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Safety Requirements for ULD Operations –
Managing the Human Factor
Joseph P. JensenManager, ULD Control Group
Delta Airlines
Safety Requirements for ULD Operations– Managing the Human Factor
Guest Speaker: Joseph P JensenULD Control Group- Delta Air Lines
11th Annual World Cargo Symposium15 March 2017 / 14:15 – 14:30
DELTA AIR LINES, INC.Managing the Human Factor13
Why are ULDs important to us?
ULDs are valuable for many reasons
ü Speeds up the loading and unloading processes
ü Allows cargo/mail to be built off airport
ü Restrains items while onboard the aircraft
ü Provides some fire protection
ü Lowers employee injuries compared to bulk loading
ü Protects the contents from weather (containers)
ü They make really cool off airport tiny homes
DELTA AIR LINES, INC.Managing the Human Factor16
We as leaders need to promote ULD safety
Our expectations
ü Support the continued airworthiness of ULDs
ü Enforce proper buildup processes to ensure safe aircraft operations
ü Mandate only airworthy ULDs can be loaded onto an aircraft
ü Ensure aircraft departure procedures comply with all weight and balance requirements
ü Continually manage the human factors and eliminate risk
ü Strive to find new technologies and automation that can remove human errors and contribute to safer aircraft operations
DELTA AIR LINES, INC.Managing the Human Factor18
Safe ULD operations requires action
Collaboration & Innovation
ü Manufacturers, airlines, shippers, and GHAs need to all enforce IATA safety standards
ü Implementation of an industry wide ULD code of conduct
ü Participation in industry events and focus groups
ü Sharing of best practices
ü Hold our leadership and employees accountable
ü Seek out new technology to eliminate risk
DELTA AIR LINES, INC.Managing the Human Factor19
Case Study Managing Human Factors at Delta
Identify risksDevelop
sustainable programs
Measure performance
Hold parties accountable
Support with Technology
Safety Risk Assessments
Retooled manual & training
ULD MetricsDaily & Monthly reporting
Leverage existing
technology
Example
Loading the future
What is the problem today and where are we struggling in the air cargo supply chain?
• Cargo operation hasn´t changed in the last 40years.
• Air freight still not fast enough, think about efficiency, handling charges.
Why we have to change!
• New opportunities due to transforming environment (e-freight/e-commerce; digitalization; Industry 4.0; artificial intelligence)
15. March 2017 Loading the future – Cargo Zero 11. World Cargo Symposium Abu Dhabi23
Loading the future
Our vision and target.
• We would like to address:– Improvement of flexibility.– Efficient and seamless integration into the cargo supply network.– Transparency and speed due to efficient loading of belly capacity leads to customer satisfaction.
We call it “ Loading the future”.
15. March 2017 Loading the future – Cargo Zero 11. World Cargo Symposium Abu Dhabi24
Loading the future
Automatization =
Key point in cargo operation of the future.
15. March 2017 Loading the future – Cargo Zero 11. World Cargo Symposium Abu Dhabi25
Copyright: AIRBUS S.A.S. 2014;Sergio FLORES/Mango
• Smart Factory• Autonomous driven trucks/loader / vehicles• Drones
Is this the future in 2030?
Loading the future – Logistic supply chain /network 2030
15. March 2017 Loading the future – Cargo Zero 11. World Cargo Symposium Abu Dhabi26
Sea freight Cargo Terminal Rotterdam today
• The port of Rotterdam was a pioneer in the world with Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs), and the first with automated terminals.
• Container loading/stacking handled by autonomous robotic cranes and computer controlled AGVs.
15. March 2017 Loading the future – Cargo Zero 11. World Cargo Symposium Abu Dhabi
Wikipedia: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Automatization in air cargo transport… how far we are and we will go?
• Robotized ground equipment/ULD build up by robot(s)
• Self driving ground handling vehicles/ autonomous driven vehicles
• Unit Load Device (ULD) contour check prior to loading of aircraft (a/c)
• Sensor network in-/outside a/c• Automatic cargo loading system on a/c• Fast / express/ priority line for cargo (short
ways)• Faster processes & shorter lead times
15. March 2017 Loading the future – Cargo Zero 11. World Cargo Symposium Abu Dhabi
Copyright Airbus
CargoZero
15. March 2017 Loading the future – Cargo Zero 11. World Cargo Symposium Abu Dhabi29
• Movement of ULD by air cushion actuator.
• New ULD standard should be backward compatible with ULD AKH LD3 45".
• No manual latching of ULDs.
Automatic Cargo Loading
15. March 2017 Loading the future – Cargo Zero 11. World Cargo Symposium Abu Dhabi30
• Movement of ULDs via autonomous driven vehicles.
• Standard ULD AKH LD3 45“.
Summary
• Automatization of Cargo loading processensures a safe and proper handling of ULDs in the future.
• Complete transport logistic chain/network.• Aircraft is part of the logistics network.• ULD contour check prior to a/c• Fully automated/securely cargo loading
system on a/c.
• Let´s take the chance to start a commonapproach between all involved actors in the cargo operation chain.
15. March 2017 Loading the future – Cargo Zero 11. World Cargo Symposium Abu Dhabi31
Thank you
Copyright
“If you always do what you did, you will always get what you always got”.(Albert Einstein)
Can Robots Do the Job Better?Application of Robotics Technology in
ULD Operations
Juha TuominenCEO
ePiece Ltd.
Can Robots Do the Job Better? – Application of Robotics Technology in ULD Operations
CEOJuha TuominenePiece Ltd
WCS’17AbuDhabi15.3.2017
CONTENTS
§ Paradigmshiftthroughpiece-leveloperations
§ Motivation,DriversandStakeholders
§ StudiesoncargoshipmentsandULDs
§ DesignandanalysesonULDoperationsutilizingpiece-levelautomation
§ Conclusions&Future
§ Missinglinkinthe(automated)baggagehandlingprocess:make-up
§ Baggagehandlingoperationsarealreadyonpiece-level
§ Automatedtracking&tracing
§ Datatransfer&integration
§ Preliminaryloadplanning
STATE-OF-THE-ART IN BAGGAGE MAKE-UP AUTOMATION
PIECE-LEVEL AUTOMATION IS A GAME CHANGER
§ Aircargoindustryissearchingforgamechangersincargooperationsthatessentiallyhaven’tchangedinageneration.
§ They’reright.TheETVwasintroducedinthe1970’s.Transfervehiclesatthesametime.SomeASRSsystemsstartedtomakeinroadsontheforkliftkingdominthe1980’s.Barcodemarkingandreadingmadetheirentriesinthe90’s...
§ That’sall25yearsagoandmore.
§ Piece-levelautomationandroboticswillbethenewreality– andverysoon.Thetechnologyisalreadyinuseinmanyotherfields...Butnotsomuchinaircargo ...
STAKEHOLDERS, DRIVERS & MOTIVATIONS
Forwarders/GHAsSLAs,QoS,tracking,monitoringetc.requirementsjeopardizecost-efficiencyandgrowth
Airlines/AirportseCommerce,securityandsafetyreq’s&resourceoptimizationsetmorepressurethroughoutthedeliverychain
Efficiency, QoS AWB & other data
Information AutomationProcesses
Competitiveness Security & Safety
Operations/GHAsStriveforserviceefficiency&excellenceRequiresaparadigmshift:operatingonpiecelevel
Efficiency Security, Costs,
HSA, (e)AWB
Trinityofpiece-leveloperationsdevelopment:
SHIPMENT & ULD STUDY, AND PIECE-LEVEL STATISTICS
§ Shipmentsweighed&measuredonpiece-levelatacceptance
§ Recordedinformationwascross-checkedwithobservationsmadeduringthemanualbuild-upprocess
§ Long-termandlargersetsofcargodatawereacquiredfromcargooperators’AWBrecordsandCMSdatabases
§ Cargodatawasprocessedandanalyzedresultinginanumberofvaluableviewpoints,correlations,chartsandstatisticsalsorefinedforutilizationinvarioussimulations
Piece weights: • 76% < 300kg• 13% 300 – 600kg• 4% 600 – 1000kg• 7% >1000kg
Capacity / person: • 10,9 tn / shift
or, on average
• ~35 pieces / h
Average weights:• ULD 2tn• Container 0,5tn• Piece ~30kg
AN
EXA
MPL
E C
ASE
PIECE-LEVEL STATISTICS (CASE 1)
A sample histogram of a set of AWB (Contents) Volume Average of• Pieces (7 data bins)• ULDs (4 data bins)
• ~60% of (pallet) ULDs with average piece volume of <100 litres
• ~65% of (pallet) ULDs 5-8 m3 (e.g. LD6 & 8)
• ~32% of (pallet) ULDs need an elevating workstation for build-up
PIECE-LEVEL STATISTICS (CASE 2)
§ ~5%of(pallet)ULDshave250+pieces§ ~40%of(pallet)ULDshave90+pieces§ ~75%of(pallet)ULDshave60+pieces
§ ~10%of(pallet)ULDshave<10pieces
§ ~10%have90+pieces§ ~25%have60+pieces§ ~50%have45+pieces
§ ~10%have<10pieces
PIECE-LEVEL ULD AUTOMATION – CONCEPT & DESIGN
§ Harnessingthefullpotentialofpiece-levelautomationpresumesenablingitsoperationonthreeprocessphases:acceptance/break,storage/transfer andbuild-up
Ø Atbest,piece-levelprocesscollectsAWBdatawellbeforeacceptance/break;pieceID,dimensions,weightandothercharacteristicsenableefficientautomationofacargooperation
Ø Automatedtransferandstorageareimportantbuildingblocksinanautomatedpiece-leveloperation;additionallymanybenefitscanbeachievedbyadoptingseamlesstrackingandtracingtechnologies
Ø Piece-levelbenefitsculminateinbuild-upautomation - themostlabor-intensiveprocessphase
§ Wehavedevelopedpiece-levelcargohandlingsystemdesigns withroboticbuild-upworkstations
§ Modelshavebeensimulatedusingstatistically-relevantactualAWB/piece-leveldata asinput
PIECE-LEVEL ULD AUTOMATION DESIGN – EXAMPLE 1
§ Maximumcapacityof4 – 16ULDsor8 – 24LD-containersperhour,dependingonpieces
Ø cycletimedependse.g.onthepiecevolume-weight~15s– 30s– 45sØ planningandoptimizationcantargetpieces/h,ULDs/h,abalanceetc.
§ Abuild-upsolutionoffivesuchsystemswouldtakesome2500m2offloorspacewithayearlycapacitywellexceeding1.000.000tn
ASimulatedSetup:3robotsand4workstations
PIECE-LEVEL ULD AUTOMATION DESIGN – EXAMPLE 2
Capacity(example)§ 75%pieces;50%ULDs
Prerequisites§ Piece-levelacceptance§ Piece-levelstorage
Benefits§ Fasterthroughput§ Lessmanpower;safety§ Accuracyandreliability§ Trackingandtracing§ Security§ Lesshumanerrors
PIECE-LEVEL ULD AUTOMATION SIMULATIONS – RESULTS
Actual24-hourcargoflowatamajorcargooperationservedasinputtoallsimulations
~75%
§ (Build-up)loadplanningcouldbestartedmuchearlierthantoday’smanualoperations§ Piece-levelinformationcombinedwithflightloadingplansufficeforspaceoptimization
utilizingcomputerizedvirtualbuild-up§ Manualworkneededinbuild-upof“mixed”ULDswithlarge/heavy/exceptionalcargo
~12h
ULD outputCargo accepted X hours before STD (PAX + Freighter)
X hours before STD
Perc
ent a
ccep
ted
PIECE-LEVEL ULD AUTOMATION – ANALYSES & RESULTS
§ Upto80%of(pallet)ULDscanbebuilt-upautomatically
§ Virtualloadplanningwillconsiderablyincreasetheefficiency,predictability,scheduling,andoverallULDspaceoptimization(flighton-boardspaceutilization)
§ Automationonpiece-levelwillconsiderablyreducetheimpactsofallhuman-relatedfactorsthroughoutthelogisticschain
PIECE-LEVEL ULD AUTOMATION – ANALYSES & RESULTS
§ Automationingeneralistheanswer– robotsareattheirbestinbuild-up,andinsometransfer
§ Robotscandoverylittlewithoutpreciseguidelinesandabilityfordynamicprogramming–interplaywithprecedingandfollowing(cargologisticsmanagement)ITsystemsisthuscrucial
Ø Piece-levelID,dimensions,weightandspecialcharacteristicsliketypeandhandlingrulesØ ULD,contourand(on-board)loadingrules;SLAandotherregulationsØ Timeschedulesandothercargologisticschaintime-relatedfactors
§ Preliminarystudiesindicatethatcargopiecevariationrequiresasetofco-operativeautomateddevices,matchingwiththecargoflowcharacteristics– and100%automationnotbeingrealistic
PIECE-LEVEL CARGO AUTOMATION – FUTURE CHALLENGES
§ Extendingthedataexchange– anddeliveryofadvanceinformation– throughoutthecargologisticschain
ASRS,AGV,trackingandwarehouse
transferautomation
On-the-roadguidance,truck-levelscreening,yardtracking,
dockqueueandunloadschedulingtechnologies
Automatedbuild-upULDstorage&TV/AGVtransfertechnologies
Piece-leveldimensioning,tracking,security,customs,acceptance&conveying
automation
YardManagementSystem CargoManagementSystem
Build-upManagementSystem WarehouseManagementSystem
§ Automatingacceptanceproceduresforoptimalpiece-leveldatacaptureandfacility-internalroutingforbuild-up
§ CoordinatingtheinterplaywithmanualandautomatedprocessphasesforULDsbuilt-upasa“mixedset”ofskids&pieces
§ VirtualplanningofULDs§ SelectionandloadplanningoftheULDsformanualbuild-up
Integrated piece-level IT systems
Connecting the Cargo Supply Chain Using Intelligent ULDs
Dr. Ludwig H. BertschCEO & President
Unilode Aviation Solutions
Unilode Aviation Solutions
Connecting the Cargo Supply Chain Using Intelligent ULDs
Dr. Ludwig H. BertschPresident & CEO, Unilode Aviation Solutions
World Cargo SymposiumAbu Dhabi – 15 March 2017
Unilode Aviation Solutions
Our New Name
55
The name Unilode was created from the first letters of ‘unit load device’, referencing the essential aviation components at the heart of our business.
isnow
Unilode Aviation Solutions
Who we are Unilode Aviation Solutions – at a glance
56
We offer ULD and galley cart solutions including management,
supply, maintenance and repair
With over 25 years of aviation
industry experience
We own and manage over 100,000 airline
containers and pallets
With a network of 50 certified repair centres, 30 of which are
owned by Unilode
Completing over 420,000ULD and galley cart repairs
per year worldwide
With ULDs at more than 450
airports globally
Supported by 24/7/365 global
operations
Employing 580+aviation and supply chain professionals
Unilode Aviation Solutions
Innovation by Unilode
• WCS 2014 Los Angeles: If ULDs could talk what would you ask them?
• WCS 2015 Shanghai: Launch of CAN Track project & Innovation award
• WCS 2016 Berlin: ULD Care workshops and driving XML standard / E-UCR
• WCS 2017 Abu Dhabi: Interactive ULD and the next evolution of CAN Track
A continuing journey ...
57
Unilode Aviation Solutions
Interactive ULD
Smart = Capable of making adjustments that resemble those resulting from human decisions, chiefly by means of electronic sensors and computer technology
Interactive = (of a computer program or system) interacting with a human user, often in a conversational way, to obtain data or commands and to give immediate results or updated information
Smart ULDs ... Interactive ULDs ... What does it actually mean?
58
But most of all ‘interactive’ means:
Unilode Aviation Solutions
The internet of aviation things
• Human beings interrogating material objects, e.g. ULDs
• ULDs communicating with cargo reservation, warehouse operations and/or load & balance systems...
• ULDs communicating with each other as well as other aviation equipment and infrastructure, e.g. tugs, buildings, locations, etc.
• ULDs communicating with the aircraft, e.g. load contents, temperature (for safety reasons and/or product assurance)
• Everything communicating with everyone and everything ... Using the technology we already all have (mobile phones, tablets etc.)
• Proactive alerting regarding all elements of the value propostion (location, temperature, shock, tampering, chain of custody, safety and security ... and much more)
Rapid advances in Information Technology have now reached a stage where we can no longer sit still and wait ...
60
Unilode Aviation Solutions
The enablersWhereas technology is only the enabler it needs to be reliable, safe and compliant with regulations
61
• Autonomous data collection incl. location, temperature and sensor info
• Actively collecting and sending on data from other devices
• Autonomous data collection incl. location, temperature and sensor info (5 yrs battery life)
• Actively collecting and sending on data through other devices
• Mobile apps that offer context to data that has been generated
• Alerts and exception management
• Also acting as interrogator of devices
Unilode Aviation Solutions
Why are we doing this?
We believe that everyone benefits when:
• An item is able to track its whereabouts and condition autonomously and passes this information on to a backbone where we can all see it
• The item that is being tracked is what generates the transactional supply chain information not the human being generating the transaction
• Human intervention becomes necessary only when alerts are generated as opposed to having to make sense of masses of data without an immediately obvious context
• We are all CONNECTED!
The value proposition underpinning the Internet of Aviation Things will be different between stakeholders but....
65
Unilode Aviation Solutions
Value proposition
• Asset management – Cycle time, Dwell time, Damage prevention and Loss
• Cargo IQ – Process optimization and data exchange
• Product assurance – Temperature monitoring, load tampering, damage prevention, chain of custody and electronic document exchange
• Safety and security – Fire detection, explosives detection
Unilode is focusing its continuing field trial activities on business case development together with its customers
66
Unilode Aviation Solutions
Skin in the gameTo ensure we stay focused we need to recognize that we can only win together
67
Working as partners towards a common goal
Building a believable business case that creates value to all stakeholders, not just one or some...
Working with regulators and industry bodies to remove impediments, rather than impose them
Sharing the belief that we will get there together only with an equitable commitment
Getting on Track – Cargo Conn@ct
Oliver NüssenExpert for Cargo Conveyance & Electronic Systems
Airbus
Getting On TrackCargo Conn@ct
Oliver NüssenExpert for Cargo Conveyance & Electronic Systems15 March 2017
Perspective
15 March, 2017 Getting on Track - Cargo Conn@ct6
Let’s have a look at CDWCCCabin & Door Wireless Communication Cell
Cargo Conn@ct Cluster
15 March, 2017 Getting on Track - Cargo Conn@ct7
What did we see in the movie?• Aircraft = enabler• Combined loading procedures• Cargo control display• Interaction & control • Bag2go + "Secure System"• ULD sends content information• Mobile communication network• Aircraft network, aircraft interface• Digital documentation• CLS remote control• Positioning confirmation• CH sensor data + video surveillance
Cargo Conn@ct Cluster
15 March, 2017 Getting on Track - Cargo Conn@ct8
Main topics:• Wireless communication• Digital loading• New services• Cargo tracking & security
à Applying today's technologieswe can offer additional revenueand opportunities.
15 March, 2017 Getting on Track - Cargo Conn@ct10
Cargo Tracking – Conceptual Layers
Tracking and tracing• ULD positioning (GPS)• Track & trace module• Power supply• GSM shutdown/wakeup
Ambient cond. monitoring• Tracking & tracing included• Sensor interfaces• Data logging• Event evaluation• Event/health messages• Connectivity
Integrity monitoring• Tracking & tracing included• Ambient cond. monitoring included• Human-machine interface• Authorization management
Smart ULD• Inventory list• Interface to a/c systems• Event handling (shock, temp., integrity, …)
Server application• Digital back-end• Information control• Event management (delay, status deviation)
Digital Loading – Functional ApproachVarious functions to ease cargo loading in the future:• ULD locking & latching status indication• ULD & a/c identification• ULD positioning check• ULD condition monitoring• W&B compliance check• Cargo contour check• Augmented maintenance• Pressure indication• Door status check + remote control• Bulk net fixation check• Video surveillance• No-show management + lost cargo identification• Paperless e-freight operation + data security
15 March, 2017 Getting on Track - Cargo Conn@ct11
Wireless Connections – Technical Approach
15 March, 2017 Getting on Track - Cargo Conn@ct12
Remote Control Interface
Proximity Sensor
Weight Sensor
Material Health Sensor
ULD RFID Unit
Smoke Sensor
Latch Status Sensor
Loading Pad
Video Camera
Humidity Sensor
Drain Valve Sensor
Pressure Sensor
à New technologies offer new product solutionsà for cargo handling
à Airbus is aware of potential for digital optimization
à The aircraft can be an enabler
à Ideas are in place
Do not hesitate to contact us:• via contact details,• in the panel session,• ...
Conclusion
15 March, 2017 Getting on Track - Cargo Conn@ct13
Fire Containment + Lighter Materials + Damage Free – Can It Be All in One?
Koen BoendermakerMarket & Sales Manager
Teijin Aramid GmbH
Trend: eCommerce Trend: Connectivity Li-Ion Manufacturing
ULD Requirements Reference fields Engagement
Connectivity trendsMobile Internet Connections getting stronger (higher energy consumption) Source: Cisco
Lithium Ion Manufacturing trendChina is leading the charge: Lithium-ion megafactories in China grow capacity 6x by 2020 Source: Visual Capitalist
Fire fighter Clothing
Applications with the same requirements
Safety Gloves
Ballistic Helmets Bullet Proof Vests
What are your thoughts?
How do you perceive the risks related to Lithium Ion batteries?
Do you expect fire containment to become a standard ULD requirement?
Is it possible to combine low weight, toughness and fire containment?
What would a 60kg, tough, fire resistant AKE be worth?
Would the Growth in e-Commerce Drive the Use of Collapsible ULDS?
Pieter van CalcarDirector & General Manager Asia Pacific
ACL Airshop
Pieter van Calcar www.ACLairshop.com30
• Introduction• Traditional cargo flows• E commerce • Issues for the Air Cargo
Industry• Solution• Conclusions
Growth in E commerce drive the use of Collapsible Containers
Pieter van Calcar www.ACLairshop.com33
Traditional Cargo Flows
• B2B structure• Consolidated at starting point• Air cargo part of normal logistic process from Factory to end
user• End user unknown at time of shipment• Easy to palletize• Trade flows are inherently imbalanced, not just seasonal• (relatively) easy to reposition as pallets can be stacked
Pieter van Calcar www.ACLairshop.com35
E-commerce
• B2C elements• End user is known at time of shipment • No standard sized cargo at point of entry• Increased requirement for containers• Substantial Increase in Understocking/ Over
stocking issues• “Another disrupter” – Special events
Pieter van Calcar www.ACLairshop.com37
• How to deal with increased imbalances• A major, global Air Cargo integrator had an overstock of
100+ AMD containers which they had to ship back ONE WAY at USD 1,250 per container
• Sea shipping industry LOST USD 15-20 BILLION• Empty container movements accounted for 15% of all box
movements in the US, 14% in Latin America, 29% in Europe, 16% in the Middle East and 25% in China (source: Loadstar)
Main Issue for the Air Cargo Industry
Pieter van Calcar www.ACLairshop.com41
Solution
• Collapsible containers• AAY, AMJ,AAX• 40 x AAY in B737F/757F( 10 positions main deck)• 6 x AMJ ( 1 belly position Pax/cargo
WB aircraft)• 32X AAY, AMJ, AAX on a truck• Collapsible equipment is part of the
solution
Pieter van Calcar www.ACLairshop.com42
Conclusions
•E commerce is here to stay
•Creating challenges for the traditional cargo industry
•Collapsible ULD’s will be part of the solution
Panel Discussion – Your ULD VisionModerator:Ö Bob Rogers, Senior Advisor, Nordisk Aviation
ProductsPanelists:Ö Dr. Ludwig H. Bertsch, CEO & President,
Unilode Aviation SolutionsÖ Koen Boendermaker, Market & Sales
Manager, Teijin Aramid GmbHÖ Joseph P. Jensen, Manager, ULD Control
Group, Delta Airlines
Ö Zhi Yong Liao, Manager, Cargo Business Process and Standards, IATA
Ö Dr. -Ing. Oliver Nüssen, Expert for Cargo Conveyance & Electronic Systems, Airbus
Ö Bernd Schnörwangen, Head of Cargo System Integration, Airbus
Ö Juha Tuominen, CEO ePiece Ltd.Ö Pieter van Calcar, Director & General
Manager Asia Pacific, ACL Airshop
IATA Cargo Transformation program
1-3 years
4-9 years
10+ years
MediumImportance
Smart ULD Radar
Source: IATA ‘Your ULD Vision’ Survey Results ULD Design/ Automation/ Interaction
Real time tracking of ULD and contents
Real time alert on CLS engagement &
aircraft position