Grade X

TENSES REVIEW

Compiled by Catharina Awang W.K., S.Pd.

SMA Santa Angela2019/2020

Standar Kompetensi:Menulis : Mengungkapkan makna dalam teks tulis fungsional pendek dan esei sederhana dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari.

Kompetensi Dasar:Mengungkapkan makna dan langkah retorika dalam esei dengan menggunakan ragam bahasa tulis secara akurat, lancar dan berterima dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari dalam berbagai bentuk teks, khususnya dalam menggunakan Tenses dengan tepat

Tujuan Pembelajaran:Setelah melaksanakan pembelajaran dengan penuh kedisiplinan dan kegigihan, peserta didik dapat :- Menyebutkan pola-pola ‘tenses’ dengan benar- Membedakan masing-masing ‘tenses’ dengan tepat- Menerapkan penggunaan ‘tenses’ dengan tepat dan benar- Mendeteksi bagian kalimat yang salah- Menghasilkan teks dengan ‘tenses’ yang tepat dan benar

Conceptual Map

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OVERVIEW OF VERB TENSES

A. The Simple Tense

Tense Example MeaningSimple Present - She is busy

- I go to school everydayIn general, the simple present expresses events or situations that exist always, usually, habitually; they exist now, have existed in the past, and probably will exist in the future.

Simple Past - She was busy yesterday- I went to school last

year

At one particular time in the past, this happened. It began and ended in the past.

Simple Future - She will be busy tomorrow

- She will go to school next week

At one particular time in the future, this will happen

B. The Continuous Tense

Form: be + -ing (present participle)Meaning : The progressive tenses give the idea that an action is in progress during a particular time. The tenses say that an action begins, is in progress during, and continues after another time or action.

Tense Example MeaningPresent Continuous - Jane is studying right

nowIt is now 8 pm. Jane starts studying at 6 PM tonight, and she isstill studying. She began in thepast, is in progress at the presenttime, and probably will continue.

Past Continuous - Jane was studying when we came

Jane went to study at 6.00 last night. We came at 8.00. He wasstill studying. Her study began

before and was still in progress ata particular time in the past. Itcontinued after I came

Future Continuous - Jane will be studying when we come

Jane will study at 6 pm tomorrow night. We will come at 8.00. The action of studying will begin before we come, and it will be in progress at a particular time in the future. Probably her study will continue.

C. The Perfect Tense

Form : have + past participleMeaning : The perfect tenses all give the idea that one thing happen before another time or event.

Tense Example MeaningPresent Perfect - Tom has already eaten. Tom finished eating sometime

before now. The exact time isnot important.

Past Perfect - Tom had already eatenwhen his friendarrived.

First Tom finished eating. Laterhis friend arrived. Tom’s eatingwas completely finished beforeanother time in the past.

Future Perfect - Tom will already haveeaten when his friendarrive.

First Tom will finish eating.Later his friend will arrive.Tom’s eating will be completelyfinished before another time inthe future.

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1. THE PRESENT TENSE

a. Simple Present

FunctionHabitual Action

- He drinks tea every morning.- I get up everyday at five o’clock.- My watch keeps good time.

General Truth- The earth goes round the sun.- Honey is sweet.- Fortune favours the brave.

Scheduled Activity- A 9 comes every hour.- We deliver progress report every Monday.- All television programs ends at one o’clock.

Fixed Future Event- The next flight is at seven tomorrow morning.- When does the coffee house reopen?

Opinion- I think he will not join our group.

Pattern

S + V1(es/s) + O She eats every day

S + do/does + V1 + not + O She doesn’t eat every day

Do/Does + S + V1 + O Does she eat every day?

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S + to be (is/am/are) + adj They are happy

S + to be (is/am/are) + adj They aren’t happy

to be (is/am/are) + S + adj Are they happy?

Adverbs of Time:- always – occasionally- usually – seldom- generally – never- often – every- sometimes - once/ twice a ….

Note:Some English verbs have stative meanings. They describe states, conditions, or situations that exist. When verbs have stative meanings, they are usually not used in progressive tenses. Below are some verbs that have stative meanings.like love hate want needprefer know realize suppose meanunderstand believe remember belong containconsist seem

Some English verbs can have stative and progressive meanings, e.g.have : I have two brothers (I am having dinner with my boyfriend)think : We think we can do it (She is thinking about the difficult math problem)taste : The cake tastes delicious (The chef is tasting the soup.)see : Do you see that man over there? (I am seeing the manager tomorrow morning.)

b. Present Continuous

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Function:An action going on at the time of speaking.

- She is singing- The boys are playing hockey.

A temporary action which may not be happening at the time of speaking.- I am reading David Copperfield.- He usually uses a hat, but today he is using a cap.

An arranged action to take place in the near future.- I am going to the cinema tonight.- My uncle is arriving tomorrow.

Something is done repeatedly but we are unhappy about it.- They are constantly having parties until early hours in the morning.- He is forever including me in his crazy schemes

Adverb of Time:- now - this week- at present – still- at this time/moment – currently- today

Pattern

S + to be (is/am/are) Ving +O She is studying now

S + to be (is/am/are) + not + VingShe is not studying now

to be (is/am/are) + S + VingIs she studying now?

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2. The Past Tense

a. Simple Past

Function:Began and ended in the past-a completed action-and no relation with present.Duration is not important.

- The steamer sailed yesterday.- I received his letter a week ago.

The Simple Past is also used for past habits/past schedule.- He studied many hours a day.- She always carried an umbrella

To introduce quotations- The president said, ‘We must work hard to develop this country.’

Pattern

S + V2 (ed) + O She studied yesterday

S + did + V1 + O She didn’t study yesterday

Did + S + V1 + O Did she study yesterday?

S + to be (was/were) + adj They were happy yesterday

S + to be (was/were) + adj They weren’t happy yesterday

to be (was/were) + S + adj were they happy yesterday?

Adverb of Time:- yesterday - last …………- this morning - ……… ago- just now

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Frequency: often, sometimes, always;

a definite point in time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago.an indefinite point in time: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago etc.

b. Past Continuous

Function:Was in progress at certain time in the past

- She was listening to the radio all evening.- I was speaking on the telephone at eight o’clock

Was in progress when another action happened- She was cooking when she heard a knock at the door.- We were not sleeping when they arrived.

To show two actions taking place at the same time- Eve was mixing the drinks while we were eating our sandwiches.- My sister was lying in bed while I was talking to her.

To indicate a continuous action within a certain period- He was working between eight and five o’clock.- What were you doing all last week?

To express a change of mind- I was going to spend the day at the beach but I’ve decided to go on an excursioninstead.

Adverb of Time:- when - while - as- at … o’clock yesterday

S + to be (was/were) Ving +O She was studying when we arrived

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S + to be (was/were) + not + VingShe was not studying when we arrived

to be (was/were) + S + Vingwas she studying when we arrived?

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3. The Perfect Tense

a. Present Perfect Tense

Function:To indicate completed activities in the immediate past.

- He has just gone out.- It has just struck ten.

To express past actions whose time is not given and not definite.- Have you read Gulliver’s travels?- I have never known him to be angry.

To describe past events and the effects result at present.- Tony has eaten all the biscuits. (The tin is empty)- I have cut my finger. (It’s bleeding)

To denote an action beginning at some time in the past and continuing up to thepresent moment. (non-continuous verbs)

- I have known him for a long time.- He has been ill since last week.

An action has been repeated a number of times up to now.- They have been to Chile three times.- I have often wished I’d learned to read music.

Adverb of Time:- Already – just- Yet – recently- Since – lately- for

Notice the difference:- Thompson has made 13 films and the latest is the best. (Action might repeat)- Thompson made 13 films before was tragically killed. (Action is finished)

Pattern

S + have/has + V3 They have studied

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S + have/has + V3 They haven’t studied

have/has + V3 Have they studied?

b. Past Perfect

Function:Result at the second action in the past / used to make it clear that one eventhappened before another in the past.

- When he arrived, the party had been in progress for an hour.- The doctor gave some medicine after he had examined me.- I had gone to bed when the phone rang.

Adverb of Time:- Before- by (the time)- after- Past Perfect before/by Simple Past- Simple Past after Past Perfect

Pattern

S + had + V3 They had studied when we arrived

S + had + V3 They hadn’t studied when we arrived

had + V3 Had they studied when we arrived?

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EXERCISES

A. Use either the simple present or the present progressive of the verbs in parentheses.1. I can’t afford that ring. It _________ (cost) too much.2. Look. It (begin) __________ to rain. Unfortunately, I (have, not) ________ my umbrella with

me. Tom is lucky. He (wear) _________ a raincoat.3. I (own, not) ________ an umbrella. I (wear) _________ a waterproof hat on rainy days.4. As a rule, I (sleep) _________ until 6 o’clock in the morning, and then I (get) _________ up

and (study) ________ for my classes.5. Ssshhh….. Grandpa (take) ________ a nap in the living room. We (want, not) _________ to

wake him up. He (need) _________ his rest.6. Right now I (look) _________ at Janet. She (look) __________ angry. I wonder what’s the

matter. She (have) __________ afrown on her face. She certainly (have, not) __________ any fun right now.

7. Right now I (look) __________ around the classroom. Yoko (write) __________ in her book. Carlos (bite) __________ his pencil. Wan Ning (scratch) _________ his head. Ahmed (stare) __________ out the window. He (seem) __________ to be daydreaming, but perhaps he (think) _________ hard about verb tenses. What (you, think) ___________ Ahmed (do) _________?

8. I (want) _________ to figure out the meaning of this saying: “The pen is mightier than the sword.” I (know) _________ that ‘mightier’ (mean) _______ ‘more powerful’, but what’s a ‘sword’? What (‘sword’, mean) ____________?

9. Right now Martha is in the science building. The chemistry experiment she (do)__________ is dangerous, so she (be) __________ very careful. She (want, not)__________ to spill any of the acid. She (be, always) _________ careful when she does a chemistry experiment.

10. My parents (live) __________ in Bristol. They were born there and have never livedanywhere else. Where (your parents, live) _____________?

B. Put in the past simple or past progressive. Note where both forms are possible.Mrs. May, our District Nurse, (drive) _________ home at 3 a.m. one night after an urgent visit to a sick patient. She (drive) ________ along a deserted country lane, when she (see) ________ a new kind of animal. She (stop) ________ her car and (get out) ________ The animal (be) clearly visible in the blaze of her headlights. It (look) ________ like a hedgehog with a tall white hat. It (cross) _______ the road withoutpaying any attention to Mrs. May. When Mrs. May (go) ________ close to it, she(notice) ________ that there was a plastic yoghurt pot on the hedgehog's head. Thepoor creature had got its head stuck in the plastic pot. Her instincts as a nurse (tell)_______ her she would have to rescue it, so she (pull) _______ the pot off the hedgehog's head. Mrs. May (think) ________ the hedgehog (look) ________ rather sad,when she (notice) ________ that the pot was half full of strawberry yoghurt. She (give)

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________ it back to the hedgehog. The creature (seize) ________ it, (put) ________ iton its head again, and triumphantly (continue) _________ its journey across the road.

C. Use the simple past or the present perfect.1. What (you, learn) __________ since you (come) _________ here? And how many new

friends (you, make) ____________?2. Since classes began, I (have, not) __________ much free time. I (have) _________

several big tests to study for.3. Last night my friend and I (have) _________ some free time, so we (go) _________ to a

show.4. I admit that I (get) ________ older since I last (see) ________ you, but with any luck at all, I

(get, also) ___________ wiser.5. The science of medicine (advance) ____________ a great deal in the 19 th century.6. In the last fifty years, medical scientists (make) __________ many important discoveries.7. Libraries today are different from those in the 1800s. For example, the contents of

libraries (change) ___________ greatly through the years. In the 1800s, libraries (be) __________ simply collections of books. However, today most libraries (become) ___________ multimedia centers that contain tapes, computers, disks, films, magazines, music, and paintings. The role of the library in society (change, also) _______. In the 24 1800s, libraries (be) __________ open only to certain people, such as scholars or the wealthy. Today libraries serve everyone.

8. A: Are you taking Chemistry 101 this semester?B: No, I (take, already) _________ it. I (take) _________ it last semester. This semester I’m in 102.

9. A: Hi, Judy. Welcome to the party. (you, meet, ever) __________ my cousin?B: No, I __________.

10. A: Do you like lobster?B: I don’t know. I (eat, never) ___________ it.

D. Fill in the blanks in the letter with an appropriate form (the present perfect progressive, the present perfect, or the past simple) of each verb in parentheses. Two answers may be correct.Dear Yukiko, I (live) _________ in New York for two months now, and I (learn) ________a lot. In general, I (be) ________ very happy up until now, but I (feel) _________ little lonely, too. Since I (rent) _______________ this apartment, I (meet) ______________some ofthe people in the building. There are some interesting couples. In the past few weeks, I (talk) ____________ a lot to an American woman who is married to a Vietnamese man. A Peruvian man and his American wife (promise) ________________ to invite me to dinner sometime, but they (not do) ________________it yet. Actually, I (not see) ______________ the inside of an American family's apartment since I (move) ______________here. A very nice Arabian woman (visit) ____________ me this week. She (be) ____________ married to an American for several years. She says she (have) ____________ problems with the customs of the United States since she (move) ____________ here, and there (be) _____________ cultural conflicts. I'm surprised at the number of cross-cultural couples that I (get) _____________ to know since last month. And now an American student (ask) _____________ me out. What do you think? Should I go?

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Your friend Monique

E. Use the simple past or the past perfect to complete the sentences. Are there some blanks where either tense is possible?1. Sam (be) _________ a newspaper reporter before he (become) ________ a

businessman.2. I (feel) ________ a little better after I (take) _______ the medicine.3. I was late. The teacher (give, already) ________ a quiz when I (get) _______ to class.4. It was raining hard, but by the time class (be) _______ over, the rain (stop) _________.5. Millions of years ago, dinosaurs (roam) ________ the earth, but they (become)

_________ extinct by the time humankind first (appear) __________.6. I (see, never) __________ any of Picasso’s paintings before (visit) __________ the art

museum.7. Yesterday at a restaurant, I (see) ________ Pam Donnelly, an old frien d of mine. I (see, not)

_______ her in years. At first, I (recognize, not) _________ her because she (lose) ________ a great deal of weight.

8. In 1980, my parents (emigrate) _________ to the United States from China. They (travel, never) ________ outside of China and were, of course, excited by the challenge of relocating in a foreign country. Eventually, they (settle) _______ in California. My sister and I were born there and (grow) _________ up there. Last year, I (go) _______ to China for the first time to study at Beijing University. I (want, always) ________ to visit China and learn more about my own family background. My dream was finally realized.

F. Choose the correct answerAt 11 o’clock yesterday morning, John 1. was/ has been sitting in the waiting room at the doctor’s. Next to him 2. is/ was a woman with a very large thumb. “How 3. did you do/ were you doing that?” John asked. “I 4. hung/ was hanging a picture on the wall and I 5. hit/ was hitting my thumb by mistake.” “Oh dear. How long 6. have you been/ are you waiting for the doctor?” “About an hour, and my thumb 7. is hurting/ has hurt a lot.”

G. Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense.Mary usually 1. __________ (take) a bus to the office but today she 2._______ (drive) because she is late. Last night her manager 3._______ (tell) and 4.________ (ask) her to be at the office at 8.30 a.m. for an important meeting. “I 5._______ late (never/ be) for a meeting in my life. Why 6. ________ (my mother/forget) to wake me this morning?

H. Read the letter from Chris to her friend, Jo. Chris is from San Francisco and has just had a holiday with Jo in London. Complete the sentences. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct from

Dear Jo, Well, I 1. __________ (arrive) back safely two weeks ago. The flights 2. _______ (be) fine, but a bit long. I 3. _________ (watch) two films and 4. _________ (eat) two

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breakfasts! Thank you for everything. I 5. __________ (have) a really good time with you in London. I hope you 6. ________ (enjoy) it too. Everything here is very different from London. I 7. ________ (write) this letter outside in the garden. I 8. ________ (sit) under a big umbrella because the sun is very hot today. I know we 9. _________ (have) some sunny days in London, but I remember there 10. _________ (be) also some rain! It was difficult for me to start work after my wonderful holiday, but it’s OK now. I 11. ________ (be) in a new department since I 12. _____ (come) home and it’s interesting. I 13. ________ (have) a new manager now, and that’s good because the old one 14. _________ (be) horrible. 15. _______ (you/ like) rock music? My brother 16. _________ (be) a drummer in a new group. He 17. _________ (practice) in the bedroom at the moment and it’s quite loud! I 18. _________ (just/ send) you some of his recordings. I hope you like them. By the way, 19. ___________ (you/ find) a black leather photo album? I think I 20. ________ (leave) it in the bedroom. Could you send it to me sometime? No hurry. Jill 21. __________ (sit) in the garden with me and she sends her love to you. Please write soon, and thank you again for a wonderful time.

Love,Chris

ReferencesAlexander, L.G. 1998. English Grammar Practice for Intermediate Students. New York: Longman.Azar, Betty Schrampfer. 2002. Understanding and Using English Grammar. New York: Pearson

Education.Murphy, Raymond. 2004. English Grammar in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Murphy, Raymond and Helen Naylor. 2001. Essential Grammar in Use Supplementary exercises.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Nettle, Mark and Diana Hopkins. (n-date) Developing Grammar in Context. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.Wulandari, Dra. 2018. Tenses for the twelfth graders compiled by: Dra. Wulandari.

www.wulaningangela.wordpress.com

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