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Society as Amplifier of Deviance
Labels and More
Halo Effect
• a cognitive bias in which one trait influences expectations and evaluations of others in one's judgment of a person or object.
Cooley and Mead
• C. H. Cooley (1864-1929)• G.H. Mead (1863–1931) • Humans interact via meaningful symbols• Self emerges in interaction
• Provides the ideas that (1) how people react to you creates “reality,” (2) we play roles
What is a “role”
• Coherent set of behavioral expectations
Social Status
• A social status is a position in society• Social status is the prestige or honor
associated with a position/role/identity
History of Societal Reaction I
• Tannenbaum "Dramatization Of Evil“ 1930s– “As a maladjustment that arises out of conflict between a group and
the community at large. The issue involved is not whether an individual is maladjusted to society, but the fact that his adjustment to a special group makes him maladjusted to the large society because the group he fits into is at war with society” (Tannenbaum 1938:8).
• Act as evil Actor as evil Other behaviors of actor evil
https://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/tannenbaum.htm
History of Societal Reaction II
• E Lemert (1912-1996)• Deviance = Reaction + Label• 1dev (original act)reactionaccept label2dev (act part)
https://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/tannenbaum.htm
History of Societal Reaction III
• Becker, Erikson, Kitsuse (1960s)
https://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/tannenbaum.htm
Becker
Reaction/Response No Reaction
Rule AbidingFalsely accused.
Stereotypes. Rebellious critique.
“Normal” conformity
Rule Breaking “Pure” Deviance “Secret” Deviance
Natural History of LabelingBehavior
Notice
Reaction
Label act
Label actor
Status Master Status
RoleInstitutions
Secondary Deviance
mundane
Something I did
Something he did
Something he does
He’s different
He’ll do it again
Selection
• One behavior comes to define the entire person
Labels
• Easy to apply• Hard to lose
Labels
• Can block opportunity and yield more deviance
Labels
• Can play into techniques of neutralization and cause more deviance
Labels
• Can generate subcultures and lead to more deviance
Labels
• Can lead to differential association and more deviance
Labels
• Can block access to legitimate means for achieving legitimate goals
