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Space N’ StuffUnit 14
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Students will understand the
history, theories, and advancements
of astronomy.
Astronomy Major axis
Heliocentric Semimajor axis
Geocentric Minor axis
Telescope Period of revolution
Gravity Perihelion
Ellipse Aphelion
Vocabulary
Astronomy is the branch of science that deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole.
Introduction to Astronomy
In ancient civilizations, early astronomers used the observed motion of the stars, planets, sun, and moon as clocks, calendars, and compasses. The Greeks developed models to map these celestial motions.
In the 16th century, Copernicus explained that the solar system was heliocentric, having the sun in the middle, instead of the formerly accepted geocentric idea of Earth being the center.
Origins of Astronomy
Galileo helped contribute to the development of astronomy through his teachings of the Copernican view and by inventing the telescope, an optical instrument designed to make distant objects appear nearer.
Newton later built on this with his universal law of gravity, the force that attracts a body toward the center of the earth, or toward any other physical body having mass.
Contrary to popular belief, the solar system is actually an ellipse, a rectangular oval shape. An ellipse is defined by a major axis, the longest axis, which is broken in half by two semimajor axis, half of a major axis, and a minor axis, the shortest axis.
How The Solar System
Is Modeled
The amount of time it takes for a celestial body to make one full revolution around the sun is called a period of revolution.
The point at which the body is closest to the sun is called the perihelion. The point at which it is farthest from the sun is called the aphelion.
Due to NASA’s constant attempts to further space exploration, modern society has been benefited in several ways.
LED lights, firefighting equipment, memory foam, cordless vacuums, and solar energy are all indirect results of advancements in astronomy.
Modern Advancements From Astronomy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jHsq36_NTU
Look! A real link! It might actually work!
Wow!
Probably…
Educational.
KS
Who was the scientist responsible for
understanding that the solar system is
heliocentric?
THE FIRST FOUR PLANETSMercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
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The students will learn specific details about Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, such as size, orbit, temperature, and unique features of each planet. They willalso learn what classifies these asterrestrial planets.
Terrestrial Planets• The four planets closest to the sun are considered
terrestrial planets, called such because of the Latin word “terra,” meaning earth
• They are classified as this by their hard surface, made up of rocks and/or metals, and their molten metal (usually iron) core
• Also considered silicate planets, due to being mostly composed of silicate rock
• Have diverse landscapes, with craters, mountains, etc.
• Differ from Gas Giants in these ways: little to no moons, no planetary rings, very small
Mercury• Closest planet to the sun• Temperature: between -279˚F and 801˚F • Length of revolution (year): 88 Earth days• Length of rotation (day): 58 Earth days, 15 hours,
30 mins• Diameter: 3,032 miles• Has no atmosphere• The Caloris Basin is it’s largest feature, a crater
about 960 miles in diameter• Named after the messenger of the Roman gods,
because of its quick orbit around the sun
Venus• Very similar to the Earth in size, mass, density,
and composition• Temperature: 880˚F+• Length of revolution: 225 Earth days• Length of rotation: 243 Earth days• Diameter: 7,521 miles• Thick, toxic atmosphere consisting mainly of
carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid clouds• Maxwell Montes is the tallest mountain on the
planet, comparable to Mount Everest• Rotates the opposite way of most planets
Earth• Only planet known to support life• Temperature: -126˚F to 136˚F• Length of revolution: 365 days• Length of rotation: 24 hours• Diameter: 7,926 miles• Earth has one natural satellite, the Moon• Tilted at a 23˚ angle, which accounts for the four
seasons
Mars• The coldest of the first four planets• Temperature: -125˚F to 23˚F• Length of revolution: 687 Earth days• Length of rotation: 25 hours• Diameter: 4,222 miles• Has polar ice caps of frozen carbon dioxide• Only other planet to hold traces of water (mainly
frozen)• Is home to the largest volcano in the solar system,
Olympus Mons• Two small moons: Phobos and Deimos
Vocab Words• Terrestrial Planets: a planet having a compact
rocky surface• Silicate Planets: a terrestrial planet mostly
composed of silicate rocks• Revolution: the motion of one object circling
around another• Rotation: amount of time a planet takes to turn a
complete circle on its axis• Natural Satellite: a celestial body that circles
around another body
KS• What is the degree of the Earth’s tilt?
WWK: The size, diameter, distance from the sun, number of known moons, surface features and many other exciting things over the gas giants.
JUPITERSATURNURANUSNEPTUNE
Gas Giants: A large, massive, low-density planet with no well-defined planetary surface
Magnetic field: a field of force surrounding a permanent magnet or a moving charged particle
Dense: being compactPlanetary rings: resembling the physical or orbital
characteristics of the planet(s)Natural satellites: moon; celestial body that orbits a
planet or a smaller body
VOCABULARY DEFINITIONS
The gas giants are: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
The reason these planets are classified as “The Gas Giants” is because they are large planets that aren’t completely made of rock or other solid matter. Gas giants may have a rocky or metallic core, but for the most part their mass is composed of gaseous hydrogen and helium. There are also known to be traces of water, methane, ammonia, and such.
The surface of the gas giants aren’t clearly defined. They are denser closer to the core.
THE GAS GIANTS
5 th planet from the sunLargest planet4 th brightestHas 4 moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede and Calisto.
Known as the Galilean moons. Composed of 90% hydrogen and 10% helium63 known satellites Huge magnetic field: extends more than 650
million kmMass: 1.898 x 1027 kgDiameter: 69,911 kmDistance from the sun:817 million kilometers
JUPITER
“The Ringed Planet”6th planet from the sun2nd largestLike Jupiter, the surface is mostly hydrogen (97%
and 3% helium) Has 52 known moonsThe only planet that’s less dense than waterAverage temperature is -274°FMass: 5.684 x 1026 kgDiameter: 58,232 kmDistance from the sun: 1.4 billion km
SATURN
Been visited once by Voyager 2 on Jan 24, 1986Composed of: 83% hydrogen, 15% helium and 2%
methaneHas 13 known, large planetary rings composed of
particles up to 10 meters in diameter27 named moonsThe magnetic field isn’t centered, it’s tilted about
60˚off Mass: 8.68 x 1025 kgDiameter: 51,118 kmDistance from the sun: 2.88 billion km
URANUS
8 th planet from the sunNeptune's rings are dark and their composition is
unknown In Greek it means: “Poseidon”Visited by only one spacecraft, Voyager 2, on Aug 25
1989 Neptune’s winds can reach up to 2,000 km/hour13 known natural satellites Mass: 1.0247 x 1026 kgDiameter: 49,500 kmDistance from the sun: 4.5 billion km
NEPTUNE
Part 1:http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=43SHCRv4wdw#!
VIDEO Part 2… if ya wanna:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMfaCY3moHQ&feature=player_embedded
How many known moons does Neptune have?
KS
DEM CHILLUNS WILL KNOW ABOUT THE MANY KINDS OF SPACE ROCKS…
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Asteroids
The first kind of space rock and most commonly found is, of course, the Asteroid! It consists of a big hunk of rock or ice hurtling through space at great speeds. The first person to discover an asteroid was Giuseppe Piazzi. He discovered the asteroid Ceres.
Types of asteroids
The first type of asteroid is the Meteorite which passes close to the earth, often entering and subsequently burning up in the atmosphere.
Another type of asteroid is a Belt Asteroid which passes in between Jupiter and Mars.
The final type of asteroid is the Trojan . Trojan asteroids tend to travel past Jupiter and to the far reaches of space.
Asteroid belt The Asteroid belt is a huge ring of large asteroids caught in the gravitational pull of the sun that make a belt around the inner planets.
Pluto
The former 9th planet in our solar system, Pluto, is now technically a big, round, small-planet-sized asteroid. Sadly, with a sister asteroid close by and near the same size, scientists decided to revoke Pluto’s sol planetary license. :’(
