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10/21/2008
1
Stages of Child
Development
By: Alyssa
9th period
Child Development
Marc Penrod
10/21/2008
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First Trimester of
Pregnancy
Pregnancy is generally divided into three trimesters, or three periods of 3 months each, for purposes of discussion.
1st trimester Weeks 1 - 4
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What the mother is
experiencing during the first
trimester
During pregnancy, two kinds of development go on at once—the
physical changes in the mother-to-be and the physical changes in the fetus.
Your Baby's Second Month
Week 7 -Week 8 -Week 9 -Week 10
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Physical Changes during the First
Trimester
The first trimester of pregnancy is the first 3 calendar months, or through the fourteenth week of gestation. You will
experience many physical and emotional changes during this time.
Uterus. For many women, a missed menstrual period is the first sign of pregnancy.
12 weeks, the placenta, or afterbirth, has developed. The uterus has grown to the size of a grapefruit.
Increased need to urinate
Fatigue. Pregnancy requires a great deal of physical and emotional energy. Proper rest is extremely important for an expectant mother.
Your Baby's Third Month
Week 11 - Week 14
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Choosing a Doctor or
Midwife
Obstetrician
Obstetricians are more likely than midwives to use medical interventions such as inductions, continuous monitoring, episiotomies as well as recommend cesareans.
Obstetricians are trained as surgeons and can do a cesarean, whereas a midwife cannot perform major surgery.
Obstetricians can treat both low and high-risk mothers but midwives can see only low-risk patients.
Midwife
Midwives tend to have a more holistic, natural philosophy about childbirth, whereas obstetricians are more likely to have a medical perspective and view birth as a risk.
Midwives tend to spend more time with you during labor and in prenatal visits than an obstetrician, who may be in and out of the birthing room until the final stages of pushing and birth.
Midwives, in some cases, practice in birth centers or a homebirths in addition to hospital births, unlike obstetricians who practice only in a hospital setting.
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Your First Prenatal Care Appointment
There are many things that may be done in the way of physical exam,
including:
Pelvic Exam
Pap Smear
Breast Exam
Blood Work
Pregnancy Test
Ultrasound (if you are having pain or bleeding )
Check your blood pressure
Record your weight
Check your urine for protein and sugar
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Regular Check-ups
A typical schedule includes visiting your doctor
or midwife:
about once each month during your first six months
of pregnancy
every two weeks during the seventh and eighth
month of pregnancy
weekly in the ninth month of pregnancy.
You can expect to see your doctor more
often as you approach the end of your
pregnancy.
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Eating Well
Calcium: Why it matters during pregnancy
Why do I need calcium? Your developing baby needs
calcium to grow strong bones and teeth, a healthy heart, nerves, and muscles, and to develop normal heart rhythm and blood clotting abilities.
How much do I need? Before, during, and after
pregnancy you need 1,000 mg a day, because your body can't absorb much more than that amount.
What are the best food sources of calcium?
Milk, especially skim, and other dairy products are top sources, as are calcium-fortified foods and canned fish.
A good multivitamin or prenatal vitamin should include at least 150 to 200 mg of calcium. You can also try a calcium
supplement.
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Seven principles to eating well
during pregnancy
1. Fine-tune your diet — even if you already eat well
2. Skip sushi, raw oysters, and soft cheeses, to name a few
3. Start taking a prenatal vitamin-mineral supplement
4. Don't diet while you're pregnant
5. Gain weight gradually
6. Eat small meals every four hours
7. Treat yourself to something sweet on occasion
DIET
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Fitness
Is it safe to exercise during pregnancy?
It is recommend that you not engage in strenuous activities that could raise your core body temperature to over 103 degrees Fahrenheit during the first four to six weeks of pregnancy. That's because a very high body temperature early in pregnancy could theoretically cause birth defects.
Later in pregnancy, if you're not well hydrated or have an elevated body temperature, you risk premature labor. If you're exercising to keep your heart and lungs in shape, moderate exercise is all you need.
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Fetal Development First
Trimester
Within this trimester you will find the most rapid rate of growth and development taking place.
By the end of the 1st trimester, your son or daughter will have grown to 3.4 inches long and weigh about 1.5 ounces.
Your infant will develop everything from limbs to vital organs.
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Development of baby in weeks 1- 4
The baby is now an embryo and is about 1/17 of an inch long.
The placenta begins functioning.
The umbilical cord develops.
The eyes and ears begin to form as well as an opening for the mouth.
The heart has begun to pump blood.
Buds form on the body that will become the arms and legs.
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
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Development of baby in weeks 5-8
Most of the joints are formed now.
Ears, ankles and wrists are formed.
At the end of the second month the fetus is a little over 1 inch long and weighs less than an ounce.
Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8
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Development of baby in weeks 9-12
The baby can now experience many sensations and is now able to begin communicating with you.
Your baby is intimately connected to you emotionally as well as physically.
By the end of the third month the fetus is 4 inches long and from now on, the organs will mature and the fetus will gain weight.
Week 9Week 9
Week 10
Week 11
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Second Trimester of Pregnancy
Your Baby: Rapid growth continues
Your baby will grow from approximately 3.7 to 4.1 inches and weigh about 1.75 to 2 ounces to approximately 14.5 inches long, and weigh over two pounds, in the second trimester.
Your baby is emptying his or her bladder every 40-45 minutes.
Your Body:
Your regular clothes may begin to feel a little snug.
If you plan on doing an amniocentesis schedule it now as these are normally done between 16 and 18 weeks.
Average weight gain to this point in pregnancy is about 1 pound per week after the first trimester.
You & Your baby’s 4th month
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What to expect in the Second
Trimester
Throughout your second trimester, you'll continue to visit your doctor
once a month -- as long as your pregnancy is progressing normally.
Each appointment probably will begin with you stepping on the
scale.
Doctors stress that you should try hard to stay within a 25- to 35-
pound weight gain. Straying too far from this guideline can lead to
problems.
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EXERCISING SAFELY
DURING PREGNANCY
Working out will help you sleep better, boost energy, decrease minor aches and pains, and improve circulation. And since blood volume increases when you're expecting, keeping it flowing will also help curb swelling, leg cramps, and varicose veins.
30 minutes of exercise three to five times a week.
Stretch gently
Don't exercise to lose weight
Drink plenty of water before, during and after your workout
Stay away from full sit-ups and double leg lifts
Go for the low-intensity workout
Avoid brisk exercise when it's hot or humid outside
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Tests and Screenings for the
Second Trimester
Urinalysis: This test, measures the protein and sugar in your urine.
Triple marker test: This blood screening that measures a specific protein, alpha-fetoprotein or AFP, in your blood.
Rhesus (Rh)-antibody-level test: A test that checks for a specific protein in your blood called the Rh factor.
Ultrasound: This test uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the unborn baby.
Amniocentesis: Extra test for older moms-to-be. This test of the fluid that surrounds your baby detects chromosomal and other genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, hemophilia, and sickle-cell anemia.
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Fetal Development in the
Second Trimester
Your baby's bones continue to harden and retain calcium very rapidly.
Your baby's eyelids are now firmly shut, and will stay closed until the third trimester.
As your pregnancy progresses, You may hear the heartbeat at your prenatal appointments.
Week 15: Skin begins to
form
Week 23: Lungs prepare for
life outside the womb
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Ending of the Second
Trimester
Week 25: Exploration continues
Week 26: Eyes remain closed
Week 27: Second trimester ends
This week marks the end of the second trimester. Your baby's lungs, liver and immune system are continuing to mature.
At 27 weeks, your baby's length will have tripled or evenquadrupled from the 12-week mark.
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Pregnancy Do’s and Don’ts
Do’s:
Take a prenatal vitamin
Maintain a healthy weight
Exercise regularly, with your health care provider’s OK
Eat healthy foods
Manage stress and any chronic health conditions
See your health care provider for regular prenatal checkups
Don’t: Smoke
Drink Alcohol
Use Drugs
Take medication without your
health care provider’s OK
••••
•
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Third Trimester of Pregnancy
The third trimester of
pregnancy spans from week
28 to the birth.
Although your due date
marks the end of your 40th
week, a full-term pregnancy
can deliver between the 38th
and 42nd weeks of
pregnancy.
Normal pregnancy: Third trimester
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Symptoms you may experience
in the Third Trimester
Normal symptoms you may experience during the third trimester of pregnancy include:
Braxton Hicks contractions, which are "warm-up" contractions that do not thin and open the cervix (do not lead to labor).
Fatigue
Back pain
Pelvic ache and hip pain
Hemorrhoids and constipation
Heartburn
Hand pain, numbness, or weakness (carpal tunnel syndrome)
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Third-trimester exams and
test
Third-trimester exams and tests
may include:
fetal ultrasound
hepatitis B
group B strep screening
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Schedule of prenatal visits
Every two weeks
during the seventh
and eighth month of
pregnancy.
Weekly in the ninth
month of pregnancy.
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Final stages of Pregnancy
In the final 2 months of pregnancy, a fetus becomes too big to move around easily inside the uterus and may seem to move less.
At the end of the third trimester, a fetus usually settles into a head-down position in the uterus. You will likely feel some discomfort as you get close to delivery.
Signs that labor is not far off include the following:
The fetus settles into your pelvis. called dropping, or lightening, you may not feel it.
Your cervix begins to thin and open . Your doctor will check for this during your prenatal examinations.
Braxton Hicks contractions become more frequent and stronger, perhaps a little painful. You may also feel cramping in the groin or a persistent ache low in your back.
Your "water" may break (rupture of the membranes).
In some women, this happens before labor starts. Call your health professional immediately or go to the hospital if you think your membranes have ruptured.
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When to call the Doctor
If you are between 20 and 37 weeks pregnant, call your health professional immediately or go to the hospital if you
have signs of preterm labor including:
Regular contractions for an hour. This means about 4 or more in 20 minutes, or about 8 or more in 1 hour, even after you have had a glass of water and are resting.
Unexplained low back pain or pelvic pressure.
Have pelvic pain that doesn't get better or go away.
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Resources
http://www.pregnancy.org/
http://www.babyart.org/pregnancy.html
http://www.fitpregnancy.com
http://www.webmd.com/baby
http://womenshealth.gov/pregnancy
