: either this is a different hand, or it is the same \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \u8220?lower modifier\u8221? hand as found on the other folios but is influenced here by the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \u7716?ij\u257?z\u299? script it modified. Cf. Sadeghi and Bergmann, \u8220?The Codex,\u8221? 357-8, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 especially footnote 12. {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2692\shptop5814\shpright3714\shpbottom5834\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz65\shplid0{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 1022}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(1022,20);(1022,0);(0,0)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg8}{\bkmkend Pg8}\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb175\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx4182 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 8\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 Behnam Sadeghi and Mohsen Goudarzi\par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2532\sb217\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 marked affinity for the schemes reported for the \u7716?ij\u257?z, but not precisely \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 enough to distinguish between Mecca and Medina.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 13 \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2526\sb28\sl-255\slmult0\fi299 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 The lower Qur\u8217?\u257?n is of enormous interest because it is so far the only \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 manuscript that is known to be non-\u8216?Uthm\u257?nic, that is, from a textual \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 tradition other than the standard one. One of us previously did a detailed \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 study of this codex based on four folios.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 14\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 We now extend the analysis to \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 all the folios except one (of which the image we do not have). In this essay, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 we focus on the broad features of the text, postponing to future publica-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 tions a systematic textual analysis of all the variants. We shall argue below \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 that regardless of the date of the lower codex, the textual tradition to \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 which it belonged and the \u8216?Uthm\u257?nic tradition must have diverged some-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 time before the spread of the \u8216?Uthm\u257?nic tradition in the mid-seventh cen-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 tury AD. Therefore, comparing these two traditions opens a window onto \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 the earliest phase of the Qur\u8217?\u257?n\u8217?s history. We shall also argue, based on just \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 such a comparison, that, contrary to a common view, the existing pieces of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 revelation were joined to form the s\u363?ras prior to \u8216?Uthm\u257?n\u8217?s famous and \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 fairly effective attempt to standardize the text. \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2526\sb7\sl-253\slmult0\fi299 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 The date of origin of the textual tradition to which the lower text be-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 longs, of course, is a different matter than the date of the lower writing \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 itself. The lower writing, on paleographic and art-historical grounds, is \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 almost certainly from the seventh century AD, and probably not from the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 latter part of that century. More precision may be obtained by radiocar-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 bon dating, which assigns the parchment, and hence the lower codex, to \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 the period before AD 671 with a probability of 99% (before 661 with the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 probability of 95.5%, and before 646 with a probability of 75%).\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 15\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 This \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 makes it significantly earlier than the few other Qur\u8217?\u257?ns that have been \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 radiocarbon-dated.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 16\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 The manuscript was not written long before the \par\pard\qj \li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2692\ri2544\sb116\sl-230\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs19\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 13\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) See Appendix 2. This conclusion was reached previously based on an \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex139 analysis of a more limited set of thirteen folios in Sadeghi and Bergmann, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \u8220?The Codex,\u8221? 377-83. \par\pard\ql \li2992\sb29\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex141 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 14\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) Sadeghi and Bergmann,\u8220?The Codex.\u8221? \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2544\sb12\sl-233\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 15\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) Radiocarbon dating was performed on a sample from the \u8220?Stanford \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 2007\u8221? folio. For the details, see Sadeghi and Bergmann, \u8220?The Codex,\u8221? 352-4. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 On the assumption that the codex was not made a long time after the parchment \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 was prepared, see \u8220?The Codex,\u8221? 354. \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2542\sb5\sl-236\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 16\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) Yasin Dutton, \u8220?An Umayyad Fragment of the Qur\u8217?an and its Dating,\u8221? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Journal of Qur\u8217?anic Studies 9.2 (2007): 57-87; Efim Rezvan, \u8220?On the Dating of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 an \u8216?\u703?Uthm\u257?nic Qur\u8217?\u257?n\u8217? from St. Petersburg,\u8221? Manuscripta Orientalia 6.3 (2000): \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 19-22; Hans-Caspar Graf von Bothmer, \u8220?Die Anfnge der Koranschreibung: \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 Kodikologische und kunsthistorische Beobachtungen an den Koranfragmenten \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 in Sanaa,\u8221? Magazin Forschung (Universitt des Saarlandes), 1 (1999): 45. {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2692\shptop10278\shpright3714\shpbottom10298\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz161\shplid0{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 1022}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(1022,20);(1022,0);(0,0)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg9}{\bkmkend Pg9}\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb212\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9107 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? 1 and the Origins of the Qur\u8217?\u257?n\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 9\par\pard\ql \li2692\ri2526\sb167\sl-256\slmult0\fi0\tx2992 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Prophet Mu\u7717?ammad\u8217?s death in AD 632, since it contains the ninth s\u363?ra, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 which includes some of the last passages he disseminated.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 17 \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 The manuscript may be, from a textual-critical standpoint, the most \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 important one among those discovered in 1972 between the ceiling and \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 the roof of the Great Mosque of \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217?.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 18\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 It seems that the other ones in \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 the collection, including the many others from the first century in the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \u7716?ij\u257?z\u299? and K\u363?f\u299? scripts, may all belong to the standard tradition.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 19\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 The \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 collection includes some 12,000 Qur\u8217?\u257?nic parchment fragments. As of 1997, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 all but \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 1500-2000 leaves or fragments were assigned to 926 distinct \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Qur\u8217?\u257?nic manuscripts, none complete, and many containing only a few \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 folios. There are about 150 non-Qur\u8217?\u257?nic parchment fragments, and a large \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 number of fragments written on paper. Among the Qur\u8217?\u257?n manuscripts, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 twenty-two are in the \u7716?ij\u257?z\u299? script, and therefore are probably from the \par\pard\qj \li2692\sb0\sl-233\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2692\ri2543\sb151\sl-233\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs19\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 17\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) On the problems of the relative chronology and composition of the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 Qur\u8217?\u257?n, see Behnam Sadeghi, \u8220?The Chronology of the Qur\u8217?\u257?n: A Stylometric \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Research Program,\u8221? Arabica 58 (2011): 210-99. See that essay also for references \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 to the works of Theodor Nldeke and Mehdi Bazargan. For two different evalua\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 tions of Nldeke\u8217?s efforts, see Nicolai Sinai, \u8220?The Qur\u8217?an as Process,\u8221? in The \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Qur\u8217?\u257?n in Context: Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qur\u8217?\u257?nic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Milieu, ed. Angelika Neuwirth, Nicolai Sinai, and Michael Marx (Leiden: Brill, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 2010), 407-40; and Emmanuelle Stefanidis, \u8220?The Qur\u8217?an Made Linear: A \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Study of the Geschichte des Qorns\u8217? Chronological Reordering,\u8221? Journal of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Qur\u8217?anic Studies 10.2 (2008): 1-22. \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2541\sb6\sl-235\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 18\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) This paragraph and the next one on the project to preserve the manu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 scripts are based on the following sources: Bothmer, \u8220?Die Anfnge der Koran-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 schreibung,\u8221? 40-6; Ursula Dreibholz, telephone interview, July 30, 2011, and e-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 mails dated July 20, August 3, 4, 8, 10, and 27, 2011; Bothmer, telephone interview, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 August 26, 2011; Ursula Dreibholz, \u8220?Preserving a Treasure: The \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? Manu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 scripts,\u8221? Museum International (UNESCO, Paris), No. 203 (Vol. 51, No. 3, 1999): \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 21-5; Ursula Dreibholz, \u8220?Treatment of Early Islamic Manuscript Fragments \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 on Parchment,\u8221? in The Conservation and Preservation of Islamic Manuscripts, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 Proceedings of the Third Conference of al-Furq\u257?n Islamic Heritage Foundation, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 ed. Yusuf Ibish et al. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 (London: al-Furq\u257?n Islamic Heritage Foundation, \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2546\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 1417/1996), 131-45; Claudia Brettar, \u8220?UdS: Neues Zentrum fr Koranfor\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 schung? Teil 1,\u8221? Campus 29.3 (July 1999), http://www.uni-saarland.de/verwalt/ \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 presse/campus/1999/3/20-UdS_neues_zentrum.html. \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2544\sb8\sl-233\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 19\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) In a response to a query from a historian, of which we were given a copy, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 Gerd-Rdiger Puin wrote that the palimpsest is the only manuscript in the D\u257?r \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 al-Makh\u7789?\u363?\u7789?\u257?t with significant textual variants. We are unable to verify this be-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 cause, like everyone else, we are denied access to the microfilms prepared by \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2545\sb2\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 H. Bothmer, and because we have not been able to travel to \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217?. The claim, how-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 ever, is consistent with a few images published of other folios in the \u7716?ij\u257?z\u299? script. {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2692\shptop6753\shpright3714\shpbottom6773\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz105\shplid0{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 1022}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(1022,20);(1022,0);(0,0)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg10}{\bkmkend Pg10}\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb175\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx4182 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 10\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 Behnam Sadeghi and Mohsen Goudarzi\par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2527\sb201\sl-260\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 first century AH (7\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 th\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 century and early 8\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 th\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 century AD).\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 20\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 All but eight of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 these twenty-two \u7716?ij\u257?z\u299? manuscripts are in the \u8220?vertical format,\u8221? that is, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 are longer in height than width. There are also many manuscripts in the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 K\u363?f\u299? script, some of which are probably from the first century AH. \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2531\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi299 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 In 1980, a project was initiated to restore and preserve the parch-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 ment manuscripts. It was launched under the auspices of the Yemeni \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Department for Antiquities. The Cultural Section of the German Foreign \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 Ministry funded the work, providing 2.2 million German marks (about \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2528\sb0\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 1.1 million Euros). Albrecht Noth (University of Hamburg) was the di-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 rector of the project. Work on the ground began in 1981 and continued \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 through the end of 1989, when the project terminated with the end of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 funding. Gerd-Rdiger Puin (University of Saarland) was the local di-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 rector beginning with 1981. His involvement came to an end in 1985, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 when Hans-Caspar Graf von Bothmer (University of Saarland) took over \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 as the local director. Bothmer left \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? in the following year, but con-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 tinued to run the project from Germany, traveling to the site almost \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 every year. Beginning in 1982, Ursula Dreibholz served as the conserva-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 tor for this project, and worked full time in \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? until the end of 1989. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 She completed the restoration of the manuscripts. She also designed the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 permanent storage, collated many parchment fragments to identify dis-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 tinct Qur\u8217?\u257?nic manuscripts, and directed the Yemeni staff in the same \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 task. The manuscripts are located in the \u8220?House of Manuscripts,\u8221? the D\u257?r \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 al-Makh\u7789?\u363?\u7789?\u257?t (DAM), in \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217?,Yemen. After 1989, Bothmer would visit \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 the collection periodically. In the winter of 1996-7, he microfilmed all of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 the parchment fragments that have been assigned to distinct Qur\u8217?\u257?nic \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 manuscripts. Of the remaining 1500-2000 fragments, he microfilmed a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 group of 280. The microfilms are available in \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? in the House of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Manuscripts. \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2532\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi299 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 Not all of the manuscript under study is in Yemen. The largest por-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 tion is there, in the House of Manuscripts, bearing the catalog number \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 01-27.1. However, before the piles of manuscripts discovered in the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Grand Mosque were secured, some folios must have been pilfered, as they \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 eventually found their way to auction houses abroad. Between 1992 and \par\pard\qj \li2692\sb0\sl-236\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2692\sb0\sl-236\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2692\ri2547\sb133\sl-236\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs19\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 20\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) Puin wrote that there are about 90 \u7716?ij\u257?z\u299? manuscripts (Gerd-Rdiger \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Puin, \u8220?Observations on Early Qur\u8217?\u257?n Manuscripts in \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217?,\u8221? in The Qur\u8217?\u257?n as \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Text, ed. Stefan Wild (Leiden and New York: E.J. Brill, 1996), 108). This estimate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 is wrong by a factor of four. Bothmer cites Puin\u8217?s error and corrects it, mention\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 ing that the correct number is twenty-two (Bothmer, \u8220?Die Anfnge der Koran\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 schreibung,\u8221? 46, footnote 28). {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2692\shptop12158\shpright3714\shpbottom12178\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz166\shplid0{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 1022}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(1022,20);(1022,0);(0,0)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg11}{\bkmkend Pg11}\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb212\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9001 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? 1 and the Origins of the Qur\u8217?\u257?n\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 11\par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2532\sb167\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 2008, four folios from the palimpsest were auctioned in London. It is \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 convenient to refer to them as Christies 2008, Stanford 2007, David \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 86/2003, and Bonhams 2000.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 21\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 Because the label DAM 01-27.1 applies \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 only to the leaves located in the House of Manuscripts, it is necessary to \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 have a label for the entire manuscript that covers also the other four \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 folios and any others that may surface in future. We call the whole manu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 script \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? 1. \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2529\sb5\sl-255\slmult0\fi299 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 Scholars have not yet been granted access to the microfilms that \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 have been in the possession of Puin and Bothmer, nor has any author \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 traveled to \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? and published a study using the microfilms or manu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 scripts there. As a result, the first public discussions of the lower text \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 were based on the images of the four folios that were auctioned in Lon-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 don, and which therefore were readily available. Short entries in the auc-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 tion house catalogs briefly addressed paleographic and art historical \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 aspects.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 22\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 Subsequently, Sergio Noja Noseda (who made an independ-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 ent set of photos of the DAM 01-27.1 manuscript), Yasin Dutton, and \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 Alba Fedeli announced the non-\u8216?Uthm\u257?nic status of the folios they \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 examined.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 23\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 Alba Fedeli published the first article discussing the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 lower text. She focused on two folios (Bonhams 2000 and David 86/2003), \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 noted some important variants, and pointed out three variants that are \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 also reported as having been in certain Companion codices. She also has \par\pard\qj \li2692\sb0\sl-236\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2692\sb0\sl-236\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2692\ri2547\sb209\sl-236\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex139 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs19\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 21\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) On the history of these folios, see Sadeghi and Bergmann, \u8220?The Co-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 dex,\u8221? 354-5. Even though the upper writing in the Stanford 2007 and David \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 86/2003 folios is in a different script, it is almost certain that these four folios \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 and the DAM 01-27.1 folios are from the same manuscript. The Stanford 2007 \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 and David 86/2003 folios share a number of features with the other folios: the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 size of the folios is the same, the same intricate and colored ten-verse markers \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 appear in the upper codex, and the lower modifier is found in Stanford 2007 and \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 David 86/2003 as well. The same script seems to be used in the lower codex, but \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 this provisional impression requires careful verification. It is apparent that \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 scribes took turns to write the upper codex, a common practice, about which see \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 Sadeghi and Bergmann, \u8220?The Codex,\u8221? 357, and the references listed there. \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2548\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi299 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 22\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) See the references in Sadeghi and Bergmann, \u8220?The Codex,\u8221? 354 (foot\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 notes 7 and 8), 360 (footnote 22). \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2544\sb0\sl-236\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 23\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) Sergio Noseda, \u8220?La Mia Visita a Sanaa e il Corano Palinsesto,\u8221? Istituto \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 Lombardo (Rendiconti Lett.) 137 (2003): 43-60; Anonymous, \u8220?\u8216?The Qur\u8217?an: \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 Text, interpretation and translation\u8217? 3rd Biannual SOAS Conference, October \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 16-17, 2003,\u8221? Journal of Qur\u702?\u257?nic Studies 6.1 (2003): 143-5 (mentioning Dut\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 ton\u8217?s paper, \u8220?Three Possibly pre-\u703?Uthm\u257?nic Folios of the Qur\u702?\u257?n\u8221?); Fedeli, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \u8220?Early Evidences.\u8221? {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2692\shptop9103\shpright3714\shpbottom9123\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz156\shplid0{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 1022}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(1022,20);(1022,0);(0,0)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg12}{\bkmkend Pg12}\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb175\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx4182 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 12\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 Behnam Sadeghi and Mohsen Goudarzi\par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2531\sb209\sl-250\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 an article in Italian that mentions the 01-27.1 folios.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 24\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 An extended \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 study by Behnam Sadeghi focused on history, the role of orality, and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 textual criticism.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 25 \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2527\sb6\sl-256\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 In 2007, S. Noja Noseda and Christian Robin took an independent \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 set of pictures of DAM 01-27.1. It is conceivable that this stirred the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 Puins, who had not published anything on the palimpsest since G. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 Puin had become acquainted with it about twenty-six years earlier. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 Beginning in 2008, nineteen years after all the parchment manuscripts \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 in \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? had been restored, in three successive articles published at the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 rate of one per year, Elisabeth Puin (the wife of Gerd-Rdiger Puin) \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 transcribed the lower text of three and a half folios (folios 2, 5, 6A, and \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 20).\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 26\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 Her first essay (2008) mentioned the pictures taken \u8220?recently\u8221? by S. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 Noja Noseda and added that they might be published soon.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 27\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 The tran-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 scriptions are positive contributions, though the articles are not free \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 from errors.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 28\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 In the third article (2010), she states views (not found in \par\pard\qj \li2692\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2692\ri2547\sb98\sl-240\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs19\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 24\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) Fedeli, \u8220?Early Evidences.\u8221? For the contribution in Italian, see the Bib\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 liography. \par\pard\ql \li2992\sb28\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex141 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 25\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) Sadeghi and Bergmann,\u8220?The Codex.\u8221? \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2543\sb0\sl-236\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 26\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) Elisabeth Puin is an external lecturer in the Department of Evangelical \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 Theology in Saarland University in Saarbrcken. Her publications are as fol-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 lows: Elisabeth Puin, \u8220?Ein frher Koranpalimpsest aus \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? (DAM 01-27.1),\u8221? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 in Schlaglichter: Die beiden ersten islamischen Jahrhunderte, ed. Markus Gro et \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 al. (Berlin: Hans Schiler, 2008), 461-93; Elisabeth Puin, \u8220?Ein frher Koranpa-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 limpsest aus \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? (DAM 01-27.1) - Teil II,\u8221? in Vom Koran zum Islam, ed. Mar-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 kus Gro et al. (Berlin: Hans Schiler, 2009), 523-81; Elisabeth Puin, \u8220?Ein frher \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Koranpalimpsest aus \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? (DAM 01-27.1) - Teil III: Ein nicht-\u8216?u\u7791?m\u257?nischer \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Koran,\u8221? in Die Entstehung einer Weltreligion I: Von der koranischen Bewegung \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 zum Frhislam, ed. Markus Gro et al. (Berlin: Hans Schiler, 2010), 233-305. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 These articles are not cited in Sadeghi and Bergmann\u8217?s \u8220?Codex,\u8221? which was \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 completed in 2008 and modified and submitted for publication in 2009 before \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 the authors became aware of Elisabeth Puin\u8217?s 2008 essay. \par\pard\ql \li2992\sb1\sl-204\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 27\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) E. Puin, \u8220?Koranpalimpsest [Teil I],\u8221? 462, footnote 2. \par\pard\ql \li2992\sb34\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 28\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) Among the errors in E. Puin\u8217?s work, three are particularly significant. \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2548\sb10\sl-235\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 (1) The first one concerns the hand called \u8220?the lower modifier.\u8221? Preoccupied with \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 the theme of textual suppression, E. Puin misses the signs that the lower modi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 fier came after the upper text had been written and the lower writing had resur-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 faced (see above, footnote 12). She asserts that the lower modifier\u8217?s jottings were \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 introduced before the lower text was fully erased and the upper text was written \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 (E. Puin, \u8220?Koranpalimpsest [Teil I],\u8221? 474; \u8220?Teil II,\u8221? 524; \u8220?Teil III,\u8221? 234-6, 253). The \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 lower modifier occupies a prominent place in her discussion, signifying a \u8220?pro-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 gressive canonization\u8221? of the text (\u8220?Teil III,\u8221? 235-6). (2) The second significant \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 error concerns what she takes to be the standard text of the Qur\u8217?\u257?n. When a {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2692\shptop7224\shpright3714\shpbottom7244\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz180\shplid0{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 1022}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(1022,20);(1022,0);(0,0)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg13}{\bkmkend Pg13}\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4249\sb212\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9001 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 \u7778?an\u8216?\u257?\u8217? 1 and the Origins of the Qur\u8217?\u257?n\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 13\par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2531\sb169\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 her first two essays and presented without justification) that mirror the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 conclusions of Sadeghi and Bergmann\u8217?s \u8220?Codex\u8221? essay. She thereby \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 moves away from the prevailing revisionist outlook of the authors in the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 Inrah series in which her previous two articles appeared.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 29 \par\pard\qj \li2692\sb0\sl-236\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2692\ri2545\sb106\sl-236\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 word in a manuscript is spelled differently than it is in her Saudi Qur\u8217?\u257?n, she \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 calls that a \u8220?deviation from the standard text.\u8221? Needless to say, many spelling \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 variations in manuscripts do not match her Saudi Qur\u8217?\u257?n, and so her essays are \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 filled with statements like these: \u8220?even in the \u8230? upper writing there are numer-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 ous deviations from the standard text with respect to spelling\u8221? (\u8220?Koranpalimp-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 sest \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 [Teil I],\u8221? 462), and \u8220?the spelling variant of the defective alif occurs \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 frequently in Hij\u257?z\u299? manuscripts\u8221? (\u8220?Teil II,\u8221? 539). All of this points to a misun-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 derstanding: she thinks that Muslim tradition has a \u8220?standard text\u8221? that pur-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 ports to give the spelling of words in the original codices sent out by \u8216?Uthm\u257?n. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 She makes this explicit by referring to \u8220?the Standard text \u8230? which according to \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 Muslim tradition reproduces the Qur\u8217?\u257?n in wording and spelling exactly as it \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 had been specified by the redaction of the caliph \u8216?Uthm\u257?n\u8221?(\u8220?Teil II,\u8221? 524). On \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 why this is wrong, see above, footnote 2. (3) The third notable error is her view \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 that David 86/2003 and Stanford 2007 are possibly not from the same manu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 script as the other folios ( \u8220?Teil III,\u8221? 248; 251, footnote 30; 258, footnote 38). On \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 this matter, see footnote 21, above. \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2544\sb0\sl-235\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 29\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) In her third article, \u8220?Teil III,\u8221? Elisabeth Puin does not cite Sadeghi \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 and Bergmann\u8217?s \u8220?Codex\u8221? and does not include it in her bibliography. However, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 she may have read it, at least in draft form, as she seems aware of its contents. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 She mentions Stanford five times and correctly identifies the folio studied at \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 Stanford as the one formerly auctioned at Sotheby\u8217?s in1993. The study of that \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 folio at Stanford University was first mentioned in Sadeghi and Berg-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 mann\u8217?s \u8220?Codex.\u8221? Indeed, she calls it the Stanford folio, a name that was given to \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 it in \u8220?The Codex.\u8221? E. Puin mistakenly thinks that the folio is located perma-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 nently at Stanford University (\u8220?Teil III,\u8221? 248), which may have led her to think \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 of its presence at Stanford as public knowledge, known independently of \u8220?The \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 Codex\u8221? essay. In fact, the folio was brought to Stanford only briefly for X-Ray \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Fluorescence imaging. In any case, Sadeghi promptly sent G. Puin a copy of \u8220?The \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 Codex.\u8221? \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2544\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi299 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 We welcome the new elements in Elisabeth Puin\u8217?s third essay (\u8220?Teil III\u8221?) \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 that parallel Sadeghi and Bergmann\u8217?s \u8220?Codex\u8221?: (1) In her first two essays, \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2543\sb0\sl-237\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 E. Puin did not use the label \u8220?non-\u8216?Uthm\u257?nic,\u8221? nor discuss Companion codices, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 the existence of which is questioned by skeptical and revisionist scholars. In \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 \u8220?The Codex,\u8221? Sadeghi explained why the lower writing corroborates the real-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 ity of the Companion codices, and called the lower writing \u8220?non-\u8216?Uthm\u257?nic,\u8221? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 preferring it to the oft-used \u8220?pre-\u8216?Uthm\u257?nic.\u8221? In her third essay, E. Puin says \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 that the lower writing confirms the reality of the Companion codices, and like-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 wise calls it \u8220?non-\u8216?Uthm\u257?nic\u8221? (\u8220?Teil III,\u8221? 233-7). (2) Sadeghi wrote that the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 lower writing represents a codex other than those of Ibn Mas\u8216?\u363?d and Ubayy b. {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2692\shptop4404\shpright3714\shpbottom4424\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz56\shplid0{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 1022}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(1022,20);(1022,0);(0,0)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg14}{\bkmkend Pg14}\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2692\sb175\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx4182 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 14\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 Behnam Sadeghi and Mohsen Goudarzi\par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2532\sb205\sl-255\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 Elisabeth Puin worked with inferior, \u8220?small and 6 6 photographs in \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 black and white, taken by Dr. Gerd-R. Puin and Dr. Hans-Caspar Graf \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 von Bothmer.\u8221?\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 30\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 This may explain why her transcriptions have, by our \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 count, forty-one errors. (Based on better photographs and ultraviolet \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 images, our edition includes new transcriptions of the three and a half \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 folios discussed by E. Puin.) It is surprising that in the seventeen years \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 during which G. Puin had the opportunity to take (or have his col-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 leagues take) adequate pictures of the palimpsest for his own use, he did \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 not do so.\ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs19 31\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs20 Although media interviews with G. Puin over a decade ago \par\pard\qj \li2692\sb0\sl-234\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2692\ri2544\sb9\sl-234\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 Ka\u8216?b. E. Puin says the same thing in her third article (\u8220?Teil III,\u8221? 235), but not in \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex139 her earlier essays. (3) Sadeghi argued at length that \u8220?orality played a role\u8221? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 (\u8220?The Codex,\u8221? 344) in generating the differences between the lower writing and \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 the \u8216?Uthm\u257?nic Qur\u8217?\u257?n. In her third essay, E. Puin says, without providing any \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 justification, that \u8220?oral tradition indeed played a role\u8221? (\u8220?Teil III,\u8221? 237). She had \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 not mentioned orality in the first two essays. (4) Sadeghi provided a detailed \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 classification of variants (\u8220?The Codex,\u8221? 417-36). E. Puin does so in her third \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 essay, \u8220?Teil III,\u8221? 262-76, but not in the first two. (5) E. Puin mentions that the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 upper and lower writing \u8220?seem to have been written \u8230? perhaps in the same kind \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 of ink\u8221? (\u8220?Teil III\u8221?, 241) without explaining how she could determine the kind of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 ink. It is chemical analysis, as described in \u8220?The Codex,\u8221? 367-8, that reveals the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 inks as alike in being metal-based, and as different from the non-metallic inks of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 the lower modifier and upper modifier hands. (6) Sadeghi compared the s\u363?ra \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 sequences in the folios with those reported for the codices of Ibn Mas\u8216?\u363?d and \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 Ubayy b. Ka\u8216?b. E. Puin does this in her third essay (\u8220?Teil III,\u8221? 257) but not in \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 the earlier ones. \par\pard\ql \li2992\sb29\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 30\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) Elisabeth Puin, \u8220?Koranpalimpsest [Teil I],\u8221? 461-2, footnote 2. \par\pard\qj \li2692\ri2547\sb10\sl-236\slmult0\fi300 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs18 31\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs18 ) In a written response to a query sent to him by a historian, of which we \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 were given a copy, G. Puin attributed the poor quality of the microfilm pictures \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 to obstacles erected by the Yemeni authorities, who, he stated, were not inter-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 ested in the success of the documentation project. The problems caused by the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 Yemenis are a common motif in media interviews given by G. Puin fo