Subject and Predicate

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

The two essential parts of every complete sentence are the subject and the predicate. The subject is the person, thing, or idea about which something is said. The predicate tells something or asks something about the subject. COMPLETE SUBJECT COMPLETE PREDICATE Children played. The happy children played in the sandbox. The new car looked great. Happiness is sometimes hard to define. The Simple Predicate or Verb. In every complete predicate, the most important word is the verb. The simple predicate of the sentence is the verb. The verb may consist of more than one word: have sung, might have gone. When parts of the verb are interrupted by a modifier, the modifier is not part of the verb: were not lost, did not seem (“not” is an adverb). Identifying the Subject and Verb. Underline the verb in each of the following sentences. Draw a circle around each subject. Watch out for modifiers. Examples: Mary cautiously opened the door. She did not see anyone. 1. Miss Williams is going to New York tomorrow. 2. Your gloves are certainly dirty. 3. Jo Anne's question surprised me. 4. I have never quite forgiven her. 5. The Martins have played eighteen holes of golf today. 6. The students had never finished their work so quickly before. 7. Mrs. Black has always made her own clothes. 8. The boys will ask the doctor for advice. 9. After his long flight, Tom was very tired. 10. The bridge was never completed. 11. Aunt Helen has just arrived for a week's visit. 12. The old man carefully made his way down the busy street. 13. The witness answered the questions simply and directly. 14. Our team has never beaten yours. 15. The members of our class have just elected officers. 16. Sue has never visited the South. 17. Mr. Gonzales often walks his dog in the evening. 18. The children have been playing outside all day. 19. Animal Farm is one of my favorite books. 20. Aunt Marian will prepare Thanksgiving dinner for fourteen people.

1. Miss Williams is going

M:\9-TLC\TLC Web Design\Handouts Worksheets\Grammar.Punctuation.Writing\Subject and Predicate.doc

to New York tomorrow. 2. Your gloves are certainly dirty. 3. Jo Anne's question surprised me. 4. I have never quite forgiven her. 5. The Martins have played eighteen holes of golf today. 6. The students had never finished their work so quickly before. 7. Mrs. Black has always made her own clothes. 8. The boys will ask the doctor for advice. 9. After his long flight, Tom was very tired. 10. The bridge was never completed. 11. Aunt Helen has just arrived for a week's visit. 12. The old man carefully made his way down the busy street. 13. The witness answered the questions simply and directly. 14. Our team has never beaten yours. 15. The members of our class have just elected officers. 16. Sue has never visited the South. 17. Mr. Gonzales often walks his dog in the evening. 18. The children have been playing outside all day. 19. Animal Farm is one of my favorite books. 20. Aunt Marian will prepare Thanksgiving dinner for fourteen people.

Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 37

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Simple and Complete PredicatesThe simple predicate, or verb, is the main word or word group that tells something about

the subject.

The simple predicate may be a one-word verb or a verb phrase (a verb with one or more

helping verbs). The complete predicate consists of a verb and all the words that describe

the verb and complete its meaning.

SENTENCE I have been reading a collection of her stories.

SIMPLE PREDICATE have been reading [verb phrase]

COMPLETE PREDICATE have been reading a collection of her stories

EXERCISE A The complete predicate is underlined in each of the following sentences. Circle the simple

predicate.

Example 1. Leslie Marmon Silko’s poetry has long been my favorite reading.

1. Silko has written many poems, short stories, and novels.

2. The author was raised at Laguna Pueblo in New Mexico.

3. In the 1960s, she attended high school in Albuquerque.

4. Many of Silko’s stories have been inspired by American Indian folk tales.

5. In her youth she heard these stories from other family members.

6. The Laguna Pueblos’ reverence for nature is traditional.

7. One of Silko’s poems is based on the Pueblos’ respect for the bear.

8. In 1974, Silko published her first collection of poems, Laguna Woman.

9. I have read many of the poems in that collection.

10. Do you have a copy of her story “The Man to Send Rain Clouds”?

EXERCISE B In each of the following sentences, underline the complete predicate and circle the simple

predicate.

Example 1. American Indians have given the world many foods.

11. Popcorn, one of the oldest forms of corn, is believed to be native to Central America.

12. American Indians were growing popcorn more than one thousand years ago.

13. Popcorn was used for decorations and for food.

14. Popcorn without oil or butter is low in calories.

15. Almost all of the world’s popcorn is grown in the United States.

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Complete and Simple Subjects and PredicatesThe main word or word group that tells whom or what the sentence is about is called the simple

subject.

The simple predicate, or verb, is the main word or word group that tells something about the

subject.

The complete subject consists of the simple subject and any words, phrases, or clauses that

modify the simple subject. The complete predicate consists of a verb and all the words that

describe the verb and complete its meaning.

EXERCISE In each of the following sentences, underline the complete subject once and the complete

predicate twice. Then, circle each simple subject and verb.

Example 1. Traditional Chinese painting is characterized by meticulous brush strokes.

1. Among the most famous Chinese artists is Chang Dai-chien.

2. I have seen several of the paintings by Chang Dai-chien.

3. Many art experts consider Chang a genius.

4. Dozens of Chang’s paintings are in an exhibit at the museum.

5. Across the marble floor came the tour guide.

6. The tour guide pointed to the collection of paintings.

7. She directed our attention to an unusual painting.

8. On the bushy branches of a pine tree sits the artist.

9. Chang exhibited one hundred paintings at his first show in 1926.

10. Beside one painting hangs a gorgeous fan.

11. My sister had read the description of Musical Performance.

12. A digital picture of this painting appears on the Internet.

13. In the next gallery was artwork by Zhu Qizhan.

14. At the age of ninety, he accepted an invitation to lecture in the United States.

15. Did the group see all of his paintings with flowers and still lifes?

16. Included among the images is a picture of grapes.

17. A colorful landscape painting hangs nearby.

18. His landscapes are renowned for their technical achievement.

19. The mountains in this painting are beautiful.

20. Zhu Qizhan used impressionist techniques in his work.

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Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 39

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Finding the SubjectThe subject of a sentence is never in a prepositional phrase.

EXAMPLE Three of the animals are at the watering hole. [Three is the subject. Animals is the

object of the preposition of.]

Questions often begin with a verb, a helping verb, or a word such as what, when, where, which,

how, or why. The subject of a question may follow the verb or may come between the helping

verb and the main verb.

EXAMPLE In which country does the largest herd live? [The subject herd comes between the

helping verb does and the main verb live.]

The word there or here is almost never the subject of a sentence. To find the subject, ask “Who?”

or “What?” before the verb.

EXAMPLE There are two species of African rhinoceros. [What are? Species are.]

EXERCISE A In each of the following sentences, circle the subject of the underlined verb.

Example 1. How many kinds of rhinoceroses exist in the world?

1. There are five types of rhinoceroses.

2. What are the two species of African rhinoceroses called?

3. Here are some pictures of the black rhinoceros.

4. Where did the name for the black rhinoceros originate?

5. Can the black rhinoceros really uproot bushes and small trees?

EXERCISE B For each of the following sentences, underline the subject once and the verb twice.

Example 1. How can we save this rhinoceros?

6. For what reasons are these African rhinoceroses endangered?

7. There is much interest in the black rhinoceros of Africa.

8. Is poaching affecting the survival rate of the black rhinoceros?

9. How have people like Kenneth Manyangadze helped the black rhinoceros?

10. Will Save Valley Wildlife Conservancy provide a safe home for African rhinoceroses?

11. In the preserve, there is a special area for the black rhinoceroses.

12. Where did Manyangadze see that two-ton female black rhinoceros?

13. How have volunteers saved some black rhinoceroses from poachers?

14. Here is a helpful tracking device.

15. In what ways can a tracking collar pinpoint the location of a rhinoceros in the wild?

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The Understood SubjectIn a request or command, the subject of a sentence is usually not stated. You is the understood

subject, even when the request or command includes a noun of direct address, a name that

identifies the person spoken to or addressed.

EXAMPLE Please read the first question aloud,Tony. [Who is to read? You is the understood

subject; Tony is a noun of direct address.]

EXERCISE Rewrite each of the following sentences as a request or a command with an understood

subject. Use the underlined words in the first five sentences as nouns of direct address.

Example 1. Amy will show us a copy of the survey.

1. For tomorrow, the class will read the chapter.

2. Would you please tell us about the career of a highway patrol officer, Sherise?

3. José will explain the reasons for the popularity of those jobs.

4. Karen will describe some careers in medicine.

5. Eduardo will list the requirements for a career as a travel agent.

6. You should respond to each survey question with only yes or no.

7. You should take notes as you read the chapter.

8. You should review these articles about computers.

9. You can report your findings to the rest of the class.

10. For additional information, you can search the Internet.

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for CHAPTER 13: THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE page 423

Teaching & Learning Centre Fact Sheets University of New England

GRAMMAR CHECKERS do not flag missing articles or their incorrect use in your writing with any degree of consistency. You will need to understand the basic principles of using articles and check your writing yourself to ensure that articles are used correctly.

Grammar: Using articles Articles are used to indicate whether a noun refers to a specific or a general item. The rules for using articles in English are quite complex, so for students whose first language is not English, when to use an article, and which article to use can cause problems. This fact sheet will not attempt to cover all the rules, but will just provide some of the basic rules for use on: 1. What is an article? 2. Some basic rules for using articles

1. What is an article? There are two types of articles, definite and indefinite. However, in your choice about whether to use an article, or which one to use, you have four possible choices: the, a, an, or no article.

‘the’ is known as the DEFINITE ARTICLE

‘a’ and ‘an’ are INDEFINITE ARTICLES

no article is sometimes referred to as ZERO ARTICLE

AN EXAMPLE OF ARTICLES IN TEXT In the twenty-first century, a number of undesirable practices have emerged as mobile phone usage spreads into everyday life. In the workplace, employers report that many members of their staff use an individually-owned mobile phone to socialise during work hours, resulting in loss of productive work time and effort (Jackson, 1998; James, 2004; Peters, 2005). In social settings, people comment that they are irritated by the intrusion of mobile phone conversations in restaurants, theatres and other public venues. Waters (2010) observes that:

One sits in a restaurant, a lecture or just in a quiet public place. Suddenly, loud ringing or musical chimes interfere with the social situation or peaceful setting. This is followed by a loud personal conversation. Surely, there needs to be a social code of behaviour for mobile phone usage that needs to be observed. (para. 10)

Another worrying trend is that face-to-face social interaction seems to have been taken over by the tools of the mobile phone. For example, an analysis of a survey of 2000 teenagers reveals that 93 percent of today’s youth terminate relationships by voicemail or text messages rather than negotiate meaningful relationships (Jackson & Peters, 2009, p. 36). Therefore, it is important that our society develops some social standards to monitor the use of mobile phones in our every-day life.

NOW TRY THIS EXERCISE ON CHOOSING THE CORRECT ARTICLE

Write the definite article the, the indefinite article a / an OR if zero article is needed write N

1__ Communication is 2__ activity in which 3__ information is transferred from 4__ sender to 5__ receiver via 6__ medium. 7__ Technology has greatly

revolutionised 8__ communication process. For example, 9__ computer and 10__ Internet allow for 11__ instant response over 12__ great distances.

ANSWERS

1. N, 2. an, 3. N, 4. a, 5. a, 6. a, 7. N, 8. the, 9. the, 10. the, 11. an, 12. N

NOTE: APA referencing

style is used in used in this

fact sheet.

Teaching & Learning Centre Fact Sheets University of New England

2. Some basic rules for using articles The first thing you need to decide is whether the noun is countable or uncountable

Countable nouns in English are usually those that can take a plural form, e.g., lecture, lectures, essay, essays, student, students.

Uncountable nouns in English usually do not have a plural form. They include names for languages, subjects (biology, economics, history), solids (iron, coal), liquids (water, oil), gases (oxygen, hydrogen), powders (sugar, flour). However, some nouns can be both countable and uncountable, depending on the context or meaning. This group includes words like paper, discipline, space. If you are unsure, most learner’s dictionaries (e.g. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English) will indicate whether a noun is countable or uncountable.

The definite article (the) can be used for specific references to countable nouns

The examples above refer to specific, real items. You may also need to refer more generally to an entire class of things, or to a representative of that class.

Rules for using the indefinite article (a/an)

1. The indefinite article (a, an) cannot be used with uncountable nouns or with plural nouns.

2. Use ‘an’ if the word immediately after the article begins with a, e, i, o or u, except where the ‘u’ is pronounced like a ‘y’ (e.g. an apple, an egg, an interesting result, an odd couple, an umbrella, BUT a university).

3. Use a, an when you first mention a singular countable noun.

4. Use zero article when you first mention a plural noun or an uncountable noun.

Rules for using the definite article (the)

1. Use ‘the’ for the second and subsequent references to an item. The item could be explicity referred to, or implied (e.g. The committee has approved a new policy. The policy...) (A survey was administered to.... The results showed that ... )

2. Use ‘the’ when you use ‘most’ as the superlative form (e.g. The most critical step is...)

3. Use ‘the’ when using ordinal forms to show order or number (e.g. The first students to graduate were...; The last students to leave...)

4. Use ‘the’ when using words that specify a particular item (e.g. The same student, the only essay, the principal reason)

5. Use ‘the’ for reference to an item that is understood by all speakers (the sun, the planets, the moon, the stars)

For more detailed information using articles, go to Articles on the Monash

University website. Here, you will find TWO tutorials with interactive exercises

that will help you to master this grammatical skill.

http://www.monash.edu.au/lls/llonline/grammar/articles/index.xml

Rules for using articles (a/an, the, zero article) for classes of things

1. Use the definite article (the) to refer to an entire class of things (e.g. The mobile phone has revolutionised communications.)

2. Use the indefinite article (a/an) with a singular countable noun to refer to a representative of the class of things (e.g. A mobile phone is a prime example of how technology has shaped our lives.)

3. Use zero article with plural countable nouns and with uncountable nouns to refer to a representative of the class of things (e.g. Mobile phones have revolutionised ... ; Technology is revolutionising the way we communicate.)



www.english-grammar.at

ARTICLES ART2

Fill in an article (THE, A, AN) where necessary – or leave blank !

1. ______ Teachers are like ______ weather, one minute they’re good, ______ other they’re bad.

2. Jake took out ______ beer opened it and drank ______ cold beer from ______ bottle. ______ beer always tasted better from ______ bottle.

3. She is on ______ diet, so she ordered ______ calorie-free dinner.

4. We’d like to have ______ wedding in ______ early fall, in early October if possible.

5. Emma’s eyes rested on ______ letter. Here was ______ opportunity she had been waiting for.

6. The plane was climbing up through ______ sky.

7. My grandmother was ______ true original. Strong of character, she ruled our family with ______ iron hand.

8. Maxim was at ______ centre of her thoughts.

9. Winston Churchill, ______ former Prime Minister of England, went to ______ Harrow.

10. ______ Marmalade is usually made from ______ oranges.

11. I live in ______ apartment, which is brand new.

12. ______ Royals is a serial which portraits ______ life of ______ members of ______ Royal family in ______ United Kingdom.

13. It was ______ cold Saturday morning at ______ beginning of ______ month.

14. It had rained earlier in the day and as Maggie left the house she lifted her eyes towards ______ sky.

15. I arrived I ______ USA last Monday. We left ______ Rome, flew over ______ Alps and made a quick stop in London.

16. Before we landed at ______ JFK airport, we saw ______ Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island and ______ Empire State building.

17. ______ Most children like ______ sweets.

18. Jane’s husband got home early from ______ work.

19. Last year we visited ______ St. Paul’s Cathedral and ______ Tower of London.

20. Our friends, ______ Millers, moved to Florida last summer.

21. Our children go to school by ______ bus.

22. She likes ______ Indian tea but she doesn’t like ______ tea that comes from ______ Ceylon.

23. ______ President of the United States is giving a speech tonight.

24. The two countries reached ______ peace after a long, disastrous war.

25. We needed ______ house to live in when we were in London.

26. ______ Elephants are intelligent animals.

27. This is a book on ______ Irish history.

28. She had laughing eyes and ______ most charming mouth.

29. I’ll book ______ sleeper on ______ Geneva-Paris train tomorrow,

30. I’m tired. I think I’ll be going to ______ bed.

31. We need to be at ______ airport in ______ hour.

32. Their car does over a hundred miles ______ hour.

33. Carol’s father works as ______ electrician.

34. ______ Milk is rich in ______ nutrients.

35. ______ Money is one of ______ most important things in ______ life.

36. ______ Dogs make wonderful pets.

37. Do you happen to know who invented ______ camera?

www.english-grammar.at

ARTICLES ART1

Fill in an article (THE, A, AN) where necessary – or leave blank !

1. Teachers are like THE weather, one minute they’re good, THE other they’re bad.

2. Jake took out A beer opened it and drank THE cold beer from THE bottle. A beer always tasted better from THE bottle.

3. She is on diet, so she ordered A calorie-free dinner.

4. We’d like to have THE wedding in early fall, in early October if possible.

5. Emma’s eyes rested on THE letter. Here was THE opportunity she had been waiting for.

6. The plane was climbing up through THE sky.

7. My grandmother was A true original. Strong of character, she ruled our family with AN iron hand.

8. Maxim was at THE centre of her thoughts.

9. Winston Churchill, THE former Prime Minister of England, went to Harrow.

10. Marmalade is usually made from oranges.

11. I live in AN apartment, which is brand new.

12. THE Royals is a serial which portraits THE life of THE members of THE Royal family in THE United Kingdom.

13. It was A cold Saturday morning at THE beginning of THE month.

14. It had rained earlier in the day and as Maggie left the house she lifted her eyes towards THE sky.

15. I arrived in THE USA last Monday. We left Rome, flew over THE Alps and made a quick stop in London.

16. Before we landed at JFK airport, we saw THE Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island and THE Empire State building.

17. Most children like sweets.

18. Jane’s husband got home early from work.

19. Last year we visited St. Paul’s Cathedral and THE Tower of London.

20. Our friends, the Millers, moved to Florida last summer.

21. Our children go to school by bus.

22. She likes Indian tea but she doesn’t like THE tea that comes from Ceylon.

23. THE President of THE United States is giving a speech tonight.

24. The two countries reached peace after a long, disastrous war.

25. We needed A house to live in when we were in London.

26. Elephants are intelligent animals.

27. This is a book on Irish history.

28. She had laughing eyes and A most charming mouth.

29. I’ll book A sleeper on THE Geneva-Paris train tomorrow,

30. I’m tired. I think I’ll be going to bed.

31. We need to be at THE airport in AN hour.

32. Their car does over a hundred miles AN hour.

33. Carol’s father works as AN electrician.

34. Milk is rich in nutrients.

35. Money is one of THE most important things in life.

36. Dogs make wonderful pets.

37. Do you happen to know who invented THE camera?

The Writing Center ■ Valle Verde ■ Tutorial Support Services ■ EPCC 1

PREPOSITIONS Prepositions are connecting words. Unlike nouns, verbs and modifiers, which may change form according to their meaning and use in a sentence, prepositions never change form. We use many prepositions with great frequency, but the entire list is relatively short. Here are the most common ones.

A preposition shows a relationship between two words in a sentence; it is a connecting word.

about beside inside since above besides into through across between like throughout after beyond near to against but (except) of toward along by off under among concerning on underneath around despite onto unlike as down out until at during outside up before except over upon behind for past with below from regarding within beneath in round without

Direction = to into across toward down

above among around at beside between by in on over Location =

through toward under

Time = after before during until since

against but for from of Other = to with

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Certain words are used with certain prepositions. Prepositions are usually not interchangeable. For example:

Frequently Used Prepositions TIME

AT is used when the time is known: • Ivan’s class is at 3:30 p.m. • The sun rises at dawn.

ON is used when the day or date is known: • Mary went to the mall on Friday. • The party will be on July the 4th.

IN is used when the time is within a 24-hour period: • I finished my paper in just one day. • All my classes are in the afternoon.

BY is used when an action will be completed by a certain time or date: • Tony will finish his work by 5:00 p.m. • Martha will be done with school by May.

LOCATION

AT is used to show a site or target: • Mark is at home. • Look at Marissa’s artwork.

ON is used when the object is on a surface or electronic medium: • The cat is resting on the chair. • You can find good articles on the Internet.

IN is used for enclosed spaces, geographic locations, and print mediums: • My shoes are in the closet. • I live in El Paso, TX. • Jamie’s article was printed in the newspaper.

BY is used to show nearness to a landmark: • Wal-Mart is by Cielo Vista Mall.

according TO part FROM (a person) engage IN rely ON agree TO (a plan) part WITH (a thing) exclude FROM responsible FOR, OF agree WITH (a person) expect FROM (thing) ahead OF capable OF deal WITH opposite OF (qualities) similar TO comply WITH depend ON opposite TO (position) consist OF deprive OF conform TO different FROM based ON identical WITH, TO because OF imply THAT

PREPOSITIONS PREP 1

Fill in the correct prepositions

about – at – by - for – from – in – of – on – to - with

1. She learned Russian ____________ the age of 45. 2. The book was written ____________ Mark Twain. 3. I’ll show you the picture ____________ the palace. 4. We can only get to the camp ____________ foot. 5. He reminds me ____________ his old history teacher. 6. What are you talking ____________ ? 7. ____________ the end of next year we will have made over £ 100,000. 8. She always gets up early ____________ the morning and goes to bed late ____________ night. 9. I went to work ____________ Tuesday but I didn’t go ____________ Friday. 10. You’ll have to wait. He’ll be with you ____________ a minute. 11. Philip waited ____________ her at the movie theatre. 12. He started learning English ____________ 2005. 13. You have to pay ____________ the tickets on the day you order them. 14. We are very proud ____________ this company. 15. It’s very kind ____________ you to help us. 16. The old man suffered ____________ a heart attack. 17. Please write ____________ pencil. 18. It’s ____________ time you told him the truth. 19. The manager didn’t take part ____________ the discussion. 20. He‘s very good ____________ telling jokes. 21. I’ll see you ____________ the conference 22. We sat down ____________ the grass and ate our lunch. 23. My parents got married ____________ the 1970s. 24. There’s a good restaurant ____________ the end of the street. 25. We usually have turkey ____________ Thanksgiving. 26. I would like to travel ____________ Italy next summer. 27. I took a plane ____________ Munich to Rome. 28. I’d like to speak ____________ the manager please. 29. I don’t usually feel tired ____________ the morning. 30. My mother is abroad so my dad is taking care ____________ us ____________ the moment. 31. Sonja gets ____________ the seven o’clock bus in the morning. 32. She always looks ____________ herself in the mirror. 33. I met Donna ____________ a party ____________ Friday night. 34. My friend always borrows money ____________ me. 35. Daria’s books are lying ____________ the floor. 36. He arrived at the school building just ____________ time. 37. The audience threw tomatoes ____________ him. 38. Passengers are not allowed to use cell phones ____________ airplanes. 39. He is responsible ____________ what he does. 40. I’m sorry ____________ the job you didn’t get. 41. I’m very bad ____________ mathematics. 42. We had to climb slowly ____________ the hill. 43. He is always ____________ time. 44. How many people are ____________ your team? 45. A university is where you study ____________ a degree. 46. Her next birthday will be ____________ a Sunday. 47. The new factory is expected to go online ____________ May. 48. Many of us eat ____________ fork and spoon. 49. We have been searching ____________ a web designer for a few weeks now. 50. The TV is ____________ the corner of the room.

PREPOSITIONS PREP 1

Fill in the correct prepositions

about – at – by - for – from – in – of – on – to - with

1. She learned Russian at the age of 45. 2. The book was written by Mark Twain. 3. I’ll show you the picture of the palace. 4. We can only get to the camp on foot. 5. He reminds me of his old history teacher. 6. What are you talking about? 7. By the end of next year we will have made over £ 100,000. 8. She always gets up early in the morning and goes to bed late at night. 9. I went to work on Tuesday but I didn’t go on Friday. 10. You’ll have to wait. He’ll be with you in a minute. 11. Philip waited for her at the movie theatre. 12. He started learning English in 2005. 13. You have to pay for the tickets on the day you order them. 14. We are very proud of this company. 15. It’s very kind of you to help us. 16. The old man suffered from a heart attack. 17. Please write in pencil. 18. It’s about time you told him the truth. 19. The manager didn’t take part in the discussion. 20. He‘s very good at telling jokes. 21. I’ll see you at the conference 22. We sat down on the grass and ate our lunch. 23. My parents got married in the 1970s. 24. There’s a good restaurant at the end of the street. 25. We usually have turkey for Thanksgiving. 26. I would like to travel to Italy next summer. 27. I took a plane from Munich to Rome. 28. I’d like to speak with the manager please. 29. I don’t usually feel tired in the morning. 30. My mother is abroad so my dad is taking care of us at the moment. 31. Sonja gets on the seven o’clock bus in the morning. 32. She always looks at herself in the mirror. 33. I met Donna at a party on Friday night. 34. My friend always borrows money from me. 35. Daria’s books are lying on the floor. 36. He arrived at the school building just in time. 37. The audience threw tomatoes at him. 38. Passengers are not allowed to use cell phones on airplanes. 39. He is responsible for what he does. 40. I’m sorry about the job you didn’t get. 41. I’m very bad at mathematics. 42. We had to climb slowly up the hill. 43. He is always on time. 44. How many people are on your team? 45. A university is where you study for a degree. 46. Her next birthday will be on a Sunday. 47. The new factory is expected to go online in May. 48. Many of us eat with fork and spoon. 49. We have been searching for a web designer for a few weeks now. 50. The TV is in the corner of the room.

PHRASAL VERBS PH 1

Fill in the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs from the box.

1. I looked for my keys everywhere but I couldn’t ________________ where I put them

2. I ________________ you at the party but I couldn’t see you. 3. Although he tried to eat less he ________________ some weight

during the holidays 4. I ________________ Karen and her new boyfriend when I went

shopping 5. Over a hundred people ________________ for the news conference 6. Our plane ________________ an hour late because of the fog. 7. My son drove me crazy about buying a new bike, so finally I

________________. 8. Erich is very sick at the moment but I am sure he’ll ________________ 9. She shouldn’t ____________________ him like that. You’re not his

boss. 10. I understand you opinion but I have to ____________________ Linda

on this question. 11. John told me that he didn’t steal but I didn’t ________________ his

lies. 12. Can I ________________ the drinks with a credit card?


1. Can you ____________________ the man carrying the gun? 2. Hank has been ____________________ his wife for years. 3. The police chief couldn’t solve the case , so he wanted to

____________________ the FBI 4. The guard ____________ my ID card ______________ to me. 5. I ____________________ her and told her that I loved her. 6. She ____________________ a meeting with Jimmy and his lawyer. 7. Don’t worry about the broken window. I’ll ____________________ it

one of these days. 8. I ____________________ the words that our teacher dictated. 9. The general showed me a satellite photo and I ____________________

the enemy tanks. 10. When I saw Melanie I ____________________ to her and gave her a

hug 11. The clock is completely broken. I’ll try to ______________ it

___________ and fix it. 12. Have you ____________________ a dress to wear at the party?

fall for

figure out

give in

go along with

look for

pull through

put on

run into

show up

take off

talk down to

call in

cheat on

get around to

hand back

look at

look up

pick out

point out

point to

run over

set up

take apart

fall for

figure out

give in

go along with

look for

pay for

pull through

put on

run into

show up

take off

talk down to

PHRASAL VERBS PH 1


1. I looked for my keys everywhere but I couldn’t figure out where I put them 2. I looked for you at the party but I couldn’t see you. 3. Although he tried to eat less he put on some weight during the holidays 4. I ran into Karen and her new boyfriend when I went shopping 5. Over a hundred people showed up for the news conference 6. Our plane took off an hour late because of the fog. 7. My son drove me crazy about buying a new bike, so finally I gave in. 8. Erich is very sick at the moment but I am sure he’ll pull through 9. She shouldn’t talk down to him like that. You’re not his boss. 10. I understand you opinion but I have to go along with Linda on this question. 11. John told me that he didn’t steal but I didn’t fall for his lies. 12. Can I pay for the drinks with a credit card?


1. Can you point to the man carrying the gun? 2. Hank has been cheating on his wife for years. 3. The police chief couldn’t solve the case , so he wanted to call in the FBI 4. The guard handed my ID card back to me. 5. I looked at her and told her tht I loved her. 6. She set up a meeting with Jimmy and his lawyer. 7. Don’t worry about the broken window. I’ll get around to it one of these days. 8. I looked up the words that our teacher dictated. 9. The general showed me a satellite photo and I pointed out the enemy tanks. 10. When I saw Melanie I ran over to her and gave her a hug 11. The clock is completely broken. I’ll try to take it apart and fix it. 12. Have you picked out a dress to wear at the party?

PHRASAL VERBS INTRODUCTION

Phrasal verbs have two parts: a verb (e.g.: put, take, get, give, go, etc)

and one or sometimes two "small words" (e.g.: on, up, out, in, etc)

which go with the verb.

Compare:

Normal Verbs

Take I took an aspirin because I had a terrible headache.

Break He broke his arm during the game.

Catch She managed to catch the last train.

Phrasal Verbs

Take off Take off your coat! It's too hot here.

Break up Jenny broke up with her boyfriend yesterday.

Catch up with You go ahead - I'll catch up with you later.

The Òsmall wordsÓ in phrasal verbs are important, because they

completely change the meaning. For example:

Get up = get out of bed

Get away = escape

Get on with someone = like being with them

PRACTICE

A - The following sentences have phrasal verbs. Can you guess what they mean? Match them with their meanings in the box. Use a d iictionary if necessary.

* stop doing something * care for, be responsible for someone * try to find * find the meaning of a word * have a view of * arrive unexpectedly

1) If you don t understand the meaning of a word, look it up in the dictionary.

2) That window looks out on a park.

3) I gave up smoking. It was bad for my health.

4) Babysitters look after young children.

5) I m looking for a comfortable flat in the centre of the city.

6) I was having lunch when John turned up. He surprised me.

B - Can you answer the following questions using one of the phrasal verbs in the box?

* put down * put on * put up * take off

1) What do women with long hair sometimes do to their hair when they play sports?

2) What do you say to a child who has just picked up a piece of broken glass?

3) What do people do when they go out in cold weather?

4) What do you do with a sweater when you come into a warm house?

C - 1 - Match the phrasal verbs with their meaning.

Carry on arrive unexpectedly

Find out start a journey

Get on continue

Grow up like being with

Turn up learn, discover

Settle down live in one place

Set off become adult

C — 2 - Now read the f ollowing text and complete it using the phrasal verbs in C - 1 .

I recently read my grandfather s diaries, and I (discovered) ______________________

a lot of interesting things about his life. Apparently, he (spent his childhood)

___________________ in San Francisco. He and his parents didn t (like being together)

___________________ at all, and when he was 18 he decided to see America. He

(started on his journey) _________________ with very little money and travelled east.

He (continued) _________________ until he reached New York, where he got a job

washing up in a restaurant.

He fell in love with one of the waitresses, and one day he (appeared) _____________

at her flat with a bunch of roses and asked her to marry him. Surprisingly, she agreed,

and he (went to live) __________________ with her in New York, where they had 3

children.

D - Complete the following sentences using the correct form of the verbs in the box.

* carry on * set off * get on * find out * settle down * turn up * grow up

1) The party __________________ till 4 a.m.

2) My 10-year-old daughter wants to be a nurse when she ___________________.

3) We’ve got a long way to drive, so we ought to ___________________ as early as possible.

4) Oh dear - I’ve just _____________________ that I’ve only got $10 in the bank.

5) She was late. She ______________________ at 9 o’clock.

6) Don’t ask me to share an office with Richard - we don’t __________________ at all.

7) Now, you’re 30 it’s time you __________________ and got a good, steady job.

MORE EXERCISES !!! A) Complete the following sentences using it, them or me and the correct form of the phrasal verb in brackets.

1) I m too hot with this coat on. Do you mind if I ______________________? (take

off)

2) I need to get up early tomorrow. Could you _______________________ at half past

six? (wake up)

3) I like these shoes. Can I _______________________, please? (try on)

4) Here s a jacket. Why don t you _______________________ if you re cold? (put

on)

5) My hair is very untidy. I think I ll ______________________ for the interview.

(wash up)

B) Complete the following sentences using the correct form of the phrasal verbs in the box. * turn off * take off * look up * ring up * throw away * turn up * try on * switch off

1) Could you ______________ the TV __________? I can t hear.

2) Don t forget to _______________ the lights ___________ when you go out.

3) I ll have to ______________ it __________ in the dictionary — I m not sure what it

means.

4) Don t _______________ that old painting ___________. It might be valuable.

5) Let s ______________ them ___________ and see if they want to come with us.

6) I d better ____________ these trousers ________ - they are soaking wet.

7) ______________ it __________ - the water is overflowing.

8) If you like those jeans, why don t you ______________ them _________ and see if

they suit you?

C) Complete the dialogues using the correct form of the phr rasal verbs in the box.

* make up * take up * think over * give up * put off * work out

1) A: What s 43 times 79? I can t ______________ it __________ in my head.

B: Why don t you use a calculator?

2) A: Are you coming or not?

B: I m not sure yet.

A: Well, you don t have to tell me now. Why don t you _____________ it

______and tell me tomorrow?

3) A: We couldn t get enough people to play in the match on Sunday.

B: Don t worry. We ll _____________ it ___________ till next week.

4) A: That s a lovely song. Who s it by?

B: Me — I _____________ it __________ myself.

5) A: Do you still play the piano?

B: No, I _____________ __________ the piano two years ago. I play the guitar

now.

6) A: I didn t know you went jogging.

B: Yes, I ____________ it _________ a few months ago — I feel myself much

better.

D) Replace the phrases in brackets with phrasal verbs. Use each of the following verbs once: carry on, look up to, give up, put up, tell off, look forward to, look up, get on with

I ll never forget my English teacher at school. I never (liked being with)

_____________________ her. If there was a word I didn t understand, she used to

make me (find the meaning) ____________it ____________ in the dictionary.

I never dared to (raise) _____________________ my hand because I was afraid she d

(talk angrily to) _____________ me __________. And if I (stopped) _______________

doing the exercises she gave us for any reason, she got furious.

I (was always excited about) ________ always ________________________ the end of

the lesson. That s why I always (admire) ________________________ my brother

George,

because he (continued) ______________________ studying English until he left school.

E) Complete the sentences with the phrasal verbs in the box.

* look up to * get over * bring up * turn down * do with

* do without * put up * look down on * let down * pick up

1) I trusted her, but then she ___________ me __________.2) His parents _____________ him _________ much too strictly.3) I’ll _______________ you __________ at 6:30 and we’ll go to the airport together.4) They offered him a job, but he ______________ it __________.5) You don’t need to stay in a hotel. We can ____________ you __________ for the night.6) I couldn’t possibly _____________________ my computer - I use it all the time.7) I’m dying of thirst - I could really _______________________ a long, cold drink.8) She’s taking a long time to _______________________ her mother’s death - they were very close to each other.9) He was a great leader and the whole country __________________________ him.10) Just because he hasn’t got a job is no reason to _________________________ him.

THE EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH LIST WITH DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES All words may be classified into eight groups called parts of speech. The group to which a word belongs is determined by its use in the sentence; therefore, the same word may be anyone of several parts of speech, depending upon its use in a given sentence. The eight parts of speech are noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. NOUNS A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, idea, or quality EX: Robert Frost wrote poems. Ann lives in Boston. Work brings satisfaction. People like admiration. A noun is used as the subject, as any kind of object, and as the predicate nominative (noun complement). EX: The man walked down the street. (Man is the subject, and street is the object of the preposition down.) The cow is a domestic animal. (Cow is the subject, and animal is the predicate nominative.) Nouns answer these questions: Who? What? PRONOUNS A pronoun is a word used to take the place of a noun. A pronoun is used as a noun. Through use of pronouns, one may avoid repeating name words. EX: Mary has lost her book. The box has lost its handle. Ruth saw the boys and talked to them. VERBS A verb is a word used to express action, being, or state of being. EX: Jose painted a picture. The law still exists. That woman is a banker. A verb may be composed of several words (the main verb preceded by one or more auxiliary or helping verbs), called a verb phrase: EX: This book should have been sent to the storeroom. ADJECTIVES An adjective is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. An adjective may be a single word, a phrase, or a clause.

EX: We saw beautiful valleys and rugged mountains. (single words) The rug on the floor is blue. (adjective phrase) The man who spoke is a teacher. (adjective clause) Adjectives answer these questions: What kind? Which one(s)? How many (or how much)? Whose? ADVERBS An adverb is used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. In some cases adverbs may modify other parts of speech – a preposition or a conjunction – or other sentence elements – a verbal or occasionally a substantive. EX: She sings beautifully. (beautifully modifies the verb signs.) He is a very great orator. (very modifies the adjective great.) She smiled rather sadly. (rather modifies the adverb sadly). By working faithfully, she won success. (faithfully modifies the gerund working.) The little boy, smiling happily, ran to meet his father. (happily modifies the participle smiling.) She has learned to write clearly. (clearly modifies the infinitive to write.) He was almost under the tree. (almost modifies the preposition under.) She came just before I left. (Just modifies the conjunction before.) Nearly all of them were lost. (nearly modifies the indefinite pronoun all.) The newly rich were not invited. (Newly modifies the noun equivalent rich.) An adverb may be a single word, a phrase, or a clause. EX: He crept stealthily. (single words) The stranger came into the room. (adverbial phrase) Robert left when I came. (adverbial clause) Adverbs answer these questions: How? When? Where? Why? Under what condition? To what extent or degree? PREPOSITIONS A preposition shows the relations between its object and some other word in the sentence. EX: We walked through the woods. (through shows the nature of the relations between woods, its object, and walked, the verb.) CONJUNCTIONS A conjunction connects words or groups of words. EX: Bob and Linda are here. (and connects the two subjects, Bob and Linda.) She came, but she did not stay. (but connects the two independent clauses, she

came and she did not stay.) In form, a conjunction may be a single word or a group of words: EX: She came while you were away. (a single word connecting clauses) The teachers as well as the students had a good time. (a group of words used as a conjunction) Although conjunctions have many classifications, it is sufficient for our purpose to note only three general classes: coordinating, subordinating, and correlative. (relative adverbs used as conjunctions are also called conjunctive adverbs or adverbial conjunctions.) A coordinating conjunction connects two words, two phrases, or two clauses or equal rank. EX: Paula and Carl are here. (and connects two nouns) She liked to read but not to write (not writing). (but connects tow infinitives.) The coordinating conjunctions in most general use include and, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet. The conjunctive adverbs, such as however, then, therefore , and thus, also connect independent clauses. A subordinating conjunction connects two clauses of unequal rank; that is, it joins a dependent (subordinate) clause to the independent clause on which it depends: EX: I was here before you came. Some of the subordinating conjunctions are as, as if, because, before, if, since, that, till, unless, when, where, and whether. The relative pronouns who, whom, whose, which, what, and that also serve as subordinating conjunctions. Conjunctions that are used in pairs are called correlative conjunctions and include both – and, either – or, neither – nor, and not only – but also. EX: Neither John nor I will be able to come. INTERJECTIONS An interjection is a familiar word that has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence and that commands attention or expresses strong feeling: ah, gosh, hurrah, oh, ouch, shh, whew, etc. Note that an interjection is not the same thing as an exclamation. An exclamation is an outburst—an emphatic statement, not a part of speech. Though in fact an exclamation may consist of or contain an interjection, there’s no necessary tie between the two. “O Henrietta Tittle, your hair is like peanut brittle” contains an interjection (the poetical “O”), but it isn’t an

exclamation; drop dead! Is an exclamation, but it contains only an imperative verb and an adjective. Strong interjections are followed by an exclamation point. When used in sentences, mild interjections are set off by commas. SPOTTING THE PARTS OF SPEECH The work that a word does in a sentence determines what part of speech it is in that sentence. The same word may be used as several different parts of speech. Notice how the underlined words in the following sentences are used as different parts of speech. EX: We often study geography together. (verb) He drew a picture of the sea. (noun) He has a large desk in his study. (noun) Can you picture me as an acrobat? (verb) We finished our work in study hall. (adjective) Our picture window is cracked.(adjective) University of the Sciences in Philadelphia USP Writing Center

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Pronouns Pronouns are used in place of nouns. They are used to avoid repetition.

There are different types of pronoun:

• Personal (Subject) Pronouns: Singular: I, you, he, she, it.

Plural: we, you, they.

• Possessive Pronoun: show something belongs to someone:

o It’s his!

o No it’s not – it’s hers!

o I thought it was mine.

o Can it be yours?

• Relative Pronoun: relate one part of a sentence to another:

o that,

o which

o who

o whom

o whose

o what

• Interrogative Pronoun: used to ask a question:

o Who did that?

o Whose books are these?

o Which of you read the book?

o What did you say?

I/Me? If in doubt whether I or me should be used,

take away the other name and it becomes clear,

e.g.:

• Jim took Sam and me for a drink.

• Jane and I went for pizza.

WHO/WHOM? Who is used as the subject and whom

the object:

• We (subject) caught the man (object) whom we

had been chasing.

• We (object) searched for the man (subject) who

was missing.

Do not confuse the interrogative pronoun whose

with the abbreviation of who is:

• Whose shoe is this?

• Who’s cooking dinner?

• Demonstrative Pronoun: used to specify: this, that, these, those…

o This is old; that is new. (singular)

o These are old; those are new. (plural)

• Reflexive Pronouns: have two uses:

o To refer back to the subject:

� He made it himself.

� She helped herself to

the ice-cream.

o To add emphasis:

� I myself feel strongly…

� Do you do it yourself?

• Reciprocal Pronouns: express a mutual relationship:

o They called to each other.

o They found one another.

• Indefinite Pronouns: are used to generalise:

o Each, any, anyone, everyone, no-one, someone, some, anything,

something(because these are singular they take a singular verb –

is/has/was/were/will…).

o Many, few, several, both (because these are plural they take a

plural verb – are/were/will…)

o Neither, nor, either, or:

If both subjects are singular, the verb is singular:

� Either the cat or dog is in the kitchen.

If one or both subjects are plural, the verb is plural:

� Neither the cat nor the dogs are in the kitchen.

Do not confuse a demonstrative pronoun with a demonstrative adjective:

• This is ugly = demonstrative pronoun

• This jacket is ugly = demonstrative adjective

Myself should not be used as a personal

pronoun; it is reflexive:

NEVER: John took Janet and myself dancing.

Myself and Jack watched a film.

BUT: John took Janet and me dancing.

Jack and I watched a film.

For more information please contact us on 028 9097 2727 or email [email protected]

http://www.qub.ac.uk/directorates/sgc/learning/

Pronouns Pronouns are used in place of nouns. They are used to avoid repetition.

There are different types of pronoun:

• Personal (Subject) Pronouns: Singular: I, you, he, she, it.

Plural: we, you, they.

• Possessive Pronoun: show something belongs to someone:

o It’s his!

o No it’s not – it’s hers!

o I thought it was mine.

o Can it be yours?

• Relative Pronoun: relate one part of a sentence to another:

o that,

o which

o who

o whom

o whose

o what

• Interrogative Pronoun: used to ask a question:

o Who did that?

o Whose books are these?

o Which of you read the book?

o What did you say?

I/Me? If in doubt whether I or me should be used,

take away the other name and it becomes clear,

e.g.:

• Jim took Sam and me for a drink.

• Jane and I went for pizza.

WHO/WHOM? Who is used as the subject and whom

the object:

• We (subject) caught the man (object) whom we

had been chasing.

• We (object) searched for the man (subject) who

was missing.

Do not confuse the interrogative pronoun whose

with the abbreviation of who is:

• Whose shoe is this?

• Who’s cooking dinner?

• Demonstrative Pronoun: used to specify: this, that, these, those…

o This is old; that is new. (singular)

o These are old; those are new. (plural)

• Reflexive Pronouns: have two uses:

o To refer back to the subject:

� He made it himself.

� She helped herself to

the ice-cream.

o To add emphasis:

� I myself feel strongly…

� Do you do it yourself?

• Reciprocal Pronouns: express a mutual relationship:

o They called to each other.

o They found one another.

• Indefinite Pronouns: are used to generalise:

o Each, any, anyone, everyone, no-one, someone, some, anything,

something(because these are singular they take a singular verb –

is/has/was/were/will…).

o Many, few, several, both (because these are plural they take a

plural verb – are/were/will…)

o Neither, nor, either, or:

If both subjects are singular, the verb is singular:

� Either the cat or dog is in the kitchen.

If one or both subjects are plural, the verb is plural:

� Neither the cat nor the dogs are in the kitchen.

Do not confuse a demonstrative pronoun with a demonstrative adjective:

• This is ugly = demonstrative pronoun

• This jacket is ugly = demonstrative adjective

Myself should not be used as a personal

pronoun; it is reflexive:

NEVER: John took Janet and myself dancing.

Myself and Jack watched a film.

BUT: John took Janet and me dancing.

Jack and I watched a film.

For more information please contact us on 028 9097 2727 or email [email protected]

http://www.qub.ac.uk/directorates/sgc/learning/

Kinds of Sentences: Interrogative, Declarative, Exclamatory, Imperative

MeanMcMurrin 1

Kinds of Sentences

Declarative Interrogative Exclamatory Imperative

!?.Order or command someone to do something.

!.shows strong feeling, either excitement or anger

asks a question

makes a statement

You're chewing gum?

Randal is chewing gum. Randal's

chewing gum!Randal, spit out your gum.


MeanMcMurrin 2

Kinds of Sentences

DeclarativeImperativeInterrogative Exclamatory

!Shows strong feeling, anger, excitement, etc.

I have to go to the bathroom!

?asks a question

May I go to the bathroom?

Makes a statement. "Declares" something.

.

I need to go to the bathroom.

Tells/commands someone to do something.

Go to the bathroom!

!.


MeanMcMurrin 3

Kinds of Sentences

DeclarativeImperativeExclamatory Interrogative

!show strong emotion (anger, excitement, etc.)

English is the best class ever!

?at the end of a question

Is English your favorite class?

.Make a statement.

English is my favorite class.

command/tell someone what to do

!.

You'd better do your English homework!


MeanMcMurrin 4

Kinds of Sentences

Declarative Interrogatory Exclamatory Imperative

!Exclaim

show strong emotion (anger, excitement, etc.)

I loved that movie!

?Interrogate

Use at the end of a question.

Have you seen that movie?

Tell someone what to do/command.

!.

Go watch that movie right now.

.Declare

To make a statement

I saw that movie.


MeanMcMurrin 5


MeanMcMurrin 6

KINDS OF SENTENCES Sentences may be classified according to the purpose of the speaker or writer. The four principal purposes of a sentence are described below. 1. The declarative sentence is used to make a statement of fact, wish, intent, or feeling. ex. I have seen that movie twice. I wish I could go on the picnic. 2. The imperative sentence is used to state a command, request, or direction. The subject is always "You," even though it may not be expressed in the sentence. ex. (You) Be on time for dinner. (You) Open the window, please. 3. The interrogative sentence is used to ask a question. It is followed by a question mark. ex. Do you have a sweater? Are you having a bad day? 4. An exclamatory sentence is used to express strong feeling. It is followed by an exclamation point. ex. Don't burn yourself out! Keep out! He screamed, “Help!” Classifying Sentences. Use the numbers above to classify these sentences. Example: Susan is a senior. 1 1. I wish I could go to Colorado this summer. _____ 2. Please set the table for lunch. _____ 3. The vice-president will visit Egypt next week. _____ 4. Don't you ever get tired of watching television? _____ 5. We bought our car in April, 1975. _____ 6. Didn't I meet you at Rainbow Lake last summer? _____ 7. Have you ever roasted a turkey? _____ 8. Ouch! I burned my finger! _____ 9. Turn left at the second stop sign. _____ 10. San Marino is the smallest republic in Europe. _____ 11. Initial the top right-hand corner of each sheet of paper. _____ 12. Richard Martin's short stories have appeared in many magazines. _____ 13. Have you ever read The Red Badge of Courage? _____ 14. You can't be serious! _____ 15. Meet me at seven o'clock in front of the library. _____ 16. Why are you so worried about the exam? _____ 17. Don't close your mind to the other side of the question. _____ 18. Nancy wants to be a doctor. _____ 19. I can't believe it's all over! _____ 20. Do you attend concerts given by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra? _____

M:\9-TLC\TLC Web Design\Handouts Worksheets\Grammar.Punctuation.Writing\Sentences-Kinds of.doc

1. I wish I could go to Colorado this summer. 1 2. Please set the table for lunch. 2 3. The vice-president will visit Egypt next week. 1 4. Don't you ever get tired of watching television? 3 5. We bought our car in April, 1975. 1 6. Didn't I meet you at Rainbow Lake last summer? 3 7. Have you ever roasted a turkey? 3 8. Ouch! I burned my finger! 4 9. Turn left at the second stop sign. 2 10. San Marino is the smallest republic in Europe. 1 11. Initial the top right-hand corner of each sheet of paper. 2 12. Richard Martin's short stories have appeared in many magazines. 1 13. Have you ever read The Red Badge of Courage? 3 14. You can't be serious! 4 15. Meet me at seven o'clock in front of the library. 2 16. Why are you so worried about the exam? 3 17. Don't close your mind to the other side of the question. 2 18. Nancy wants to be a doctor. 1 19. I can't believe it's all over! 4 20. Do you attend concerts given by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra? 3

KINDS OF SENTENCES S-1

Revised Spring 2010 1

Name__________________________________________Date________________Period_____

English Basics

Kinds of Sentences

Declarative - A declarative sentence makes a statement. A

declarative sentence ends with a period.

Example: The house will be built on a hill.

Interrogative - An interrogative sentence asks a question. An

interrogative sentence ends with a question mark.

Example: How did you find the card?

Exclamatory - An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling.

An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation mark.

Example: The monster is attacking!

Imperative - An imperative sentence gives a command.

Example: Cheryl, try the other door.

Sometimes the subject of an imperative sentence (you) is

understood.

Example: Look in the closet. (You, look in the closet.)



Identify the kind of sentence. The first two have been done for you.

1. Why do you believe that? interrogative

2. I want to know why you believe that. declarative (This is

not a question.)

3. Please accept my apology.

4. Your appearance is frightening the baby!

5. My shoe is on fire!

6. When did you first notice that your shoe was on fire?

7. My doctor told me to take these vitamins.

8. Ask Doris for the recipe.

9. Did you solve the puzzle yet?

10. Ann, hand me your coat.

11. It’s hard to believe that this paper is made from wood.

12. There are more apples in the refrigerator.

13. We’re on the wrong planet!

14. Will Patricia pause to place poached pickles on Paula’s

pretty plate?

15. I would send her a gift if I were you.

16. Send her a nice gift.



Your writing will be more effective if you learn to incorporate different kinds of sentences

into your writing. By using a variety a sentence types, you can make your writing more

interesting and control a reader’s reaction. For instance, the author of a horror story might

use long, complex sentences to establish a mood and then a short, simple sentence to frighten the

reader.

As Susan walked sprightly down the rain-soaked street, the happy sounds of crickets and

frogs seemed to chirp in tune to her steps. Suddenly, the sounds of the night stopped.

The first of these two sentences is a complex sentence that creates the mood of happiness, a not-

a-care-in-the-world attitude. The second sentence is a short simple sentence that breaks the

mood. Something potentially frightening has happened.

There are four kinds of sentences: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex.

When using all four sentence types, you will be using sentence variety that makes your

writing more interesting.

SIMPLE SENTENCE

The simple sentence has one independent clause. The following sentence contains a subject

and verb and a complete thought; it is a simple sentence.

Subj Verb

Example: The team flew to Chicago.

The simple sentence can have more than one subject and more than one verb, but it has

only one independent clause.

Subj Subj Verb Verb

Example: The team and the coach flew to Chicago and won the debate.

This is also a simple sentence even though it contains two subjects and two verbs. Simple

sentences do not have to be short; a thirty-five-word sentence might still be a simple sentence if

it contains only one independent clause.

NOTE: At this point you must review dependent and independent clauses, or you will have

trouble understanding the four kinds of sentences.



COMPOUND SENTENCE

The compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses joined by a semi-colon

or a coordinating conjunction with a comma. A compound sentence is an example of

coordination, that is, two independent clauses are linked together. Proper coordination

requires linking two ideas that are related or that represent a sequence in which one idea is

a logical extension of the first idea. The compound sentence is always balanced; both ideas

are equally important and related to one another.

A semi-colon is used to join two independent clauses that are related in meaning.

Example: The art gallery has closed for the day; it will open tomorrow morning.

Each of the above independent clauses could have stood alone as a simple sentence, but

because the ideas are closely related--the closing and opening of the art gallery--the

independent clauses are connected by using the semi-colon. Using a coordinating

conjunction with a comma could also join the two independent clauses.

There are seven coordinating conjunctions which you might need to memorize:

and, but, for, so, yet, or, nor. The seven coordinating conjunctions are easy to remember

with the word FANBOYS.

For

And

Nor

But

Or

Yet

So

In the following example, the two independent clauses are underlined; they are joined by a

comma and a conjunction, which is in bold letters.

Example: The art gallery has closed for the day, but it will open tomorrow morning.

Although using coordination will create variety in your writing, be careful not to use too many

compound sentences. An overuse of compound sentences can make your writing

monotonous. In any paragraph, some ideas should stand alone (simple sentence) and some

ideas should be presented as less important than others (complex sentence).



COMPLEX SENTENCE

A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.

The main idea is always in the independent clause, while additional or supporting

information is in the dependent clause. Because the dependent clause presents information

that is not as important as the main idea, the dependent clause is called a subordinate

clause. Thus a complex sentence uses subordination to express its idea(s).

Dependent clause Independent clause

Example: Although the gallery has closed for the day, it will open tomorrow morning.

Complex sentences allow you to link a series of ideas; however, if complex sentences are

overused, the reader may lose track of the meaning.

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

A compound-complex sentence is a compound sentence with one or more dependent

clauses.

Dependent clause Independent clause

Example: When the gallery closed for the day, the docent turned the lights off, and

Independent clause she placed the sign on the door.

Exercise 1: In each of the following sentences, circle the dependent clauses and underline the

independent clause. Then identify each sentence as simple (S), compound (CD), complex (CX),

or compound-complex (CC).

1. The novels of Mark Twain are well known.

2. The lights in Springfield went out when lightning hit that power line, but JEA

restored service in less than one hour.

3. The art auctioneer stepped to the podium, and then he asked his assistant to

describe the first painting to be sold.

4. Fish swim in underground streams beneath the Sahara Desert.



5. The LC was especially quiet on Friday, and many of the students seemed to be

dozing.

6. When we flew out of Jacksonville, the sky was clear, but when we got to Atlanta,

the clouds were very dark and eerie.

7. The traffic barely moved; each car seemed to be attached to the cars before it and

after it, like a single segment in an earthworm.

8. Before we could move into the building, the inspectors had to examine each floor,

and the fire department had to check the sprinkler system.

9. The home is the oldest institution in the world.

10. The hummingbird is the only bird that can fly backward.

11. The United States and Russia were the first countries to develop the atomic bomb.

12. Those people who do not respect the rights of others are selfish.

13. I had misplaced my keys, but fortunately I had another set hidden beside the door.

14. It can prove to be a real disappointment.

15. My son Carl will be getting married next March.

16. Although the party was a lot of fun, I stayed out too late and felt awful the next

day.

17. James backpacked, camped, fished, hunted, swam, and skied, but never found

time for his schoolwork.

18. Skip and Nancy worked on that project through many nights, but didn’t seem to

get tired of one another’s company or the work.

19. Although Alfred is a hard worker, he doesn’t seem to get his deserved

promotions.

20. The girls drove their parents crazy because of sibling rivalry; each was always

whining that nothing was fair.

REGULAR / IRREGULAR VERBS

The English language uses both regular and irregular verbs. When forming the past tense or the present/past perfect tense of these verbs, we use different methods. To form the past tense of a regular verb ending with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u), add a d to the word. To form the present/past perfect tense, add a d plus a helping verb (have, had, or has).

For example, the verb share ends with the vowel e. share = present tense

shared (share + d) = past tense had shared (had + share + d) = past perfect tense (have is the helping verb)

If the regular verb ends with a consonant, add ed for the past tense. Add ed plus a helping verb for the present/past perfect tense.

For example, the verb pour ends with the consonant r. pour = present tense

poured (pour + ed) = past tense have poured (have + pour + ed) = present perfect tense

(If you need help understanding tense, please ask a CWC instructor for a handout on definition of tense.) Unlike regular verbs, irregular verbs do not follow a pattern. You must memorize them. For example, the irregular verb see has three principal parts: see, saw, seen.

I see the stars= present tense I saw the stars= past tense

I have seen the stars= present perfect tense Below is a list of irregular verbs and a few tricky regular verbs that students often misuse. Cover the columns marked past and present/past perfect, leaving the present column visible. Now read the verbs in the present column and see if you know their past and present/past perfect forms. If not, keep memorizing!

PRESENT/PAST PRESENT PAST PERFECT (with has, had, have) arise arose arisen awake awakened awakened bear bore borne become became become

begin began begun bend bent bent bid bade bidden bite bit bitten blow blew blown break broke broken bring brought brought burst burst burst buy bought bought build built built can could could catch caught caught choose chose chosen cling clung clung come came come cost cost cost creep crept crept dig dug dug do did done drag dragged dragged drug drugged drugged draw drew drawn drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feel felt felt fight fought fought find` found found fit fit fit forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven forsake forsook forsaken freeze froze frozen get got gotten, got give gave given go went gone grow grew grown hang (execute) hanged hanged hang (picture) hung hung have had had hear heard heard hide hid hidden hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept know knew known lay (put or place) laid laid

lead led led learn learned learned leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie (recline) lay lain lose lost lost mean meant meant meet met met pay paid paid raise (lift) raised raised read read read ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise (move upward) rose risen run ran run say said said see saw seen sell sold sold set set set shake shook shaken shine (give light) shone shone shine (polish) shined shined shoot shot shot show showed shown shrink shrank shrunk sing sang sung sink sank sunk sit sat sat slay slew slain sleep slept slept sneak sneaked sneaked speak spoke spoken spend spent spent spin spun spun stand stood stood steal stole stolen sting stung stung strew strewed strewed strike struck struck strive strove striven swear swore sworn swim swam swum swing swung swung take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn tell told told

at Meramec

think thought thought throw threw thrown tread trod trodden wake waked waked wear wore worn weave wove woven win won won wring wrung wrung write wrote written

Revised May 2005

Transitive vs Intransitive Verbs (Important for June 30 topic, Adjectival Phrases) 1 of 2

Translation German–English I Summer Semester 2006Sara B. Young http://www.uni-giessen.de/~ga1047

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs: Explanation

Transitive verbs: An action verb is transitive if it directs action toward someone or something named in the same sentence. The word that receives the action of a transitive verb is called the object of the verb.

- The camera took clear pictures. (object: pictures)- Irene baked cookies for the bake sale. (object: cookies)

Intransitive verbs: An action verb is intransitive if it does not direct action toward someone or something named in the same sentence. Intransitive verbs do not have objects.

- The hurricane blew over the mainland.- Sandy smiled happily.

Which is it?: To determine if a verb in a given sentence is transitive or intransitive, ask Whom? or What? after the verb. If there is an answer in the sentence, the verb is transitive. If no answer can be found, the verb is intransitive. Some verbs may be transitive in one sentence and intransitive in another, but there are some verbs which are always one or the other. A good dictionary will tell you if a verb can be either or if it is always one or the other (the usual abbreviation is v.i. for intransitive verb and v.t. for transitive verb).

- Robert polished his shoes.o Polished what? → his shoes → transitive

- I called my sister yesterday.o Called whom? my sister transitive→ →

- Linda waited for the bus.o Waited what? Waited whom? → no answer → intransitive

- I wrote that letter.o Wrote what? → letter → transitive

- She wrote quickly.o Wrote what? → no answer → intransitive

Warning! Notice that the definitions of transitive and intransitive verbs above refer to “action verbs” that do or do not direct action. You can answer “What” questions after “to be” and “to become”. However, these verbs are ALWAYS intransitive. They are linking, not action verbs. Linking verbs are never transitive. Other linking verbs include look, sound, smell, feel, taste appear, seem, become, grow, turn, prove, remain.

Warning! some transitive verbs can have their objects left out of the sentence when the meaning is clear from the context.

- He has smoked since he was 10. (understood: cigarettes)- She plays beautifully. (understood: the piano)

Other verbs like this include answer, ask, cook, dance, drink, eat, fail, phone, read, sing, wash, win, write.

Transitive vs Intransitive Verbs (Important for June 30 topic, Adjectival Phrases) 2 of 2

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs: Exercises

Transitive vs. Intransitive Exercise: Determine if the verbs in the following sentences are transitive or intransitive. If transitive, indicate the object of the verb.

1. The birdcage swung from a golden chain.2. Margaret angrily crumpled her letter in her fist.3. Someone answered that question.4. He shuddered with fright during the scary part of the movie.5. The rats chewed their way into the old house.6. Acorns drop from the trees every fall.7. Charlie combed his hair nervously before the dance.8. We bought paper napkins for the picnic.9. Zelda smiled at the thought of a parade in the snow.10. Fish and potatoes sizzled in the pan.

Bauer, Mary Beth, Lawrence Biener, Linda Capo, et al. Grammar and Composition. Level 3. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1982. 32-4.

Tricky Transitives Exercise: The objects in these idiomatic phrases can be left out because the expressions are normally used in contexts in which it is clear what is meant. What objects are missing?

1. You wash and I’ll dry. 4. Who scored?2. Are you ready to order? 5. It’s your turn to deal.3. Do you drink? 6. I’ll weed and you can water.

Hewings, Martin. Advanced Grammar in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 72-3.

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs: Answers

Transitive vs. Intransitive Exercise:For the transitive sentences, the verb is bold, the object underlined.

1. The birdcage swung from a golden chain. INTRANSITIVE2. Margaret angrily crumpled her letter in her fist. TRANSITIVE3. Someone answered that question. TRANSITIVE4. He shuddered with fright during the scary part of the movie. INTRANSITIVE5. The rats chewed their way into the old house. TRANSITIVE6. Acorns drop from the trees every fall. INTRANSITIVE7. Charlie combed his hair nervously before the dance. TRANSITIVE8. We bought paper napkins for the picnic. TRANSITIVE9. Zelda smiled at the thought of a parade in the snow. INTRANSITIVE10. Fish and potatoes sizzled in the pan. INTRANSITIVE

Bauer, Mary Beth, Lawrence Biener, Linda Capo, et al. Grammar and Composition. Level 3. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1982. 33-4.

Tricky Transitives Exercise: 1. You wash and I’ll dry. → the dishes2. Are you ready to order? → your meal (in a restaurant)3. Do you drink? → alcohol4. Who scored? → the goals5. It’s your turn to deal. → the cards6. I’ll weed and you can water. → the garden

Hewings, Martin. Advanced Grammar in Use: A self-study reference and practice book for advanced learners of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 73.

Worksheet: Azar: Fundamentals of English Grammar, 3rd ed. Chart 10-3

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

What is a transitive verb? A transitive verb requires an object in the form of a noun or pronoun to complete its meaning. This object answers to the questions “who(m) or what.” Example: -The students write composition. What do the students write? Compositions.

-Peter loves Mary. Who (m) does Peter love? Mary. Formula: Subject + Verb + Object What is an intransitive verb? An intransitive verb is one that does not require an object to complete its meaning. The sentence may end with the verb, an adjective, or an adverb. The questions one may ask with these forms are “when, where, how, or why.” Example: - The children sat. - The children sat at 7:30 pm.

- The children sat at the table.

- The children sat quietly.

- The children sat because their mother told them to. Try asking questions based on the underlined words. Write them in the blank spaces here:

Let’s see if you can identify the verbs in the following examples. Draw a line under the verb and in the blank space, write transitive or intransitive.

1. The math professor explains the lesson.

2. I drive my car to work everyday.

3. Many students sleep late on the weekends.

4. Louise finally got her license.

5. Does your family live in Minnesota?

Worksheet: Azar: Fundamentals of English Grammar, 3rd ed. Chart 10-3

6. Mark and Mindy seem unhappy.

7. When did your friends come to the United States?

8. For e-mail, you need a computer.

9. My dad and I always disagree.

10. Did you find the address? Myra M. Medina, 2006 Miami Dade College

Documents

Subject and Predicate