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Soviet Union Physical Geography. Temps, Precip., Vegetation, Land Use Natural regions Effects on human settlement. Temperatures. High summer-winter contrast. Russia. Russia. Why Russia is cold. Northern location (Moscow N of Edmonton) Moderating oceans far away (“continentality”) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Soviet Union Physical Geography
•Temps, Precip., Vegetation, Land Use•Natural regions•Effects on human settlement
Temperatures
High summer-winter contrast
Russia
Russia
Why Russia is cold
•Northern location(Moscow N of Edmonton)
•Moderating oceans far away (“continentality”)
•Low relief open to Arctic cold winds
•Ranges block warm air
Why Russia is cold
Precipitation
•Mainly from Atlantic, favors west
•Rains in mid-Summer
•Lack of snow cover
•Interior drought-vulnerable
Russia
OilRussia In east-west bands, affecting settlement
Russia
Russia
RussiaLess productive to east
Russia
Land Use
Russia
85% of Sovietpopulation lived on
25% of land
Nonagricultural land
Agricultural land
Population onnonagricultural lands
Population onagricultural lands
Agricultural landsmore densely populated
( >10 persons km2 )
POPULATION
LAND
“Triangle” of settlementin agricultural zones
Ethnic Russian expansion
Trans-Siberian railroadsin eastern Russia
Omsk
Russia
Mixed forest zone
•West of Urals
•Grey-brown soils ideal for agriculture
•Slavic, Baltic states (including Russian heartland)
Russia
Steppe/Forest-steppe
•Grasslands or mixed (former nomad regions)
•Rich black earth good for farming
•Drought-vulnerable
•Ukraine/S. Russia bands, SW Siberia, N. Kazakstan
Semi-arid/Desert
•S. Kazakstan, rest of Central Asia
•Alkaline poor soils
•Fertile river valleys, oases, mountain flanks
•Slavs extracted resources
Russia
Mediterranean type
•Semi-arid but arable
•Parts of Caucasus, Crimea
•Drought-vulnerable
•Can grow some subtropical crops
(Georgian wines, etc.)
Taiga/Boreal forest
•North Russia/Siberia
•Acidic podzol soils poor for farming
•Conifers
•Half of Former USSR (all in Russia)
Tundra (treeless) zone
•Permafrost (frozen subsoil)
•Indigenous herders
•Slavs extract resources
Russia
Russia
Minerals
•Exhausted in earlier-conquered western regions
•Plentiful in Interior, Siberia, Central Asia
•Opposite of agriculture
Coal, Metals
Oil
Rivers•Caspian Sea•Aral Sea•Lake Balqash
South
Ranges•Caucasus•Tien Shan•Pamirs
•Ural•Amu•Syr
Lakes
Ranges•Carpathians•Dinaric Alps (Ex-Yugoslavia)
•Transylvanian Alps
West
Rivers•Volga•Don•Dniester•Dnieper•Danube•Elbe•Vistula
Seas•Baltic•Black•Adriatic (Ex-Yugoslavia)
Seas
•White Japan•Barents Bering•Kara Okhotsk•E. Siberian Laptev
East/North
Ranges
Rivers•Ob’-Irtysh•Yenisei-Angara•Lena-Aldan•Amur-Ussuri•Kolyma•Lake Baikal
•Kolyma•Aldan•Syan•Altai•Yablonovy
National Parks and Zapovednik (Reserves)From Russian Conservation News
www.russianconservation.org
Tour of “Wild Russia” Bioregions
Arctic
Kola/KareliaEasternEuropeanForest
EasternEuropeanSteppe/Forest-steppe
UralMountains
CaucasusMountains
Western Siberian Forest
WesternSiberian Steppe/Forest-steppe
CentralSiberia
Altai-Sayansky
LakeBaikal
Zabaikal(Transbaikal)
Yano-Kolymsky
Amur River-Sakhalin Island
KamchatkaPeninsula-Okhotsk Sea