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prilog broja 18/2012
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1. listopada 2012. gospodarskilist
39
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Sjetva ozimih žitarica
Gospodarski značaj strnih žitarica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U Hrvatskoj ima prostora za po-većanje prosječnih prinosa zrna za sve strne žitarice, a kvalitet-no i pravovremeno obavljena sjetva je prvi korak na putu po-stizanja tog cilja.
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Pogodne pretkulture za sjetvu ozimih žitarica su sve one koje pripadaju drugoj skupini kultu-ra (leguminoze, uljarice, krmne kulture), a istovremeno dovolj-no rano napuštaju njive kako bi se na njima mogla obaviti pra-vovremena i kvalitetna osnov-na obrada i priprema tla prije nastupa optimalnih rokova za sjetvu.
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Kad treba i kada se može oba-viti oranje ne ovisi samo o pre-dusjevu nego i o svojstvima tla, o vlažnosti tla i o nagibu terena. U praksi je vlažnost tla najčešće glavni čimbenik koji određuje vrijeme osnovne obrade tla. In-terval povoljne vlažnosti tla za oranje je vrlo uzak kod teških, glinastih tala, koja prevladava-ju u našim glavnim područjima proizvodnje pa se često naziva-ju i „minutna tla“. Velik dio vre-mena ona su mokra i ljepljiva ili presuha i zbita. U humusnoj ilovači povoljni interval za obradu je duži, a u pjeskovitim tlima praktički ne postoji pa se potonja mogu skoro pa uvijek obrađivati.
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Osim intenzivne zaštite od bo-lesti tijekom vegetacije, deklari-rano sjeme se dodatno tijekom dorade na najkvalitetniji način zaštićuje protiv bolesti primje-nom odgovarajućeg fungicida. Time se jednostavno i vrlo učinkovito bori-mo protiv većine bolesti koje se prenose sjeme-nom.
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Rani rokovi sjetve
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Količina sjemena potrebnog za sjetvu unutar ranih rokova može se stoga osjetno smanji-ti u usporedbi s onom koja se uobičajeno primjenjuje u pre-poručenim, a posebice u zakaš-njelim rokovima sjetve. Niže norme sjetve su moguće zbog znatno manjih gubitaka u nica-nju. Osim toga duže je i jesen-sko razdoblje do ulaska u zimu, što omogućava jači rast i razvoj usjeva. Stoga se primjerice sje-tva pšenice u ranim rokovima može obaviti sa svega 150 do 200 kg sjemena po hektaru ovi-sno o speci# čnoj veličini (masi) sjemena pojedine sorte što su značajno manje količine sjeme-na od uobičajenih. Time je mo-guće ostvariti veću ekonomsku dobit budući da su se smanjila ulaganja u proizvodnju.
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Optimalni rokovi sjetve
Samo optimalni rokovi sjetve omogućavaju dobro klijanje, nicanje i razvoj usjeva u cilju os-tvarenje najpovoljnije fenofaze za ulazak u zimski period, a to je početak busanja s jednim do tri izboja ovisno o kulturi. Sje-tva unutar optimalnih rokova je naročito važna kod ječma i raži budući da ranije prelaze u vlata-nje i klasanje u proljeće. Stoga kod tih kultura moramo obave-zno osigurati zadovoljavajuće nabusavanje u jesenskom raz-doblju.
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Kasni rokovi sjetve
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