Sekki - The Meaning of RUAH at Qumran

8/9/2019 Sekki - The Meaning of RUAH at Qumran

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rthur Everett Sekki

THE ME NING OF

RUAH

T QUMR N

SBL Dissertation Series 110


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T H E M E A N I N G O F R U A H A T Q U M R A N


3/272

S OC I E T Y

OF B I B L I C L

L I T E R T U RE

DISSERTATION SERIES

J . J . M. Roberts, Old Testament Editor

Charles Talbert, New Testament Editor

N u m b e r 1 1 0

T H E M E A N I N G O F R U A H A T Q U M R A N

by

Arthur Everet t Sekki


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rthur Everett Sekki

THE M E N ING OF R U H

T QU M R N

S c h o l a r s P r e s s

A t l a n t a , G e o r g i a


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TH E MEANING OF

R U H

AT QUMRAN

L i b r a r y o f C o n g r e s s C a t a l o g i n g i n P u b l i c a t i o n D a t a

Sekki, Arthu r E vere tt .

The me aning of ruach at Qum ran / Arthu r Ev ere tt Sekki.

p.

cm . — (Dissertation series / Society of Biblical

Lite ratu re ; no. 115)

Bibliography: p.

ISBN 1-55540-35 1-4 (alk. paper) . - ISBN 1-5554 0-352-2 (alk.

paper)

1. Dead Sea scrolls-Criticism, interpretation, etc. 2. Ruah (The

Hebrew word) I. Title. II. Series: Dissertation series (Society

of Biblical Lite ratu re) ; no. 115 .

BM487.S44 1989

296 .1 ' 55 - d c20 89 - 6280

A r t h u r E v e r e t t S e k k i

P h . D . , 1 9 8 7

U n i v e r s i t y o f W i s c o n s i n

( M a d i s o n )

A d v i s o r :

K e i t h N . S c h o v i l l e

© 1 9 8 9

T h e S o c i e t y o f B i b l i c a l L i t e r a t u r e

CIP

Printed in the United States of America

on acid-free paper


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T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

C h a p t e r P a g e

I I N T R O D U C T I O N 1

II A C H R O N O L O G I C A L S U R V E Y O F T H E L I T E R A T U R E

1 . F r o m 1 9 5 0 t h r o u g h 1 9 5 5 : i n it ia l q u e s t i o n s a b o u t r u ah 7

a . U n d e r s t a n d i n g r u ah a s G o d ' s S p i r i t, m a n ' s

s p i r i t o r a n a n g e l 7

b . I r a n i a n i n f l u e n c e o n t h e c o n c e p t o f

r u ah

i n

s e c t a r i a n t h o u g h t 1 8

c . T h e m e a n i n g o f r u ah i n t h e S c r o l l s a n d i t s

r e l a t i o n s h i p t o e a r l y C h r i s t i a n i t y 2 2

d . C o n c l u s i o n t o s e c t i o n 1 , c h a p t e r 2 2 5

2 . F r o m 1 9 5 6 t h r o u g h 1 9 6 1 : c o n f l i c ti n g s o l u t i o n s t o

t h e p r o b l e m o f

r u ah

i n t h e S c r o l l s 2 6

a . P r e l i m i n a r y o b s e r v a t i o n s 2 6

b . T h e p o s i t i o n t h a t t h e S c r o l l s d o n o t c o n t a i n

a s i n g le , c o n s i s t e n t p n e u m a t o l o g y 3 1

c. T h e p o s i t i o n t h a t t h e S c r o l l s d o n o t c o n t a i n

I r a n i a n c o s m i c d u a l i s m 3 7

d . C o n c l u s i o n t o s e c t i o n 2 , c h a p t e r 2 5 0

3 . T h e i s s u e o f

r u ah

f r o m 1 9 6 2 t o t h e p r e s e n t 5 1

a . P r e l i m i n a r y o b s e r v a t i o n s 5 1

b . T h e p o s i t i o n t h a t s e c t a r ia n p n e u m a t o l o g y

i s a n e s s e n t i a l u n i t y d o m i n a t e d b y t h e

I r a n i a n , c o s m i c d u a l i s m o f i t s t w o - s p i r i t

t e a c h i n g 5 3

c. T h e p o s i t i o n w h i c h q u e s t i o n s t h e u n i t y o f

s e c ta r ia n p n e u m a t o l o g y a n d t h e d o m i n a n t

p o s i t i o n o f t h e t w o - s p i r i t t e a c h i n g w i t h i n i t 6 0

d . T h e p o s i t i o n w h i c h v i e w s s e c t a r i a n p n e u

m a t o l o g y a s a u n i t y b u t d e n i e s t h a t t h i s

r e f l e c ts t h e t h e p r e s e n c e o f c o s m i c d u a l i s m ,

I r a n i a n o r o t h e r w i s e 6 3


7/272

e . C o n c l u s i o n t o s e c t i o n 3 , c h a p t e r 2

4 .

C o n c l u s i o n t o c h a p t e r 2

6 6

6 7

III

R U A H

A S G O D ' S S P I R I T

1.

B a s i c s y n t a c t i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

r uah

a s G o d ' s

S p i r i t 7 1

2 . S p e c i f i c s y n t a c t i c a l p a t t e r n s o f r uah a s G o d ' s

S p i r i t 7 2

a . G e n e r a l O v e r v i e w 7 2

b . T h e s i n g u l a r o f r u a h a s a no m en regens in

c o n s t r u c t w i t h a s u f f i x e d s i n g , o f e f r i p

re fe rr in g to G o d : o r i )e)i (i )p r rn 72

c. E x p r e s s i o n s r e l a t e d t o ( |/ro or i )eh(i)p rrn:

B h W p n m n ( 4 Q D e { 2 7 0 } 2 II 1 3 - 1 4 b a n d 4 Q 5 0 6 ,

1 3 1 - 1 3 2 , 1 1 ) a n d

T o r n m n

( 1 Q H 1 6 : 9 ) 8 3

d . T h e s i n g u l a r o f

r u a h

u s e d w i t h o u t q u a l i f y in g

e x p r e s s i o n s 8 5

e . T h e s y n t a c t i c a l l y i n d e f i n i t e f o r m Kftip r rn 9 0

f. T h r e e u n r e l a t e d a n d u n i q u e c a s e s r e f e r r i n g t o

G o d ' s S p i r i t : r u n m i , 1 Q H 1 4 : 2 5 ; n m rrtfo ,

H Q M e l c h 3 I I 1 8 ; a n d n tfnp m i , 1 Q S 3 : 7 9 1

3 .

C o n c l u s i o n 9 3

I V R U A H A S M A N ' S S P I R IT

1 . T h e b a s i c s e m a n t i c r a n g e o f r uah a s m a n ' s s p i r i t 9 5

2 . B a s i c s y n t a c t i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

r uah

a s m a n ' s

s p i r i t 9 9

3 . S p e c i f i c s y n t a c t i c a l p a t t e r n s o f r uah a s m a n ' s s p i r i t 1 0 1

a . G e n e r a l o b s e r v a t i o n s 1 0 1

b . T h e m e a n i n g o f

r u a h

a s a

no m en regens

i n

c o n s t r u c t w i t h t h e g e n i t i v e 1 0 4

c. T h e m e a n i n g o f r u a h w i t h a s u f f i x 1 1 8

d . T h e m e a n i n g o f r u a h w i t h o u t q u a l i f y i n g

e x p r e s s i o n s 1 2 1

e . T h e m e a n i n g o f r u a h i n t h e s i n g u l a r ,

f o l l o w e d b y o n e o r m o r e p a r t i c i p i a l

a d j e c t i v e s 1 3 6


8/272

f. U s e s o f

r u ah

w h i c h r e q u i r e s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n :

m nn , 4 Q 2 6 6 D a 1 X V I I 6 a n d D«nn r rn , 4 Q 2 6 6

D a 1 X V I I 1 2 1 3 9

4 . C o n c l u s i o n 1 4 4

V R U A H A S A N G E L / D E M O N

1 .

B a s i c s y n t a c t i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

r u ah

a s

a n g e l / d e m o n 1 4 5

2 . S p e c i f i c s y n t a c t i c a l p a t t e r n s o f

r u ah

a s a n g e l /

d e m o n 1 4 6


b . T h e m e a n i n g o f r u ah a s a nom en regens in a

m a s c u l i n e p l u r a l c o n s t r u c t f o r m f o l l o w e d b y

o n e o r m o r e g e n i t i v e s 1 4 7

c . T h e m e a n i n g o f

r u ah

a s a

nom en regens

in a

f e m i n i n e p l u r a l f o r m f o l l o w e d b y t h e

g e n i t i v e 1 5 5

d . D i v e r s e p a t t e r n s o f r u ah i n t h e p l u r a l 1 6 3

e . D i v e r s e p a t t e r n s o f r u ah i n t h e s i n g u l a r 1 6 6

3 . C o n c l u s i o n 1 7 1

V I O T H E R U S E S O F

R U A H -

1 ) W I N D , 2 ) B R E A T H A N D

3 ) U N C E R T A I N A N D F R A G M E N T A R Y T E X T S

1. R u a h a s " w i n d " w i t h i ts r e l a t e d m e a n i n g s

" q u a r t e r / s i d e " a n d " v a n i t y " 1 7 3


b . S p e c i f i c p a t t e r n s o f

r u ah

a s w i n d 1 7 3

1 )

R u a h

a s a n u n q u a l i f i e d s i n g u l a r 1 7 3

2 ) R u a h i n t h e s i n g u l a r a s t h e nom en regens

o f a g e n i t i v e 1 7 5

3 ) R u a h a s a f e m i n i n e p l u r a l w i t h s u f f i x e s 1 7 6

4 ) R u a h a s a f e m i n i n e p l u r a l , no m en regens

o f a g e n i t i v e 1 7 7

5 ) M i s c e l l a n e o u s f o r m s o f

r u ah

1 7 8

2 . R u a h a s " b r e a t h " 1 7 9


v i i


9/272

b .

S p e c i f ic p a t t e r n s

of r uah as

b r e a t h

179

1 ) The u n q u a l i f i e d s i n g u l a r of r uah 179

2 ) The s i n g u l a r of r uah as the no m en regens

o f

a

g e n i t i v e

181

3 )

The

f e m i n i n e p l u r a l

of r u a h as an

u n q u a l i f i e d g e n i t i v e

181

3 .

F r a g m e n t a r y

and

u n c e r t a i n u s e s

of r u a h in the

p u b l i s h e d , n o n - b i b l i c a l H e b r e w S c r o l l s 182

a . O c c u r r e n c e s of a s i n g u l a r , u n q u a l i f i e d r uah 182

b .

O c c u r r e n c e s

of a

q u a l i f i e d

or

p l u r a l f o r m

o f

r u a h

182

c . P o s s i b l e o c c u r r e n c e s

of r uah 182

4 .

C o n c l u s i o n

183

V I I A N A L Y S I S A N D C O M P A R I S O N OF TH E R E S U L T S OF

C H A P T E R S I I I - V I

1 .

G e n e r a l o b s e r v a t i o n s

185

2 . A n a l y s i s

and

c o m p a r i s o n

of

s p e c if i c c a t e g o r i e s

of

r u a h

186

a . S y n t a c t i c a l p a t t e r n s of r uah a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

i t s m e a n i n g as G o d ' s S p i r it 186

b .

S y n t a c t i c a l p a t t e r n s

of r uah

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

i t s m e a n i n g

as

m a n ' s s p i r it

186

c . S y n t a c t i c a l p a t t e r n s

of r uah


i ts m e a n i n g

as

a n g e l / d e m o n

187

d . S y n t a c t i c a l p a t t e r n s

of

r uah


i ts m e a n i n g as w i n d 189

e . S y n t a c t i c a l p a t t e r n s

of r uah


i t s m e a n i n g

as

b r e a t h

190

V I I I

THE

M E A N I N G

OF R U A H IN 1QS

3 : 1 3 - 4 : 2 6

1 . I n it ia l o b s e r v a t i o n s 193

2 . An e x e g e t i c a l a n a l y s i s of r u a h in 1QS 3 : 1 3 - 4 : 2 6

o n

the

b a s i s

of its us e in the

r e s t

of the

n o n - b i b l i c a l ,

H e b r e w l i t e r a t u r e

of

Q u m r a n

194

a .

1QS 3:14

( o m r m

- TQ T O ) 194

b .

1QS 3:18 (mrrn Titf) and

3 : 1 8 / 1 9 C ram

roan

m r r n)

196

c . 1 Q S 3 : 2 4 (V rra

Tin

V D ) 200

v i i i


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d. 1QS 3:25 ( T t f i m iiK nmn) 201

e . 1QS 4:3 ( m u > r r n ) 202

f. 1QS 4:4 (run

r r n )

203

g .

1QS 4: 6 ( r r n m o ) 204

h. 1QS 4: 9 (rfw> rrn) 204

i. 1QS 4: 10 ( ma r r r n ) 205

j 1QS 4 :2 0 rfna r r n V D )

205

k. 1QS 4:21a («hip r r n ) 207

1.

1QS 4:21b (

T D K m n )

208

m. 1QS4:22 ( p ro r r n ) 209

a 1QS4:23

C ? T B I

r o »

- r r n )

210

o. 1QS4: 26 (vm) 212

3 . Conclusion 213

IX C ONC L U SI ON 221

LIST OF SOU RCES 225

CL ASSIFIED BI B LI OGR APHY 241

ix


11/272

A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S

I w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k t h e f a c u l t y o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f

H e b r e w a n d S e m i t i c S t u d i e s o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f W i s c o n s i n -

M a d i s o n a n d e s p e c i a l l y m y a d v i s o r , P r o f e s s o r K e i t h N .

S c h o v i l l e , f o r m a k i n g t h i s s t u d y p o s s i b l e . I w o u l d a l s o l ik e t o

t h a n k P r o f e s s o r E m e r i t u s M e n a h e m M a n s o o r f o r t h e y e a r s o f

g u i d a n c e a n d e n c o u r a g e m e n t h e h a s g i v e n t o m e i n t h e s t u d y o f

H e b r e w a n d s e m i t i c s a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y o f t h e s e c t a r i a n s o f

Q u m r a n . F i n a l l y , I w o u l d l ik e t o t h a n k m y f a m i l y a n d f r i e n d s

f o r t h e i r c o n s t a n t s u p p o r t .

x


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C H A P T E R 1

I N T R O D U C T I O N

A b a s i c p r o b l e m f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e s t u d y o f t h e D e a d

S e a S c r o l l s a n d c o n t i n u i n g t o t h e p r e s e n t

1

h a s b e e n i n d e t e r m i n

i n g w h e n r u ah i n t h e s e c t a r i a n l i t e r a t u r e r e f e r s t o G o d ' s S p i r i t ,

m a n ' s sp i ri t , a n g e l / d e m o n , w i n d o r b r e a t h . T h e k i n d s o f d e t e r

m i n a t i o n s s c h o l a r s m a k e i n t h i s r e g a r d w i l l i n f l u e n c e n o t o n l y

t h e ir v i e w s o f s e c t a r i a n p n e u m a t o l o g y i n g e n e r a l b u t a l s o t h e i r

v i e w s o n t h e b e li ef s o f t h e Q u m r a n c o m m u n i t y i n o t h e r a r e a s .

F o r e x a m p l e , s c h o l a r s w h o v i e w r u ah i n t h e S c r o l ls p r e d o m i

n a t e l y i n t e r m s o f t h e t w o s p i r i t s o f 1 Q S 3 : 1 3 - 4 : 2 6 ( u s u a l l y d e

f in e d a s p s y c h o l o g i c a l / c o s m i c i n n a t u r e a n d a s i n v o l v i n g a n

I r a n i a n , c o s m i c d u a l i s m ) t e n d t o u n d e r s t a n d it a s a p r e d e s t i n e d

g o o d o r e v i l s p i r i t / s p i r i t u a l i t y d o m i n a t i n g m e n a n d f o r m i n g

t h e b a s i s f o r Q u m r a n ' s r e l i g i o u s e x c l u s i v e n e s s w i t h i t s c o r r e

s p o n d i n g d o c t r i n e s o f d o u b l e p r e d e s t i n a t i o n a n d r i g h t e o u s h a

t r e d f o r t h o s e o u t s i d e t h e c o m m u n i t y .

2

O t h e r s c h o l a r s , h o w -

' C / . F . M a n n s , L e sym bo l e Eau-Espr i t dans le Juda i sm e A nc ien ,

( J e r us a l e m : F r a nc i s c a n Pr i nt i ng Pr e s s , 1 9 8 3 ) , p . 8 3 . Ma nns di s a g r e e s

with P. Guilbert's definition of r u ah in 1QS 3:7 as sim pl y ma n's sp irit . Cf .

a l s o M . D e l c o r , " V . D o c t r i n e s d e s E s s e n i e n s , " Supp l em en t au

D i c t i o nna i r e de l a B i b l e,

Fasc . 51 , (Paris , 1978) , col . 963: "chercheurs . . .

s e d i v i s e nt e n de ux c a m p s a p r o p o s de l ' i n t e r p r e t a t i o n de s de ux

espri ts : ceux qui donnent a r w h l e s e ns de ' p ui s s a nc e a ng e l i que c o s -

mique ' , e t ceux qui comprennent ce terme dans le sens d 'un ' inst inct

moral inter ieur a l 'homme' . "

2

C / . D . D o m b k o w s k i H o p k i n s , " T h e Q u m r a n C o m m u n i t y a n d

1 Q H H o da y o t : a Re a s s e s s m e nt , " Revue de Q um ran 10 (1981) , pp . 338-9 :

" We ha v e s a i d a bo v e t ha t Q um r a n ' s s e l f - unde r s t a ndi ng i n r e l a t i o n t o

the res t of the world usually emerges as a by-product of the discussion

of the tw o sp irits in 1QS 3:17-4 :26; in this pass age du alism pre sen ts i tself

in t w o a s p e c t s : t h e h u m a n ( p s y c h o l o g i c a l ) a n d th e c o s m i c

( c o s m o l o g i c a l ) . . . . A s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h i s c o s m o l o g i c a l a n d p s y c h o -


13/272

2 T h e M e a n i n g o f

Ruah

a t Q u m r a n

e v e r , w h o v i e w r uah m o r e i n t e r m s o f i ts O l d T e s t a m e n t b a c k

g r o u n d , t e n d t o u n d e r s t a n d i ts u s e in th e S c r o l l s i n i ts m o r e b i b li

c a l s e n s e a s G o d ' s S p i r i t

3

o r a s a s i m p l e d i s p o s i t i o n in m a n

4

a n d

t h e r e f o r e t e n d to s e e l e s s o f a s t r i c t c o s m i c d u a l i s m w i t h i t s

h a r s h b o u n d a r i e s b e t w e e n t h e s e ct m e m b e r a n d t h o s e o u t s i d e

t h e c o m m u n i t y .

5

T h e d e f i n i t i o n o f

r uah

i n t h e S c r o l l s , t h e n , i s a

m a t t e r o f i m p o r t a n c e . I t t e n d s to a f fe c t o u r v i e w o f Q u m r a n i a n

r e l i g i o n a s a w h o l e a n d i ts p l a c e w i t h i n i n t e r t e s t a m e n t a l

J u d a i s m .

T h e b a s i c g o a l o f t h i s s t u d y , t h e n , i s t o c l a r i f y t h e m e a n i n g

a n d u s e o f t h e H e b r e w w o r d r u a h a m o n g t h e Q u m r a n S e c ta r ia n s

t h r o u g h a n a n a l y s i s o f t h i s w o r d a s it a p p e a r s in t h e n o n - b i b l i

c a l w r i t i n g s ( b o t h " s e c t a r i a n " a n d " n o n - s e c t a r i a n " ) w h i c h

h a v e b e e n f o u n d i n t h e e l e v e n c a v e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h i s c o m

m u n i t y . It s e e m s r e a s o n a b l e t o i n v e s t i g a t e th e m e a n i n g o f r uah

i n a l l t h e n o n - b i b l i c a l w r i t i n g s f o u n d a t Q u m r a n a n d n o t j u s t

t h o s e r e g a r d e d a s " s e c t a r i a n " f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s : 1 ) e x

p r e s s i o n s o f r uah i n n o n - s e c t a r i a n d o c u m e n t s c a n b e h e l p f u l in

u n d e r s t a n d i n g c o r r e s p o n d i n g s e c ta r i an e x p r e s s i o n s s i n ce t h e y

o f t e n s h a r e th e s a m e H a s i d i c b a c k g r o u n d ( c /. t h e a n a l y s i s o f

4 Q 5 0 4 , 1 - 2 , V 15 i n c h a p t e r t h r e e b e l o w ) , a n d 2 ) t h e r e i s s o m e

l o g i ca l d u al i sm o f t h e t w o sp i r i t d o c t r i n e i n 1Q S , t h e Q u m r an

co m m u n i t y e m er g es as t h e p r ed i s t i n ed 'l o t' o f t h e ri g h t r eo u s e l ec t

standing in a mutual ly exclusive relat ionship with those outside of the

co m m u n i t y w h o h av e b een p r ed es t i n ed t o t h e ' l o t ' o f t h e w i ck ed ; i n

other words the Qumran sect takes i t s s tand over against the rest of

t h e h u m an r ace i n a co n t ex t o f d o u b l e p r ed es t i n at i o n . T h i s g ap b e

t w een Q u m r an an d t h e r es t o f t h e w o r l d i s r e i n f o r ced b y t h e d em an d

for 'eternal hatred' of al l 'men of perdition' ."

3

£ . g . , P e t e r v o n d e r O s t e n - S a c k e n ,

G o t t u n d Bel i a l , t r a d i t i o n s-

gesch i ch t l i ch l i che U n t er suchungen zum D ua l i sm us in den Tex t en

a u s Q um r a n i n S t u d i e n z u r U m w e l t d e s N e u e n T e s t a m e n t s 6,

(Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , 1969) , pp. 131-7 and 165ff .

4

P . Wernberg-Moller , "A Reconsiderat ion of the Two Spir i ts in the

Rule of the Community (1Q Serek 111,13 - IV,26) , " Revue de Q um ran ,11

(1961),

p p . 413-441.

5

C / . D o m b k o w sk i H o p k i n s , "C o m m u n i t y , " p . 341 an d n n . 58 & 59 .


14/272

I n t r o d u c t i o n

3

u n c e r t a i n t y a s t o w h a t t h e s e c t a r i a n s d i d o r d i d n o t c o m p o s e . 6

S o m e f r a g m e n t s f o u n d a t Q u m r a n , f o r e x a m p l e , a r e p a r t s o f

a p o c r y p h a l a n d p s e u d e p i g r a p h i c a l w o r k s a l r e a d y k n o w n ,

p a r t s o f w h i c h c o u l d h a v e a r i s e n i n t h e Q u m r a n c o m m u n i t y . 7

B u t m o r e i m p o r t a n t l y , s o m e o f t h e u n k n o w n w o r k s d i s c o v e r e d

m a y n o t b e s e c t a r i a n c o m p o s i t i o n s

(e.g.,

H Q P s

a

P l e a , c f . c h a p

t e r t h r e e , n . 6 5 ) a l t h o u g h m o s t o f t h e m p r o b a b l y a r e . 8 T h e p r i

m a r y a r e a o f o u r i n v e s t i g a t i o n , t h e n , w i l l b e t h e n o n - b i b l i c a l ,

H e b r e w S c r o ll s a s a w h o l e , a n d a s t h e s t u d y p r o g r e s s e s , p o s s i

b l e n o n - s e c t a r i a n s o u r c e s o f r u ah w i l l b e i d e n t i f ie d a n d h a n d l e d

o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l c h a r a c t e r . W e s h o u l d n o t e a l s o

t h a t O l d T e s t a m e n t e x p r e s s i o n s a n d c o n c e p t s o f

r u ah

h a v e o f t e n

h a d a s t r o n g i m p a c t o n s e c t a r i a n u s a g e (e.g., E z k . 3 6 - 3 7 , c f .

c h a p t e r t h r e e , s e c t i o n 2 d ) ; t h e s e w i l l b e c o m p a r e d t o s e c t a r i a n

e x p r e s s i o n s w h e n e v e r t h i s i s h e l p f u l .

T h e b a s i c m e t h o d o l o g y o f t h i s s t u d y i s t o c o m p a r e t h e c o n

t e x t u a l m e a n i n g s o f r u ah i n t h e n o n - b i b l i c a l , H e b r e w S c r o l l s

w i t h i t s l i n g u i s t i c p a t t e r n s ( u s u a l l y s y n t a c t i c a l i n n a t u r e , b u t

n o t l i m i t e d t o t h i s ) t o s e e if a n y o f t h e s e p a t t e r n s h a s a s e m a n

t ic v a l u e i n d e p e n d e n t o f i ts p a r t i c u l a r c o n t e x t . If a s e m a n t i c

v a l u e c a n b e d i s c o v e r e d f o r a g i v e n p a t t e r n o f r u ah a s s e e n i n

l e ss a m b i g u o u s c o n t e x t s , t h e s a m e p a t t e r n m a y b e a b l e t o s h e d

l i g h t o n t h e m e a n i n g a n d u s e o f r u ah in a d i s p u t e d o r a m b i g u o u s

c o n t e x t . I n w o r k i n g w i t h a g i v e n m e a n i n g o f

r u ah ,

t h e n

(e.g.,

" a n g e l " ) ,

t h e m o s t b a s i c s y n t a c t i c a l p a t t e r n s

(e.g.,

n u m b e r , g e n -

°f. t h e m o s t r e c e n t d i s c u s s i o n o f t h i s i s s u e i n H e r m a n n

L i c h t e n b e r g e r ,

St ud i en zum M enschenb i l d in Tex t en der

Qumrangeme ine , S t u d i en z u r U m w e l t d e s N e u e n T e s t a m e n t s , 1 5

(Gott ingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , 1980) , pp . 13-45 .

7

C / .

chapter 4 , n . 177 below. Fragments identif ied with cer ta inty a t

Q u m r a n a r e f r o m

1 Enoch, Jub i l ees, Ben Si r a , To b i t , Ep i s t l e of Jeremy

and parts of the Test am en t s o f t h e X I I Pa t r i a r ch s ( L e v i a n d N a p h t a l i ) ;

s o m e t hi nk t ha t f r a g m e nt s o f T est , of Jud ah , T est , o f Joseph an d Test ,

o f Ben j am i n

m a y a l s o be p r e s e nt a t Q um r a n, but

c f .

J . J . Collins,

Jew i sh

W r i t i ngs o f t he Second Tem p le Per i od , e d . by M . E . S t o n e

(Philadelphia: Fortress , 1984) , p . 333, who notes that the identification

of these fragments a t Qumran is as yet "quite uncerta in. "

8

E.g.,

1 Q S, l Q S b, 1 Q H , 1 Q M a nd CD .


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4 T h e M e a n i n g o f Ruah a t Q u m r a n

d e r , q u a l i f i e r s ) a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i t s m e a n i n g a r e f ir st s e p a r a t e d

i n t o c a t e g o r i e s a n d t h e n a r r a n g e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s a c c o r d i n g t o

t h e i r f r e q u e n c y , b u t th e s e a r c h f o r m e a n i n g f u l p a t t e r n s is n o t

l i m i t e d s i m p l y to s y n t a x . T h e g o a l o f t h e s t u d y i s t o u n c o v e r

a n y p a t t e r n o f

r u a h

w h i c h m i g h t h a v e i ts o w n s e m a n t i c v a l u e .

T h u s , f o r e x a m p l e , t h e r e s e e m s t o b e n o s p e c i a l m e a n i n g a t

t a c h e d t o t h e s i n g u l a r o f

r u a h

a s t h e o b j e c t o f t h e p r e p o s i t i o n

a ,

b u t in a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e v e r b jra ( w i t h G o d a s t h e s u b j e c t ) , i t

b e c o m e s a c l e a r r e f e r e n c e t o t h e S p i r i t o f G o d

(cf .

t h e a n a l y s i s

of '3

rrnro

ntfn

r r n a

i n c h a p t e r 3 b e l o w ) .

A s t u d y u s i n g a m e t h o d o l o g y s i m i l a r t o t h a t d e s c r i b e d

a b o v e w a s d o n e b y D . L y s i n h i s e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e d e v e l o p

m e n t o f t h e m e a n i n g o f

r u a h

in t h e O l d T e s t a m e n t .

9

H e f o u n d

t h a t t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t l i n g u is t ic p a t t e r n s f or u n d e r s t a n d i n g

t h e m e a n i n g o f

r uah

i n a g i v e n c o n t e x t w e r e i ts g e n d e r a n d i t s

u s e o r n o n - u s e o f t h e d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e .

1 0

H e n o t e d t h a t t h e m a s c u

l i n e g e n d e r a n d t h e a r t i c l e e a c h t e n d t o w a r d a p e r s o n i f i c a t i o n

o f

r u a h ,

a n d w h e n u s e d t o g e t h e r ( a s i n 1 K i n g s 2 2 : 2 1 ) t h e y a r e

a b l e t o g i v e t h i s w o r d a

personn a l i sa t i on p l us accen t uee;

11

c o n v e r s e l y , t h e f e m i n i n e g e n d e r a n d l a c k o f a n a r t i c l e e a c h t e n d

t o w a r d d e p e r s o n a l i z a t i o n , a n d w h e n u s e d t o g e t h e r

(e.g.,

in ref

e r e n c e t o G o d ' s

r u a h )

t h e y a r e a b l e t o a v o i d a n y t e n d e n c y to

w a r d p e r s o n i f i c a t i o n .

1 2

A s L y s t r a c e d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of

r u a h

f r o m t h e e a r l i e s t t e x t s o f t h e O l d T e s t a m e n t t o t h e l a t e s t ,

1 3

h e

a l s o f o u n d ( w i t h o n l y a f e w e x c e p t i o n s ) th a t t h e f u n d a m e n t a l

s e m a n t i c s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e g e n d e r o f r uah a n d t h e u s e o f t h e

^ D a ni e l L y s , Ru ah , L e Sou f f l e dans L 'A nc ien t Test am en t (Paris :

Presses Univers i ta ires de France , 1962) .

^ I b i d . , p . 32 n. 2 and p. 33 6 n. 2 . Th e gen der an d u se of the article

with r u a h is a constant theme in Lys' analysis of this word as a means

f o r unde r s t a ndi ng i t s m e a ni ng i n di s p ut e d o r a m bi g uo us c o nt e x t s ;

cf .

i b i d . , p p . 4 8 & 5 6 n . 1 ; p p . 7 9 , 1 2 7 - 1 3 0 , 1 7 2 , 1 9 5 & 2 2 7 - 8 n. 1; p p . 2 6 9 , 2 7 6 - 7 ,

283- 5 , & 2 99 n. 2; p. 306 n . 2; p. 322 n . 3; and p. 344 n. 1.

u

I b i d . , p . 32 .

n

M d ., p . 130 .

1 3

C / . i b i d . , p p . 16ff . in w hi ch Ly s offers a s ta t is t ica l and

chronological outl ine of the occurrences of r uah in the Old Testament

as the basis for his subsequent analysis .


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I n t r o d u c t i o n

5

a r ti c l e a s o u t l i n e d a b o v e r e m a i n e d e s s e n t i a l l y u n c h a n g e d .

1 4

T h e r e l e v a n c e o f t h e s e r e s u l t s f o r o u r s t u d y i s t h a t t h e s a m e , b a

s ic s e m a n t i c v a l u e L y s s a w f o r t h e g e n d e r o f r u ah i n t h e O l d

T e s t a m e n t c a n a l s o b e s e e n f o r r u ah i n t h e S c r o l l s . T h i s i s l e s s

t r u e f o r L y s ' o b s e r v a t i o n s o n t h e a r t i c l e .

1 5

T h e p r e s e n c e o f a

m a s c u l i n e o r f e m i n i n e g e n d e r , h o w e v e r , s e e m s t o h a v e a t l e a s t

a s m u c h s e m a n t i c v a l u e i n t h e S c r o l l s f o r d i s t i n g u i s h i n g b e

t w e e n p o s s i b l e m e a n i n g s o f r u ah a s i t h a s i n t h e O l d

T e s t a m e n t .

1 6

T h e e v i d e n c e s u g g e s t s , i n f a c t , t h a t t h e b a s i c f u n c

t i o n o f t h e g e n d e r o f r u ah i n t h e O l d T e s t a m e n t a s L y s d e s c r i b e s

it w a s c le a r l y r e c o g n i z e d b y t h e s e c t a r i a n s a n d c o n s c i o u s l y u s e d

b y t h e m in t h e ir o w n w r i t i n g s . T h i s s h o u l d b e c o m e e s p e c i a l l y

a p p a r e n t , f o r e x a m p l e , w h e n w e n o t e t h a t i n t h e n o n - b i b l i c a l ,

H e b r e w s e c ta r i a n w r i t i n g s e v e r y c o n t e x t u a l l y u n a m b i g u o u s u s e

o f r u ah a s a n a n g e l o r d e m o n i s s y n t a c t i c a l l y m a s c u l i n e ,

w h e r e a s e v e r y c o n t e x t u a l l y u n a m b i g u o u s u s e o f

r u ah

a s t h e

s p i r it o f m a n ( w i t h o n e e x c e p t i o n ) i s f e m i n i n e .

I n t h e s e c o n d c h a p t e r , t h e n , t h i s s t u d y w i l l t r a c e t h e d e

v e l o p m e n t o f r e s e a r c h i n t o t h e m e a n i n g o f

r u ah

i n s e c t a r i a n

p n e u m a t o l o g y f r o m 1 9 5 0 t o t h e p r e s e n t . T h i s w i l l s e r v e a s a

b a c k g r o u n d f o r c h a p t e r s 3 - 7 i n w h i c h t h e p a t t e r n s a n d c o n t e x

t u a l m e a n i n g s o f r u ah i n m o s t o f t h e n o n - b i b l i c a l H e b r e w

S c r o l l s w i l l b e a n a l y z e d ( c h . 3 , G o d ' s S p i r i t ; c h . 4 , m a n ' s s p i r i t ;

c h . 5 , a n g e l / d e m o n ; c h . 6 , w i n d a n d b r e a t h ; a n d c h . 7 , a n a l y s i s

u

I b i d . , c f .

p. 32 n. 2 and p. 56 n. 1.

1 5

T h e a r ti c le a p p e a r s w i t h r u ah o n l y s i x t i m e s i n t h e

approximately 234 published occurrences of this word in the Scrol ls . In

s o m e p o i n t e d t e x t s

(e.g.,

E d u a r d L o h s e ,

D i e Tex t e aus Q um ran ,

H eb ra i sch und D eu t sch m i t m aso ret i s cher P unk ta t i on , U berset zung ,

E i n f i i h r u ng und A nmer k ungen

( 2 n d ; M i i nc he n: Ko s e l V e r l a g , 1 9 7 1 ) ,

cf .

1QH 12 :11 & 13 :19

i n l o co )

the ed itors will ind icate an article on

r u ah

with an a t tached preposi t ion, but this is probably a mistake , r u ah in

1QH 12-11 & 13:19 probably refers to God's Spirit (cf . c ha p t e r 3 be l o w ) ,

and in the 35 cases in which

r u ah

is used with this meaning it has the

art ic le only one t ime, and even in this case the ar t ic le does not define

r u ah a s s uc h but r a t he r t he c o ns t r uc t p hr a s e i n w hi c h r u ah is th e

genitive

(cf .

the analysis of rrnn rrefa in chapter 3 below) .

1 6

T h is is especially t rue for 1QS 3 :13-4 :26 ;

cf .

chapter 8 below.


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6

T h e M e a n i n g o f R u a h a t Q u m r a n

a n d c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e r e s u l t s o f c h a p t e r s 3 - 6 ) . M o s t o f t h e o c c u r

r e n c e s o f

r uah

i n 1 Q S 3 : 1 3 - 4 : 2 6 , h o w e v e r , w i l l n o t b e t r e a t e d i n

c h a p t e r s 3 - 7 b u t i n c h a p t e r 8 ; t h e s e o c c u r r e n c e s w i l l r e q u i r e s p e

c i a l t r e a t m e n t b e c a u s e o f t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e " t w o - s p i r i t "

t e a c h i n g o f 1 Q S 3 : 1 8 ff . a n d t h e i n v o l v e d d i s c u s s i o n w h i c h h a s

a r i s e n o n t h e n a t u r e a n d e x t e n t o f t h i s p n e u m a t o l o g y i n s e c t a r

i a n t h o u g h t . O u r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f r u a h in

1 Q S 3 : 1 3 - 4 : 2 6 , i n f a c t , w i l l b e b a s e d p r i m a r i l y o n t h e r e s u l t s o f

c h a p t e r s 3 - 7 . T h e g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s o f t h i s s t u d y w i l l b e f o u n d

i n c h a p t e r 9 .


18/272

C H A P T E R 2

A C H R O N O L O G I C A L S U R V E Y O F T H E L I T E R A T U R E

1 .

F r o m 1 9 5 0 t h r o u g h 1 9 55 : i n it ia l q u e s t i o n s a b o u t

r u ah -

a . U n d e r s t a n d i n g r u ah a s G o d ' s S p i r i t ,

1

m a n ' s s p i r i t o r a n

a n g e l .

T h e f i r s t s c h o l a r t o a t t e m p t a d e f i n i t i o n o f

r u ah

w i t h i n t h e

b a s i c t h e o l o g i c a l t h o u g h t o f Q u m r a n w a s K . G . K u h n in 1 9 5 0 .

2

W h e n h e w r o t e , o n l y s e c t i o n s o f t h e C a v e I s c r o l l s w e r e a v a i l

a b l e , c h ie f ly f r o m 1 Q H , 1 Q M a n d l Q p H a b w i t h m o s t o f t h e

i m p o r t a n t 1 Q S s c r o ll ( e s p e c i a l l y c o l u m n s 3 a n d 4 ) st il l u n p u b

l i s h e d .

3

O n t h e b a s i s o f t h i s e v i d e n c e , h o w e v e r , K u h n f el t t h a t

t h e r e w a s a t l e a s t o n e p a s s a g e , 1 Q H 4 : 3 1 , w h i c h c l e a r l y t a u g h t

t h a t a p e r s o n a t h i s e n t r a n c e i n t o t h e s e c t u n d e r w e n t a n i n w a r d

r e l i g i o u s c h a n g e o r Neuschop fung t h r o u g h t h e s p i r i t f o r m e d f o r

t h a t p e r s o n b y G o d . K u h n c o m p a r e d t h i s t e a c h i n g t o t h e

S p i r i t / f l e s h t h e o l o g y o f P a u l in 1 C o r . 3 : 1 a n d G a l . 6 : 1 a n d h i s

" e a r t h l y / h e a v e n l y " d i c h o t o m y o f 1 C o r . 1 5 .

4

T h e c e n t r a l i d e a

i s t h a t m a n ' s w a y i s n o t e s t a b l i s h e d V? - c r n r o

DK o

" a u s s e r

i n d e m Ge i s t , d e n G o t t i h m g e b i l d e t h a t ; " t h i s i s i n c o n t r a s t t o

m a n ' s n a t u r a l s p i r i t u a l c o n d i t i o n a s a norm i sr " G e b i l d e a u s

T o n , " (cf . 1 Q H 4 : 2 9 ) . T h e m e a n i n g o f n x ' a s a s p i r i t u a l

1

The r e a r e v a r i o us p r a c t i c e s a m o n g s c ho l a r s in c a p i t a l i z i ng t he

translation of r u ah as "spirit" ; in this dissertation "spirit" will be capital

ized only when it refers to the Spirit of God.

2

K .

G . Kuhn, " D i e i n Pa l a s t i na g e f unde ne n he br a i s c he n Te x t e

u n d d a s N e u e T e s t a m e n t , "

Z ei t sch r i f t f u r Theo l og i e und K i r che,

4 7

(1950), pp. 192-211.

3

C / . D up o nt - So m m e r , " L ' i ns t r uc t i o n s ur l e s de ux E s p r i t s da ns l e

'Manuel de Disc ipl ine ' , "

R ev ue de I 'h i s to i re des rel i g i ons ,

cxlii (1952), 6

n. 3.

4

K . G. Kuhn, "Texte , " p . 201 .


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8 T h e M e a n i n g o f R u a h a t Q u m r a n

Neuschop fung

i n 1 Q H 4 :3 1 w a s c o n f i r m e d f o r K u h n b y t h e u s e o f

* W i n 1 Q H 3 : 2 1 , w h i c h h e t r a n s l a t e s a s f o l l o w s :

. . . un d ich weiss , das s e ine Ho ffnun g is t fur den , den Du

gebildet hast ( ~W ) he r a us a us de m St a ub z ur e w i g e n G e m e i n-

schaft (t i i i s

ro )

un d da ss Du den verk ehr ten Geist (mm m i)

gereinigt hast von grosser Sunde, so dafi er (nun) steht in der

Standmannschaft des Volkes . . . .

H e r e ( a n d b y i m p l i c a t i o n i n 1 Q H 4 : 3 1 )

5

i t w a s c l e a r t o

K u h n t h a t " m i t d e m w o r t "u r n i c h t v o n d e r S c h o p f u n g d e s M e n -

s c h e n d i e R e d e i st , s o n d e r n g e w i s s e r m a C e n v o n e in e r N e u s c h o p

f u n g , n a m l i c h d e r Z u g e h o r i g k e i t z u d e r G e m e i n d e . "

6

I t i s p o s s i

b l e a t t h i s p o i n t t h a t K u h n m a y h a v e s e e n i n 1 Q H 4 : 3 1 a r e l a

t i o n s h i p t o G o d ' s S p i r i t o r s o m e o t h e r s p i r i t e x t e r n a l t o m a n a s

t h e o r i g i n o f m a n ' s n e w s p i r i t u a l i t y , b u t t h i s i s u n c l e a r . I n t h e

f o l l o w i n g y e a r s h e w o u l d m a i n t a i n t h a t p a s s a g e s l i k e t h i s i n

v o l v e n o m o r e t h a n m a n ' s s p i r i t w h i c h h e r e c e i v e s a t b i r t h ,

7

a n d in d o i n g s o h e a ls o d e p a r t s f r o m h i s e m p h a s i s o n r u ah as a

s p i r i t u a l Neuschop fung a s e x p e r i e n c e d a t o n e ' s e n t r a n c e i n t o

t h e Q u m r a n c o m m u n i t y . W e w il l i n v e s t i g a t e t h e n a t u r e o f th i s

c h a n g e i n m o r e d e t a i l l a te r .

S o o n a f t e r K u h n p u b l i s h e d h i s a r t i c l e , E . S j o b e r g p u b l i s h e d

a d i s s e n t i n g o p i n i o n a s p a r t o f a b r o a d e r t o p i c h e h a d d e v e l

o p e d o n P a l e s t i n i a n J u d a i s m .

8

H i s g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n w a s t h a t

t h e e v i d e n c e o f t h e s c r o l l s a v a i l a b l e a t t h a t t i m e w a s n o t s u f f i

c i e n t t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e c o n c e p t o f N euschop fung a s K u h n

5

C / . E . S j o be r g , " Wi e de r g e bur t und N e us c ho p f ung i m p a l a s t i ni s -

c h e n J u d e n t u m , " St ud i a Theo l og i ca , 4 (1950), p . 78 . This is also ho w

Sj o be r g unde r s t a nds Kuhn' s a r g um e nt a t t h i s p o i nt : " D ur c h de n v o n

g o t t g e bi l de t e n G e i s t ka nn de r Me ns c h a l s o di e s o ns t unm o g l i c he

G e r e c ht i g ke i t g e w i nne n. D a s ko nnt e s i c h a uf e i ne N e us c ho p f ung de s

Menschen beim Eintr i t t in die Sekte beziehen. "

6

K .

G. Kuhn, "Texte," p . 201 n. 7 .

7

C / .

R . J e w e t t ,

Pau l ' s An t h r opo l o g i ca l Term s

(L ei de n : Brill , 1971),

p p . 8 2 - 3 . J e w e t t no t i c e s no c ha ng e i n Kuhn' s ne w v i e w o f

r u ah

(since

1952),

but see in this chapter below.

8

S j 6 b e r g , " W i e d e r g e b u r t , " p p . 4 4 - 8 5 .


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9

I b i d . , p . 78 -8 1 . No te a lso on p . 85 (korrek turzu satz zu S . 79) that

1QS 3:13-4 :26 came to late for use in the body of Sjoberg's article .

^ I b i d . ,

p . 7 8 : " In de n ne ue nt de c kt e n Se c t e nr o ll e n a us de r H o h l e

am Toten Meer f inden wir nach K. G. Kuhn auch e in Beispiel des

N e u s c h o p f u n g s g e d a n k e n s , u n d z w a r i n e i n e r s o n s t i m J u d e n t u m

nicht belegten Form: der Eintr i t t in die Sekte sei a ls Neuschopfung

v e r s t a nde n w o r de n . "

u

I b i d . , p . 70 .

n

I b i d . , p p . 6 8 - 9 .

1 3

ib/d . , p . 79 . Sjoberg t ranslates bBer . 60b as fol lows: "Mein Gott ,

die Seele (notf : ) , die du mir gegeben hast , ist rein; du hast sie in mir

gebildet ( ^ " 1 ^ ' ) , du hast s ie mir e ingehaucht und du bewahrst s ie in

mir und du wirst sie einst von mir nehmen und du wirst sie mir in der

Zukunf t w i e de r g e be n . "

u

I b i d .

^ I b i d . ,

p . 81 .

d e s c r i b e d it e x i s t e d a m o n g t h e s e c t a r i a n s .

9

A

Neuschop fung

o f

t h i s t y p e w o u l d b e u n i q u e i n P a l e s t i n i a n J u d a i s m .

1 0

T h i s d o e s

n o t m e a n t h a t J u d a i s m d i d n o t l o o k f o r a t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f

m a n ' s c h a r a c t e r a t t h e eschaton,

n

b u t s u c h c h a n g e s w e r e n o t t o

b e e x p e c t e d i n m a n ' s b a s i c n a t u r e i n t h e p r e s e n t e r a , n o r w e r e

t h e y t h o u g h t t o b e n e c e s s a r y o r d e s i r a b l e . M a n h a d a n i n c l i n a

t i o n t o t h e b a d ( B T J t r ) a n d a n i n c l i n a t i o n t o t h e g o o d (DID

" i i r) ,

a n d h e h a d a f r e e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o f o l l o w t h e l a t t e r .

1 2

I n v i e w ,

t h e r e f o r e , o f t h e a b s e n c e o f

Neuschop fung

t h e o l o g y i n P a l e s

t in i a n J u d a i s m i n g e n e r a l , a l t e r n a t i v e e x p l a n a t i o n s o f K u h n ' s

e v i d e n c e s e e m e d p r e f e r a b l e t o S j o b e r g . F o r K u h n ' s v i e w t h a t

i n 1 Q H 4 : 3 1 r e f e r s t o a

Neuschop fung

a t o n e ' s e n t r a n c e i n t o t h e

s e c t , S j o b e r g p r o v i d e d a n a l t e r n a t i v e p a r a l l e l f r o m b B e r . 6 0 b ,

w h i c h r e f e r s t o G o d ' s a c t i v i t y o f f o r m i n g ( n ^ ' ) m a n ' s s p i r i t o r

s o u l ( r t D Z J j ) a t h i s b i r t h .

1 3

S e e n i n t h i s l i g h t , i t b e c o m e s c l e a r

t h a t

r u ah

i n 1 Q H 4 : 3 1 i s " d e r v o n G o t t g e b i l d e t e G e i s t . . . d e r j e -

d e m M e n s c h e n b ei s e in e r S c h o p f u n g g e g e b e n e G e i s t . "

1 4

A n d a s t o

t h e m e a n i n g o f "fir i n 1 Q H 3 : 2 1 , i t c a n n o t b e p r o v e n t h a t t h e s e c t

m e m b e r is s p e a k i n g a b o u t b e i n g r e s c u e d f r o m t h e s i n f u l n e s s o f

h i s n a t u r a l c o n d i t i o n t h r o u g h a p r o c e s s o f Neuschop fung a t h i s

e n t r a n c e i n t o t h e s e c t . It i s p o s s i b l e t h e s e c t t h o u g h t t h a t a

m a n ' s c h a r a c t e r is d e t e r m i n e d a t h i s c r e a t i o n .

1 5


21/272

1 0

T h e M e a n i n g o f

Ruah

a t Q u m r a n

W i t h t h e fu l l p u b l i c a t i o n o f 1 Q S i n 1 9 5 1 ,

1 6

m o s t s c h o l a r s i n

c l u d i n g K u h n b e c a m e c o n v i n c e d o n t h e b a s i s o f 3 : 1 3 -4 : 2 6 t h a t a

m a j o r t h e m e i n t h e s e c t a r i a n s ' t e a c h i n g a b o u t r u a h h a d t o d o

w i t h t w o s p i r i t s , o n e g o o d a n d th e o t h e r e v i l , w h i c h d e t e r m i n e

a p e r s o n ' s s p i r i t u a l i t y f r o m b i r t h . A s n o t e d a b o v e

(cf .

p p . 7 - 8 ) ,

K u h n ( o n t h e b a s i s o f 1 Q H ) i n i ti a l ly d e s c r i b e d t h e s e c t a r i a n

c o n c e p t o f r uah a s a s p i r i t u a l N euschop f u ng w h i c h o c c u r r e d a t a

p e r s o n ' s e n t r a n c e i n to t h e c o m m u n i t y , a n d h e c o m p a r e d t hi s t o

s i m i l a r i d e a s o f P a u l i n t h e N e w T e s t a m e n t . A f t e r t h e p u b l i c a

t i o n o f 1 Q S , h o w e v e r , K u h n n o l o n g e r s a w a s i m i l a r it y b e t w e e n

P a u l a n d t h e S c r o l l s b u t r a t h e r a c on t r a s t : t h e " s p i r i t " a s t h e

b a s i s o f s e c t a r i a n p i e t y i s n o t G o d ' s S p i r i t ( a s i n P a u l ) n o r a n y

o t h e r s p i r i t e x t e r n a l t o m a n , b u t i t i s t h e h u m a n s p i ri t i t s e l f ,

1 7

a n d i t i s n o t a r e g e n e r a t e d h u m a n s p i r it g i v e n t o t h e s e c t m e m

b e r a t h i s e n t r a n c e i n t o t h e c o m m u n i t y b u t a s t a t i c , p r e d e s t i n e d

hab i t u s

g i v e n t o t h e p i o u s p e r s o n a t c r e a t i o n o r b i r t h

(Schop f ungsm i i f l i g ) }

8

M o s t s c h o l a r s d u r i n g t h e 1 9 5 0 's f o l l o w e d

1 6

M . Bu r r o w s , ( ed . w i t h t h e ass i s t an ce o f J . C . T r ev er an d W . H .

B r o w n l e e ) ,

The D ead Sea Scro l l s o f St . M ark ' s M onas t er y ,

vol . II , fasc,

2 ( N e w H a v e n , 1 9 5 1 ) .

C f .

a lso W. H. Brownlee , "The Dead Sea Manual

o f D i s c i p l i n e , T r a n s l a t i o n a n d N o t e s , " Bu l l et i n o f t he A m er i c an

Schoo l s o f O r i en t a l R esearch , Supp l em ent a ry St ud i es ,

n o s . 1 0 - 1 2 ,

(1951) .

1 7

K . G. Ku hn , " r ieipaa|i6s - d^apT ia - adp£ im N eu en T es ta

m e n t u n d d i e d a m i t Z u s a m m e n h a n g e n d e n V o r s t e l l u n g e n , "

Ze i t s ch r i f t f u r Theo log ie und K i r che ,

49 (1952) , p . 214.

^ I b i d . , p . 215 . Al t h o u g h m o st sch o l ar s h av e u n d er s t o o d t h e t w o

spiri ts of 1QS 3-4 as angelic beings as well as spiri tual forces in men, i t

i s c lear that at this t ime, a t least , Kuhn viewed them as no more than

h u m an , r e l i g i o u s d i sp o si t i o n s ; c f . i b i d . , p . 205 n . 1 : "Der erste Johannes-

br ief gibt also hier in der Sache wie im Wort laut vol l ig die Begr i f -

f l ichkei t dieser j i idisch-palast inischen Sekte wieder .

D a r a us

erklart es

sich, dafi hier weOua Tfjs dXr|8eias e igent l ich als anth rop olo gisc he r

Begr if f erscheint . " Note also i b i d ., p . 209 , "Wirkt hier noch die al t tes-

t a m e n t l i c h e G e g e n v i b e r s t e l l u n g n a c h , w o d e r M e n s c h a s ' F l e i s c h '

ch ar a k t er i s i er t w i r d g eg en i i b er d e n ' G eis t J ah w es ' . . . so w i r d d o c h

au ch d er g r o f i e Un t er sch i ed zu r a l t t es t am en t l i ch en R ed ew ei se d eu t -

l ich, weil in den Texten dieser Sekte, 'Fleisch' ja nicht einfach zum

Geist G o t t e s in Gegenstatz s teht , sondern zum 'Geist der Wahrhei t ' ,


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A C h r o n o l o g i c a l S u r v e y o f t h e L i t e r a t u r e

1 1

K u h n in t h is v i e w o f s e c t a r i a n p n e u m a t o l o g y e x c e p t t h a t t h e y

t e n d e d t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e t w o s p i r i ts o f 1 Q S 3 - 4 n o t o n l y a s s p i r

i t u a l f o r c e s o r d i s p o s i t i o n s i n m a n b u t a l s o a s a n g e l i c b e i n g s

( u s u a l l y f u r t h e r id e n t i f i ed w i t h t h e P r i n c e o f L i g h t s a n d A n g e l

o f D a r k n e s s ) .

1 9

I t a p p e a r s t h a t K u h n l a t e r a g r e e d w i t h t h e

de n de r

G l a ub i g e

g e m a f i s e in e r V o r h e r b e s t i m m u n g

h a t .

So ist der

Mensch a ls 'F le isch' Gottes unwiirdig und anfal l ig fur das Bose , oder

b e s s e r . . . f u r d e n B o s e n , w a h r e n d d e r G e i s t d e s F r o m m e n a l s d e r

'Geis t der Wahrheit ' ihn in die Kampffront auf se i ten Gottes gegen

den Bosen stelt . " See also i b i d ., p . 214 n . 2 ; in James 4 :2 , Kuhn says that

TfveOp.a

he re is "nicht de r Geis t im chris t l ichen Sinne , son de rn de r

M e n s c h e n g e i s t , d . h . d e r— g e w i fi v o n G o t t g e g e b e n e , a b e r s c h o p -

f ung s m a Si g g e g e be ne — g u t e G e i s t , de n de r M e ns c h ha t , 'sei n gut es

I c h , das sich gegen ein boses Ich behaupten mufi ' . . . . Das entspricht

a l s o g e n a u d e r A n s c h a u u n g d e r n e u e n P a l a s t i n a t e x t e v o n d e m

p r a d e s t i n i e r t e n , s c h o p f u n g s m a f i i g d e m F r o m m e n e i g n e n d e n ' G e i s t

de r Wa hr he i t ' a l s ' s e i ne m , de s F r o m m e n, G e i s t ' , de r i m ka m p f s t e ht

mit dem 'Giest des Frevels ' . "

1 9

C / .

M . B u r r o w s ,

M o re L i gh t on th e D ead Sea Sc ro l l s

( N e w Y o r k :

Viking Press , 1958) , pp. 280-1 : "The spirits of l ight and darkness which

s t r ug g l e i n m a n' s s o ul a nd i n t he uni v e r s e a r e s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d a n

gels .

Thus i t is made c lear that they are both God's c reatures and sub

ject to him . . . . It i s equally c lear , ho we ver , that the tw o spir i ts or angels

a r e p o w e r s o ut s i de o f m a n. . . . " B ur r o w s no t e s o nl y o ne s c ho l a r , E .

Sc hw e i z e r

( i b i d .,

p . 293) , who quest ioned the angelic s ta tus of the two

spirits ;

cf .

E . Sc hw e i z e r , " G e g e nw a r t de s G e i s t e s und e s c ha t o l o g i s c he

H o f f nung be i Za r a t hus t r a , s p a t j i i di s c he n G r up p e n, G no s t i ke r n und

d e n Z e u g e n d e s N e u e n T e s t a m e n t s , "

The Backg round o f t he N ew

Tes tam en t and i t s Escha t o l ogy ,

( F e s t s c h r if t f o r C . H . D o d d , C a m

bridge , 1956) , p . 490 in which he compares the two spir i ts of 1QS 3-4 to

t he t w o i m p ul s e s o f r a bbi ni c t he o l o g y . Sc hw e i z e r f i na l l y c o nc l ude s ,

however , that the two spir i ts should be understood as "Machte . . . die

aufierhalb des Menschen s tehen, ihn verfuhren oder ihm helfen, " cf.

i b i d . ,

p . 492 . For o ther scholars a t this t ime beside Kuhn who did not

understand the two spir i ts as having a personal , angelic s ta tus ,

cf .

F .

M. B r a un, " L ' a r r i e r e - f o nd j uda i que du qua t r i e m e e v a ng i l e e t l a Co m -

m una ut e de 1 ' A l l i a nc e , "

Rev ue B i b l i aue,

62 (1955) , p . 13 and Goeffrey

G r a y s t o ne , " The D e a d Se a Sc r o l l s a nd t he N e w Te s t a m e nt , "

I r i sh The

o l o gi c al Q ua r t er l y , 22 (1955) , pp. 227.


23/272

1 2 T h e M e a n i n g o f

R u a h

a t Q u m r a n

m a j o r i t y o n t h i s p o i n t ,

2 0

b u t t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e i n h i s

p o s i t i o n w o u l d b e h i s r e t u r n t o t h e v i e w i n " T e x t e "

(cf .

p p . 7 - 8

t o t h a t o f e a r l y C h r i s t i a n i t y ,

2 1

a v i e w l a t e r d e v e l o p e d b y h is

s t u d e n t s .

2 2

B y t h e e a r l y 1 9 6 0 's , i n f a c t , a k e y i s s u e a m o n g s c h o l

a r s w a s h o w t o r e l a t e t h e s e c t a r i a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e i r s p i r

i t u a l i t y a s a N euschop f un g t o t h e i r u n d e r s t a n d i n g i n g o f i t a s a n

i n h e r i t e d , s p i r i t u a l h a b i t u s s i n c e b o t h m e a n i n g s o f r uah s e e m e d

t o b e c l e a r l y p r e s e n t i n Q u m r a n l i t e r a t u r e (cf . s e c t i o n s 2 a n d 3 o f

t h is c h a p t e r b e l o w ) .

F r o m 19 52 t h r o u g h 1 9 5 5 , h o w e v e r , s c h o l a r s w e r e g e n e r a l l y

n o t a w a r e o f p o s s i b l e t e n s i o n s i n s e c t a r i a n p n e u m a t o l o g y . T h e i r

b a s i c g o a l w a s t o d e v e l o p a n i n t e g r a t e d d e f i n i t i o n o f

r uah

in

s e c t a r i a n t h o u g h t a s t h i s r e l a t e s t o G o d , m a n , a n d t h e a n g e l i c

f i g u r e s w h i c h m e d i a t e b e t w e e n t h e m . F r o m t h is p o i n t i n o u r

a n a l y s i s t o t h e e n d o f t h i s s u b s e c t i o n

( l a ) ,

t h e n , w e w i l l d e

s c r i b e t h e b a s i c v i e w s o f t h e s e s c h o l a r s

( v i z . ,

A . D u p o n t - S o m -

m e r , B . O t z e n , H . W i l d b e r g e r , Y . Y a d i n a n d E . S j o b e r g ) . A t

t i m e s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f P e r s i a n o r C h r i s t i a n i n f l u e n c e o n t h e

S c r o l l s p l a y e d a d o m i n a n t r o l e i n t h e s c h o l a r l y f o r m u l a t i o n o f

a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f s e c t a r ia n p n e u m a t o l o g y : t h e s e a p p r o a c h e s

2 0

C / .

K . G . K u h n , " Q u m r a n , "

Re l i g i on in Gesch i ch t e und G egen -

w a r t ,

3rd ed. , V. (1961), col. 747; Kuhn notes that there is not only an al

ternation between "spirit" and "angel" in 1QS 3:18ff . but also that the

two spirits are called "the Prince of Lights" and "Angel of Darkness ."

2 1

C / .

K . G . Kuhn, " D e r E p he s e r br i e f i m L i c ht de r Q um r a nt e x t e , "

N ew Tes t am en t St ud i es, 7 ( Ju l y , 1961), p . 344 . Ku hn com p ar es IQ H 3:19-

22 with Eph. 5 :14 and concludes that IQH 3:19-22 reflects "der Gedanke

e i ne s v o l l i g e n N e ua nf a ng s g e g e nube r de m bi s he r i g e n Si i nde ns c hl a f

u n d S i i n d e n t o d d u r c h d i e

A u f nahm e i n ein e exk l us i v e H ei l sge-

me inde ,

s o w i e hi e r i n di e c hr i s t l i c he G e m e i nd e du r c h di e Ta uf e "

[emphasis his ] .

2 2

C / .

e s p e c i a l l y H . W. Kuhn ,

Enderw a r t ung und gegenw ar t i ges

H ei l . U n t er suchungen zu den Gemein del i edern v on Q um ran m i t

ei n em A nhan g t i be r Escha t o l og ie und Gegenw ar t i n der Verk und i -

gung ]esu, S t udi e n z ur U m w e l t de s N e ue n Te s t a m e nt s , 4 ( G o t t i ng e n:

Vandenhoeck & Rupricht , 1966) , pp . 120ff .

C f .

also section three of this

c ha p t e r be l o w .

a b o v e ) t h a t I Q H t e a c h e s

i r i t u a l

Neuschop f ung

a n a l o g o u s


24/272

A C h r o n o l o g i c a l S u r v e y o f t h e L i t e r a t u r e 1 3

2 3

D up o n t - S o m m e r , " i ns tr uc t io n , " p p . 18 a nd 2 8 - 9 .

2 4

C / . IQH 1 :21-27 ; 3 :19-24 ; 11 :10-14 ; 13 :13ff . and also the comments

of Schweizer , "Gegenwart des Geis tes , " p . 491 on the re la t ionship of

man's spirit to the two spirits of 1QS 3:18ff. : "Darin setzt sich das altes-

tamentl iche Wissen darum, dafi der Geis t Jahwes nicht der Geis t des

Menschen is t , for t . Die gr iechische Konzeption von der Identi ta t des

G e i s t e s i m Me ns c he n m i t de m ko s m i s c he n g o t t l i c he n G e i s t i s t h i e r

no c h ni c ht e i ng e dr ung e n . "

2 5

A . D u p o n t - S o m m e r , " L e p r o b l e m e d e s i n f l u e n c e s e t r a n g e r e s

s ur l a s e c t e j u i v e de Q o um r a n, " Revue d 'h i s to i re e t de ph i l o soph i e re-

l ig ieuses,

35 (1955) , p . 85 (c i t ing Philo) : ' "Dans toutes les ames , au mo-

w i l l r e c e i v e s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n i n t h i s c h a p t e r b e l o w i n s e c t i o n s

l b a n d lc.

I n a n a r t ic l e p u b l i s h e d in 1 95 2 D u p o n t - S o m m e r s u g g e s t e d

t h a t t h e s e c t a r i a n s t h o u g h t of m a n ' s s o u l a s b e i n g a " m i x t u r e "

o f t h e t w o s p i r i t s , w h i c h i n t u r n w e r e i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h e P r i n c e

o f L i g h t s a n d A n g e l o f D a r k n e s s .

2 3

T h e p r o p o r t i o n s o f e a c h

s p i r i t d i f f e r i n e a c h i n d i v i d u a l , a n d t h i s c r e a t e s t h e v a r i e t y o f

s p i r i tu a l d i s p o s i t i o n s w i t h i n h u m a n i t y . I n t h i s w a y h e e x

p l a i n e d th e c l o s e c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e i n w a r d l y e x p e r i e n c e d

p r e s e n c e o f t h e t w o s p i r i t s i n m e n a n d t h e a n g e l i c p o w e r s o f 1 Q S

3 : 2 0 f f . H e d i d n o t m a k e c l e a r , h o w e v e r , p r e c i s e l y h o w t h e s e c

t a r i a n v i e w e d t h i s m i x t u r e o f a n g e l i c f o r c e s m a k i n g u p h i s in n e r

a n d o u t e r w o r l d . D i d t h e s e c t a r i a n v i e w t h e m a s c ond i t i o n i n g

h i s s p i r i t o r a s a c t u a l l y be ing h i s s p i r i t , i.e., a s m a k i n g u p it s

c o n s t i t u e n t e l e m e n t s ? In w r i t i n g a b o u t t h e s o u l a s a " m i x t u r e " o f

t h e t w o a n g e l i c s p ir it s , i t w o u l d s e e m t h a t D u p o n t - S o m m e r i n

t e n d e d t h e l a t t e r. B u t i n d o i n g s o h e n e e d e d t o s h o w t h a t a n

i d e n t i f i ca t i o n o f m a n ' s s p i r i t w i t h t r a n s c e n d e n t a n d ( p a r t i a l l y )

d i v i n e c o s m i c p o w e r s i s n o t c o n t r a r y t o o t h e r t h e m e s i n s e c t a r

i a n t h e o l o g y w h i c h s e e m t o

con t ras t

m a n a n d h i s s p i r i t t o t h e

h e a v e n l y w o r l d o f G o d a n d H i s a n g e l s .

2 4

L a t e r , h o w e v e r ,

D u p o n t - S o m m e r s e e m s t o h a v e m o v e d a w a y f r o m t h is i d en t if i

c a t i o n . I n a n a r t i c l e i n 1 9 5 5 , f o r e x a m p l e , h e s e e s a c l o s e c o n n e c

t i o n b e t w e e n P h i l o 's a c c o u n t o f t w o " p o w e r s " ( g o o d a n d b a d ) e n

t e r i n g m a n ' s s o u l a t b i r t h a n d t h e t w o - s p i r i t d o c t r i n e o f t h e s e c

t a r i a n s .

2 5

H e r e it i s c l e a r t h a t m a n ' s s o u l i s r e g a r d e d a s s e p a -


25/272

1 4 T h e M e a n i n g o f R u a h a t Q u m r a n

r a t e f r o m t h e t w o i n v a s i v e p o w e r s w h i c h s t r u g g l e w i t h e a c h

o t h e r fo r d o m i n a t i o n o v e r it . A n d in h i s m a j o r 1 9 59 c o m m e n t a r y

o n t h e S c r o l l s h e n o l o n g e r d e s c r i b e s m a n ' s s o u l a s a " m i x t u r e " o f

t h e t w o s p i r i t s ; r a t h e r , m a n ' s s o u l o r s p i r i t " p a r t i c i p a t e s " i n

t h e m

2 6

a n d t h e y , i n t u r n , s t r u g g l e w i t h i n h i m .

2 7

T h e t w o s p i r

i t s , t h e n , a r e s e e n p e r h a p s m o r e a s c o n d i t i o n i n g m a n ' s s p i r it

t h a n a s c o n s t i t u t i n g i t o r a s f o r m i n g t h e b a s i c e l e m e n t s o f i t s n a

t u r e .

2 8

A n o t h e r a p p r o a c h t o t h e a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l / c o s m o l o g i c a l n a

t u r e o f t h e t w o s p i r it s w a s s u g g e s t e d b y B . O t z e n . T h i s i n v o l v e d

a l a t e J e w i s h w a y o f t h i n k i n g i n w h i c h m a n a s a " m i c r o c o s m "

r e f l e c t s e v e r y t h i n g t h a t h a p p e n s i n t h e " m a c r o c o s m " ( t h e

w o r l d ) .

A s a p p l i e d t o 1 Q S 3 : 1 3 - 4 : 2 6 , t h e t w o s p i r i t s a r e r e

g a r d e d n o n - m y t h i c a l l y a s t w o o p p o s i n g p r i n c i p l e s o r i m p u l s e s ,

w h i c h i n t u r n a r e a r e f le c t io n o f c o s m i c f o r c e s u n d e r s t o o d m y t h i

c a l l y a s d o m i n a t i n g t h e w o r l d .

2 9

A p r o b l e m in O t z e n ' s a p

p r o a c h , h o w e v e r , i s t h a t h e d o e s n o t s h o w e v i d e n c e o f t h i s k i n d

o f t h i n k i n g in t h e S c r o l l s t h e m s e l v e s . H e p r e s e n t s n o m o r e t h a n

a w o r k i n g h y p o t h e s i s . H i s h y p o t h e s i s , f u r t h e r m o r e , d o e s n o t

a d e q u a t e l y e x p l a i n t h e

d om i n a n t

n a t u r e o f t h e c o s m i c f o r c e s i n

m e n t m e m e d e l a n a i s s a n c e , p e n e t r e n t e n m e m e t e m p t s d e u x P u i s

sances , l 'une salutaire e t l ' autre malfaisante ' . "

2 6

J d e m ,

L es ecr i t s Essen i ens decouv er t s p r t s d e la m er M or t e

(Paris: Payot, 1959), p. 93 n. 4.

27

I b i d . ,

p . 94 n. 6.

2 8

D u p o n t - S o m m e r ' s p o s it io n h e r e s e e m s t o h a v e re m a i n e d b a s i

c a l l y u n c h a n g e d ; c f . i dem , " D e ux do c um e nt s ho r o s c o p i que s e s s e ni e ns

d e c o u v e r t s a Q o u m r a n , p r e s d e l a M e r M o r t e , "

Com pt es Rendus de

L 'A cadem ie des I nscr i p t i ons e t Bel l es-L et t res

(Pa ris , 1965) , p p . 24 4- 5 . I t

i s t r ue t ha t D up o nt - So m m e r de s c r i be s m a n' s s p i r i t he r e a s c o m p r i s

in g

(comprendre)

a " m i x t u r e " o f t he t w o s p i r it s

( les deux espr i ts)

in

greater or lesser amounts of each, but he does not capitol ize

espr i t

at

this point as he usually does when referr ing to the two spir i ts in a

cosmic sense ; when he does refer to them in this sense , he speaks of

man's spir i t as "part ic ipat ing" in them

( i b i d .,

p . 245) .

2 9

B e n e d i k t O t z e n , " D ie n e u g e f u n d e n e n h e b r a is c h e n S e k te n -

s c hr i f t e n und di e Te s t a m e nt e z w o l f Pa t r i a r c he n, " St ud i a Theo log i ca , 7

(1953),

pp. 135-6.


26/272


m a n a s d e s c r i b e d i n 1 Q S 3 : 1 3 - 4 : 2 6 . M e n h e r e n o t o n l y

ref lect

t h e

a c t i v i t y o f t h e t w o s p i r i t s a n d t h e t w o a n g e l s i n t h e c o s m o s b u t

a r e d o m i n a t e d b y t h e m .

3 0

I t i s p e r h a p s f o r t h e s e a n d s i m i l a r

r e a s o n s t h a t v e r y f e w s c h o l a r s h a v e f o l l o w e d O t z e n ' s l e a d

h e r e .

3 1

I n 1 9 54 H . W i l d b e r g e r d i d a s h o r t s t u d y o n t h e d u a l i s m o f

t h e S c r o l l s .

3 2

H i s b a s i c p o s i t i o n w a s t h a t t h e S c r o l l s t e a c h b o t h

a n a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l a n d a m e t a p h y s i c a l d u a l i s m a n d t h a t t h i s

t e a c h i n g h a s i ts o r i g i n u l t i m a t e l y in Z o r o a s t r i a n i s m

3 3

H i s

a n a l y s i s o f t h is d u a l i s m w a s m u c h t h e s a m e a s K u h n ' s

3 4

b u t

w i t h o n e e x c e p t i o n : h e i d e n t i f i e d t h e " s p i r i t o f p e r v e r s i o n "

w i t h B e l i a l a s a p e r s o n a l , a n g e l i c f i g u r e , a n d o n t h e b a s i s o f

1 Q S 1 0 : 2 1 h e d e s c r i b e d B e l i a l a s b e i n g k e p t " i n t h e h e a r t " o f

h i s a d h e r e n t s .

3 5

H o w W i l d b e r g e r u n d e r s t o o d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g

" s p i r i t o f t r u t h " i s u n c l e a r , b u t l o g i c a l l y i t w o u l d s e e m t h a t

3 0

C / .

t he c o m m e nt o f Mi l l a r B o r r o w s i n

M o r e L i g h t ,

p . 281 : "The

connect ion between these two types of dualism is seen by Otzen in the

idea that the divis ion of mankind to which each individual wil l belong

is determined by the outcome of the s truggle in his own soul . This , i t

s e e m s t o m e do e s no t a c c ur a t e l y r e p r e s e nt t he t ho ug ht o f t he Ma nua l

of Disc ipl ine . No doubt the e lement of personal decis ion and effort

was recognized in practice , but l i t t le room is left for i t in the passage in

que s t i o n . Sc hw e i z e r ' s j udg e m e nt , t ha t t he o ut c o m e bo t h i n t he uni

verse and in the individual soul is determined not by the spir i t of man

but by the power of God, is more in accord with the implicat ions of the

text . "

3 1

1 h a v e f o u n d o n l y o n e s u c h s c h o l a r : cf . J o s e f S c h r e i n e r ,

" G e i s t b e g a b u n g i n d e r G e m e i n d e v o n Q u m r a n , " B i b l i s che Z ei t sch r i f t ,

9

(1965), p . 135 .

3 2

H a n s W i ld b e r g e r , " D e r D u a l i s m u s in d e n Q u m r a n s c h r i f te n , "

As ia t i sche S tud ien , 8 (1954), pp. 163-177.

33

I b i d . , p p . 166 an d 177.

34

I b i d . , p . 177 n . 3 5 : W i l db e r g e r w r i t e s , " E r s t na c h A bs c hl uf i

meiner Arbeit bin ich aufmerksam geworden auf den Art ikel von K. G.

Kuhn: 'Die Sektenschrif t und die i ranische Religion, ' in

Zschr.f.

Th.

u n d K . 49 , 1952 , S . 296 . Dafi er zu ahnlichen Ergebnissen kommt wie

ich,

ist mir eine wertvolle Bestatigung meiner Sicht . "

35

I b i d . ,

p . 167 .


27/272

1 6

T h e M e a n i n g o f

R u a h

a t Q u m r a n

t h i s s p i r i t w o u l d a l s o h a v e a n a n g e l i c s t a t u s a n d b e c a p a b l e o f

b e i n g k e p t " i n t h e h e a r t " o f t h o s e d e v o t e d t o h i m . I f s o , th i s

p u t s h i m i n t e n s i o n w i t h K u h n ' s d e f i n i t i o n ( a t t h e t i m e ) o f t h e

s p i r i t s o f t r u t h a n d p e r v e r s i o n a s n o m o r e t h a n p r e d e s t i n e d ,

s p i r i tu a l d i s p o s i t i o n s w i t h i n m e n .

3 6

A f t e r t h e f i r s t e d i t i o n o f 1 Q M w a s p u b l i s h e d b y E . L .

S u k e n i k i n 1 9 5 4 ,

3 7

a n u m b e r o f c o m m e n t a r i e s o n it a p p e a r e d i n

t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r , t h e m o s t d e t a i l e d a n d e x t e n s i v e o f w h i c h

w a s a b o o k b y h i s s o n , Y i g a e l Y a d i n .

3 8

Y a d i n r e g a r d e d 1 Q S

3 : 1 3- 2 5 a s p r e s e n t i n g a d e t e r m i n i s t i c a n d d u a l i s t i c d o c t r i n a l

v i e w p o i n t , a n d h e b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e a u t h o r o f 1 Q M h a d m a d e

f r e q u e n t u s e o f i t .

3 9

N o w Y a d i n ' s a n a l y s i s o f 1 Q M c l e a r l y

s h o w e d t h a t i t s a u t h o r e n v i s i o n e d m o r e t h a n j u s t a c o n f li c t b e

t w e e n h u m a n a r m i e s . G o d H i m s e l f , a s s i s t e d b y t h e " A n g e l o f

L i g h t , " w o u l d c a r r y o n a s i m u l t a n e o u s b a t t l e w i t h t h e s e c t a r i

a n s '

s u p e r n a t u r a l e n e m i e s ,

i.e.,

B e l i a l , t h e s p i r i t s ( d e v i l s ) o f

h i s l o t a n d t h e a n g e l s o f d e s t r u c t i o n .

4 0

Y a d i n ' s v i e w t h a t 1 Q M

i s a n a p p l i c a t i o n o f 1 Q S 3 : 1 3 - 2 5 , t h e n , w o u l d t e n d t o s u p p o r t t h e

i d e a t h a t t h e s e c t a r i a n s ( o r a t l e a s t t h e a u t h o r o f 1 Q M ) u n d e r

s t o o d t h e t w o s p i r i t s o f 1 QS 3 : 1 3 - 25 a s p a r t o f a s u p e r n a t u r a l ,

cosm i c c o n f l i c t , i.e., a s i n v o l v i n g m o r e th a n s i m p l y a p s y c h o l o g

i c al b a t t l e w i t h i n t h e h u m a n h e a r t .

4 1

3 6

C / .

n. 18 above.

3 7

E .

L . Suke nik , n na » r

n o t ra m n

T 3

m r w n t r fr s a n

ix*, ("The De ad

Sea Scrol ls of the Hebrew Univers i ty" ) ( Jerusalem: Bial ik Foundation

an d H eb rew Un iversity , 1954) , p p . 16-34, plates 16-34.

3 8

Y i g a e l Y a d i n , n m r im a

nfriaa isiin

' J M

IW

» »

r a n t e

rrrjo, ("The

Scrol l of the War of the Sons of Light against the Sons of Darkness" )

( Jerusalem: Goldberg 's Press , 1955) .

39

I b i d . ,

p p . 2 2 0 - 1 .

*°bi d .,

p . 221 .

4 1

C f . We r nbe r g - Mo l l e r , " Re c o ns i de r a t i o n , " p . 4 2 8 n . 3 0 , w ho be

l ieves that the tw o a nge ls of 1QS 3-4 (as personif icat ion s of the tw o

s p i r i t s ) a r e no m o r e t ha n p s y c ho l o g i c a l d i s p o s i t i o ns i n m e n; cf . also

H e r be r t Ma y , " Co s m o l o g i c a l Re f e r e nc e i n t he Q um r a n D o c t r i ne o f t he

Tw o Sp i r i t s a nd i n O l d Te s t a m e nt I m a g e r y , " Jo u r n a l o f B i b l i c a l L i t er a

t u re , 82 (1963) . p . 5 , who disagrees with Wernberg-Moller on this point

and c i tes the work of Yadin in 1QM as support for the view that both


28/272


the two spir i ts and the two angels are cosmic beings . However , i t i s not

necessary to identify the two spirits with the two angels to do justice to

the cosmic scope of 1QS 3-4 (as can be seen especially in K. G. Kuhn's

work previous to 1960;

cf .

pp . 3 -4 abov e) .

4 2

E r i c S j o b e r g , " N e u s c h o p f u n g i n d e n T o t e n - M e e r - R o l l e n , "

S tu -

d i a Theo l o g i ca , 9 (1955) , pp. 131-6 .

4 3

Sj 6 be r g ha s t he s up p o r t o f a s t r o ng c o ns e ns us i n s i x t e e n o f h i s

seventeen defini t ions of r u ah in IQH: man's spir i t in 3 :21 and 11 :12 ;

Go d's Spirit in 4:3 1; 7:6f.; 9 :32 ; 12 :11; 12 :12; 13 :18f .; 14 :2 5; 16 :7 ; 16 :11 ; 16 :1 2;

17:26 ; f 2:9; 2:1 3; and 3:14.

^K . G. Ku hn , "Tex te ."

4 5

Sj 6 be r g , " Wi e de r g e bur t , " p p . 7 9 f f .

4 5

K .

G. Kuhn, 'Tfetpao-nos," pp. 214-5.

4 7

Sj 6 be r g , " N e us c ho p f ung , " p . 1 3 3 .

A f i n a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o b e c o n s i d e r e d h e r e i s a s h o r t a r t i c l e

b y E . S j o b e r g

4 2

w h i c h , d e s p i t e i ts l e n g t h o f o n l y s ix p a g e s , w a s a

m a j o r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e s t u d y o f r u ah i n t h e S c r o l l s . T h i s w a s

t h e f ir st a r t r i c l e t o m a k e a n a t t e m p t to d e f i n e i n a c o m p r e h e n

s i v e m a n n e r r e f e r e n c e s t o G o d ' s S p i r i t i n I Q H i n r e l a t i o n s h i p t o

m a n , a n d g i v e n t h e c o n s e n s u s o f s u b s e q u e n t s c h o l a r s h i p , i t w a s

l a r g e l y s u c c e s s f u l .

4 3

S j o b e r g ' s p o s i t i o n h e r e i s t h a t K . G . K u h n i n

h i s i n i t i a l a r t i c l e i n 1 9 5 0

4 4

w a s , a f t e r a l l , c o r r e c t w h e n h e d e

s c r ib e d s e c t a r ia n t h e o l o g y a s t e a c h i n g a s p i r i t u a l t r a n s f o r m a

t i o n o r Neuschop fung o f a p e r s o n a t h i s e n t r a n c e i n t o t h e Q u m

r a n c o m m u n i t y . S j o b e r g h a d o r ig i n a l l y d o u b t e d t h i s a n d h a d i n

t e r p r e t e d t h e e v i d e n c e o f f e r e d b y K u h n i n 1 9 5 0 a s r e f e r r i n g t o a

s p i r i t u a l s t a t u s g i v e n t o t h e s e c t a r i a n a t b i r t h .

4 5

A f t e r t h e p u b

l i ca t i o n o f 1 Q S , K u h n t h e n m o v e d t o w a r d t h e v i e w s o f S j o b e r g ;

h e n o l o n g e r d e s c r i b e d t h e s e c t a r i a n s ' s p i r i t u a l li fe i n t e r m s o f a

Neuschop fung

b u t a s a s t a t i c , p r e d e s t i n e d

h a b i t u s

g i v e n a t

b i r t h .

4 6

B y 1 9 5 5, h o w e v e r , m o s t o f t h e m a j o r s c r o l l s w e r e a v a i l

a b l e , a n d t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e s e s c r o l l s l e d S j o b e r g t o e v a l u t a t e

t h e q u e s t i o n o n c e m o r e i n t h i s p r e s e n t a r t i c l e . H i s c o n c l u s i o n s

w e r e t h a t I Q H c l e a r ly t a u g h t "d i e N e u s c h o p f u n g b e i m E i n t r it t

i n d i e S e k t e , n i c h t u m d i e u r s p r u n g l i c h S c h o p f u n g d e s M e n

s c h e n "

4 7

a n d t h a t i ts p r o p e r t h e m e w a s " d i e S c h w a c h h e i t d e s

n a t i i r l i c h e n M e n s c h e n u n d d i e E r n e u e r u n g d u r c h d i e G n a d e


29/272

1 8

T h e M e a n i n g of R u a h a t Q u m r a n

G o t t e s . "

4 8

T h i s s p i r i t u a l r e n e w a l is t o b e c h a r a c t e r i z e d a b o v e

a ll b y t h e g r a n t i n g o f k n o w l e d g e a n d t h e S p i r it o f G o d .

4 9

A

p r i m a r y e v i d e n c e u p o n w h i c h S j o b e r g b a s e d t h is r e v a l u a t i o n o f

r u ah

w a s a c o m p a r i s o n o f I Q H 3 :1 9 -2 3 a n d 1 1 : 1 0 - 1 4 . It i s i n t e r

e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t o n e o f t h e s t r o n g e s t s u p p o r t e r s o f S j o b e r g 's

a n a l y s i s o f t h e s e p a s s a g e s ( a l t h o u g h w i t h o u t m e n t i o n i n g

S j o b e r g ' s a r t i c l e ) i s H . W . K u h n , a s t u d e n t o f K . G . K u h n a n d a u

t h o r o f o n e o f t h e m o s t d e f i n i t i v e s t u d i e s i n t h i s a r e a d o d a t e .

5 0

b . I r a n i a n i n f l u e n c e o f t h e c o n c e p t o f

r u ah

i n s e c t a r i a n

t h o u g h t .

A l m o s t f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g o f Q u m r a n r e s e a r c h a n d e v e n b e

f o r e t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e " t w o s p i r i t " p a s s a g e s o f 1 Q S , s o m e

s c h o l a r s f e l t t h a t t h e r e w a s d e f i n i t e e v i d e n c e o f I r a n i a n i n f l u

e n c e o n s e c t a r i a n t h i n k i n g .

5 1

A f t e r t h e f u ll p u b l i c a t i o n o f 1 Q S

w i t h i t s d u a l i s t i c , t w o - s p i r i t t e a c h i n g i n 3 : 1 3 -4 : 2 6, th i s i m p r e s

s i o n w a s s t r e n g t h e n e d p r i m a r i l y b e c a u s e i t w a s d i f f i c u l t t o

s h o w h o w t h e O l d T e s t a m e n t a l o n e c o u l d h a v e g i v e n r i s e t o a

b e l i e f i n t w o s p i r i t s c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t w o a n g e l s o f c o s

m i c p r o p o r t i o n s , w h o r u l e d o v e r t h e c o n d u c t o f a ll m e n .

5 2

N o t

4

% f d . , p . 135 .

4 9

f b i i . : " D i e g r o s s e R o l l e d e r E r k e n n t n i s d e r g o t t l i c h e n G e -

h e i m n i s s e w a r u n s s c h o n i n d e r G e m e i n d e o r d n u n g d e r S e k t e ( D S D

[i.e. 1 Q S] ) e nt g e g e ng e t r e t e n , a uc h ka m di e B e de ut ung de r F i i hr ung

d u r c h d e n G e i s t G o t t e s d o r t z u m V o r s c h e i n . B e i d e s w i r d i m m e r

wieder in den Lobleidern betont . "

5 0

C / . H . W . K u h n , Enderw a r t u ng, p p . 80-5 and 113 . N ote a lso the

c o m m e n t o f S . F . N o l l , " A n g e l o l o g y i n t h e Q u m r a n T e x t s "

(unpublished disser ta t ion, U. of Manchester , 1979) , p . 93 : "H. W. Kuhn

in his detailed study of the two hymns in IQH iii 19-36 and xi 1-14 has

put subsequent interpreters in his debt . "

5 1

C f .

K . G . K u h n , " T e x t e , " p . 2 1 1 a n d D u p o n t - S o m m e r ,

"L ' instruct ion," p . 16 .

5 2

C / . D up o nt - So m m e r , " i ns t r uc t i o n , " p . 1 6 : " Ce t t e c o nc e p t i o n de s

deux Espri ts es t absente de l 'Ancien Testament . El le es t , au contraire ,

essentie l le dans les Gatha . Par exemple , Yasna , XLV, 2 :

Je vais discourir des deux Espri ts ,


30/272


e v e r y b o d y a t t h a t t i m e , h o w e v e r , a g r e e d t h a t Z o r o a s t r i a n i s m

( o r s o m e f o r m o f i t) w a s t h e p r i m a r y s o u r c e o f t h i s t w o - s p i r i t

d u a l i s m . G . M o l i n , f o r e x a m p l e , s o u g h t t o f i n d i t s s o u r c e t h e t h e

O l d T e s t a m e n t , e s p e c i a l l y a s t h i s i s v i e w e d a g a i n s t t h e w i d e r

b a c k g o u n d o f t h e A n c i e n t N e a r E a s t ,

5 3

a n d K . S c h u b e r t s o u g h t

i ts s o u r c e i n e a r l y J e w i s h G n o s t i c i s m .

5 4

S t r o n g p o s i t i o n s a g a i n s t

I r a n ia n i n f lu e n c e s w e r e l a te r d e v e l o p e d b y F . N o t s c h e r

5 5

a n d P .

W e r n b e r g - M e l l e r .

5 6

A t p r e s e n t , s c h o l a r s s e e m t o b e u n d e c i d e d

a b o u t th e s t r e n g t h o f I r a n i a n i n f lu e n c e a t Q u m r a n .

5 7

I t i s i m p o r -

Dont le plus saint , au commencement de 1 'exis tence , a di t au de-

s tructeur :

'Ni nos pensees ni nos doctr ines ni nos forces mentales ,

ni nos choix ni nos paroles ni nos actes ,

ni nos consciences ni nos ames ne sont d 'accord. '

Et encore Yasna , XXX, 3 :

Or , a l 'or igine , les de ux Esp ri ts que sont conn us ( . . . )

c o m m e j u m e a u x

sont l 'un le mieux, l 'autre le mal

en pensee , parole , ac t ion. Et entre eux deux ,

les intelligents choisissent bien, non les sots."

5 3

G e o r g M o l i n ,

D ie Sonne des L i ch t es , Z ei t u nd St el l ung der

H andsch r i f t en vom To t en M eer , (Wien: Verlag Herold, 1954) , p . 129 .

5 4

Kur t Sc hube r t , " D e r Se kt e nka no n v o n E n F e s hc ha und di e A n-

fange der j i idischen Gnosis , "

Theo l o g i sche L i t era t u r zei t ung ,

78 (1953 ),

col .

504. In this article Schubert sees the origin of the two spirits in the

G no s t i c syzygy c o nc e p t , but no o ne s e e m s t o ha v e f o l l o w e d hi m o n

this.

5 5

F r e i d r i c h N o t s c h e r ,

Z u r t heo l o g i schen Term ino l og i e de r Q um

ran Tex te , Bonner Biblische Bei trage , 10 (Bonn: Peter Hanstein, 1956) ,

p p . 86-92.

5 6

W e r n b e r g - M 0 l l e r , " R e c o n s i d e r a t i o n , " p p . 4 1 3 - 4 4 1 .

5 7

C / .

Sha ul Sha ke d, " Q um r a n a nd I r a n : f ur t he r c o n s i de r a t i o ns , "

I s rael O r i en t a l St ud i es , 2 (Tel Aviv Univers i ty , 1972) , 433 : "There exis ts

by now [1972] a fa ir ly large body of l i terature around the subject of

possible Iranian influences in the writings found at Qumran. It is fair , I

bel ieve , to summarize the posi t ion of the debate on the subject by

stat ing that the issue is undecided, and

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