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elguja xinTibiZe
“vefxistyaosnis” ideur-msoflmxedvelobiTi samyaro
Tbilisi, 2009 “qarTvelologi”
გვ. 87-114
III. adamianis filosofia italiur renesansSi da renesansuli
esTetika (paul kristeleris `renesansuli azrovneba~ da aleqsei
losevis `aRorZinebis esTetika~)
sayovelTaod cnobilia renesansis epoqis miRwevebi poeziasa
da literaturaSi, ferwerasa da skulpturaSi, istoriografiasa da
politikur azrovnebaSi, bunebis mecnierebebSi. am epoqam axali
sityva Tqva kacobriobis azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi da gadamwyveti
roli Seasrula Tanamedrove adamianis formirebaSi.
misi wvlili da mniSvneloba xelovnebisa da mecnierebis
calkeul dargTa ganviTarebaSi mravalmxrivi Seswavlis sagania.
specifikuri kvlevis obieqtia sakuTriv renesansulis problema, anu
sazogadod renesansuli azrovnebis Taviseburebisa da
TavisTavadobis, renesansuli msoflSegrZnebis, misi wyaroebisa da
misi meobis sakiTxi. XX saukunis II naxevris filosofiur
mecnierebaSi am sakiTxis kvlevisas tonis mimcemad iTvleba ernst
kasireris, paul kristeleris, etien Jilsonis, bruno nardisa da
sxvaTa Sromebi. evropuli renesansis swored es aspeqti aris farTo
ganxilvis sagani cnobili rusi mecnieris, filosofiis istoriis
didi mkvlevaris aleqsei losevis monografiaSi `aRorZinebis
esTetika~ (moskovi, 1978). a. losevi msoflio filosofiuri
azrovnebis didi mkvlevaria. amas adasturebs misi 400-mde
mecnieruli gamokvlevidan ramdenime saxelwodebis dasaxelebac:
2 `saxelis filosofia~ (388), `musika rogorc logikis sagani~ (389),
`platonis ricxvis dialeqtika~ (390), `rixard vagneris problema
warsulSi da awmyoSi~ (391), `enis niSanTa Teoriis aqsiomatika~ (392),
,,simbolos problema da realisturi xelovneba’’ (393), `istoriis
antikuri filosofia~ (394), `aRorZinebis esTetika~ (395),
`elinistur-romauli esTetika~ (395), Svidtomeuli `antikuri
esTetikis istoria~ (397).
a. losevis wignSi `aRorZinebis esTetika~ esTetikis cneba ar
aris viwrod, specifikurad gaazrebuli da ar gulisxmobs
moZRvrebas mxolod mSvenierebis, an kidev sinamdvilis mxatvrulad
asaxvis kanonebis Sesaxeb. aRorZinebis esTetikaSi a. losevi
aerTianebs renesansis epoqis msoflSegrZnebas, renesansul
azrovnebas sazogadod. amitomaa, rom naSromi renesansis epoqis
formirebis, ganviTarebis da dasrulebis istoriul WrilSia
moazrebuli: protorenesansi XIII saukunis da momzadeba renesansisa
XIV saukuneSi, adrindeli aRorZineba, maRali renesansi, gviandeli
aRorZineba, renesansis esTetikis daSla (XV-XVI saukuneebSi) da
renesansuli esTetikis sikvdili. TiToeuli monakveTi renesansuli
azrovnebis ganviTarebis am xangrZlivi epoqisa ganxilulia
mravalmxrivad. calke qveTavebadaa gamoyofili zemomiTiTebul
zogierT monakveTSi aRorZinebis filosofia, mecniereba, religia,
xelovneba da literature zogierT SemTxvevaSi konkretuladaa
Seswavlili calkeuli magistraluri filosofiuri mimarTulebani:
platonizmi, neoplatonizmi da humanizmi; idealizmi da
materializmi; XVI saukunis italiuri panTeizmi. sagangebo kvlevis
sagania aRorZinebis ramdenime udidesi warmomadgenlis azrovneba.
esenia _ leon batista alberti, nikoloz kuzaneli, lorenco vala,
pietro pomponaci, sandro botiCeli, leonardo da vinCi,
miqelanjelo, frensis bekoni, albrext diureri, matias
griunevaldi, savonarola. Tematikis farTo masStabiT xedva a.
losevs arc erTxel ar acdens Tavis sakvlev obieqts. igi yvela
SemTxvevaSi ikvlevs renesansis esTetikas farTo gagebiT,
3 aRorZinebis msoflSegrZnebas, mis filosofiur-esTetikur
safuZvels.
renesansi kacobriobis mexsierebaSi darCa keTilSobiluri
sulis epoqad, romelic mokrZalebiTa da pativiscemiT epyroboda
rogorc antikurobas, aseve Suasaukuneebs da mainc ar Tvlida
savaldebulod arc antikis da arc Suasaukuneebis substanciur
aRiarebas. amitomac iyo igi aseTive pativiscemiT gamsWvaluli
zusti mecnierebebisa da materializmis im ganviTarebis mimarT,
romelsac adgili hqonda sakuTriv renesansis epoqaSi (gv. 101).
renesansis moRvaweebs SeeZloT yvelaze ufro maRali, sulieri,
zogjer TviT platonuri ideebi SeeerTebinaT imgvar cxovrebiseul,
mxiarul, neli TamaSis ganwyobilebasTan, romelsac SeiZleba
ewodos mxolod saero da amqveyniuri (gv. 50). es ori ganzomileba
aRorZinebis esTetikuri sulisa TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi gasdevs
renesansulis yovel gamovlinebas, romelzec a. losevi miuTiTebs
(gv. 53-65).
renesansi, upirveles yovlisa, adamianuri personis gandidebaa.
siaxle, romelic am epoqam moitana, silamazis primatSi, Tanac
grZnobiTi silamazis primatSi mdgomareobs. renesansis esTetikuri
azrovneba, TiTqosda, pirveli iyo, romelic adamianur
TvalTaxedvas endo: subieqtur-grZnobierad aRqmuli suraTi
CaTvala ara iluziad, mxedvelobiT cdunebad an mWvretelobiT
empirizmad, aramed namdvil, WeSmaritad arsebulad. endo sakuTar
TvalTaxedvas antikuri kosmologiisa da Suasaukuneobrivi
Teologiis gareSe: samyaro RmerTma Seqmna; magram, mTavari is aris,
rom lamazia es qveyana; ra uTvalavi feria adamianur cxovrebaSi,
adamianuri saxis cocxal gamoxedvaSi da adamianuri sulis
harmoniaSi.
amqveyniuri silamazis am renesansul aRmoCenaSi arsebiTia ara
aRmosaCeni _ buneba, aramed aRmomCeni _ mxatvruli grZnoba. aq ukve
imsxvreva Suasaukuneobrivi niRabi da Cvens winaSe warmodgeba axali
drois Semoqmedi, romelic qmnis Tavis sakuTar kanonebs. ase rom,
4 renesansi, erTi mxriv, SeiZleba ganimartos rogorc stiqiuri
TviTdamkvidreba adamianuri pirovnebisa; magram amave dros xSir
SemTxvevaSi es procesi aris ara stiqiuri, aramed mZafri
TviTdafuZneba, Tanac imis SegrZnebiT, rom aseTi absolutizacia
SeuZlebelia. mxolod am daskvnamde SeiZleba miiyvanos renesansis
mkvlevari jordano brunos panTeizmma, romelSic adamiani
gaTqvefilia kosmiurSi da individi aRar asrulebs ZiriTad rols,
da kopernikis heliocentrulma sistemam, romliTac adamiani da
mTeli misi planeta ganimarteba usasrulo samyaros umcires
nawilakad. ase rom, renesansuls aqvs meore ganzomileba: yvela didi
moazrovne maRali aRorZinebisa TviTdamkvidrebadi adamianuri
pirovnebis siRrmesTan erTad TviT tragizmamde amaRlebuli
simZafriT grZnobs adamianuri subieqtis SezRudulobas da
umweobas. amis yvelaze did magaliTebs iZleva Seqspiri, romelic
amave dros warmoadgens amgvari absoluturi individualizmis
Seubralebel kritikasac. amgvarad, renesansuli individualizmi,
erTi mxriv, flobs bavSvuri, ymawviluri xasiaTis yvela niSans. mas
axasiaTebs uSualoba da gulubryviloba, romelic icavs
kategoriuli daskvnebisagan. meore mxriv, aRorZinebis esTetikas,
efuZneba ra adamianur personas, brwyinvaled esmis amgvari
absolutizirebuli subieqtis SezRuduloba. maSin roca, igive
Tviseba _ adamianuri subieqtis SezRudulobis gacnobiereba _ ukve
aRar Cans Semdgomi periodis, burJuaziuli sazogadoebis
esTetikaSi. Tavis Tavis stiqiurad damamkvidrebeli subieqti
renesansis epoqaSi jer kidev ar kargavs gonebriv orientacias, jer
kidev Segnebuli aqvs Tavisi ususuroba kosmosisa da usasrulo
cxovrebis winaSe. amaSi mdgomareobs mTeli ymawviluri silamaze
aRorZinebis esTetikisa.
a. losevis azriT, amgvari sinTezurad gaazrebuli esTetikis
filosofiuri safuZveli aris neoplatonizmi xolo aRorZinebis
esTetikis adgili neoplatonuri esTetikis saerTo sistemaSi
amgvarad SeiZleba iqnas danaxuli: antikuri neoplatonuri esTetika
5 kosmologiuria, Suasaukuneobrivi neoplatonuri esTetika ki _
Teologiuri. renesansuli neoplatonizmi ar kmayofildeba arc
antikuri poliTeizmiT, arc Suasaukuneobrivi monoTeizmiT. mas
saerTo aqvs antikur neoplatonizmTan _ cdilobs gaamarTlos,
aamaRlos da warmoaCinos aRmatebuleba materialuri yofisa da
amisTvis iyenebs antikuri neoplatonizmis, platonisa da prokles,
idealistur kategoriebs. mas aqvs saerTo Suasaukuneobriv
neoplatonizmTanac _ kulti TviTmyofadi da universaluri
pirovnebisa, romelic ar daiyvaneba bunebriv da materialur
mocemulobebze. magram umTavresi renesansul esTetikaSi aris
imgvari pirovneba, romelic absoluturia ara zeciur, aramed Tavis
wminda adamianur arsebobaSi. antikuri modelebis Tanaxmad,
individualuri adamiani moiazreba mxolod da mxolod
materialurad, bunebrivad, xorcielad. Suasaukuneobrivi
modelebis Tanaxmad, igi moiazrebs Tavis Tavs rogorc pirovnebas,
Tanac usasrulod mizandasaxuls sakuTari Tavis absolutizaciis
am amay individualizmSi. amis gamo renesansuli esTetika ar aris
arc kosmologiuri da arc Teologiuri. igi anTropocentrulia.
amas isic unda daematos, rom aRorZinebis anTropocentrizmi
gamoirCeva artistuli xasiaTiT. renesansuli adamiani moiazrebda
Tavis Tavs upirveles yovlisa Semoqmedad da mxatvrad, msgavsad im
absolutisa, romlis Seqmniladac warmoidgenda sakuTar Tavs (gv.
93-94).
ukanaskneli aTeuli wlebis manZilze aRorZinebis epoqis
gagebaSi bevri ram Seicvala. a. losevis wigni mxars uWers am axal
poziciebs. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia renesansis
azrovnebis Sua saukuneebTan mimarTebis sakiTxi. Zveli drois
sauniversiteto praqtika Sua saukuneebsa da renesans erTmaneTs
mkveTrad upirispirebda. miCneuli iyo, rom Sua saukuneebi
sasuliero dogmatikis batonobaa, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis
ganuviTarebloba, mistika da bneleTia; maSin roca renesansi am
Suasaukuneobriv bneleTs mkveTrad emijneba da, naTel
6 antikurobaze dayrdnobiT, kacobriobas Tavisufal da amqveyniur
filosofias SesTavazebs. a. losevis daskvniT, es koncefcia Tavisi
abstraqtuli kategoriebidan zogierT maTganSi SeiZleba sworic
iyos, magram dReisaTvis mdgomareoba cota ufro rTulad Cans da
evropaSi Sua saukuneebidan renesansze mkveTri gadasvlis am
abstraqtuli sqemis gameoreba ukve didi xania SeuZlebelia (gv. 13).
a. losevi iziarebs im Tvalsazriss, rom aRorZineba, msgavsad
ymawvilisa, romelic ujanydeba Tavis mSoblebs da eZebs
mxardaWeras papebTan, mzad iyo daeviwyebina yovelive, riTac Sua
saukuneebidan iyo davalebuli da gadaeWarbebina antikurobis
mniSvneloba (gv. 40). amave dros a. losevs isic aqvs SeniSnuli, rom
miuxedavad renesansuli esTetikis Suasaukuneobriv
orTodoqsiasTan kavSirisa, es orTodoqsia mTeli aRorZinebis
epoqis ganmavlobaSi ucvleli ar darCenila. Suasaukuneobrivi
tradicia renesansis epoqaSi Seirya mTeli Tavisi siRrmiT da
aRorZinebis xanis sulieri revoluciis Semdeg veRarasodes dadga
fexze srulyofili Suasaukuneobrivi doqtrinis saxiT (gv. 65).
siaxle aRorZinebis epoqis azrovnebis Suasaukuneebis
sqolastikasTan damokidebulebis sakiTxSi kargad Cans renesansis
epoqisaTvis aristoteles filosofiis mniSvnelobis axleburad
danaxvaSi. aRorZinebis mkvlevarTa Soris tradiciulad
damkvidrebuli iyo azri, rom renesansis epoqis filosofia iyo
aristotelesTan brZola, rom neoplatonizmi aRorZinebis
azrovnebaSi mkveTrad upirispirdeba da aZevebs aristoteles.
amgvari Sexeduleba, rogorc Cans safuZvels iRebs TviT
aRorZinebis epoqidan: renesansis didi warmomadgenlebi,
umxedrdebodnen ra Suasaukuneebis warmomadgenlebs, gamoxatavdnen
TavianT guliswyromas Suasaukuneebis filosofiis mTavari
avtoritetis misamarTiT. dReisaTvis renesansis mkvlevarni mividnen
im daskvnamde, rom realuri suraTi ufro rTulia: erTi mxriv,
adrindeli renesansis im warmomadgenelTa Teologia, romlebsac
sqolastikosTa saxeliT moixseniebdnen da maT filosofias
7 aristotelianurad Tvlidnen, rogorc gamoirkva, farTod eyrdnoba
neoplatonizmsac. meore mxriv, renesansis epoqis cnobili
warmomadgenlebi, romlebic platonuri filosofiis poziciebidan
ilaSqrebdnen Suasaukuneobrivi aristoteles winaaRmdeg,
dafuZnebulni aRmoCndnen aristoteles filosofiaze.
iTvaliswinebs ra am axlebur damokidebulebas
aristotelizmisadmi, a. losevi sagangebod Cerdeba im
damsaxurebaze, rac aristiteles filosofias kerZod mis eTikur da
logikur traqtatebs, miuZRvis renesansis epoqis azrovnebis
formirebaSi (gv. 44-45).
a. losevis monografiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili aqvs
daTmobili qarTuli renesansis sakiTxs. a. losevi dawvrilebiT
mimoixilavs da eyrdnoba Salva nucubiZis Teoriebs aRmosavluri
renesansis da areopagitikis problemebze. iziarebs am Teoriebis sam
ZiriTad Teziss: 1. aRmosavlur-dasavluri renesansis safuZvlad
miiCnevs antikuri neoplatonizmis Semdgom gadamuSavebas _
areopagitikas. 2. aRiarebs gviandeli Suasaukuneebis qarTvel
moazrovneTa prioritets dasavleT evropis winaSe areopagituli
ideebis qadagebaSi. 3. sarwmunod Tvlis fsevdo dionise
areopagelisa da petre iberis identifikacias. amasTan erTad
uaRresad mniSvnelovnadaa miCneuli qarTvel mkvlevarTa Rvawli
dasavluri renesansis Zireuli problemebis kvlevis saqmeSi. S.
nucubiZis uzarmazari damsaxureba is aris, _ wers a. losevi, _ `rom
man uaRresad energiulad da realuri faqtebis momarjvebiT
daasabuTa aRmosavleTis gavlena dasavleTze, dasavluri renesansis
sawyis etapze~. (gv. 27). `qarTuli aRorZinebis mkvlevarebma
daasabuTes, _ ganagrZobs mecnieri, _ rom qarTveli moazrovneebi
iyvnen moTaveni neoplatonuri da areopagituli renesansisa
evropaSi, rom maT am TvalsazrisiT uTuod ekuTvniT prioriteti,
da rom am SemTxvevaSi maT ramdenime saukuniT gauswres dasavleT
evropas. amaze kamaTi SeuZlebelia~ (gv. 37). `Salva nucubiZesTan
erTad, _ wers sxva adgilas a. losevi, _ areopagitikis avtorad
8 petre iberis gamocxadeba Cvenc savsebiT sarwmunod migvaCnia~ (gv.
23).
amasTan erTad, a. losevi, vfiqrobT, savsebiT swor poziciaze
dgas, rodesac ar eTanxmeba areopagitikis da XII saukunis qarTuli
filosofiis SefasebaSi zogierTi mkvlevaris Tvalsazriss: 1. a.
losevis azriT, S. nucubiZe cdeba, rodesac neoplatonizmsa da
areopagitikas Tvlis eretikul da antisaeklesio moZRvrebad. a.
losevis azriT, areopagituli mistika zogjer marTlac edga
oficialur RvTismetyvelebas opoziciaSi, magram isic unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom areopagitikaSi Sedis ara mxolod mistikuri
Txzulebani, aramed wminda saeklesio orTodoqsiis traqtatebic
(gv. 25). aseve ar aris swori evropuli renesansis msoflmxedvelobis
qristianul eresad miCneva, Tumca igi zogierT SemTxvevaSi marTlac
iyo gansakuTrebuli tipis qristianoba, xolo zogjer savsebiT
daSorebuli qristianobisagan. am TvalsazrisiT dasavlur
renesanss axasiaTebs gaugebari siWrele. sakmarisia davasaxeloT
renesansis sami didi warmomadgeneli, samive neoplatonikosi: papis
kardinali nikoloz kuzaneli, WeSmaritad saero filosofosi
marsilio fiCino da eretikosad Seracxuli da koconze damwvari
jordano bruno (gv. 28). 2. a. losevis miTiTebiT, antiistorizmia
ioane petriwis SemoqmedebaSi materialistur-aTeisturi
elementebis Zieba da misi Semoqmedebis warmarTul, eretikul an
panTeistur xasiaTze laparaki. am SemTxvevaSi igi mxars uWers
qarTveli mecnierebis mose gogiberiZisa da korneli kekeliZis
Tvalsazriss, romlebic ioane petriwis filosofias qristianuli
Teologiis safuZvelze ganmartaven (gv. 33). 3. a. losevi ilaSqrebs
S. nucubiZis cdis winaaRmdeg, gamovlenil iqnas rusTvelis
SemoqmedebaSi Taviseburi materializmis elementebi da am gziT
gamocxaddes igi eretikosad, raTa dasavluri renesansis saTaveSi
moeqces. misi SeniSvniT, rusTvelis SemoqmedebaSi ar Cans
materializmi da igi ar yofila araviTari eretikosi. sazogadod
materializmi da aTeizmi, rogorc met-naklebad angariSgasawevi
9 filosofia, am droisaTvis dasavlur renesansSi ar arsebobda (gv.
31).
renesansis epoqasTan dakavSirebuli problematikis ganxilva
dReisaTvis mravali poziciidan xdeba. amitomaa, rom TiToeul
sakiTxze samecniero literaturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa.
bunebrivia a. losevis monografiaSic, romelic kardinalur
problemebs aseTi sisruliT ixilavs, aris sakamaTo debulebebic.
winamdebare naSromis specifikidan gamomdinare, yuradRebas
gavamaxvileb oriode sakiTxze:
1. a. losevis monografiaSi gaziarebulia aRmosavluri renesansis
Teoria, romelic safuZvels iRebs S. nucubiZis wignidan
`rusTaveli da aRmosavluri renesansi~ (1947 w.), xolo mTavrdeba n.
konradis TeoriiT da v. Jirmunskis gamokvleviT Sua aziur, kerZod
uzbekur, renesansze. a. losevis miTiTebiT, n. konradma gaakeTa
yvelaferi imisaTvis, rom Cven gvqondes sruli ufleba da
visaubroT Cinur aRorZinebaze jer kidev VII_VIII saukuneebSi (gv.
17). Tavis mxriv a. losevi iwonebs n. konradis pozicias, romelsac
aRorZinebis cneba esmis farTod da saWirod Tvlis mis
erTgvarovnebas yvela qveyanaSi. amrigad, askvnis a. losevi n.
konradis kvaldakval, aRorZinebas misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
adamianis avtonomiiT da agreTve moZRvrebiT adamianis TviTmyofadi
da bunebrivi arsis Taobaze adgili hqonda ara marto evropaSi,
aramed CineTSic Tanac ufro adre, vidre evropaSi (gv. 17).
miuxedavad mTeli im mimzidvelobisa, rac aRmosavluri renesansis
Teorias gaaCnia (aRmosavleTis priopiteti evropis mimarT,
erovnuli kulturebis renesansis idea), vfiqrob, wminda mecnieruli
poziciidan saWiroa Semdeg garemoebebs mieqces yuradReba:
renesanss, rogorc epoqas da msoflSegrZnebas, aqvs Tavisi
specifikuri niSnebi, romelTagan zogierTi arsebiTia: qristianuli
azrovnebis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze TandaTanobiT da
stiqiurad xdeba eWvis Setana Suasaukuneobriv TvalsazrisSi
adamianis arsze (adamianis amqveyniuri yofis miCneva ZiriTadad
10 mxolod imqveyniuri, saukuno sulieri cxovrebis mosamzadebel
etapad) da amqveyniuri, miwieri, xorcieli arsebobis faseulobaTa
realobad miCneva. epoqa, romelic am impulsiT iwyeba da
Suasaukuneebis adamians axali drois, Tanamedrove epoqis mijnamde
miiyvans, specifikuria saazrovno wyaroebiTac: qristianuli
Teologiis ganviTarebis maRali done, antikuri, berZnul-romauli,
filosofiur-eTikuri ideali. ufro konkretulad, rogorc
specialuri gamokvlevebi da maT Soris a. losevis monografia
cxadyofs, renesansis adreuli etapis filosofias axasiaTebs
adamianis privilegiasa da Rirsebaze qristianuli esTetikuri
idealis calkeuli momentebis Serwyma (an gadasinjva) farTo
gagebiT platonizmis (antikuri platonizmi, neoplatonizmi,
areopagitika, avgustinizmi) da aristotelianizmis (berZnuli
aristotelizmi, arabuli aristotelizmi, Suasaukuneobrivi
sqolastika) kamaTiTa Tu simfoniiT WeSmaritebad miCneul
postulatebTan. ra Tqma unda, farTo gagebiT aRorZinebaa
kulturisa da literaturis dawinaureba sazogadod yvela
qveyanaSi; miT umetes Tu igi adamianis amqveyniuri, saero idealis
primatiT xasaiaTdeba. am farTo mniSvnelobiT gamarTlebulia
saubari Cinur da iranul aRorZinebaze, bizantiur da muslimanur
renesansze. magram specifikuri gaazrebiT, renesansi SeiZleba
ewodos mxolod im tipis azrovnebas, romelsac adgili hqonda XIV-
XVI saukuneebis evropaSi. marTalia, kulturuli aRorZineba
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvagvari iyo da ar aris saWiro yvela
SemTxvevaSi maTi erTgvarovnebis Zieba, magram amave dros iyo
garkveuli epoqa qristianuli azrovnebis ganviTarebisa, romelmac
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi erTi tipis azrovnebis modeli moitana da
swored mas ewoda renesansi: italiuri renesansi, franguli
renesansi, sazogadod evropuli renesansi. amitomac, mecnieruli
TvalsazrisiT, ar iqneba zusti am cnebis im qveyanaTa kulturuli
dawinaurebis mimarT gamoyeneba, romlebic aRorZinebis am
specifikur tips ar emsgavsebian. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi es termini
11 aRar gamodgeba im specifikurobaze misaTiTeblad, rac mas aSkarad
aqvs.
amgvari aRrevis kargi magaliTia rusTvelis dakavSireba
aRmosavlur renesansTan. aRmosavluri renesansis TeoriiT,
rusTvelis azrovneba istoriulad, konkretulad cnobili
renesansuli epoqis azrovnebisagan gansxvavebiT, daukavSirda
aRmosavlur renesanss da moeqca firdousis, gurganis, nizamis da
navois rigSi. amiT ki rusTvelis msoflmxedveloba daSorda
evropul renesanss da miCneul iqna aRmosavlur movlenad, rac
mcdar warmodgenas iZleva rusTvelis Semoqmedebaze sazogadod1.
2. ufro dawvrilebiT gvinda SevCerdeT meore sakiTxze.
a. losevis daskvniT, aRorZinebis esTetikis safuZveli, is moZRvreba,
rasac eyrdnoboda aRorZinebis esTetika Tavidan bolomde, aris
platonizmi da neoplatonizmi. mxolod igi gansxvavdeba antikuri
da Suasaukuneobrivi neoplatonizmisagan Tavisi humanisturi da
saero xasiaTiT. ase rom, aRorZinebis esTetika aris humanisturi
neoplatonizmi2.
marTlac, platonizmi renesansuli azrovnebis erTi ZiriTadi
filosofiuri mimdinareoba iyo. mas Zalze didi gavlena hqonda
renesansul literaturaze. renesansuli platonizmi, rogorc
filosofia, iyo uaRresad Rrma moZRvreba rogorc ideebis
simdidriT, aseve Tavisi mimdevrebis filosofiuri produqciiT.
magram platonizmi ar iyo erTaderTi filosofiuri mimdinareoba
evropuli aRorZinebis epoqisa. aqedan gamomdinare, renesansuli
azrovneba da xelovneba ar SeiZleboda dafuZnebuliyo mxolod da
yvela SemTxvevaSi platonizmze. aki savsebiT samarTlianad
SeniSnavs Tavisi monografiis sxvadasxva monakveTSi a. losevi, rom
renesansi mainc gardamavali epoqaa da masSi erTmaneTis
1 am sakiTxze ufro konkretuladaa saubari qveTavSi _ `rusTvelis msoflmxedveloba da Suasaukuneebis religiur-filosofiuri da literaturuli azris ganviTarebis procesi~. 2 a. losevis am Tvalsazrisis mimoxilva ixileT m. maxaraZis monografiaSi _ 42a, gv. 49-58.
12 sawinaaRmdego elementebis arsebobaa sagulvebeli (gv. 160); rom
renesansSi erTmaneTTanaa Serwymuli areopagitika da
aristotelizmi (gv. 29); rom renesansulma esTetikam didi
enTuziazmiT gamoiyena Tavisi miznebisaTvis arsebiTad yvelaferi
dadebiTi, rac ipova iudaistur, qristianul da muslimanur
TeologiaSi, uaryo ra amave dros yovelive specifikuri da
absoluturi am religiebisa (gv. 96); da rom aRorZinebis esTetika
did pativs scemda Suasaukuneobriv memkvidreobas (gv. 29, 96).
evropuli aRorZineba uaRresad xangrZliv epoqas moicavda.
xangrZlivi iyo es epoqa ara mxolod imiT, rom igi grZeldeboda
sul mcire sam saukunes mainc, aramed Tavisi gardatexebiT
azrovnebis procesSi: adrindeli renesansis adamiani Tavisi
esTetikuri koncefciiT arsebiTad Suasaukuneebis mkvidria, maSin
roca renesansis epoqis dasasrulis azrovneba ukve axali,
Tanamedrove drois idealebs saxavs. renesansis epoqa
winaaRmdegobrivia ara mxolod qronologiuri polusebiT.
renesansuli esTetika erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego religiur
Sexedulebebze Sendeboda _ aRorZinebis protestanizmi, marsilio
fiCinosa da nikoloz kuzanelis kaTolicizmi, luTerisa da
kalvinis reformatoruli ideebi. savsebiT sworia a. losevis
SeniSvna: aRorZinebis esTetika uaRresad mravalgvari da
mravalwaxnagovania, ar SeiZleba misi monotonurad, erTgvarovnad,
erTsaxovnad miCneva.
bunebrivia, mTeli es gasaocari siWrele da mravalgvaroba
religiuri, eTikuri, kosmologiuri da socialur-politikuri
Sexedulebebisa ver daeyrdnoboda mxolod erT filosofiur
mimarTulebas. am Tvalsazriss naTlad adasturebs a. losevis
monografia: neoplatonizmi ar yofila esTetikuri moZRvrebis
erTaderTi forma aRorZinebis epoqisaTvis. am xangrZlivi epoqis
ganmavlobaSi Cven vxvdebiT elinisturi azrovnebis sxvadasxva
tipebs, zogjer uaRresad pirdapirsa da dajerebuls (gv. 99). a.
losevi Tvlis, rom renesansis epoqaSi konservatorul
13 aristotelizms ebrZvis ufro cocxali da mxiaruli platonizmi
(gv. 92). maSasadame, renesansuli msoflSegrZneba iqmneba sxvadasxva
filosofiur mimarTulebaTa urTierTobis, brZolis safuzvelze.
platonur da aristotelur ideebs Soris aRorZinebis epoqaSi ar
iyo yovelTvis brZola, iyo cda maTi morigebisa. renesansis didi
moRvawe aristotelianeli pietro pomponaci iyenebda platonistTa
nawerebs da ekamaTeboda, an iTvisebda zogierT maT ideas (gv. 359-
362). a. losevis SeniSvniT, renesansuli esTetikis filosofiur-
Teoriul tips safuZveli eyreba XIII saukunis filosofiaSi e. w.
sqolastikis warmomadgenlebTan – Toma akvinelTan,
bonaventurasTan, ulrix strasburgelTan (gv. 103). Tanamedrove
gamokvlevebis safuZvelze ki Toma akvinelis filosofia unda iqnes
miCneuli Suasaukuneobrivi aristotelesa da Suasaukuneobrivi
neoplatonizmis, kerZod areopagitikis, simfoniis cdad. aRorZinebis
xanis platonistebic kmayofilebiT aRiareben maTi filosofiuri
azrovnebis CamoyalibebaSi Suasaukuneebis swavlulebis da
aristoteles filosofiis gavlenas (marsilio fiCino, piko dela
mirandola). renesansuli platonizmis kidev sxva wyaroebs
warmoadgenda Suasaukuneobrivi misticizmi da avgustinizmi.
sazogadod, filosofiis swavlebas renesansis epoqaSi Tavidan
bolomde aristotelianelebi warmarTavdnen.
Tvlis ra renesansis esTetikas humanistur neoplatonizmad,
amiT a. losevi ukve miuTiTebs, rom aRorZinebis esTetika ver
daefuZneboda mxolod erT filosofiur mimdinareobas, Tundac
neoplatonizms an platonizms. magram xom ar iqneba umjobesi
vimsjeloT ara e. w. humanistur platonizmze, aramed aRorZinebis
periodSi humanistebisa da platonistebis ideebsa da moRvaweobaze
cal-calke. faravda ki erTmaneTs humanisturi da neoplatonuri
ideebi? vfiqrobT, am kiTxvaze araorazrovnad pasuxobs TviTon a.
losevi: `zog SemTxvevasi neoplatonizmi da humanizmi iyo erTi
mTliani; sxva SemTxvevaSi isini warmoadgendnen raRac
gansxvavebuls, magram mainc Tavsdebodnen erTi filosofiuri
14 gaazrebis farglebSi; mesame SemTxvevaSi isini erTmaneTs ara marto
mkveTrad upirispirdebodnen, aramed sazogadod ver Tavsdebodnen
erTad. ase rom, renesansis esa Tu is moRvawe rCeboda
neoplatonikosad da ar iyo humanisti, anda piriqiT rCeboda
humanistad, magram aRar iyo neoplatonikosi~ (gv. 108-109). amgvarad,
vfiqrobT, rom am SemTxvevaSi a. losevis definicia ar unda iyos
zusti, humanizmi adrindeli renesansis epoqaSi platonizmisa da
aristotelianizmis gverdiT damoukidebeli mimarTuleba iyo.
humanistur moZraobas gaaCnda, upirveles yovlisa, literaturul-
kulturuli safuZveli da xasiaTi da, aqedan gamomdinare, hqonda
arapirdapiri, Tumca Zlieri gavlena aRorZinebis epoqis
filosofiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaze. humanizmi TavisTavad ar
iyo dayrdnobili romelime erT konkretul filosofiaze, Tumca
adrindeli humanistebis mimzidvel, magram bundovan warmodgenebs
platonistebi da aristotelianelebi iTvisebdnen da gadazrdidnen
xolme meToduri xasiaTis filosofiur mWvretelobaSi (169, gv. 138).
Cemi azriT, es ukanaskneli problema ufro mravalmxrivaa
ganxiluli paul kristeleris monografiaSi `renesansuli
azrovneba~ (543). paul kristeleri renesansis epoqis filosofiis,
literaturisa da esTetikis cnobili mkvlevaria. sakmarisia
davasaxeloT misi ramdenime farTod cnobili gamokvleva:
`klasikuroba da renesansuli azrovneba~ (540), `narkvevebi
renesansul azrovnebaze da werilebi~ (542), `marsilio fiCinos
filosofia~ (538), `adamianis renesansuli filosofia~ e. kasirerTan
da i. randolTan erTad (491), `narkvevi renesansul filosofiebze~
i. randolTan erTad(491), `florenciuli platonizmi da misi
kavSiri humanizmTan da sqolastikasTan~ (536), `filosofiuri
traqtati boloniidan miZRvnili gvido kavalkantisadmi~ (541),
`petrarkas «averoisti»~ (539) da sxv.
naSromi, romelsac Cven amjerad mimovixilavT _ `renesansuli
azrovneba~ (1961 w.), paul kristeleris adrindeli wignis _
,,klasikuroba da renesansuli azrovneba~ (1955 w.) _ gadamowmebuli
15 da gafarToebuli gamocemaa. es ukanaskneli Sroma publikaciaa
leqciebis ciklisa, romelic wakiTxuli iyo kolumbiis
universitetis oberlinis kolejSi klasikuri filosofiis
ganyofilebaSi. aman ganapiroba wignis xasiaTic. rogorc avtori
miuTiTebs, Tavisi leqciebis ZiriTad amocanad igi Tvlida
eCvenebina klasikur mecnierebaTa da antikuri wyaroebis gavlena da
zemoqmedeba renesansis epoqis sazogadoebriv-filosofiur
azrovnebaze. am tendenciiTaa dawerili `renesansuli azrovnebis~
pirveli oTxi Tavi, romelic 1955 wels gamocemuli leqciebis
ciklidan gadmovida am wignSi odnav Sesworebuli saxiT. esenia
`humanisturi moZraoba~, ̀ aristotelianuri tradicia~, ̀ renesansuli
platonizmi~ da `paganizmi da qristianoba~. renesansulma
azrovnebam garda antikuris zemoqmedebisa ganicada sakuTriv
Suasaukuneebis didi gavlenac da azrovnebis istoriaSi moitana
Tavisi sakuTari ideebic. swored am momentebis warmosaCenad Seavso
paul kristelerma Tavisi wigni `renesansuli azrovneba~ ori axali
TaviT: `humanizmi da sqolastizmi italiur renesansSi’’ da
`adamianis filosofia italiur renesansSi~. pirveli maTgani
eZRvneba renesansuli humanizmisa da aristotelianizmis
Suasaukuneobrivi winamorbedebis ganxilvas. ukanaskneli Tavi ki
miznad isaxavs warmoaCinos renesansis epoqis moazrovneTa mier
motanili axali ideebi, romlebic Tavs iyrida upiratesad
platonistTa irgvliv, da uCvenos maTi momdinareoba klasikuri
wyaroebidan da Camoyalibeba azrovnebis axal, renesansul
modelebad.
vfiqrob, rom paul kristeleris wignis am ukanasknel Tavs
gansakuTrebuli interesiT waikiTxavs qarTveli mkiTxveli,
ramdenadac masSi mokled da naTladaa daxasiaTebuli bevri iseTi
mimdinareoba, romelTa arsis sworad gaazreba aucilebelia XII-XIII
saukuneebis qarTuli sazogadoebriv-filosofiuri azris
mkvlevarTaTvis. Tqma ar unda, rom im ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis
Seswavla, romlebic gansazRvravdnen italiuri azrovnebis
16 ganviTarebas adrindeli renesansis periodSi, rusTvelologiuri
problematikis damuSavebisas tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT
uaRresad mniSvnelovania. amTaviTve Cans, rom vefxistyaosanSi
igrZnoba da rusTvelis msoflmxedvelobaSi yalibdeba is
elementebi, rac renesansis adrindeli periodis azrovnebaSi
moitana samive didma inteleqtualurma moZraobam _ humanizmma,
platonizmma da aristotelianizmma _ da rac am mimdinareobaTa
didma warmomadgenlebma _ franCesko petrarkam (1304-1374), janoco
manetim (1396-1459), marsilio fiCinom (1433-1499), piko dela
mirandolam (1463-1494), pietro pomponacim (1462-1525) _ Teoriuli
gansjisa da koncefciuri formulirebis sagnad aqcies. am periodis
humanizmis ZiriTadi principebidan vefxistyaosanSi SeiniSneba: 1.
miswrafeba antikuri sibrZnisa da azrovnebis antikuri
modelebisaken; 2. adamianis privilegiisa da Rirsebis gamokveTa.
amave epoqis platonizmTan rusTvels aaxloebs: 1. emfaza
Semecnebaze da siyvarulisa da megobrobis adamianuri Semecnebis
umaRles formebad gaazreba; 2. religiur-filosofiuri
tolerantoba, anu Semwynarebloba. vefxistyaosanSi SeiniSneba amave
epoqis aristotelianizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi
momentebic: 1. moraluri srulqmnilebis idealis dayeneba
adamianuri filosofiis centrSi; 2. amqveyniuri yofis TavisTavadi
Rirebuleba da eTikuri qcevis normebis damoukidebloba
momavlisadmi imedsa da SiSze. qvemoT warmodgenilia paul
kristeleris wignis `renesansuli azrovneba~ VI Tavis `adamianis
filosofia italiur renesansSi~ Cems mier Sesrulebuli odnav
Semoklebuli Targmani.
«italiuri renesansis miRwevebi mSvenier xelovnebebSi
(poezia da literatura, istoriogrfia da politikuri azrovneba,
bunebis mecnierebani) sayovelTaod cnobilia. magram wvlili
17 renesansuli italiisa swavlulebasa da filosofiaSi, vfiqrob,
ufro naklebadaa gaazrebuli. meTeqvsmete saukunis meore naxevris
bunebis filosofosTa erTma jgufma, romlis kulminacia jordano
bruno iyo, ra Tqma unda, yuradReba miipyro, Tanac upiratesad
Tavisi gavleniT adreuli mecnierebis warmoSobaze. da mainc
yuradReba minda gavamaxvilo renesansuli azrovnebis adreul
fazaze, romelic didi xania Cemi mecnieruli kvlevis ZiriTad
sagans Seadgens. aq aqcenti gadamaqvs ara bunebis filosofiaze,
aramed adamianis filosofiaze. mokled mimovixilav sam ZiriTad
mimarTulebas, romelic gansazRvravda italiuri azrovnebis
ganviTarebas 1350-1520 wlebSi. esenia: humanizmi, platonizmi da
aristotelianizmi3.
Cvens Tanamedrove diskusiebSi termini `humanizmi~ erTi im
lozungTagani gaxda, romelic swored Tavisi bundovnebis gamo
TiTqmis yovelTvis momxiblavia. yvela pirovneba, romelic
dainteresebulia adamianuri faseulobebiT, dRes humanistad
iwodeba da Znelad Tu ipoviT msoflioSi adamians, romelsac
pretenzia ar hqondes, rom am azriT igi humanistia. renesansis
epoqaSi humanizms sul sxva gaazreba hqonda. ra Tqma unda,
renesansis epoqis humanistebic iyvnen dainteresebulni adamianuri
faseulobebiT, magram es SemTxveviTi gaxldaT maT ZiriTad
saqmianobaSi, rac arsebiTad iyo Seswavla da mibaZva klasikuri,
berZnuli da laTinuri literaturisa. italiuri renesansis es
klasikuri humanizmi iyo upirveles yovlisa kulturuli,
literaturuli da saganmanaTleblo moZraoba da, Tumca mas hqonda
garkveuli gavlena renesansul azrovnebaze, misi filosofiuri
ideebi ar SeiZleba mTlianad iqnas gamocalkevebuli
literaturuli interesebisagan. termini `humanizmi~, gamoyenebuli
renesansis epoqis klasicisturi moZraobis mimarT, Seqmnili iyo
3 termini `aristotelianizmi~ (da ara `aristotelizmi~ avtoriseulia: `Humanism, and Aristotelianism~. analogiuria, agreTve, `avgustinianizmi~ (auguastinianism) _ mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
18 mecxramete saukunis istorikosebis mier, Tumca terminebi
`humanitaruli (mecnierebani)~ (humanities) da `humanisti~
warmoSobilia sakuTriv renesansis dros. jer kidev ramdenime Zveli
romaeli avtori iyenebda termins `studia humanitatis~ (Studia
humanitatis), raTa keTilSobil saqmianobad daesaxaT poeziis,
literaturis da istoriis kvleva. es gamoTqa aRdgenili iyo
adreuli italiuri renesansis mkvlevarTa mier mecnierebaTa im
dargebis humanuri Rirebulebebis gamosakveTad, romlebsac isini
amuSavebdnen: gramatika, ritorika, poezia, istoria da eTikuri
flosofia. male am saganTa profesional maswavleblebs uwodes
`humanistebi~ (humanista); termini pirvelad gamoCnda XV saukunis
damlevis dokumentebSi da sazogado gavrceleba moipova XVI
saukuneSi.
italiuri humanizmis fuZemdeblad sazogadod miCneulia
petrarka, romelsac, rasakvirvelia, hyavda ramdenime winamorbedi;
Tumca, Tanaxmad gavrcelebuli azrisa, arc erTi WeSmariti
winamorbedi. eWvs gareSea, rom petrarka pirveli realuri figuraa
italiel humanistTa Soris. miuxedavad amisa, ramdenime
niSandoblivi tendencia italiuri humanizmisa win uswrebs
petrarkas sul mcire erTi TaobiT mainc. Casaxva da gafurCqvna
italiuri renesansisa, Cemi azriT, ori an ufro sworad sami
gansxvavebuli faqtoriT gaxldaT ganpirobebuli. erTi faqtori iyo
adgilobrivi italiuri tradicia Suasaukuneobrivi ritorikisa,
romelic muSavdeboda maswavlebelTa da notariusTa mier da
gadaecemoda Taobidan Taobas, rogorc werilebis, dokumentebisa da
sityvebis Sedgenis teqnika. meore faqtori iyo e. w. Suasaukuneobrivi
humanizmi, Seswavla klasikuri laTinuri poeziisa da
literaturisa, romelic ayvavda skolebSi meTormete saukuneSi,
gansakuTrebiT safrangeTSi, da romelSic am periodisaTvis italiam
mxolod mokrZalebuli wvlili Seitana. mecamete saukunis
dasasrulisaTvis laTinuri klasikis swavleba SemoRebuli iyo
italiur skolebSi da Serwymuli adgilobriv ritorikul
19 tradiciasTan, rasac ufro meti praqtikuli safuZveli hqonda.
amgvarad daiwyo laTinuri klasikis saswavlo damuSaveba: zusti
mibaZva klasikosTa avtorebisa, damkvidrebuli maT safuZvlian
codnaze, miCneuli iyo saukeTeso varjiSad maTTvis, visac surda
laparaki da wera kargad, proziT iqneboda es, Tu leqsad;
laTinurad Tu xalxur enaze. mesame faqtori am ganviTarebas
daemata metoTxmete saukunis meore naxevarSi. es gaxldaT Seswavla
klasikuri berZnuli literaturisa, romelic TiTqmis ucnobi iyo
dasavluri SuasaukuneebisaTvis, magram aswleulebis manZilze
muSavdeboda bizantiis imperiaSi da motanili iyo italiaSi
aRmosavleTidan rogorc gaZlierebuli politikuri, saeklesio da
mecnieruli kontaqtebis Sedegebi.
nayofi saswavlo interesebis am kombinaciisa iyo humაnisturi
swavleba, romelic moicavda laTinur da berZnul gramatikas,
mWevrmetyvelebas, poezias, istoriasa da moralis filosofias,
humanistebma daikaves yvela am dargis kaTedrebi universitetebSi,
daamtkices maTi upiratesoba sxva mecnierebebTan SedarebiT da
moipoves TiTqmis sruli kontroli saSualo skolebze, romlebSic
yovelTvis gramatika da ritorika iyo saskolo programis
safuZveli.
winaaRmdeg gavrcelebuli azrisa, humanistebi ar iyvnen
ubralod yvela dajgufebisagan ganze gamdgari mwerlebi (petrarka
am SemTxvevaSi ar aris tipiuri movlena). humanistTa umravlesoba
ekuTvnoda sami profesiuli jgufidan erT-erTs, zogjer ki erTze
mets. isini iyvnen maswavleblebi universitetebsa da saSualo
skolebSi, an mdivnebi TavadTa sasaxleebsa Tu qalaqebSi, anda _
didgvarovanni Tu mdidari diletantebi, maTi TanamedroveobisaTvis
moduri inteleqtualuri interesebiT Sepyrobilni. am profesiuli
da socialuri mdgomareobiT advilad aixsneba maTi literaturuli
produqciis done da Sinaarsi. humanistebi moRvaweobdnen klasikuri
berZeni da laTineli avtorebis gamomcemlebad, mTargmnelebad da
komentatorebad; werdnen gramatikisa da filologiis sakiTxebze;
20 Txzavdnen sityvebs, werilebs, poemebs, istoriul Sromebsa da
moralur traqtatebs.
renesansuli swavlulebis CarCoSi humanizms aSkarad Zalze
mniSvnelovani adgili eWira. ra Tqma unda, ar iqneba swori
vivaraudoT, rogorc amas Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi Cadian, rom
humanizmi warmogvidgens renesansuli mecnierebisa da filosofiis
suraTs da rom is apirebda an yovel SemTxvevaSi imedovnebda
gamoericxa Tu moexsna mTeli is tradicia Suasaukuneobrivi
swavlebisa, romelsac sazogadod akavSireben terminTan
`sqolastizmi~. humanizmi warmoiSva da gavrcelda ritorikuli da
filosofiuri mecnierebis SemozRudul arealSi.… im pretenziebiT,
rasac sakuTar sferoSi avlendnen, humanistebs SeeZloT
yofiliyvnen agresiulni TavianTi kolegebis mimarT sxva dargebSi,
magram maT araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeeZloT miewodebinaT am sxva
dargebisaTvis kvlevis sagani, romelic moxsnida Temas, motanils
Suasaukuneobrivi tradiciiT. humanizmi iyo da rCeboda kulturul
da literaturul moZraobad, romelic SemosazRvruli iyo Tavisi
klasikuri da literaturuli interesebiT. misi gavlena danarCen
dargebze, rogoric iyo bunebis filosofia, Teologia, samarTali,
medicina da maTematika, SeiZleboda yofiliyo mxolod da mxolod
garegnuli da arapirdapiri.
Tumca es arapirdapiri gavlena mravali TvalsazrisiT Zalze
mniSvnelovani gaxldaT, gansakuTrebiT ki filosofiuri azrovnebis
TvalsazrisiT, rac Cvens upirveles interess Seadgens. renesansis
periodis humanisturi moZraoba asazrdoebda filosofosebs
istoriuli klasicizmisa da literaturuli elegantobis axali
modelebiT, damatebiTi klasikuri wyaroebiT da, aqedan gamomdinare,
bevri Zveli ideiTa da filosofiiT, romelic am gziT aRorZinda
da aRdga an Seerwya sxva Zvel an axal doqtrinas. ufro metic,
marTalia, humanizmi TavisTavad ar eyrdnoboda romelime
konkretul filosofias, magram igi Seicavda ramdenime arsebiT
ideas, romlebic uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo renesansuli
21 azrovnebisaTvis. erT-erTi aseTi koncefcia emyareboda humanistebis
rwmenas, romlis Tanaxmadac klasikuri antikuroba iyo mravali
TvalsazrisiT srulyofili era da mas mosdevda xangrZlivi
periodi daqveiTebisa, wyvdiadi, anu Sua saukuneebi da rom maTi
epoqis vali da xvedri iyo moexdina aRorZineba anu renesansi
klasikuri antikurobis, misi swavlulebis, xelovnebisa da
mecnierebis. amgvarad, humanistebma TviTon Seuwyves xeli
gaformebuliyo koncefcia renesansisa, romelic ase mwvaved iqna
gakritikebuli zogierTi Tanamedrove istorikosis mier.
ufro mniSvnelovani iyo emfaza adamianze, romelic
damaxasiaTebeli iyo renesansuli humanistebis kulturuli da
saganmanaTleblo programisaTvis da romelsac unda Seeyvarebina
isini TviT Cveni Tanamedrove ,,humanistebisaTvisac”. rodesac
renesansis droindeli humanistebi uwodebdnen TavianT naSromebs
,,humanitaruls” an ,,studia humanitatis”, amiT isini acxadebdnen
pretenzias, rom am naSromebs SeaqvT wvlili adamianis sasurvel
ganaTlebaSi da aqedan gamomdinareobs maTi sasicocxlo
mniSvneloba sakuTriv adamianisaTvis. amgvarad, isini miuTiTebdnen
adamianisa da misi Rirsebis ZiriTad sazrunavze da es STagoneba
savsebiT naTelia maTi nawerebis umravlesobaSi. rodesac petrarka,
romelsac Cven vuwodebT pirvel did humanists, cnobil werilSi
aRwers Tavis mogzaurobas ventuqsis mTaze, gviambobs, rom
brwyinvale xediT gaocebulma jibidan amoiRo avgustines
,,aRsarebani”, saxeldaxelod gadaSala da ipova Semdegi pasaJi:
,,adamianebi midian, raTa datkbnen mTebis mwvervalebiT, zRvis
boboqrobiT, mdinareTa dinebiT, okeaneTa sanapiroTi da
varskvlavTa orbitebiT da ugulvebelyofen sakuTar Tavs”. ,,me
gaognebuli davrCi”, _ ganagrZobs petrarka, _ ,, davxure wigni da
ganvrisxdi sakuTar Tavze, radgan jer kidev mxiblavda amqveyniuri
sagnebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom didi xania vswavlobdi warmarTi
filosofosebisagan: araferia saocari, garda sulisa, romelTan
22 SedarebiTac, Tu is diadia, araferi ar aris diadi”4. amgvarad,
petrarka gamoxatavs sakuTar rwmenas, rom adamiani da misi suli
inteleqtualuri mniSvnelobis WeSmariti sazomebia; magram
gamoTqvams ra am azrs, igi eyrdnoba rogorc avgustines, qristian
klasikoss, aseve warmarT klasikoss senekas.
daaxloebiT XV saukunis Sua wlebSi florencielma
humanistma janoco manetim Seadgina vrceli traqtati adamianis
Rirsebis da upiratesobis Taobaze, romelic dawerili iyo rogorc
Segnebuli pasuxi papi inokenti III-is traqtatze kacobriobis umweo
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. manetis Sroma savsea ciceronisa da
laqtanciusis citatebiT. adamianis Rirseba rCeba favoritul Temad
gviandeli humanistebisaTvisac. arc erTi maTgani ar gamoxatavs
kavSirs adamianze am zrunvasa da antikurobiT aRfrTovanebas Soris
ufro naTlad, vidre didi avtori, romelsac uwodebdnen
adgilobriv humanists.5 makiavelisaTvis, romelsac Tavisi
iZulebiTi ganmartoebis dros Cvevad hqonda saRamuri samosi Caecva
da ise esaubra antikos mwerlebTan, faseuli iyo antikosTa
moZRvreba, radganac isini humanuris magaliTebi iyvnen da maTdami
mibaZvis cda ar iyo amao. adamianuri buneba xom yovelTvis erTi da
igivea6.
Tu humanistur moZraobas gaaCnda literaturul-kulturuli
safuZveli da xasiaTi da aqedan gamomdinare mxolod arapirdapiri,
Tumca Zlieri gavlena filosofiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaze,
adreuli renesansis meore didi inteleqtualuri moZraoba,
platonizmi, filosofiuri iyo Tavisi warmoSobiT da amasTanave
hqonda SemTxveviTi, magram Zalze mniSvnelovani gavlena renesansul
literaturaze. literaturuli produqciisa da TanamoazreTa
raodenobis mixedviT platonizmi ar iyo ise farTo mimdinareoba,
rogorc humanizmi. magram is iyo ufro Rrma rogorc ideebis
4 F r a n c e s c o P e t r a r c a, La Familiari, ed. V. R o s s i, vol I. Florence. 1933, p. 159; cf. A u g a s t i
n e, Confessions, X, 8; S e n e c a, Epistles, 8,5. 5 L. O l s c h k i, Machiavelli the Scientist, Berkeley, Cal., 1945 6 D i s c o r s i, III, 43
23 simdidriT, aseve misi mimdevrebis gamosvlebiT. ra Tqma unda,
platonizms hqonda sakuTari centri imgvar araoficialur da
droebiT wreSi, rogoric iyo florenciis platonuri academia,
aseve meTeqvsmete saukunis cnobil literaturul akademiebsa da
platonuri filosofiis ramdenime sauniversiteto kaTedraze.
miuxedavad amisa, sakuTriv platonizms ar gaaCnda mniSvnelovani
administraciuli da profesiuli mxardaWera, romliTac
yovelmxriv sargeblobda humanizmi da aristotelianizmi.
platonizmis gavlena ufro ganpirobebuli iyo sakuTriv misi
ideebis mimzidvelobiT, romelic sxvadasxva siRrmiTa da
gulwrfelobiT aisaxeboda calkeul moazrovneTa da mweralTa
gancdebsa da miswrafebebSi da romelic, rogorc es zogjer xdeba,
ubralod modaSi iyo xolme gadazrdili.
italiuri renesansis platonizmi, Tavisi ganviTarebis zenitSi
marsilio fiCinosTan, florenciis akademiis liderTan, da mis
megobar da mowafe jiovani piko dela mirandolasTan mravali
TvalsazrisiT humanisturi moZraobis ganStoebas warmoadgenda.
rogorc fiCinos, aseve pikos miRebuli hqondaT srulyofili
humanisturi ganaTleba da dawafuli iyvnen humanistebis stilistur
da klasikur normebs. maT mier platonisadmi upiratesobis miniWebas
winamorbedi hyavs petrarkasa da sxva adrindeli humanistebis saxiT.
iseve rogorc humanistebi muSaobdnen sxva klasikos avtorTa
Sromebze, fiCinoc cdilobda eTargmna da ganemarta platonisa da
adrindel neoplatonistTa nawerebi. misi cda, aRedgina da
aeRorZinebina platonizmis moZRvreba, asaxavs antikuri xelovnebis
ideebis da swavlulebis aRorZinebis zogad tendencias. erT Tavis
werilSi platonuri filosofiis miseul aRorZinebas fiCino
adarebs gramatikis, poeziis, ritorikis, ferweris, skulpturis,
arqiteqturis, musikisa da astronomiis renesanss, romelic
ganxorcielda imave saukuneSi7. ra Tqma unda, renesansul
7 Opera Omnia, Basel, 1576, I, p. 944.
24 paltonizms, adrindeli humanizmis tradiciebisa da interesebis
garda, sxva fesvebic hqonda. erTi aseTi wyaro iyo
aristotelianizmi Tu sqolastizmi gviandeli Suasaukuneebisa,
romelic isev rCeboda warmmarTvel filosofiur moZRvrebad
universitetebsa da sxva skolebSi. dabejiTebiT viciT, rom fiCinom,
rogorc florenciis universitetis studentma, amgvari wvrTna
miiRo. arc imaSi SeiZleba eWvis Setana, rom pikom iswavla
sqolastika paduisa da parizis universitetebSi. amgvarma wvrTnam
Rrma kvali datova maT azrovnebasa da nawerebSi da misca maT
SesaZlebloba adrindeli humanistebis diletanturi da bundovani
warmodgenebi gadaezardaT seriozuli da meToduri saxis
filosofiur mWvretelobaSi, romelsac SeeZlo gavlena moexdina
profesional filosofosebze da romelsac seriozulad Tvlidnen
TviT mowinaaRmdegenic. amgvarad, fiCinom da pikom miatoves
adrindeli humanistebis zedapiruli polemika sqolasturi
filosofiis winaaRmdeg da kmayofilebiT aRiares, rom valSi arian
aristotelesa da Suasaukuneobrivi moazrovneebis winaSe.
saintereso miwer-moweraSi ermolao barbarosTan pikom daicva
Suasaukuneebis filosofosebi da im Tvalsazrisze dadga, rom
filosofiuri Sinaarsi bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre
literaturuli forma8. renesansuli platonizmis sxva wyaro,
romelic ganasxvavebs mas rogorc humanizmisagan, aseve
aristotelianizmisagan, Suasaukuneobrivi misticizmis da
avgustinianizmis memkvidreoba gaxldaT. mecamete saukunis Semdegac
ki, rodesac aristotelianizmi filosofiisa da Teologiis
swavlebaSi ukve warmmarTveli Zala iyo, avgustinianizmi Tavisi
Zveli saxiT SemorCa franciskanel TeologTa Soris, xolo ufro
bundovani formiT _ mzardi popularobis religiur literaturaSi,
romelic viTardeboda eriskacTa religiur wreebSi. mravali
garemoeba miuTiTebs imaze, rom fiCino ganicdida am religiuri
8 Opera Omnia, Basel, 1572, pp. 351 – 358; Q. B r e e n, ,,Giovanni Piko della Mirandola on the Conflict
of Philosophy and Rhetoric”, Journal of the History of Ideas, XIII (1952), 384 – 426.
25 spiritualizmis Zlier gavlenas; xolo pikos gviandeli nawerebi
da misi naTesaoba savonarolasTan gviCvenebs, rom masac hqonda
msgavsi miswrafebebi. Tu Cven saTanadod SevafasebT im garemoebas,
rom fiCinos akademia mravali TvalsazrisiT emsgavseboda
eriskacTa imgvar asociacias, romelSic klasikuri swavluleba da
saero filosofia religiuri atmosferoTi safuZvlianad iyo
Sevsebuli, ukeT gaviazrebT im STabeWdilebas, romelic am akademiam
moaxdina mediCebis florenciis ganaTlebul wreebsa da Semdgomi
Taobebis warmodgenebze9.
am damatebiTi filosofiuri da religiuri saSualebebis
wyalobiT, platonizmma SeZlo gardaesaxa adrindel humanistTa
zogierTi bundovani idea da STagoneba gansazRvrul da daxvewil
spekulaciur Teoriad. renesansis epoqis platonistebTan ufro meti
sistemuri filosofiuri gamoxatva hpova emfazam adamianze,
romelic erT- erTi yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli STagoneba iyo
adrindeli humanisturi azrovnebisaTvis. fiCinos ZiriTadi
filosofiuri Sroma, platonuri Teologia, Seicavs ramdenime
pasaJs, romlebSic xazgasmulia adamianis upiratesoba da Rirseba.
adamiani aris amaRlebuli sxva qmnilეbaTa Soris Tavisi
xelovnebisa da ostatobis mravalferovnebiT. Tavisi azrovnebiTa
da survilebiT adamiani msWvalavs samyaros yovel nawils, Tumca
dakavSirebulia yovel maTganTan da wilnayaria maTTan. adamianis
suli miqceulia rogorc RmerTis, aseve sxeulis mimarT, anu
rogorc goniTi, aseve nivTieri samyaros mimarT. amgvarad, is
monawileobs rogorc droSi, aseve maradisobaSi. es ideebi
xorcSesxmulia fiCinoseuli universaluri ierarqiis sqemaSi,
romelSic adamianuri suli iWers privilegiur, centralur adgils:
RmerTi, angelozebrivi goni, racionaluri suli, Rirseba da
sxeuli. misi centraluri poziciis gamo suls Seswevs sinamdvilis
maRal da dabal, anu goniTsa da materialur nawilebs Soris
9 P. O. Kristeller. Studies (1956), 99 –122
26 Suamavlobis Zala. isesxa ra bevri elementi Tavisi sqemisa
neoplatonuri tradiciidan, fiCinom Segnebulad Secvala igi am
gadamwyveti TvalTaxedviT, adamianuri sulis centraluri
poziciiT. ,,igi (suli) aris uzenaesi saswauli bunebaSi. yvela sxva
sagani RmerTis qvemoT aris mxolod da mxolod erTi martivi
arseba, magram suli aris yvela sagani erTad... amis gamo mas savsebiT
Sesabamisad SeiZleba ewodos bunebis centri, Sua muxli yoveli
sagnisa, msoflios elita, saxe yovelivesi, kvanZi da Sesayari
samyarosi”10.
igive ideebia wamoweuli da ganviTarebuli pikos mier cnobil
sityvaSi adamianis Rirsebaze. piko sagangebod amaxvilebs
yuradRebas cxovrebis gzis arCevaSi adamianis Tavisuflebaze.
aqedan gamomdinare, adamians aRar uWiravs raime fiqsirebuli
adgili universalur ierarqiaSi, arc TviT privilegirebuli
centraluri adgili. igi mTlianad gamoyofilia am ierarqiidan da
warmoadgens samyaros sakuTar TavSi. am koncefciis
ilustrirebisas piko ambobs, rom adamiani iyo Seqmnili
ukanasknelad yvela saganTa Soris, rodesac RmerTs ukve
darigebuli hqonda yvela niWi sxva arsebaTaTvis. ,,dabolos,
saukeTesom moRvaweTa Soris gadawyvita, rom mas, visac ar SeiZleba
raime sakuTari mieces, unda mieces Serwymuli saxiT yvelaferi, rac
ekuTvnis individualurad TiToeuls... da mimarTa mas amgvarad: Cven
mogeciT Sen, adam, ara gansazRvruli adgili, ara sakuTriv Seni
forma, ara konkretulad Seni niWi, raTa Sen SegeZlos gqondes Seni
sakuTari adgili, forma, niWi, is rasac Sen inebeb... Sesabamisad
Tavisufali gansjisa, romlis uflebebSic gangawese. Sen ara xar
SezRuduli raime kavSiriT, Sen TviT ganaweseb sakuTari bunebis
zRvars... arc zeciurad, arc miwierad, arc mokvdavad, arc ukvdavad
ar Semiqmnixar, Sen xar formis mimcemi da Semqmneli sakuTari Tavis.
Sen SegiZlia damdablde cxovelur samyaromde, Sen SegiZlia
10 Opera, p. 131.
27 agreTve amaRlde gonebis racionalizmidan ufro maRal
sferoebamde, romelic aris RvTaebrivi”11.
damokidebuleba adamianisadmi da misi cxovrebis azri
ganapirobebs agreTve fiCinos meore arsebiT Teorias, ukvdavebis
doqtrinas, romelsac uZRvnis igi Tavisi ZiriTadi filosofiuri
Sromis, platonuri Teologiis, udides nawils. fiCino arc uaryofs
da arc amcirebs cxovrebiseuli praqtikuli moRvaweobis
mniSvnelobas, magram is xazgasmiT acxadebs, rom ZiriTadi mizani
adamianis cxovrebisa aris Semecneba. SemecnebiT wvdeba igi sulier
gancdebs, romelic iwyeba Cveni gonebis gamocalkevebiT gare
samyarosagan, xolo Semdeg win miiwevs codnisa da ocnebis
sxvadasxva safexurisaken, miaRwevs ra dabolos RvTaebis uSualo
xilvasa da gancdas. ramdenadac es saboloo SeerTeba RmerTTan
iSviaTad miiRweva amqveyniuri yofisas, fiCino uSvebs arsebobas
momavali cxovrebisa, romelSic es mizani miiRweva permanentuli
saxiT yvelas mier, vinc gamoiCina saTanado mondomeba amqveyniuri
yofisas. ase rom, sulis ukvdaveba gaxda fiCinos filosofiis
centri, ramdenadac ukvdaveba saWiroa gasamarTleblad adamianis
arsebobis miseuli interpretaciisa, romelic Semecnebisaken
usasrulod swrafvaSi mdgomareobs. Tu ara ukvdaveba, es swrafva
amao iqneboda, xolo adamianis arseboba darCeboda yovelgvari
misawvdomi dasasrulis gareSe. meore mxriv, filosofia, romelic
amgvarad koncetrirdeba ukvdavebis Teoriis irgvliv, pirvel
yovlisa, ukavSirdeba adamiansa da mis miznebs, rogorc amqveyniur,
ise momaval sicocxleSi. es damokidebuleba adamianisadmi da misi
sulis ukvdavebisadmi naTels hfens fiCinos cnobil gamonaTqvamebs,
romlebmac gaaoca zogierTi Tanamedrove Teologi. sazogadod igi
ambobs, rom ,,adamiani Tayvans scems maradiul RmerTs momavali
sicocxlis gulisaTvis”12. erTgan ki gakvirvebiT SesZaxebs: ,,rad
11 G. P i k o d e l l a M i r a n d o l a, De Hominis Dignitate, Heptaplus, De Ente et Uno, e Scritti Vari, ed.
E. Garin, Florence, 1942, pp. 104-106 12 Opera, p. 1754
28 gWirdebaT Tqven, Teologebo, miaweroT maradiuloba RmerTs, Tu ar
miawerT mas TqvenTvis, raTa Tqveni sakuTari maradiulobiT
xarobdeT RvTaebriv maradiulobaSi”13. aseve akavSirebs fiCino
ukvdavebis doqtrinas adamianis RirsebasTan, roca igi asabuTebs,
rom adamiani, yvelaze srulqmnili cxovelTa Soris, ukvdavebisagan
ganZarculi am cxovelebze ufro sacodavi iqneboda; mas waerTmeoda
sakuTari arsebobis bunebrivi dasasrulis miRwevis SesaZlebloba14.
centraluri adgili samyaroSi da sulis ukvdaveba is
privilegiebia, romlebSic potenciurad yovel adamianur arsebas
udevs wili, Tumca maTi WeSmariti Rirebuleba damokidebulia
pirovnebis individualur da erTpirovnul cdaze da mis wilze
SemecnebiT sicocxleSi. miuxedavad amisa, Tavis siyvarulis da
megobrobis TeoriaSi fiCino filosofiur mniSvnelobas aniWebs
ramdenime pirovnebas Soris urTierTobas... is, ra Tqma unda, ar
kicxavs da ar gmobs seqsualur siyvaruls, Tumca misi
saxelganTqmuli Teoria platonuri siyvarulisa da megobrobisa
umTavresad exeba sulier urTierTobas or an met pirovnebas Soris
im wvlilis gziT, romelic TiToeul maTgans individualurad aqvs
SemecnebiT cxovrebaSi. fiCino acxadebs, rom WeSmarit megobrobaSi
yovelTvis monawileobs ara nakleb sami partniorisa: ori
adamianuri arseba da RmerTi, romelic safuZvels uyris maT
megobrobas15. am gziT fiCino afuZnebs pirdapir kavSirs adamianuri
urTierTobis umaRles formasa da SemecnebiTi sicocxlis yvelaze
ufro intimur da piradul gancdas Soris. aqedan gamomdinare igi
acxadebda, rom amgvarad gagebuli megobroba iyo sulieri sabeli,
romelic akavSirebda Tavisi platonuri akademiis wevrebs
erTmaneTs Soris da masTan, maT saerTo moZRvarTan. platonuri
siyvarulisa da megobrobis am Teorias hqonda usazRvro
mimzidveloba fiCinos Tanamedroveebsa da meTeqvsmete saukunis
13 Opera, p 885. 14 Supplementum Ficinianum ed. P. O. Kristeler, Florence, 1937, p 10 f, 15 Opera, p. 631. P. O. K r i s t e l l e r, The Philosophiy of Marsilio Ficino, 1943, p. 279
29 Semdgom TaobebSi, romlebSic dausruleblad werdnen amis Sesaxeb
rogorc prozad, aseve leqsad. terminma ,,platonuri siyvaruli”
amis Semdeg SeiZina erTgvarad ucnauri niuansi da, ra Tqma unda,
Zneli iqneba dacva yvela gamoxdomisa, romlebsac Seicavs gviandeli
renesansis traqtatebi siyvarulze. ase Tu ise, sagulisxmo is aris,
rom Tavisi warmoSobiT doqtrinas hqonda seriozuli filosofiuri
mniSvneloba da igi imitom aitaces, rom ganaTlebul pirovnebebs
maTi personaluri grZnobebisa da gancdebis met-naklebad
zedapiruli sulieri interpretaciis saSualebiT uzrunvelyofda.
am Teoriis sakmaod rTulma fonma, romelsac hqonda Tavisi fesvebi
siyvarulisa da megobrobis antikur TeoriebSi, saqvelmoqmedo da
sulieri Zmobis qristianul tradiciaSi da sakaro siyvarulis
Suasaukuneobriv koncefciebSi, SeZlo misi popularobis gazrda im
periodisaTvis, roca yvela es mimdinareoba jer kidev metad
cxoveli iyo. florencieli platonistebisaTvis koncefcia
adamianisa da misi Rirsebisa ar iyo SemozRuduli individTa
mxolod pirovnuli gancdebiTa da piraduli urTierTobiT, aramed
mas agreTve mivyavdiT adamianTa solidarobis Segnebul
gaazrebamde, romelic garkveul moralur da inteleqtualur
valdebulebas uwesebda TiToeul individs. es midgoma Caqsovilia
fiCinos SexedulebaSi religiasa da mis sxvadasxva saxeobaze. is
aRniSnavs, rom, ra Tqma unda, qristianoba aris yvelaze ufro
srulyofili religia; magram igi agreTve amtkicebs, rom religia,
rogorc aseTi, aris bunebrivi yvela adamianisaTvis da ganasxvavebs
maT cxovelisagan. samyaros mSvenierebaSi religiaTa wvlilis
mravalferovneba da yoveli religia, Tundac arapirdapir da
gauazreblad mainc, dakavSirebulia erTTan, WeSmarit RmerTTan.
piko midis ufro Sors da gaxazavs, rom yovel religias da
filosofiur tradicias aqvs wili universalur WeSmaritebaSi.
warmarTi, iudeveli da qristiani Teologebi da agreTve yvela
filosofosi, romlebic TiTqos rom ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs,
platoni da aristotele, avicena da averoesi, Toma akvineli da
30 duns skoti da sxva mravali, bevrjer Cawvdomian WeSmaritebas.
CarTo ra debulebebi yvla am avtorisagan Tavis cxraas TezisSi,
pikos faruli mizandasaxuleba iyo WeSmaritebis am
universalurobis Cveneba. es ki amarTlebs mis cdas gaaerTianos da
daicvas ase mravali wyarodan momdinare doqtrinebi. pikos am
sinkretizmma, romelic savsebiT sworadaa gaxazuli erT-erT
ukanasknel gamokvlevaSi16, marTlac Seqmna niadagi religiur-
filosofiuri Semwynareblobis farTo koncefciisaTvis.
gansxvavebuli saxiTaa gamoxatuli kacobriobis solidaroba
humanitas (humanitas) fiCinoseul koncefciaSi. es laTinuri termini
orazrovania, ramdenadac igi niSnavs orives _ humanur rasas da
humanur grZnobebs, rogorc pirovnul srulqmnilebas. es
orazrovneba anareklia humanitas antikur-romauli stoikuri
idealisa, romelic aerTianebda kulturuli daxvewilobis normebsa
da sxva adamianTa, rogorc TanaarsebaTa, Rrma pativiscemas17. fiCino
daeyrdno am koncefcias da ganaviTara igi. igi iwyebs amosavali
debulebiT, rom siyvaruli da mimzidveloba warmoadgns samyaros
yovli nawilis gamaerTianebel Zalas. igi miuyenebs mas
konkretulad kacobriobas, rogorc erT-erT bunebriv saxeobas.
adamiani amtkicbs Tavis Tavs humanuri rasis wevrad sxva adamianis,
rogorc misi Tanasworis, siyvaruliT, Tavisi humanurobiT. Tu igi
arahumanuri da sastikia, Tavis Tavs aSorebs kacobriobis
erTianobas da Selaxavs sakuTar adamianur Rirsebas. ,,ratom arian
ymawvilebi ufro sastikni, vidre moxucebi?” _ ekiTxeba fiCino
werilSi tomazo minerbetis, _ ,,ratom arian ugunurni ufro
sastikni, vidre maxvilgonierebi? imitom, rom isini arian, ase
vTqvaT, ufro naklebad adamianebi, vidre sxvani. amitomac uwodeben
sastik adamians arahumanurs, mxecs. sazogadod maT, vinc
dacilebulni arian adamianis srulyofil bunebas asakis, sulieri
16 E. A n a g n i n e, G. Piko della Mirandola, Bari, 1937. 17 E. v o n J a n, ,,Humanite”. Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur, LV, 1932, 1 – 66. J. N i e
d e r m a n n , Kultur, Florence, 1941, pp. 29 ff, 72 ff
31 mankis, sxeulebrivi sisustis an varskvlavTa mwyrali poziciis
gamo, sZulT humanuri modgma da ugulvelyofen mas, rogorc ucxos
da gareSes. neroni iyo, rogorc amboben, ara adamiani, aramed
urCxuli, msgavsi admianisa mxolod Tavisi garegnobiT. igi rom
namdvili adamiani yofiliyo, eyvareboda sxva adamianebi, rogorc
wevrebi erTi da imave sxeulisa. radganac individualurad
adamianebi eqvemdebarebian erT ideasa da Seadgenen erT saxeobas.
isini TiTqos erT adamians warmoadgenen. amdenad, me mwams, rom
brZenni uwodeben sakuTriv adamianis saxeliT mxolod im erTs
yvela sxva saTnoebaTa Soris, romelsac uyvars da romelic
exmareba yvela adamians, rogorc Zmebs ganStoebulT grZel
mwkrivebad erTi mamisagan; sxva sityviT (isini uwodeben) humanurs”18.
fiCinos ukvdavebis Teoria ganicdis humanuri solidarobis
amgvari gaazrebis gavlenas. fiCino uSvebs, rom RvTaebis uSualo
xilva amqveyniuri yofisas SeiZleba miRweul iqnas mxolod
zogierTi individis mier, magram es ar CaiTvleba yoveli
adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli bunebrivi survilis sakmaris
aRsrulebad. imisaTvis, rom es survili aRsruldes, Tu yvelasTvis
ara, im adamianisaTvis mainc, vinc cdilobs mimarTos Tavisi swrafva
RmerTisaken, saWiroa dacul iqnes momavali cxovrebis postulati.
fiCino origenesTan erTad ar gvaswavlis, rom moxdeba yoveli
sulis saboloo xsna, magram is gvtovebs Cven im STabeWdilebiT,
rom gonieri nawili kacobriobisa miaRwevs saukuno bednierebas,
miwieri arsebobisa da adamianuri sicocxlis WeSmarit mizans.
mesame inteleqtualur mimdinareobas adreuli renesansisa,
aristotelianizms, gadgmuli hqonda fesvi gviandeli
Suasaukuneebis saswavlo tradiciaSi. italiis universitetebSi
aristoteles filosofiis swavlebam ucvleli adgili moipova
daaxloebiT mecamete saukunis dasasrulisaTvis. es moZRvreba
Tavidanve dakavSirebuli iyo medicinasTan da ara TeologiasTan.
18 Opera, p. 635
32 amgvarad is brunavda bunebis filosofiis, ufro naklebad logikis
irgvliv. e.w. Teoria ormagi WeSmaritebisa, romelic am skolas
axasiaTebda, mowodebuli iyo eRiarebina eklesiis avtoriteti
dogmaturi Teologiis sferoSi da imave dros SeenarCunebina
damoukidebloba filosofiuri azrisa bunebismetyvelebis
sazRvrebSi. es aristotelianeli filosofosebi bevr punqtSi ar
eTanxmebodnen erTmaneTs da dayofilni iyvnen mraval opoziciur
skolad. Tumca maT hqondaT erTi da igive problematika, erTi da
igive pirvelwyaroebi da igive meTodi. humanistebisa da
platonistebisagan gansxvavebiT, aristotelianelebi
warmoadgendnen filosofiis swavlebas renesansis bolomde da maTi
mravalricxovani komentarebi da traqtatebi asaxaven am swavlebis
meTodebsa da sagans. maTi wvlili renesansis inteleqtualur
cxovrebaSi iyo ufro didi, vidre mkvlevarTa umravlesobas
warmoudgenia da maTTvis araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iyo ise ucxo
TavianTi drois axali problemebi, rogorc amas xSirad amtkiceben.
ra Tqma unda, renesansuli aristotelianizmi ganviTarda
Suasaukuneobrivi aristotelianizmis tradiciidan yovelgvari
wyvetilobis gareSe, magram man SeiTvisa agreTve bevri arsebiTi
elementi Tavisi drois humanizmisa da platonizmisa.
amis ilustrireba advilad SeiZleba italiuri renesansis
saxelganTqmuli aristotelianeli filosofosis pietro
pomponacis magaliTze. man wrToba paduaSi miiRo da SemdgomSi
Tavis yvelaze ufro produqtiul wlebSi muSaobda filosofiis
profesorad boloniaSi. pomponaci zedmiwevniT kargad icnobda
Tavisi Suasaukuneobrivi winamorbedis ideebsa da Sromebs da
ganixilavda nawilobriv imave problemebs argumentaciis imave
meTodebiT da aristoteles imave teqstebis safuZvelze. miuxedavad
amisa, aristoteles berZeni komentatorebis da aristoteluri
antikuri azris, gansakuTrebiT stoicizmis, codniT igi davalebuli
iyo humanistebisagan. pomponaci iyenebda agreTve platonistTa
nawerebs da ekamaTeboda an iTvisebda zogierT maT ideas. es
33 naTesaoba pomponacisa Tavisi drois humanistebsa da
platonistebTan gansakuTrebiT TvalnaTlivia miseul adamianis
koncefciaSi.
pomponacis interesi adamianisadmi ukve gamoxatulia im
faqtSi, rom msgavsad fiCinosa, ukvdavebis problemas is uZRvnis
Tavis erT mniSvnelovan filosofiur Sromas. misi uaRresad
gamomwvevi poziciis Sedegad es traqtati gaxda sawyisi wertili
aristotelianel filosofosebsa da Teologebs Soris
gacxovelebuli winaaRmdegobisa, romelic gagrZelda aTeuli
wlebis manZilze. miseul midgomaSi ukvdavebis problemisadmi,
pomponaci platonistebTan erTad Tvlis, rom adamians centraluri
adgili ukavia samyaroSi: ,,me vuSveb, rom Cveni ganxilvis sawyisad
unda gaxdes Semdegi: adamiani aris ara martivi, aramed mravalmxrivi,
ara myari, aramed ormagi bunebisa da moTavsebulia mokvdavi da
ukvdavi sagnebis SuaSi... aqedan gamomdinare Zvelebi marTebulad
aTavsebdnen mas maradiul da warmaval sagnebs Soris, ramdenadac
is wils iyris orive bunebaSi. da amgvarad arsebobs ra SuaSi, mas
SeuZlia orive buneba miiRos”19. miuxedavad am amosavali
debulebisa, pomponaci Semdgomi analizisas mravali TvalsazrisiT
mkveTrad upirispirdeba fiCinos. adamianis inteleqti Tavisi
substanciiT, ra Tqma unda, ar aris materialuri, magram misi codna
aris srulad SezRuduli nivTieri sagnebiT. ai, aseTnairad uWiravs
adamianis inteleqts Sua adgili wminda angelozur gonebasa da
cxovelTa suls Soris. ar aris araviTari argumenti imis
dasamtkiceblad, rom adamians cxovrebaSi SeuZlia miswvdes goniTi
samyaros sagnebis codnas. aqedan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia raime
gonivruli dasabuTeba sulis ukvdavebisa, Tumca ukvdaveba miRebul
unda iqnes, rogorc rwmenis sagani.
amgvarad, pomponacisTan ingreva Wvretis ideali, romelic
Tavis aucilebel dasrulebas momaval cxovrebaSi poulobda. igi
19 De Immortalitate Animae ed. and tr. William Henri Hay II, Haverford, 1938, ch. 1, and III.
34 cvlis mas moraluri srulqmnilebis (saTnoebis) idealiT, romelic
SeiZleba miRweul iqnas amqveyniur sicocxleSi. amgvarad, adamianis
Rirseba aris ara mxolod daculi, aramed masSi adamianis
axlandel, miwier cxovrebasac eniWeba mniSvneloba, romelic
damokidebuli ar aris momavlis raime imedze an SiSze. pomponaci
ayalibebs am Tvalsazriss martiv debulebebSi, rac platons da
Zvel stoikosebs mogvagonebs; aseve spinozasa da kants: ,,arsebobs
ori saxe dajildoebisa da dasjisa: erTia arsebiTi da ganuyofeli,
meore _ SemTxveviTi da ganyofadi. arsebiTi jildo saTnoebisa aris
Tavad saTnoeba, romelic adamians bedniers xdis, radganac
adamianis bunebas ar SeuZlia miaRwios raime ufro maRals, vidre
aris saTnoeba. mxolod igi aniWebs adamians uvneblobas da
ganaSorebs misgan yovelgvar wuxils... sawinaaRmdego Tvisebebi
axasiaTebs ukeTurobas. sasjeli, ukeTuri kacisa aris Tavad
ukeTuroba, romelic yvelaze didi sacodaoba da ubedurebaa.
SemTxveviTi jildo arsebiT jildosTan SedarebiT
arasrulyofilia, radganac oqro bevrad ufro ukmaria, vidre
saTnoeba. SemTxveviTi dasja ki ufro naklebad mZimea, vidre
arsebiTi dasja; rameTu sasjeli aris SemTxveviTi dasja, roca
danaSauli aris arsebiTi dasja, xolo danaSaulis dasja aris
bevrad ufro mZime, vidre sasjeli. aqedan gamomdinare, ara uSavs,
Tu zogjer SemTxveviTs yuradReba ar eqceva, Tuki arsebiTi ZalaSi
rCeba. ufro metic, roca sikeTe SemTxveviT jildos miiRebs, misi
arsi damcirebuli Cans da Tavis srulyofilebas aRar inarCunebs.
magaliTad, Tu vinme keTils iqms yovelgvari jildos molodinis
gareSe, xolo meore _ jildos molodiniT, saqcieli am
ukanasknelisa ar CaiTvleba ise diadad, rogorc pirvelis. amgvarad,
is, vinc ar miiRebs SemTxveviT jildos, aris ufro arsebiTad
dajildoebuli, vidre is, vinc miiRebs. msgavsad amisa, is, vinc
moqmedebs amoralurad da miiRebs SemTxveviT sasjels, Cans,
dasjilia ufro naklebad, vidre is, vinc ar miiRebs SemTxveviT
sasjels. ramdenadac dasja danaSaulisa aris ufro didi da ufro
35 cudi, vidre sasjeli da roca sasjeli daedeba danaSauls,
ukanaskneli mcirdeba. amgvarad, is, vinc ar miiRebs SemTxveviT
sasjels, aris ufro arsebiTad dasjili, vidre is, vinc miiRebs”20.
yuradRebis gamaxvileba moralur srulqmnilebaze. rogorc
adamianuri yofis damoukidebel mizanze, pirvel sibrtyeze
individualuri qcevis normas aTavsebs. ase rom, pomponaci, fiCinos
msgavsad, savsebiT Tanmimdevrulad midis im azramde, rom arsebobs
kacobriobis solidaroba da rom mis individs swori qmedobis gziT
Seaqvs Tavisi wvlili universalur sikeTeSi. ,,unda davuSvaT da
mkacrad davixsomoT, rom mTeli humanuri modgma SeiZleba Seedaros
erT individs”21. yvela individs Seaqvs wvlili kacobriobis
sikeTeSi, ise, rogorc Cveni sxeulis yovel nawils mTeli
organizmis keTildReobaSi: ,,mTeli humanuri modgma erT sxeuls
hgavs. es sxeuli mravali nawilisagan Sedgeba, TiToeul maTgans
gansxvavebuli funqcia aqvs. magram yoveli maTgani gankuTvnilia
kacobriobis saerTo keTildReobisaTvis”22.
maSasadame adamianis mizani imgvarad unda ganisazRvros, rom
is misaRebi iyos yvela adamianisaTvis an yovel SemTxvevaSi _
mravali individisaTvis. es Tvalsazrisi STaagonebs fiCinos
daumtkiceblad dauSvas momavali cxovreba, romelSic mravali
individi miaRwevs RvTaebis xilvas, rasac amqveyniur sicocxleSi
mxolod iSviaTi umciresoba Tu SesZlebs. igive Tvalsazrisi
ganapirobebs pomponacis mtkicebas, rom upirvelesi mizani adamianis
sicocxlisa unda veZioT moralur aqtSi da ara SemecnebaSi. es
gancxadeba miT ufro sainteresoa, rom igi variantia aristoteles
moZRvrebisa. yoveli adamiani, asabuTebs pomponaci, garkveuli
xarisxiT avlens sam inteleqtualur talants: mWvretelobiTs,
moralurs da teqnikurs. Tumca wili, romelic adamianebs aqvT am
inteleqtualur talantebSi yoveli maTganisaTvis sxvadasxvaa.
20 L. c. ch. 14. p. 49 and XXVIII f 21 ibid., pp. 43 and XXIY 22 ibid., pp. 43 and XXY
36 mWvretelobiTi inteleqti ar aris damaxasiaTebeli sakuTriv
adamianisaTvis, rogorc aseTisaTvis, aramed, rogorc aristotele
ityoda, gankuTvnilia RmerTebisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom yovel
adamians aqvs raRac misgan, mxolod Zalze mcireni floben, an
SeuZliaT flobdnen mas savsebiT da srulyofilad. meore mxriv,
teqnikuri inteleqtic ar aris damaxasiaTebeli adamianisaTvis,
ramdenadac masTan agreTve wilnayaria bevri cxoveli. ,,praqtikuli
inteleqti WeSmaritad ekuTvnis adamians. radganac yovel normalur
adamianur qmnilebas SeuZlia misi srulyofili miRweva. adamians
amis mixedviT uwodeben absoluturi mniSvnelobiT kargs an cuds
maSin, roca Tanaxmad mWvretelobiTi an teqnikuri inteleqtisa,
pirovnebas SeiZleba ewodos kargi an cudi garkveuli mniSvnelobiT
da kvalifikaciiT, rameTu adamians ewodeba kargi an cudi Tavis
saTnoebasa da ukeTurobasTan mimarTebiT. karg metafizikoss
uwodeben ara karg adamians, aramed karg metafizikoss da karg
arqiteqtors uwodeben ara absoluturi mniSvnelobiT kargs, aramed
karg arqiteqtors. amitomaa, rom adamiani ar brazobs, roca mas ar
uwodeben metafizikoss, filosofoss an durgals. magram igi
Seuracxyofilia, roca masze amboben, rom qurdia an TavSeukavebeli,
usamarTlo, suleli, anda sxva amgvari mankiereba axasiaTebso;
radganac Cvens xelTaa imis SesaZlebloba, rom viyoT kargi an cudi
adamiani, maSin roca filosofosoba an arqiteqtoroba arc Cvens
ganmgeblobaSia da arc aucilebelia adamianisaTvis. aqedan
gamomdinare, yvela humanuri qmnileba SeiZleba da unda iyos ubiwo,
magram yvela ar unda iyos filosofosi, maTematikosi da sxva
misTanani. amgvarad, praqtikuli inteleqtisda mixedviT, romelic
damaxasiaTebelia adamianisaTvis, yoveli adamiani unda iyos
srulyofili. xolo imisaTvis, rom adamianTa mTeli modgma iqnas
SenarCunebuli, yoveli pirovneba unda iyos moralurad ubiwo da
ramdenadac SesaZlebelia mankierebisagan Tavisufali”23.
23 Ibid., p. 45 and XXVI
37 amgvarad, me vcdilobdi meCvenebina, rom samive ZiriTadi
inteleqtualuri mimdinareoba adreuli renesansisa exeboda
adamianuri cxovrebis mizans da adamianis adgils samyaroSi, da rom
am interesma pova Tavisi gamoxatuleba ara marto pirovnuli qcevis
normebSi, aramed agreTve adamianuri urTierTobebis da kacobriobis
solidarobis Zlier grZnobaSi. humanistur moZraobas, romelic
Tavis sawyisSi iyo arafilosofiuri, mohqonda ZiriTadi, magram jer
kidev bundovani ideebi da STagonebani da amasTan erTad antikuri
pirvelwyaroebic. platonistebi da aristotelianelebi, romlebic
spekulaciuri interesebiT da ganaTlebiT profesionali
filosofosebi iyvnen, wamoswevdnen xolme am bundovan ideebs,
aviTarebdnen maT garkveul fiლosofiur doqtrinebamde da
miuCendnen mniSvnelovan adgils TavianT detalurad damuSavebul
metafizikur sistemebSi.
adreuli renesansis inteleqtualuri mimdinareobebi
arsebobas meTeqsvmete saukunis pirveli meoTxedis Semdegac
ganagrZobdnen, Tumca isini am periodidan dawyebuli TandaTanobiT
ufro da ufro iCrdilebodnen, Tavdapirvelad reformaciidan
ganviTarebuli Teologiuri dapirispirebulobiT, xolo SemdgomSi
im ganviTarebiT, romelmac Tanamedrove mecnierebis da filosofiis
aRmoceneba moitana. miuxedavad amisa, adreuli renesansis
memkvidreobam efeqturoba SeinarCuna sul mcire meTvramete
saukunis damlevamde. renesansuli humanizmi cxoveli darCa
dasavleT evropis saganmanaTleblo da kulturul tradiciebsa da
istoriul da filologiur mecnierebaSi. renesansulma
platonizmma platonisa da plotinis gavlena gadmosca yvela im
moazrovnes, romelic cdilobda daecva ramdenadme idealisturi
forma filosofiisa; xolo renesansulma aristotelianizmma, Tumca
nawilobriv Secvlilma eqsperimentuli fizikisa da mecnierebis
mier, STagoneba mianiWa Tavisufali azris bevr gviandel
mimdinareobas. ukanasknel saukuneSi, romelSic safuZveli Caeyara
Cveni Tanamedroveobis ase bevr azrs, is Zveli ideebi da tradiciebi
38 Rrma daviwyebas mieca, gamonakliss mxolod erTeuli ganaTlebuli
specialistebi warmoadgendnen. Tanamedrove pozitivizmi,
ganmtkicebuli mecnieruli progresiTa da materialuri
keTildReobis zrdiT, mizezi unda iyos yvela sxva ideis met-
naklebad mwyobridan gamosvlisa. mimdinare saukunis saocarma
movlenebma mainc Searyies Cveni rwmena pozitivizmis sakmarisobaze,
rom araferi vTqvaT WeSmaritebaze. sainteresoa, aris ki misi
principebi imdenad farTo, rom maT saTanadod axsnan Cveni codna
da win wauZRvnen Cvens swrafvas? Cven zedmetad Tavmdabalni gavxdiT
Cveni sakuTari miRwevebis mimarT da amitomac _ ufro msurvelni,
viswavloT warsulidan. im grZel rigSi filosofosebisa da
mwerlebisa, romlebic dasavluri azrovnebis istoriasa da
tradicias qmnian, gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs adrindeli
italiuri renesansis humanistebs, platonistebs da
aristotelianelebs. bevri maTi idea dReisaTvis ubralod istoriis
cnobismoyvareobis sagania, xolo zogierTi maTgani Seicavs
maradiuli WeSmaritebis Canasaxs da amgvarad SesaZlebelia gaxdes
STagoneba da mowodeba dRevandeli italiisa da kacobriobis
danarCeni nawilisaTvis».