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Introduction to Signalling
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Nokia Siemens Networks Academy
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Document change history
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Signalling Concept
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What is Signalling ?
concerned with the establishment and control
of connections, and with management,
in a telecommunications network.
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Standardisation Bodies:
UN
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Other Standardisation Bodies
ISOC is a not-for-profit organization
founded in 1992 to provide leadership in
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Advantages of following the recommendations
Easier network integration
Wider choice of network products from which to choose
Competition between suppliers, which leads to reduced price and better products
For the subscriber, this results in quality, lower price and wider network coverage
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Signalling Types
signalling within the exchange
signalling between exchanges
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Simplified Signalling Between Subscriber and Exchange
Exchange
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Signalling Between Exchanges Simplified
number 2...
Hold on a second, who are you and what is your number?
I am a priority subscriber and my number is 214-123-4567
Ok, now give the rest of digits
Here they
are, 14-987-6543
Got it, bye
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Historical signaling development
CCS Signaling,
Digital Signalling based on data communication concept from OSI (Open System Interconnection).
Now is CCS No. 7 (called also SS7, C7, …)
This document will discuss mostly Digital Signalling
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Data Communication Environment
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OSI Protocol Stack
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Protocols and Interfaces
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Common Channel Signalling
Common Channel Signalling (CCS) is a signalling method in which signalling information is conveyed over a single channel by addressed messages.
CCS7
CCS7 is an internationally standardised Common Channel Signalling (CCS) system. It is optimised for operation in digital telecommunication networks such as GSM.
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CCS7 protocol stack vs. the OSI reference model (level and layer)
Physical layer
Application Part
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The Yellow Book Architecture : MTP with only:
Signalling Data Link Function
Signalling Link Functions
Signalling Network Function
User Parts: TUP and DUP, with possibility for other user parts.
The Red Book Architecture
ISDN user part modified to ISDN-UP
The SCCP served OMAP, with an application service part in between, which provided services of the Presentation, Session and the Transport layer
The Blue Book Architecture:
Introduction of “Transaction Capabilities”
The MTP made compatible to serve other CCITT defined users
The White Book Architecture:
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Signaling protocols in 2G/3G Core Networks
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2G GSM/3G Rel.99 network structure
Internet
(TCP/IP)
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CCS7 protocols in GSM Network
MAP / INAP
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Protocol stack in MGW Rel.99
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New Protocols in SCN Rel4
Radio Access Network Application Part (RANAP)
SIGTRAN (M3UA and SCTP)
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
AAL2SIG (AAL Type 2 Signalling) between RNC-MGW or MGW-MGW using ATM
IPBCP (IP Bearer Control Protocol) , using tunnelling for MGW-MGW using IP
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GSM/UMTS Rel4 network structure
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MSS System Interfaces & Protocols
BICC or SIP for signalling
H.248 for MGW control
RNC
HLR
PSTN
BSC
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RANAP
Maintains Iu-interface Control Plane, thus handling activities between the RAN and CN.
Broadband CCS
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RANAP
ATM
AAL5
SSCOP
SSCF
MTP3B
IP
SCTP
M3UA
IP
SCTP
M3UA
MSS
MGW
SCCP
RANAP
ISUP
SCCP
TCAP
MAP
RANAP
RNC
ATM
AAL5
SSCOP
SSCF
MTP3B
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BSSAP Signalling in Release 4
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Sigtran - Signalling over IP
Sigtran defines a standardized way of carrying any SS7 signalling over IP networks
Defines retransmission and reordering functionalities
Physical layer can be any layer 1 technology
Ethernet/SDH/etc.
IP
SCTP
M3UA
Application
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Sigtran Deployment in Rel4 MSC Server System
MSC Server
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MEGACO / H.248
---Media Gateway Control protocol
The H.248 protocol is used in the Mc interface between MSC Server and MGW Rel.4.
MSC Server controls the user plane terminations and contexts in MGW Rel.4 through the Mc interface.
L
MGW
MGW
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Bearer Independent Call Control - BICC
Specified by ITU-T, required in Rel4 networks
BICC is used for call control between two MSC servers in the Nc interface, allowing a backbone independent Control Plane and User Plane.
Based on ISUP, includes extensions to carry bearer related information; due to the fact that BICC is supposed to control calls over ATM/IP connection instead of PCM-TSLs.
The needed bearer specific information is transferred from MGW to MSS trough the H.248 protocol
MSC Server
MSC Server
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Two ways to establish a bearer
1) Use separate bearer control signalling (ATM)
2) Tunnel bearer information in call control messages (IP)
Bearer Control Signalling
Call Control Signalling
BICC or SIP
E.g, AAL2 signalling
In IP backbone, no separate bearer signalling is used. Instead, the information about the bearer is tunneled in H.248 and SIP or BICC via the MSC Servers. (IPBCP)
H.248
In ATM backbone, bearer is established via separate bearer control signalling. In case of ATM AAL2 connections, AAL2 signalling is used.
H.248
MGW
MGW
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Session Initiation Protocol - SIP
SIP specified by IETF
SIP-T defines extensions to carry ISUP messages encapsulated in SIP messages (“SIP for Telephony”)
Transport usually over UDP (can be e.g. SCTP as well)
Can establish IP bearers
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AAL Type 2 Signaling
AAL type 2 signaling protocol (Q.2630) is used between AAL2 switching capable network elements ("AAL2 switches"), e.g., RNC-MGW
AAL2 paths
CID = 8-255
AAL2 paths are configured (ATM VCC) as permanent virtual channels
Dedicated signaling channel (ATM VCC with AAL5) is configured between switches for carrying Q.2630 signalling
Signaling protocol controls AAL2 channel setup and tear down within AAL2 paths. AAL2 channel is identified by AAL2 Path ID and Channel Identifier (CID)
AAL2 path can go through an intermediate ATM switch in ATM protocol level without switching in AAL2 protocol level
CID(x)
CID(x)
SETUP
ATM
Switch
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CCS7 in 3G Rel 4 Network
MAP / INAP
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Creating Control Plane Protocol Stacks
Backbone
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Signalling and protocols in MSS
MAP
CAP
INAP
TCAP
BSSAP
RANAP
SCCP
BICC
ISUP
M3UA
H.248
SIP
SCTP
TCP
UDP
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Signaling Hardware in
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DX200 Standalone MSS
X.25 or
NMS and
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DX200 MSC (or Integrated MSS)
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IPA 2800 MGW Functionality
User plane transport and conversion between TDM, IP and ATM based interfaces
Signaling transport between network interfaces and MSC Server or GCS using SIGTRAN
Handling of media resources under the control of GCS or MSC Server via H.248
All needed media processing functions - Transcoding, Echo Canceling, Continuity Check, DTMF Generation and detection, Tone and announcement generation, conference functionality
Multimedia Gateway provides:
ATM, IP and TDM interfaces for ‘backbone’ connections between MGWs
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IPA 2800 MGW Functional Architecture
In U4
NIS1 (U3)
NP8S1 (U4)
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User plane data flow in MGW: Iu – IP BB (in U4)
Ethernet
SFU
MXU
MXU
TCU
OMU
SPMU
VANU
WDU
CACU
CM
STM-1
TDM
NEMU
STM-1
ATM
FDU
E1/T1/JT1
IMA/ATM
LAN
MXU
ESA24
ESA24
NIS/
NPS
E1/T1/J1
TDM
Transcoding, voice quality enhancements, copies ingress stream to egress stream
ISU
WDU
NIP1
IPEIPU
NIWU
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Signaling Flow in MGW
SFU
MXU
NIS1
ESA-24
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Appendix
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MSS Interfaces (1/2)
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MSS Interfaces (2/2)
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MGW Interfaces
Iu
SIGTRAN
TDM
IP
ATM
STM-1/OC3
Ethernet
MGW
E1/T1/JT1
E1/T1/JT1
STM-1/OC3
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MGW Interfaces
MSC Server
MSC Server
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H.248
The MSC Server (MSS) using the H.248 can control the user plane Terminations and
Contexts in Media Gateway (MGW)
This protocol is used to
•reserve and connect terminations
•connect or release of tones and announcements to terminations
•send/receive DTMF tones
CODEC/AAL2/ATM
CODEC/RTP/UDP/IP
Codec/AAL2/ATMSTM-1
G.711/TDME1/T1/STM-1
MSS - SMSC MAP TDME1/T1
MSS - MGW (Mc) H.248/Megaco
SIP
ITU/IETF
3GPP
several
UDP/IP
LAN
severalSeveral