t2-Xu Ly Khi Thai Lo Hoi

8/14/2019 t2-Xu Ly Khi Thai Lo Hoi

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So tay hng dan x ly o nhiem moi trng trong san xuat tieu thu cong nghiep - X ly khoi

lo hi

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-----S Khoa hoc, Cong nghe va Moi trng Tp. Ho Ch Minh1

S KHOA HOC, CONG NGHE VA MOI TRNGTHANH PHO HO CH MINH

SO TAY HNG DAN

X LY O NHIEM MOI TRNG TRONG

SAN XUAT TIEU THU CONG NGHIEP

Tap 2 :X LY KHOI THAI LO HI

Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh 1998


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MUC LUC

LI NOI AU ...01

MUC LUC.02

I- AC IEM CUA KHOI THAI LO HI .....04

I-1. AC IEM KHOI THAI LO HI OT CUI.04

I-2. AC IEM KHOI THAI LO HI OT THAN A05

I-3. AC IEM KHOI THAI LO HI OT DAU F.O.06

II- CAC TAC ONG EN MOI TRNG CUA KHOI THAI LO HI.08

II-1. CAC CHAT O NHIEM TRONG KHOI THAI LO HI.08

II-2. TAC ONG CUA CAC CHAT O NHIEM..08

II-3 TIEU CHUAN KIEM SOAT KHOI THAI LO HI11

III- CAC BIEN PHAP GIAM O NHIEM DO KHOI LO HI.13

III-1 CAC BIEN PHAP QUAN LY NGAN NGA O NHIEM .13

III-2 GIAM O NHIEM CHO LO HI OT NHIEN LIEU RAN13

V DU Tnh kch thc buong lang bui cho lo hi ot than co lng tieu hao than

la 50kg/h16

V DU Tnh thiet b loc khoi cho lo hi ot cui co lng tieu hao cui n v la

100kg/h.18


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III-3 :GIAM O NHIEM CHO LO HI OT DAU F.O.20

V DU Tnh toan chieu cao ong khoi cho lo hi ot dau F.O vi lng dau ot 60

kg/h 21

V DU Tnh toan thiet b loc hi SO2cho khoi thai lo hi ot dau F.O vi lng dau

ot 60 kg/h ..23

IV - NHNG CHU Y KHI CAU TRUC NGON ONG KHOI ..27

PHU LUC I : GIA THANH CUA MOT HE THONG X LY KHOI LO HI D TOANTHEO SUAT TIEU HAO DAU..28

PHU LUC II : THIET KE MAU BUONG LANG BUI CHO LO HI OT THAN Cong suat

tieu hao than : 50 kg/h..29

PHU LUC III : THIET KE MAU BUONG LANG BUI T CHO LO HI OT CUI

(CYCLON MANG NC ) Cong suat tieu hao cui : 100 kg/h33

MOT SO NI CO THE MUA CAC VAT T CAN THIET HOAC CO THE AM NHAN TVAN, THIET KE, THI CONG HE THONG X LY KHOI LO HI.35


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LI NOI AU

o hi la nguon cung cap nhiet kha pho bien trong nhieu loaihnh cong nghe, thng gap trong cac cong oan say, gianhiet nh hnh, gia nhiet cho cac phan ng hoa hoc, lam chn thc pham, khtrung trong nhieu nganh san xuat lo hi la thiet b khong the khong co.

Lo hi co the c cap nhiet t nhieu nguon khac nhau. cac lo hicong suat nho thng cap nhiet bang ien, mot so lo hien ai dung nhien lieula kh ot hoa long (gas-LPG) kem theo la he thong ieu chnh t ong, vi caclo hi sach nh tren thng khong co van e ve mat khoi bui thai. Tuy nhien,thng gap trong cac c s tieu thu cong nghiep tai thanh pho Ho Ch Minh lacac lo hi dung nhien lieu ot lo chnh la go cui, than a hoa c dau F.O, cac sanpham chay do viec ot cac nhien lieu tren thai vao khong kh thng la nguyennhan dan en cac khieu nai ve mat moi trng.

Nham muc ch giup cac c s san xuat co the t mnh chu onggiai quyet cac van e ve x ly khong che o nhiem, S Khoa hoc, Congnghe va Moi trng Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh a xay dng So tay hngdan x ly o nhiem moi trng trong san xuat tieu thu cong nghiep taiThanh pho Ho Ch Minh. Phan nay cua so tay trnh bay giai phap x lyo nhiem do khoi lo hi gay ra.

Cac thiet ke va tnh toan cu the trong tai lieu la x ly khoi cho lo hidung nhien lieu la cui, than a hoac dau F.O vi lng tieu thu nhien lieukhoang 50 - 100 kg/h la cac mc cong suat thng gap, tuy nhien vanco the ap dung tai lieu e x ly khoi cho cac lo hi co mc cong suatkhac va cho nhng nguon thai khoi tng t nh cac lo dau, lo nung ...

Tai lieu nay la mot phan cua So tay hng dan x ly o nhiem moitrng trong san xuat tieu thu cong nghiep tai Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh.

CHU TR : GSTS. NGUYEN THIEN NHAN

BIEN SOAN : PTS. PHAM TIEN DUNGPTS. LE VAN TRNHKS. TRAN PHUC TUE

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I. AC IEM KHOI THAI LO HI

Lo hi la nguon cung cap nhiet cho cac thiet b cong nghe qua moi chat dan

nhiet la hi nc cao ap. Lo hi co the c cap nhiet t nhieu nguon khac nhau, hien

nay trong cac c s tieu thu cong nghiep tai thanh pho Ho Ch Minh thng dung 3 loai

nhien lieu ot lo chnh la go cui, than a hoac dau F.O. ac iem khoi thai cua cac loai

lo hi khac nhau, tuy theo loai nhien lieu s dung.

I-1. AC IEM KHOI THAI LO HI OT CUI

Lo hi ot cui ang co xu hng t dan v chu trng quan ly rng chat che cua

nha nc, va thc te dung go e ot lo hi la qua lang ph. Hien tai cui ot lo hi thng

la loai go khong con dung c vao viec g khac.

Qua trnh cui chay trong lo hi, la qua trnh chay lp nhien lieu ran trong buong

ot ghi thu cong. Khong kh can cho s chay c quat vao di mat ghi va i len tren

tham gia vao qua trnh chay. Kh chay co nhiet o cao i qua cac hang ong la cua lo,

sau khi truyen nhiet cho ao nc ben ngoai lam nc sinh hi, khoi lo c gom thai ra

ngoai qua ong khoi.

Dong kh thai ra ong khoi co nhiet o van con cao khoang 120 ~ 1500C, phu

thuoc nhieu vao cau tao lo. Thanh phan cua khoi thai bao gom cac san pham chay cua

cui, chu yeu la cac kh CO2, CO, N2, kem theo mot t cac chat boc trong cui khong kp

chay het, oxy d va tro bui bay theo dong kh. Thanh phan kh thai co the thay oi rat

ln tuy thuoc vao che o chay tren mat ghi. che o chay tot, kh thai mang theo rat t

cac chat boc trong cui nen nhn thay kh trong hay co mau xam nhat . Khi che o chayxau, thieu oxy va nhiet o buong la thap, kh thai co mau xam en ti en do cac hat

mo hong ngng ket t cac phan t cacbua-hyro nang co nhieu trong kh thai.


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Khi ot cui, thanh phan cac chat trong kh thai thay oi tuy theo loai cui, tuy vay

lng kh thai sinh ra la tng oi on nh. e tnh toan ta co the dung tr so V T2 0 = 4,23m3/kg , ngha la khi ot 1kg cui se sinh ra 4,23 m3 kh thai nhiet o 20oC.

Lng bui tro co trong khoi thai chnh la mot phan cua lng khong chay het va

lng tap chat khong chay co trong cui, lng tap chat nay thng chiem ty le 1% trong

lng cui kho. Tro b kh chay cuon theo vao dong kh lo tao thanh 1 lng bui nhat nh

trong kh thai. Lng bui nay co nong o dao ong rat ln v phu thuoc vao cac thao tac

cua cong nhan ot lo. Bui phat sinh ln nhat khi cong nhan nap them cui vao lo hay

choc ghi. No con phu thuoc vao van toc dong kh chay trong lo va cau tao lo. Bui

trong khoi thai lo hi ot cui co kch thc hat t 500m ti 0,1m, nong o dao ongtrong khoang t 200-500 mg/m3. Khi cui b t hay muc, lng khoi vi c hat nho bay

ra nhieu hn.

1-2. AC IEM KHOI THAI LO HI OT THAN A

Cac loai than a c s dung Tp HCM eu la than gay hay An-tra-xt xuat x

t vung Quang Ninh. ay la loai than t chat boc, khong xop nen kho chay va chay lau.

Nguyen ly chay cua than trong lo hi tng t nh cui, ngha la : Khi ot than trong

buong ot chay lp co ghi thu cong, khong kh c quat vao t pha di ghi, than

chay dan t lp pha di len lp pha tren va t pha ngoai vao trong cuc than.

Kh thai cua lo hi ot than chu yeu mang theo bui, CO2, CO, SO2 , SO3 va NOx

do thanh phan hoa chat co trong than ket hp vi oxy trong qua trnh chay tao nen.

Lng bui trong kh thai co kch thc hat va nong o dao ong trong khoang rong va

phu thuoc nhieu vao thi iem choc ghi va them than vao lo. Ham lng lu huynhtrong than 0,5% nen trong kh thai co SO2 vi nong o khoang 1.333 mg/m3.

Lng kh thai phu thuoc vao moi loai than, vi than An-tra-xt Quang Ninh lng

kh thai khi ot 1 kg than la: V020 7,5 m3/kg.


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Bui trong khoi thai lo hi la mot tap hp cac hat ran co kch thc rat khac nhau,t vai micromet ti vai tram micromet. Cac ket qua nghien cu a cho thay ty le phanbo cac loai hat bui cac khoang ng knh trung bnh (Dtb) cua lo ot than nh trongbang 1.

Bang 1. Ty le phan bo cac loai hat bui lo ot than:

Dtb(m) 010 1020 2030 3040 4050 5060 6086 86100 >100

% 3 3 4 3 4 3 7 6 67

I-3. AC IEM KHOI THAI LO HI OT DAU F.O

Lo hi s dung nhien lieu dau F.O e ot sinh nhiet la loai pho bien nhat hien

nay (F.O - ch viet tat cua Fuel Oil, con goi la dau en). Dau F.O la mot phc hp cua

cac Hyro Cacbon cao phan t. Dau F.O dang long co lng sinh nhiet n v cao, o

tro t nen ngay cang c s dung rong rai. Mat khac van hanh lo hi ot dau F.O n

gian va kha kinh te.

Dau F.O ung tieu chuan co cac thong so ky thuat nh trong bang 2.

Bang 2. Cac tieu chuan chat lng cua dau F.O s dung Viet Nam :

Cac thong so Gia tr Phng thcxac nh

1.Ty trong2.o nht3.Can cacbon (% W)4.Nhiet o bat la.5.iem ong ac.6. Ham lng lu huynh (% W)7. Ham lng nc (% V)8. Ham lng tro (% W)9. Nhiet nang(Cal/g)10. mg KOH /g

0,96017016

65,6 oC20 oC3,00,16,5

10,21,0

D 1298D 445D 189D 93D 97

D 1266D 482D 45

D 240D 974


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Khi ot dau F.O trong lo hi, ngi ta phun dau qua cac voi phun ac biet (becphun) e tao thanh sng dau trong hon hp vi khong kh i vao buong ot. Cac hatsng dau se bay hi va b phan huy di nhiet o cao thanh cac Cacbua hyro nhe,de chay va chay het trong buong ot cua lo. Khi hat dau phun qua ln hay buong cha

qua nguoi, cac hat sng dau bay hi va phan huy khong het se tao thanh khoi va muoien trong kh thai. ieu nay thng gap cac voi phun qua cu hay khi khi ong hoactai khi ong lo.

Trong kh thai cua lo hi ot dau F.O ngi ta thng thay co cac chat sau: CO2,CO, NOx , SO2 , SO3 va hi nc, ngoai ra con co mot ham lng nho tro va cac hat trorat nho tron lan vi dau chay khong het ton tai di dang son kh ma ta thng goi lamo hong.

TAI LNG O NHIEM CUA DAU F.O :

a- Lng kh thai :

Lng kh thai khi ot dau F.O t thay oi. Nhu cau khong kh can cap cho ot

chay het 1 kg dau F.O la V020 = 10,6 m3/kg, lng kh thai sinh ra khi ot het 1 kg dau

F.O la : Vc20 11,5 m3/kg 13,8 kg kh thai/ 1kg dau.

b- Nong o cac chat o nhiem trong kh thai :

Vi dau F.O ung theo tieu chuan chat lng, khi ot chay trong lo hi se co

nong o cac chat trong kh thai nh trong bang 3 :

Bang 3. Nong o cac chat trong kh thai lo hi ot dau F.O :

CHAT GAY O NHIEM NONG O (mg/m3)

SO2 va SO3 5.217 7.000

CO 50Tro bui 280

Hi dau 0,4

NOx 428


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Lu y la nong o cac chat trong kh thai nay ng vi ieu kien hi dau chay tot

trong lo hi. Neu ieu kien chay khong tot th lng tro bui, CO va hi dau tang len rat

cao va khoi co mau en.

II- CAC TAC ONG EN MOI TRNG CUA KHOI THAI LO HI

II-1. CAC CHAT O NHIEM TRONG KHOI THAI LO HI

Co the nhan dien cac chat o nhiem trong khoi thai lo hi bang 4 di ay,

trong o cac yeu to c to am la cac tac nhan gay o nhiem chnh can phai kiem soat

oi vi moi loai lo hi.

Bang 4. Cac chat o nhiem trong khoi thai lo hi :

LOAI LO HI CHAT O NHIEM

Lo hi ot bang cui Khoi + tro bui + CO + CO2

Lo hi ot bang than Khoi + tro bui + CO + CO2 + SO2 + SO3 + NOx

Lo hi ot bang dau F.O Khoi + tro bui + CO +CO2 + SO2 +SO3 + NOx

II-2. TAC ONG CUA CAC CHAT O NHIEM

II-2-1. Tac hai cua kh SO2, SO3:

Kh SO2, SO3 c sinh ra t qua trnh ot nhien lieu co cha lu huynh nhthan, dau FO, DO. Kh SO2 la loai kh khong mau, khong chay, co v hang cay, do qua

trnh quang hoa hay do s xuc tac kh SO2 de dang b oxy hoa va bien thanh SO3 trongkh quyen.

Kh SO2, SO3 goi chung la SOx, la nhng kh thuoc loai oc hai khong ch oi visc khoe con ngi, ong thc vat, ma con tac ong len cac vat lieu xay dng, caccong trnh kien truc. Chung la nhng chat co tnh kch thch, nong o nhat nh co the


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gay co giat c trn cua kh quan. nong o ln hn se gay tang tiet dch niem macng kh quan. Khi tiep xuc vi mat chung co the tao thanh axit.

SOx co the xam nhap vao c the con ngi qua cac c quan ho hap hoac cac c

quan tieu hoa sau khi c hoa tan trong nc bot. Va cuoi cung chu ng co the xamnhap vao he tuan hoan. Khi tiep xuc vi bui, SOx co the tao ra cac hat axit nho, cac hatnay co the xam nhap vao cac huyet mach neu kch thc cua chung nho hn 2 -3 m.SO2 co the xam nhap vao c the cua ngi qua da va gay ra cac chuyen oi hoa hoc,ket qua cua no la ham lng kiem trong mau giam, amoniac b thoat qua ng tieu vaco anh hng en tuyen nc bot. Hau het dan c song quanh khu vc nha may conong o SO2, SO3 cao eu mac benh ng ho hap.

SOx b oxy hoa ngoai khong kh va phan ng vi nc ma tao thanh axit sulfurichay cac muoi sulfate gay hien tng ma axit, anh hng xau en s phat trien thcvat. Khi tiep xuc vi moi trng co cha ham lng SO

2t 1 - 2ppm trong vai gi co

the gay ton thng la cay. oi vi cac loai thc vat nhay cam nh nam, a y, hamlng 0,15 - 0,30 ppm co the gay oc tnh cap.

S co mat cua SOx trong khong kh nong am con la tac nhan gay an mon kimloai, be-tong va cac cong trnh kien truc. SOx lam h hong, lam thay oi tnh nang vat ly,lam thay oi mau sac vat lieu xay dng nh a voi, a hoa, a cam thach; pha hoai cactac pham ieu khac , tng ai. Sat , thep va cac kim loai khac trong moi trng kham, nong va b nhiem SOx th b han g rat nhanh. SOx cung lam h hong va giam tuoitho cac san pham vai , nylon , t nhan tao , o bang da va giay ...

II-2-2. Tac hai cua kh NO2Nit dioxit (NO2) la kh co mau nau o co mui gat va cay, mui cua no co the phat

hien c vao khoang 0,12 ppm. NO2 la kh co tnh kch thch manh ng ho hap, notac ong en than kinh va pha huy mo te bao phoi, lam chay nc mui, viem hong.

Kh NO2 vi nong o 100 ppm co the gay t vong cho ngi va ong vat sau motso phut tiep xuc . Va vi nong o 5 ppm sau mot so phut tiep xuc co the dan en anhhng xau oi vi bo may ho hap. Con ngi tiep xuc lau vi kh NO2 khoang 0,06 ppmco the gay cac benh tram trong ve phoi .

Mot so thc vat co tnh nhay cam oi vi moi trng se b tac hai khi nong oNO2 khoang 1 ppm va thi gian tac dung trong khoang mot ngay, neu nong o NO2 nhokhoang 0,35 ppm th thi gian tac dung la mot thang.

NO2 cung gop phan vao s hnh thanh nhng hp chat nh tac nhan quang hoava tao axit, tnh chat quan trong cua no trong phan ng quang hoa la hap thu bc xa tngoai ong vai tro quan trong trong s hnh thanh khoi quang hoc, co tac dung lam phaimau thuoc nhuom vai, lam h hong vai bong ,va nylon, lam han g kim loai va san sinh


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ra cac phan t nitrat lam tang s tch tu cua hat trong khong kh. Ngoai ra, NO2 la chatgop phan gay thung tang Ozon.

II-2-3. Tac hai cua bui tro va mo hong

Trong phoi ngi, bui co the la nguyen nhan gay kch thch c hoc gay kho khancho cac hoat ong cua phoi, chung co the gay nen cac benh ve ng ho hap. Noichung bui tro va mo hong anh hng en sc khoe con ngi nh gay benh hen suyen,viem cuong phoi, benh kh thung va benh viem c phoi . Bui khoi c tao ra trong quatrnh ot chay nhien lieu co the cha cac hydrocacbon a vong (giong nh 3,4-benzpyrene) vi oc to cao, co the gay ung th.

Bui gop phan chnh vao o nhiem do hat l lng va cac sol kh, co tac dung hapthu va khuyech tan anh sang mat tri, lam giam o trong suot cua kh quyen, tc la lamgiam bt tam nhn. Loai o nhiem nay hien la van e o nhiem khong kh thanh thnghiem trong nhat, cac nghien cu cho thay moi lien ket chat che gia o nhiem khongkh hat va s t vong, chung gay tac hai oi vi thiet b va moi han ien, lam giam nangsuat cay trong, gay nguy hiem cho cac phng tien giao thong ng bo.

II-2-4. Tac hai cua kh CO

Kh CO la loai kh khong mau, khong mui va khong v, tao ra do s chay khonghoan toan cua nhien lieu cha carbon. Con ngi e khang vi CO rat kho khan.Nhng ngi mang thai va au tim tiep xuc vi kh CO se rat nguy hiem v ai lc cuaCO vi hemoglobin cao hn gap 200 lan so vi oxy, can tr oxy t mau en mo. The

nen phai nhieu mau c bm en e mang cung mot lng oxy can thiet. Mot songhien cu tren ngi va ong vat a minh hoa nhng ca the tim yeu ieu kien cangthang trong trang thai d CO trong mau, ac biet phai chu nhng cn au that ngc khilng CO bao quanh nang len. nong o khoang 5ppm CO co the gay au au, chongmat. nhng nong o t 10ppm en 250ppm co the gay ton hai en he thong timmach, tham ch gay t vong. Ngi tiep xuc vi CO trong thi gian dai se b xanh xao,gay yeu.

Kh CO co the b oxy hoa thanh cacbon dioxyt (CO2) nhng phan ng nay xay rarat cham di tac dung cua anh sang mat tri. CO co the b oxy hoa va bam vao thcvat va chuyen dch trong qua trnh diep luc hoa . Cac vi sinh vat tren mat at cung co

kha nang hap thu CO t kh quyen. Tac hai cua kh CO oi vi con ng i va ong vatxay ra khi no hoa hp thuan nghch vi hemoglobin (Hb) trong mau.

- Hemoglobin co ai lc hoa hoc oi vi CO manh hn oi vi O 2, khi CO va O2 co matbao hoa so lng cung vi hemoglobin th nong o HbO2 (oxi hemoglobin) va HbCO(caroxihemoglobin) co quan he theo ang thc Haridene nh sau :

[HbCO]/[HbO2] = M * P(CO)/P(O2) .


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ay P(CO) va P(O2) la ai lc thanh phan (hay nong o) kh CO va O2 , con M la hangso va phu thuoc vao hnh thai ong vat . oi vi con ngi , M co gia tr t 200 - 300 .Hon hp hemoglobin va CO lam giam ham lng oxi lu chuyen trong mau va nh vayte bao con ngi thieu oxi . Cac trieu chng xuat hien benh tng ng vi cac mc

HbCO gan ung nh sau :

+ 0,0 - 0,1 : khong co trieu chng g ro ret , nhng co the xuat hien mot so dau hieu cuastress sinh ly .

+ 0,1 - 0,2 : ho hap nang nhoc, khokhan

+ 0.1 - 0.3 : au au .

+ 0,3 - 0,4 : lam yeu c bap , buon non va loa mat.

+ 0,4 - 0,5 : sc khoe suy sup , noi lu li .

+ 0,5 - 0,6 : b co giat , roi loan .

+ 0,6 -0,7 : hon me tien nh .

+ 0,8 : t vong

Thc vat t nhay cam vi CO hn ngi , nhng nong o cao (100 - 10.000ppm) nolam cho la rung , b xoan quan , dien tch la b thu hep , cay non b chet yeu . CO co tacdung kem che s ho hap cua te bao thc vat .

II-3. TIEU CHUAN KIEM SOAT KHOI THAI LO HI

Hien co hai tieu chuan ap dung cho viec kiem soat KHOI THAI LO HI la Tieuchuan Viet Nam TCVN 5937-1995 va TCVN 5939-1995 :

1. Tieu chuan Viet Nam TCVN 5939-1995 :

Tieu chuan nay quy nh nong o toi a cho phep cua bui va cac chat vo c trongkh thai cong nghiep. Viec o kiem c tien hanh bang cach lay mau t 1 lo khoanngay tren ong khoi, lo khoan co ng knh > 10 mm tai v tr cach xa cac moi noi toi

thieu la 5 lan ng knh trong cua ong khoi. Theo tieu chuan nong o toi a cho phepcua cac chat o nhiem trong ong khoi lo hi khong c vt qua cac mc sau :

- Bui < 400 mg/ m3- CO < 500 mg/ m3- SO2 < 500 mg/ m3


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- NO2 < 1.000 mg/ m3Thong thng, vi cac lo hi ot than hoac ot dau F.O khong co cac bien phap x

ly kh thai th ham lng cua cac chat o nhiem trong ong khoi lo hi co thong so nh

sau :

Bang 5. Ham lng cua cac chat o nhiem trong ong khoi lo hi (mg/m3) :

Chat onhiem

Lo ot cui Lo ot than a Lo ot dau F.O TCVN 5939 -1995

Bui 200 1.000 200 1.500 2.000 2.500 400

SOX - 500 1.300 5.000 7.000 500

NOX - - 400 - 500 1000

CO 100 - 200 50 - 150 50 - 100 500

So vi Tieu chuan co the rut ra ket luan sau :

Khi khong co cac bien phap x ly, ham lng cua SOx va bui trong ong khoi lohi ot than va ot dau thng khong at tieu chuan cho phep, cac ch tieu khac eu trong khoang cho phep.

2. Tieu chuan Viet Nam TCVN 5937-1995 :

Tieu chuan nay quy nh nong o toi a cho phep cua cac chat trong khong khxung quanh (ben ngoai). Viec o kiem c tien hanh bang cach lay mau khong kh taicac nha gan c s, thng la tai cac nha co khieu nai va d i gio, chu y khong eviec lay mau b anh hng bi cac nguon o nhiem khac nh hut thuoc la, ot rac, xe co Theo tieu chuan nong o trung bnh cua cac chat o nhiem trong khong kh xungquanh khong c vt qua cac mc sau (ng vi thi gian lay mau < 1 gi) :

- Bui < 0,3 mg/ m3- CO < 40 mg/ m3- SO2 < 0,5 mg/ m3- NO2 < 0,4 mg/ m3

Viec o ac thc te cho thay : khi khong co cac bien phap x ly, tai cac iem banh hng do khoi thai lo hi thng khong at tieu chuan cho phep ve bui, oi khi


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ham lng SO2 cung khong at tieu chuan cho phep, cac ch tieu con lai trongkhoang cho phep.

III- CAC BIEN PHAP GIAM O NHIEM DO KHOI LO HI

III-1. CAC BIEN PHAP QUAN LY NGAN NGA O NHIEM

Ngoai cac bien phap cong nghe, cac bien phap quan ly cung em lai hieu qua

rat ln trong viec ngan nga o nhiem khi s dung lo hi. quy mo tieu thu cong nghiep

co the ap dung cac bien phap sau :

1. Khong bo tr ong khoi lo hi cac v tr bat li nh pha tren gio oi vi ca so cuacac nha cao.

2. Khong nhom lo trong nhng gi cao iem co nhieu ngi tap trung; moi lo bangnhng nhien lieu sach de chay nh dau la, dau D.O, khong dung cao su, nha

3. Bo tr ca mai hoac he thong gng phan chieu e ngi van hanh lo co the nhnthay nh ong khoi.

4. a ch tieu van hanh lo khong co khoi en vao tieu chuan khen thng.5. Giam viec tai nhom lo nhieu lan bang cach xa hi d thay v ta t lo.6. Khong sn ong khoi bang nhng mau gay kch thch th giac nh mau en, o.7. Han che s dung cac loai nhien lieu xau lam phat sinh nhieu bui va hi kh thai nh

cac loai go co vo lua, go co ngam tam hoa chat, cao su, dau F.O troi noi


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III-2. GIAM O NHIEM CHO LO HI OT NHIEN LIEU RAN

Nhien lieu ran cho lo hi bao gom cui va than. Chung co chung mot ac tnh la

c ot trong buong ot chay lp co ghi co nh. V vay, ac iem phat thai chat onhiem co nhieu iem giong nhau.

III-2-1. Yeu to gay anh hng ti tai lng o nhiem

1- o am cua than cui : Han che viec a than, cui b t vao lo v trong qua

trnh chay, lng nc trong than cui bay hi se lam nguoi be mat chay, gay can trcho viec bay hi chat boc trong than cui, lam buong ot phat sinh nhieu khoi.

2- Cung cap lng kh thoi va u: Hau het cac buong ot eu dung quat gio

e quat khong kh vao lo giup cho than, cui de chay. Viec phan bo eu lng khong kh

nay vao di ghi la viec rat can thiet e tao cho than cui chay ong eu tren toan mat

ghi. Mat khac ch thoi vao mot lng khong kh vao va u e chay than cui tranh lam

nguoi lo va bay tro vao kh thai.

3- nh thi gian choc x hp ly: Thao tac nay ch co lo hi ot than. Khi lp

x pha di ghi e qua day se lam tang sc can cua lp nhien lieu chay, de gay ra tnh

trang thieu gio tren ghi. Neu choc x qua sm se lam ri cac hon than ang chay xuong

ngan x va se lang ph.

III-2-2. Tai lng kh thai

Lu lng kh thai t 1 lo hi ot than hay cui c tnh t cong thc:

( )[ ]( )

L = B V 1 V273 t

273O20

O + +

m3 /h [ I ]


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Trong o: B- Lng than cui ot trong mot gi (kg/h)

V020- Khoi sinh ra khi ot 1 kg than hay cui co the lay:

Cho than: V020 = 7,5 m3/kg

Cho cui : V020 = 4,3 m3/kg

- He so tha khong kh=1,25 1,3

V0- Lng khong kh can e ot 1 kg than hay cui

Cho than: Vo = 7,1 m3

/kg

Cho cui : Vo = 3,43 m3/kg

t- Nhiet o kh thai gan ung co the lay t 150oC

Trong lng rieng trung bnh cua cac hat x than trong khoi thai = 22,2 g/cm3.

Vi trong lng rieng nay, loai bui tro than co ng knh < 50m hau nh khong lang

trong t nhien v toc o ri cua no trong moi trng lang gio ch la 0,2 m/s. Trong bui

lo ot than, ty le loai hat nay rat thap, ch chiem toi a 1720% trong lng bui so ln

con lai lang rat nhanh trong khong kh.

Ham lng kh SO2 va SO3 trong khoi thai lo hi ot than sinh ra do lng lu

huynh co trong than. Thong thng than An-tra-xt Quang Ninh co cha ham lng lu

huynh la 0,5 %. Co ngha la nong o cua kh SO2 va SO3 trong kh thai (tnh theo SO2)

khi ot 1 kg than a la 700 mg/m3.

III-2-3. Giam bt lng bui trong kh thai

Cac ket qua nghien cu cho thay bui trong khoi thai lo hi ot cui va than co

kch thc ln, co the dung cac loai buong lang bui di tac dung cua lc quan tnh va

lc trong trng.


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Buong lang bui c chia nhieu loai: Buong lang ngang, lang ng va buong

xoay (cyclon).

Buong lang ngang la loai buong lang trong o, khong kh di chuyen theophng ngang, con bui ri thang ng xuong di theo phng cua lc trong trng.

Buong lang ng la loai buong lang trong o, khong kh di chuyen theo

phng ng t di len tren, con bui ri thang ng xuong di theo phng cua lc

trong trng.

Buong thu bui kieu quan tnh hoat ong theo nguyen ly li dung cac quan tnh

xuat hien khi thay oi hng chuyen ong cua luong kh cha bui ban.

Buong xoay lam viec theo nguyen ly : Khong kh ban c thoi vao theo hng

tiep tuyen vi vo buong hnh tru phan gan co .Khong kh ban se xoay theo than

buong theo hng t tren xuong di. Khi gap phan vo buong thu nho dan , dong kh

xoay se tao thanh loi xoay ngc len tren.Do ma sat vi thanh vo va do dong xoa y bien

oi toc o nen cac hat bui trong dong kh chuyen ong khong cung toc o ,cac lc kh

ong sinh ra se lam cho hat bui i chech quy ao ,va vao vo , tach ra va ri xuong ditheo tac dung cua lc trong trng. Trong loai buong nay lc ly tam tac dung len hat bui

nho khong ang ke.

Chieu dai buong lang bui ngang c tnh theo cong thc:

L =H VVk

l (m) [ II ]

H- Chieu cao buong lang (m)

Vk- Van toc trung bnh cua khong kh trong vung lang (Vk=0,20,8 m/s)


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Vl- Van toc can bang cua hat bui trong khong kh (van toc thang) la toc o dong

kh thoi t di len gi cho hat bui treo l lng trong khong gian. Van to c nay phu thuoc

vao ng knh hat bui;trong lng hat bui va nhiet o dong kh (m/s).

V du: Buong ot lo hi ot than co lng tieu hao than la 50kg/h.Hay tnh kch

thc buong lang bui e lang cac hat bui co kch thc 50m.

1- Lu lng kh thai cua lo:[ I ]

( )[ ]( )

L = 50 1 7,1273 150

273 +

+7 5 1 3, , m3/h

L= 746 m3/h = 0,2m3/s

2- Dien tch tiet dien ngang cua buong lang:

F= 0,2 : 0,8 = 0,25 m2

Chon chieu cao ca dan khoi vao buong h=0,25 m

Chon chieu rong ca dan khoi vao buong b=1m

3-Chieu dai buong lang:

L= 0,25x0,8 : 0,2=1 m

4-Chieu cao pheu thu bui:

H =

+1

2 0 5770 25 12

.. = 0.92 m

Vi buong lang nay,neu cau tao ong dan kh vao buong hp ly se loc sach

khoang 80 85% lng bui than trong kh thai.


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u iem cua buong lang la tr lc khong kh qua buong rat nho nen he thong

thai khoi hau nh khong phai at them thiet b hut khoi.e tang them hieu qua loc bui,

ta co the at them cac tam chan dong trong buong lang

Trong mot vai trng hp, ngi ta s dung buong lang bui quan tnh ket hp vi

cac be mat t e lang bui trong khoi thai. Loa nay rat hay c s dung trong lo hi

ot cui v cui khong cha lu huynh va trong rieng cua hat bui rat nho.

V du: Tnh thiet b loc khoi cho lo hi ot cui co lng tieu hao cui n v la

100kg/h

1-Lng kh thai cua lo hi:

( )[ ]( )

L = 100 4,3 1 3,43273

273 +

+1 25

150, m3/h

L = 784 m3/h

2- Dien tch tiet dien vao buong loc khoi khi chon toc o khoi v = 6 m/s :

F =

784

3600 6= 0,0363 m2

AxB = 270x135 mm

3- Chon buong lang t dang Cyclon t e loc bui trong khoi v cac u iem

sau:

-Thi gian lu bui trong thiet b dai nhng kch thc nho gon

-Khong lam nguoi kh thai do be mat bay hi nho lng nc bo sung nho.

-Tr lc nho.


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-Cac hat bui va cham vao vach t b cuon theo xuong be nc

Chon theo kch thc mieng vao,ta co cac kch thc cua Cyclon nh sau:

-ng knh buong xoay hnh tru : D=400mm

-Chieu cao buong xoay hnh tru : H=1100mm

-Lng nc phun lam t vach: l 600l/h

-So voi phun nc lam t vach: n=4.

- Ap suat nc trc voi phun P = 1,5 kG / cm2

S O CAU TAO CYCLON MANG NC

KCH THC BUONG LOC BUI T

STT D H A B lng nc n


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1 443 1100 155 275 0,6 m3 / h 4

2 570 1430 200 352 0,8 m3 / h 4

3 730 1830 255 452 0,95 m3 / h 4

4 888 2220 310 552 1,3 m3 / h 5

5 1150 2900 405 714 1,5 m3 / h 4

III-3. GIAM O NHIEM CHO LO HI OT DAU F.O

III-3-1. Cac bien phap cong nghe ngan nga o nhiem

e ngan nga chat o nhiem trong khoi thai lo hi ,viec trc het la phai hoan

thien thiet b ot dau F.O bang cach : Thay the voi phun va quat gio sao cho sng

dau c tan u nho e chay het va ty lng dau - gio c can chnh hp ly.

Co hai khau tac ong rat ln en s chay cua dau trong lo mac du voi phun a

rat hoan thien o la:

A - Kiem soat va bao am lng nc lan trong dau khong qua ln.Bnh

thng lng nc nay ch khoang < 2%. Nhng dau F.O tren thng trng hien nay

co ham lng nc kha cao. Ham lng nc cao trong dau se lam nguo i vung bay hi

cua hat dau dan en khoi en ra nhieu.

B - Nang nhiet o ham dau F.O trc voi phun len ti 1200C.

Thong thng, ngi ta ch nang ti 90 hay 950C vi cac loai dau co o nht

thap. Con vi dau co o nht cao phai nang ti 1200C. e giam anh hng cua nc

trong dau bay hi, can phai co thiet b xa hi nc trong bnh ham dau.


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C- cac lo hi cong suat ln, se rat kinh te khi co bo ham nong khong kh trc

khi thoi vao voi phun. Nhiet cua bo ham nong khong kh c tan dung t dong kh thai

cua lo.

III-3-2. Ngan chan tac hai khoi thai lo hi ti moi trng xung quanh

Khi a hoan thien he thong ot lo, viec giam anh hng ti moi trng xung

quanh do khoi thai lo hi gay ra bao gom viec giam nong o phat thai t nguon va phan

tan kh thai sao cho nong o bui, SO2 khong cao qua tieu chuan cho phep khu vc

xung quanh.

He thong voi phun va ot dau khong hoan thien se tang lng muoi khoi bay

theo kh thai lam o nhiem khu vc xung quanh. Viec x ly lam sach kh thai se ton kem

hn nhieu so vi viec hoan thien lai he thong voi phun ot dau.

Viec tnh toan chieu cao ong khoi toi thieu e co the phat tan c hi SO2 tien

hanh nh sau:

V du: Tnh toan chieu cao ong khoi can thiet cho viec phat tan kh thai cua mot

lo hi ot dau F.O vi lng dau ot 60 kg/h.

1-Lu lng kh thai:

( )[ ]( )

L = 50 11,5 1 10,5273 150

273 +

+1 25, m3/h

L 1.100 m3/h = 0,306 m3 / s

2-ng knh ong khoi khi lay v = 6 m/s :

dx

x x= =

4 1100

3600 60 255

, mm


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3-Chieu cao ong khoi :

H240 G K m n

C L t

o

gh3

=

[ III ]

K0 - He so lang ong chat o nhiem trong khong kh K0 =1

G - Tong lng chat o nhiem thai ra ma ay la SO 2:.

G=60x1000x0,03x2 : 3600 = 1 g/s

Cgh

- Nong o SO2

cho phep co trong khong kh xung quanh.

Vi khu dan c Cgh = 0,3 mg/m3

n - He so xac nh theo thong so Vm .

Gia s ong khoi co chieu cao H = 16 m.

Vm = 0,65v t

H

= 0 656 120

16

,

= 4,36

Khi Vm > 2 n =1

m- He so tnh theo :

fv d 1000

H Dt

2

2=

=

=

6 0 255 1000

14 120

2

2

,0,39

m 10,67 0,1 f 0,34 f 3

=+ +

=+ +

=10 67 0 1 0 39 0 34 0 39

1 023, , , , ,

,

Thay vao cong thc tnh chieu cao ong thai:


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H =

=

240 1 1 1 1 02

0 3 0 306 12015 6

3

,

, ,, m [ III ]

Chieu cao ong thai tnh c trung vi chieu cao gia nh trc nen khong phaitnh lai.

CHU Y: Chieu cao H tnh c tng ng vi ong khoi co chieu cao ln hn 2~

2,5 lan chieu cao nha ngay sat chan ong khoi va ngoi nha nay cach biet han v i cac

nha khac . ( Coi nh ong khoi ng oc lap ) .

Neu trong khu vc 200 ~ 300 m quanh ong khoi la cac ngoi nha lien ke 1 lau co

chieu cao trung bnh la 7 m th phai xem chan ong khoi nam cao trnh 7 m ...

Neu ia hnh nha xung quanh cao thap khac nhau th phai tnh kiem tra cho tng

ngoi nha tuy thuoc vao khoang cach ti chan ong khoi bang cach tnh phc tap hn va

lay chieu cao nao tnh c cao nhat.

Co the tnh dc v tr di gio chu anh hng ln nhat cua ong khoi tren nh

sau :

X d H= ( m ) [ IV ]

Khi vm > 2 ( )d 7 V 1 0,28 f m 3= + ( )= + 7 4 36 1 0 28 0 393, , ,

d = 17,6

X = 17,6 X 15,6 = 275 m

e giam bt chieu cao ong khoi , co the dung he thong hap thu chat oc trong

kh thai bang dung dch kiem. He thong nay rat ton kem v phai lam ong bo vi he

thong x ly nc thai.


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V du : Tnh toan thiet b loc hi SO2 cho khoi thai lo hi ot dau F.O vi lng

dau ot 60 kg/h : (S dung so lieu cua v du tren).

1-Tiet dien ngang buong lam nguoi kh lo:

fL

Vm

1

1

0 306

0 80 38

2= = =

,

,,

d = 700 mm

2-Chieu cao chop oi tiet dien vao buong:

hd d

mm

11

2 0 577

700 255

2 0 577385=

=

=

. , . ,

3- Chieu cao phan hnh tru cua buong: H = 2,5xV1 = 2,5x0,8 = 2m

4- Chieu cao chop ay buong: h2 = 200mm.

5- ng knh ong xa nc ve be d3 = 100 mm

6- Chieu cao phan nhung ngap trong nc cua ong xa nc ve be: h3 = 300mm

7- Dien tch tiet dien ra cua buong:

fd

x m AxB xmm

2

1

2

2

4

1

1 550 033 200 200= = =

,,

8- Lng nc phun lam nguoi:

g1=1,3x0,306x3,6x4 : 1,55 = 3,7 m3/h

9- Ap suat trc voi phun: P=4 kg/cm2


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10- So voi phun: ng

11

0 3

3 7

0 312= =

,

,

,cai

11- ng knh ong dan nc vao buong lam nguoi:

dg

mm= 1000

41

1 5 360029

.

. , .

12- Tiet dien ngang thap loc cap 2 lay bang tiet dien ngang cua buong lam nguoi

: 0,62 x 0,62 m

13- Cau tao ngan loc hi dung chat em la phoi tien nhom co ng knh trung

bnh 2mm; o rong 82%. Chieu cao cua lp em la 500 mm; 2 mat ep khung sat 10 co

trai li 10x10

Tong trong lng phoi nhom can co la: G100 kg

Tong dien tch be mat tiep xuc cua 2 pha:

f = 0,7x100 = 70 m2

14- Lng nc phun e hap thu hi oc:

LN=4xL=4x0,36=1,224 l/s = 4,4 m3/h.

15- Chieu cao khoang phun nc toi thieu Hp = 500 mm

16- So voi phun can thiet ap lc 4 kg/cm2

n2 = 4,4x1:0,3 = 15 cai

17- ng knh ong dan nc phun = 42 mm

18- Chieu cao ay ngan thu nc: h = 300 mm


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19- ng knh ong xa nc ve be: =100 mm

20- Chieu cao toi thieu phan ong nhung ngap trong nc: l = 300 mm

21- Chieu cao ngan chan hat nc: h = 120 mm

22- Cau tao lp chan hat nc sau ngan phun tng t nh lp em loc hi.

23- Cau tao ong oi tiet dien sau ngan loc lay nh cua thap lam nguoi.

Thiet ke nay co kha nang giam toi a 85 % nong o SO 2 va 95% lng tro bui

trong kh thai.Giam nhiet o kh thai xuong gan bang nhiet o moi trng.V the phai

kiem tra lai chieu cao ong thai theo cach tnh cho nguon nguoi. Dung dch hap thu tot

nhat la NH4OH v de lam sach nc thai bang ho vi sinh. Khong nen dung nc voi

trong thiet ke nay v can voi lam nghet thiet b.


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IV- NHNG CHU Y KHI THIET KE CHOP ONG KHOI

Ngon ong khoi thiet ke theo kieu cu thng co mot non che nc ma. Cai non

nay can tr rat nhieu s khuyech tan khoi theo chieu cao, co anh hng ang ke ti

nong o chat o nhiem vung di gio cua ong thai.

Nen dung cau tao sau ay e ngan nc ma ri vao ong khoi ma khong lam

anh hng ti s khuyech tan khoi :

Ngi ta gan them tren ngon ong

khoi mot oan ong co ng knh ln hn

ong khoi 50mm , co chieu dai gap 5 lan

ng knh . Bnh thng khoi i qua oan

ong nay va thoi thang len tri theo ong

nang cua no. khi tri ma va lo ngng lam

viec,nc ma lot vao oan ong noi se

ung vao vach ong ,chay xuong di va

ri ra ngoai cuoi oan ong noi.Ket cau

nay a c dung nhieu ni va cho ket

qua tot.


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PHU LUC I :

GIA THANH CUA MOT HE THONG X LY KHOI LO HID TOAN THEO SUAT TIEU HAO DAU

CONG SUAT HI (kg/h) 500 800 1200 1800 2400 3000

LNG DAU OT (kg/h) 32 60 80 110 148 185

D TOAN GIA HE THONGLOC KHOI.(*) (Trieu ong)

30 48 60 80 110 140

LNG THAN OT (kg/h) 50 100 130 185 247 310

D TOAN GIA HE THONGLANG BUI. (Trieu ong)

10 18 24 35 45 55

LNG CUI OT (kg/h) 100 200 - - - -

D TOAN GIA HE THONGLOC BUI. (*)

(Trieu ong)

8 16 - - - -

CHUY: (*)-Trong gia thanh mi ch tnh gia cua bo loc , quat hut , bm nc.- Gia cua he thong thu hoi nc va x ly nc se tnh rieng.

PHU LUC II :

THIET KE MAUBUONG LANG BUI CHO LO HI OT THAN

Cong suat tieu hao than : 50 kg/h


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PHU LUC III :

THIET KE MAU

BUONG LANG BUI T CHO LO HI OT CUI

( CYCLON MANG NC )

cong suat tieu hao cui : 100 kg/h


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MOT SO NI CO THE MUA CAC VAT T CAN THIET HOAC COTHE AM NHAN T VAN, THIET KE, THI CONG

HE THONG X LY KHOI LO HI

STT TEN CONG TY,C QUAN A CH CHUYEN NGANH

01 PHAN VIEN N/C KHKT BAOHO LAO ONG

85 Cach Mang ThangTam - Quan 01

Tel ; 8322588

-Khao sat, thiet ke che tao thietb hut hi oc.

-Cung cap quat gio cong nghiepva cac thiet b bao ho lao ongca nhan.

02 CONG TY THIET B BAO HOLAO ONG ( E.L.P )

309 Ho Van Hue -P.09Quan Phu Nhuan.

Tel : 8 476912

-Khao sat, thiet ke che tao thietb hut hi oc.

-Cung cap quat gio cong nghiepva cac thiet b bao ho lao ongca nhan.

03 TRUNG TAM CONG NGHEMOI TRNG CEFINEA

142 To Hien Thanh -Quan 10

Tel : 8651132

- Chuyen giao cong nghe moitrng, cong nghe x ly ncthai, kh thai, chat thai ran.

- T van cong nghe moi trng,phan tch , kiem soat moi trng.

04 TRUNG TAM BAO VE MOITRNG EPC

56 Trng Quoc Dung -Quan Phu Nhuan

Tel : 8447975

- Chuyen giao cong nghe moitrng, cong nghe x ly ncthai, kh thai, chat thai ran.

- T van cong nghe moi trng,phan tch , kiem soat moi trng.

05 KHU BAN VAT T IEN MAY 01A Ly Thng Kiet -Quan Tan Bnh

-Cung cap quat gio cong nghiep

06 NHA MAY A-43 ng Cong Hoa - QuanTan Bnh

-Cung cap quat gio cong nghiep

-Thi cong cac he thong x lykhong kh


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