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Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD

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8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD

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+DGHD QUE %?>JA>ZDH@T WMJRDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE QUP 

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3HMTB?DA>[J VE &ABC?@T Y DS@JB@T R@ HD *CCZ@?DA>[J /C .MG@?JDa@JBDH R@ $@[J &MH>JD EEEE b\ 

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3HMTB?DA>[J bE &ABC?@T R@ HD *CCZ@?DA>[J /C .MG@?JDa@JBDH R@ &e3' EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE b` 

3HMTB?DA>[J dE *HDT>W>ADA>[J R@ WMJRDA>CJ@T R@TR@ 6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@? EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE bd 

3HMTB?DA>[J _E *CCZ@?DA>[J R@ 6MJRDA>CJ@TEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE b_ 

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 6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@?E gQ R@ #J@?C R@ PUQVhE I/$'# J3$+)E 6?Ca {JCfH@RS@ 1DT@5KBBZ5nnS?DJBTZDA@EC?Sn+CCHTn{JCfH@RS@c1DT@n%?@SMJBDTcYc?@TZM@TBDTc@Jc@TZDJCHn&aG>BCc>JB@?JDA>CJDHn'@W>J>A>CJcR@cHDTc(/.c/.(cR@W>J>B>CJcDJRc?CH@ 7 *CJTMHBDRC QU R@ 2D?LC R@H PUQV 

(Foundation Center, 2014) 

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HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH R@TR@ @H )M? .HCGDH Y /C?B@ .HCGDH ZCJ>@JRC @J @H

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A@JB?C R@ HD R>TAMT>[J HD R@Z@JR@JA>D C DMBCJCaFD R@H @TBDRC7 Y TM R>W@?@JA>D @JB?@ HCT

IaG>BCT R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H7 )CA>@RDR *F]>AD Y .CG>@?JC *>]>HEQ\ 

0J Z?>a@? @H@a@JBC7 TCJ HDT ACaZH@i>RDR@T R@H ACJA@ZBC R@ TCA>@RDR A>]>H7 XM@ T@ ?@]>T[@J @H DZD?BDRC DJB@?>C?7 ZD?D @TBD DMBC?D7 HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H7 )CA>@RDR *F]>AD7 Y TM ?@HDA>[J

ACJ HD W>HDJB?CZFD #TBDRCMJ>R@JT@ gXM@ @T TM Z?>JA>ZDH DJIH>T>Th JC KDJ T>RC DJDH>LDRCT HC

TMW>A>@JB@ @J TM >JB@?DAA>[J ZD?D @JB@JR@? TM >aZDABC R@JB?C R@H Z?CA@TC R@ SHCGDH>LDA>[J

@ >J@XM>RDRE & ZD?B>? R@ @HHC Z?CZCJ@ KDA@? MJD R>TB>JA>[J @JB?@ HC "AF]>AC8 Y HC "A>]>H87

ZD?B>@JRC R@ HCT DZC?B@T R@ &HaCJR Y ;@?GD g@J $DLFJ7 PUUd5 Q_`h7 XM>@J@T ?@AMZ@?DJ @H

ACJA@ZBC R@ "AMHBM?D AF]>AD8 Y HD R@W>J@J ACaC "AMHBM?D ZCHFB>AD8 @J @TB@ T@JB>RC7 ZD?D @TBD

DMBC?D HD R>W@?@JA>D ACJA?@BD @JB?@ @TBCT ACJA@ZBCT T@ B?DRMA@ @J XM@ HD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD@T HD ZD?B@ "ZCHFB>AD8 "DAB>]>TBD8 R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H5

$D )CA>@RDR *F]>AD7 XM@ @T @H T@ABC? DAB>]>TBD R@ HD TCA>@RDR *>]>H7 GMTAD >J>A>D?R@aCA?IB>ADa@JB@ ADaG>CT ZD?D @H G>@J ACakJE -C ACJT>R@?C XM@ HD )CA>@RDR*F]>AD7 DZC?BD MJ ACJB?DZ@TC D R>ABDRM?DT @TBDB>TBDT C AH>@JB@H>TaCT ZCHFB>ACT R@HFR@?@T XM@ ACHCADJ D TMT T@SM>RC?@T @J ZM@TBCT ZkGH>ACT ACaC ZD?B@ R@ MJ T>TB@aDR@ Z?@G@JRDT7 DTF ACaC DH @TBDB>TaC Y HDT ZCHFB>ADT @XM>]CADRDT R@H SCG>@?JC A>]>HE&kJ aIT HD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD7 >JB@JBD ?@TCH]@? DXM@HHCT Z?CGH@aDT XM@ @H SCG>@?JCA>]>H JC ZCR?FD TCHMA>CJD? DMJXM@ @TBM]>@?D ACaZH@BDa@JB@ ACJT>@JB@ R@ TM

@O>TB@JA>DE g$DLFJ7 PUUd5 Q_`h

#JBCJA@T7 T> G>@J HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H ZM@R@ ACJSHCa@?D? MJD S?DJ R>]@?T>RDR R@ DABC?@T JC

SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T MJD AD?DAB@?FTB>AD WMJRDa@JBDH @T XM@ KDY MJ T@ABC? ZD?B>AMHD? R@ @T@

ACJSHCa@?DRC XM@ GMTAD KDA@? ADaG>CT @J HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T R@ ZCR@? Y XM@ HD "ZCHFB>AD8 T@

]M@H]@ MJD WC?aD R@ DAA>[JE & @TB@ T@ABC?7 >JB@S?DRC ZC? "HDT DAB>]>TBDT R@ HD TCA>@RDR

A>]>H8 @T D HD XM@ HHDaDaCT )CA>@RDR *F]>ADE # >JAC?ZC?D D C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T JC

Q\ $D DMBC?D Z?CZCJ@ XM@ MJD WC?aD R@ R>W@?@JA>D? @H ACJB@J>RC R@ )CA>@RDR *F]>AD ACJ @H R@ TCA>@RDR A>]>H @T

XM@ T@ aDJB@JSD @J aDYkTAMHDT )CA>@RDR *F]>AD7 ZC? HC XM@ D HC HD?SC R@ @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J T@ aDJB>@J@ @TBDR>W@?@JA>DE

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SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T7 WMJRDA>CJ@T7 C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T R@ ]CHMJBD?>CT7 Y A>MRDRDJFD ACJ

a@JBDH>RDR A>]>H7 XM>@J@T RCJDJ TM R>J@?C Y @aZH@DJ TM B>@aZC @J ADMTDT R@ TM @H@AA>[JE

& ZD?B>? R@ @TBD R>W@?@JA>D TCG?@ HD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD7 HD DMBC?D Z?CZCJ@ MJ DJIH>T>T aITa>JMA>CTC TCG?@ @H ZDZ@H R@ HD SHCGDH>LDA>[J @J @H >aZMHTC R@ @TB@ T@ABC?E %D?D @HHD HD

SHCGDH>LDA>[J Z@?a>B>[ RCT ACTDT5

•  6HMiC R@ WCJRCT S@J@?DRC?@T R@ SDJDJA>DT gJ@A@TD?>CT ZD?D W>JDJA>D? Y R>?>S>? HCT

DTMJBCT R@ J@SCA>CTh

•  6HMiC R@ WCJRCT ACJ W>J@T R@ HMA?C R@ MTC JC Z?>]DRC gJ@A@TD?>CT ZD?D ACJTB?M>? HD

)CA>@RDR *F]>AD7 DTF ACaC ZD?D Z?CB@S@? HCT '@?@AKCT lMaDJCT Y @H a@R>C

DaG>@JB@ aMJR>DH Y ACJTB?M>? MJ SCG>@?JC A>]>H TDJCh

& ZD?B>? R@ @TB@ WHMiC W>JDJA>@?C @JWCADRC D HCT W>J@T JC Z?>]DRCT7 C T@D HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC

SMG@?JDa@JBDHcXM@ @T @H A@JB?C R@ @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[Jc @T XM@ @HHD KDA@ MJD R>]>T>[J ACJ

MJ NJWDT>T TCG?@ @H ACJA@ZBC R@ "W>J@T R@ HMA?C8 Y XM@ T@ ?@HDA>CJD R>?@ABDa@JB@ ACJ

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NMQHBD[HEDNBFK KDB UDBFK CF JLEMN RMDWHCN d'$A47hE $DT ?@SMHDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T XM@

KDJ aD?ADRC B@JR@JA>D R@ @TBCT WHMiCT R@ WCJRCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7 XM@ ZD?D @TBD

>J]@TB>SDA>[J HHDaD?@aCT HCT "WHMiCT W>JDJA>@?CT R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH87 TCJ

Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ R@ HCT RCJDJB@T aIT ZCR@?CTCT5 #TBDRCT 0J>RCT Y #M?CZDE )>J @aGD?SC7

HDT R>W@?@JA>DT JC?aDB>]DT TCJ XM@ @J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT HCS?D?CJ B@J@? MJD H@Y @TBIJRD?

ZD?D ?@SMHD? @TBCT WHMiCT W>JDJA>@?CT R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH Y @J @H ADTC R@ HD

0J>[J #M?CZ@D ZD?D PUUd KDGFD P` JC?aDB>]>RDR@T R>TB>JBDTE %D?D $DLFJ7 @TBDT

JC?aDB>]>RDR@T B>@J@J MJD >aZH>ADA>[J S@CZCHFB>AD7 ZM@T @J TM @TBMR>C R@aM@TB?D XM@ @J

ADTCT ACaC 2NO>AC Y ,MaDJ>D7 T@ GMTAD ?@SMHD? @TB@ T@ABC? ACZ>DJRC HD H@S>THDA>[J

@TBDRCMJ>R@JT@7 D Z@TD? R@ ACJBD? ACJ aD?ACT #TBDBDH@T aMY R>TB>JBCT DH /C?B@ .HCGDH7

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ACJ H>a>BD? @H WC?BDH@A>a>@JBC R@ MJD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD @J @H )M? .HCGDH R@TR@ A>@?BCT WHMiCT

W>JDJA>@?CT R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDHE

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#JBCJA@T MJC R@ HCT @H@a@JBCT ZD?D @JB@JR@? D HCT DABC?@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T R@ HD *3%' 

@T >R@JB>W>AD? @J XM@ ZD?B@ R@H aDZD R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H Y @H SCG>@?JC A>]>H @TBIJ MG>ADRCTE

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,B\JDKDK I\KDEN CF JH $NEDFCHC -]WDEH d" #$ %&'()(#(*$* *+ $,-.-#$/ -0(#(*$*+'e FB MFJHEDOB ENB JH KNEDFCHC

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%MFK SNCFJNK GFOMDENK/

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SDKSN SNCFJN FB JH &BDOB )LMNRFHT BDBQLBH CF JHK CNK GDFBF JLQHM FB FJ SNCFJN CF JH CDEGHCLMH

1+,0&/+' 5& ,(4(#+' J)+#4/)" 2) 0$ ]"4+&)2$2 +&(&0^

2NCFJNK CF JH CDEGHCLMH P KLK

KFEGNMFK

2CR@HC R@ HD 0J>[J #M?CZ@D Y

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@H@ABC?DRC

2CR@HC #TBDRCMJ>R@JT@ GDTDRC

@J @H @H@ABC?DRC

5/ )^FELGDWNT IHKHCN FB JHK

ULFM[HK HMSHCHKT KDBCDEHGNKT N FJ

KFEGNM MFJDQDNKN NUDEDHJ/

QE .CG>@?JC *>]>H

Dh *@JB?DH g>JAHMY@JRC Y TM ZCR@?

ZCH>A>DH Y a>H>BD?h'@TA@JB?DH>LDRCj

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Y iMR>A>DHE

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Ah)>JR>ADBCT

Ce$NEDFCHC -DWDJ N HKNEDHEDNBFK

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Dh *@JB?DH g>JAHMY@JRC Y TM ZCR@?

ZCH>A>DH Y a>H>BD?h'@TA@JB?DH>LDRCj

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Y iMR>A>DHE

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EDWDJFK dDBEJLPFB NMQHBD[HEDNBFK

BN QLIFMBHSFBGHJFK EHKD

HLGOBNSHK P CF NMDQFB

QLIFMBHSFBGHJh JHK ELHJFK QHKGHB

KLK UNBCNK RHMH LKNK BN RMDWHCNK

P QFBFMHJSFBGF BN KF JFK RFMSDGF

QFBFMHM UNBCNK RHMH DBWFMGDM FB

FJ SFMEHCN CF WHJNMFKh FKGF

KFEGNM FK #$ 1&,(+*$* 234(,$ 

HGMHRHCH FB FJ QNIDFMBN/

+NIDFMBN 2NBNJ]GDEN/

He 7NCFM 0LCDEDHJT VKFQLMDCHC

BHEDNBHJX P RNJDE]H/

Ie 4FQDKJHGLMH

Ee 7MFBKHT GFJFWDKDOBT DBGFMBFG

Ce #FQNEDNK RMDWHCNK

VUHWNMFEDCNKX ENB ENBGMHGNK KD

ENSRHMGFB LGDJDCHCFK ENB JNK

VJDCFMFKX CFJ QNIDFMBN/

Fe $FEGNM KDBCDEHGNK

Ue "BCLKGMDHK P ENNRFMHGDWHK

Qe -\SHMHK CF ENSFMEDN

DBCLKGMDHJFK

Ze $FEGNMFK8 RFGMOJFN/ SDBFM]HT

UNMFKGHJT RFKEHT HQMNRFELHMDNT

De $FEGNM ENSLBHJ

PE )@ABC? Z?>]DRC5 J@SCA>CT

Z@?TCJDH@T Y ACaZDoFDT R@

Dh )CA>@RDR A>]>H7 ACJ W>J@T R@

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Gh )CA>@RDR DJ[J>aDT Y

ACCZ@?DB>]DTE

Ah %?@JTD7 B@H@]>T>[J7 >JB@?J@BE

PE )@ABC? Z?>]DRC5 J@SCA>CT

Z@?TCJDH@T Y ACaZDoFDT R@

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ACCZ@?DB>]DTE

)@ABC? a>OBC5

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VE )@ABC? T>JR>ADBCT >/ $NEDFCHC -]WDEH ENB UDBFK CF

4LEMN dFJ ELHJ KF RLFCF DBWFMGDM

FB FJ SFMEHCN CF WHJNMFKe $LK

QHKGNK KNB RHMH LKNK BN RMDWHCNK

dCFKCF ;ggg KF DBEJLPF FJ

RFMDNCDKSN RFMKNBHJ ZFEZN

`E 3JRMTB?>DT Y ACCZ@?DB>]DT

bE *IaD?DT R@ ACa@?A>C

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 ^e $FEGNM MFJDQDNKN BN NUDEDHJ >JRMTB?>DH@T SFCDHBGF IJNQK P WDCFNK

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EDWDJ N GFMEFM KFEGNM/

dE )CHRDRCT @J TM ACJR>A>[J R@

>JR>]>RMCT ACJ R@?@AKC D ]CBD?

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>JRMTB?>DH@T

^E )@ABC? ?@H>S>CTC dE )CHRDRCT @J TM ACJR>A>[J R@

>JR>]>RMCT ACJ R@?@AKC D ]CBD?

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^E )@ABC? ?@H>S>CTC

9$F0$ _; <'B0&"&" 2) "4+&)2$2 +&(&0R KS$1:'R LMMON GUMXGUGQ

#TB@ AMDR?C JCT @OZH>AD @H HMSD? XM@ CAMZDJ HCT DABC?@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T Y HCT CB?CT

T@ABC?@T ACaC #TBDRC7 .CG>@?JC7 )CA>@RDR XM@ KDJ T>RC AHDT>W>ADRDT T>@aZ?@ T>J

ACJT>R@?D? TM R>]@?T>RDR @J @TB@ T@JB>RC ZCR@aCT @JWDB>LD? DHSMJCT ZMJBCT ZD?D @TBD

>J]@TB>SDA>[J5

•  $D R>TB?>GMA>[J R@H HMSD? XM@ CAMZD HD @TW@?D R@ TCA>@RDR A>]>H JC ZM@R@ T@? MJD

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SMG@?JDa@JBDH@TE %@?C ZD?B>AMHD?a@JB@ ?@H@]DJB@ >R@JB>W>AD? HD >JWHM@JA>D R@ HD

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R>TM@HBCT @J MJD R>ABDRM?DE

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$C @??[J@C R@ ]>JAMHD? D C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T ACaC WMJRDA>CJ@T M C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T

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Z?CY@ABCT ACJ W>J@T R@ HMA?Ch Y Vh )CA>@RDR *F]>ADE

•  #J BN?a>JCT R@ C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T7 R@Ta>B>W>AD7 XM@ NTBDT JC T@

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SMG@?JDa@JBDH Y DMB[JCaDTE #T R@A>? KDY C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T XM@ D Z@TD? R@ XM@ T@

DS?MZ@J ACaC JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T B>@J@J MJD ?@HDA>[J ACJ NTB@ aIT A@?ADJD7

ACJT>R@?IJRCT@ MJ @TXM@aD a>OBCE

• 

3R@JB>W>AD R@TR@ HD Z?DO>T7 @H ZDZ@H R@ HDT SDJDJA>DT @J HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T7 @T R@A>?

>R@JB>W>AD XM@ JC @T TMW>A>@JB@ HD AHDT>W>ADA>[J R@ T@ABC? HMA?DB>]C Y JC HMA?DB>]C7

T>JC ZD?D W>J@T Z?>]DRCT Y JC Z?>]DRCT g@JWDB>LDJRC HD JC MB>H>LDA>[J R@H BN?a>JC

ZkGH>AC ZM@T ZM@R@ S@J@?D? aIT ACJWMT>CJ@ThQV 

•  3R@JB>W>AD MJD AHDT>W>ADA>[J ZCAC DJDH>LDRD TCG?@ HD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD XM@ ZM@R@

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$D ACJWMT>[J DA@?AD R@ HD R@W>J>A>[J R@ HCT T@ABC?@T R@ HD TCA>@RDR T@ R@G@ D XM@HCT DJDH>TBDT JC BCaDJ @J AM@JBD @H ZDZ@H R@H T@ABC? @TBDBDHnZ?>]DRC a>OBC7 XM@

QV $D DMBC?D a@JA>CJD XM@ @H MTC R@ HD ZDHDG?D "ZkGH>AC8 S@J@?D ACJWMT>CJ@T ZC? TMT T>SJ>W>ADRCT

R>]@?S@JB@TE #J HDT TCA>@RDR @TBDB>TBDT T>SJ>W>AD SCG>@?JC C Z?CZ>@RDR R@ SCG>@?JCE #J ADaG>C @J HDT JC@TBDB>TBDT ACaC #TBDRCT 0J>RCT7 T@ ?@W>@?@ D HD ZCGHDA>[J @J S@J@?DH7 D a@JCT XM@ T@ KDGH@ R@ "T@ABC?ZkGH>AC8 XM@ T@ ?@W>@?@ D T@ABC? SMG@?JDa@JBDHE

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RM?DJB@ aMAKCT DoCT KD T>SJ>W>ADRC MJ "ZM@JB@ B@[?>AC8 @JB?@ @H SCG>@?JC Y HCTJ@SCA>CT Z?>]DRCT7 @TZ@A>DHa@JB@ @J 3JSHDB@??D Y #TBDRCT 0J>RCT7 Y XM@ DR@aITaDJB>@J@ @J @H ZCR@? @H >J@W>A>@JB@ Y AC??MZBC @TBDB>TaC7 @TZ@A>DHa@JB@ @J&aN?>AD $DB>JD Y #M?CZD C?>@JBDHE 'DRD HD >R@CHCSFD R@ HD "B@?A@?D ]FD87 DRCZBDRD

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C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T Y T@ABC?@T ACJA?@BCTE #J @TB@ IaG>BC ACG?D ?@H@]DJA>D XM@ @J @TBD

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SMG@?JDa@JBDHE & ZD?B>? R@ HD ZCT>G>H>RDR R@ DAMaMHD? SDJDJA>DT Y ZCR@? R@RMA>?HDT gC T@D

R>Ta>JM>? HD ZCT>G>H>RDR R@H ZDSC R@ >aZM@TBCT SMG@?JDa@JBDH@Th Z?C]CA[ XM@ HDT

C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T R@ #M?CZD C #TBDRCT 0J>RCT7 ZMR>@?DJ DAMaMHD? BDH ADZ>BDH ZD?D W>JDJA>D?

R>]@?TCT Z?CA@TCT @J @H )M? .HCGDH XM@ @J aMAKCT ADTCT Z?C]CA[ HD ACJWC?aDA>[J R@ MJD

)CA>@RDR *F]>AD7 @T R@A>? @H MTC R@ ?@AM?TCT HMA?DB>]CT ZD?D W>J@T JC Z?>]DRCT7 WCa@JB[ HD

aC]>H>LDA>[J ZCHFB>AD gAF]>ADh R@ HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T @J R>TB>JBCT ZDFT@T7 "CW?@LAC7 MJ JM@]C

ZMJBC R@ ]>TBD K>TB[?>AC R@ HD SHCGDH>LDA>[J ZD?D @OZH>AD? HD aDJ@?D @J XM@ @H aCR@HC

@TBDRCMJ>R@JT@ R@ W>HDJB?CZFD KD T@?]>RC R@ GDT@ D HD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD @J aMAKCT ZDFT@T8

g$DLFJ7 PUUd5 Q^dh %D?D @TBD DMBC?D7 @TBD >JWHM@JA>D @J HD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD Y HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H

JC KD T>RC @TBMR>DRD Y B>@J@ B?DJTA@JR@JA>D ZD?D @JB@JR@? @H >aZDABC Y H>a>BDA>CJ@T R@ HCT

aC]>a>@JBCT TCA>DH@T @J @H )M? .HCGDHE

- @J ZD?B>AMHD? $DLFJ @JWDB>LD HD >aZC?BDJA>D R@H ZDZ@H @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@7 ZM@T KD B@J>RC

>aZDABCT R>]@?TCT @J TMT R>TB>JBDT DAA>CJ@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J @J HCT ZDFT@T5

-C ACJT>R@?C XM@ HD W>HDJB?CZFD @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@ @T @H aCR@HC K>TB[?>AC aIT>aZC?BDJB@ ZD?D BCRCT HCT ZDFT@T7 ZM@T ZCT@@ HD aDYC? ADJB>RDR R@ WCJRCT R@ BCRC@H aMJRC ZD?D RCJD?HCT @J Z?C R@H R@TD??CHHC aMJR>DHE )M >aZC?BDJA>D ?DR>AD @J

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XM@ @TBDGH@A@ MJ R@TD??CHHC WH@O>GH@ @J HDT H@Y@T XM@ Z@?a>B@ XM@ Z@?TCJDT CAC?ZC?DA>CJ@T Z?>]DRDT7 T@DJ @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@T C JC7 WMJA>CJ@J @J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT YCBC?SM@J WCJRCT BDJBC @J @H >JB@?>C? ACaC WM@?D R@H ZDFTE &MJXM@ #J?>XM@ 1D?[Ja>@aG?C JCBDGH@ R@H %D?HDa@JBC #M?CZ@C7 DW>?aD XM@ HD 0J>[J #M?CZ@D R@G@ T@?

@H ZDB?CA>JDRC? aIT S?DJR@ R@ HDT (/. Y7 ZC? HC BDJBC7 aIT >aZC?BDJB@ XM@#TBDRCT 0J>RCT7 TM D?SMa@JBC JC BCaD @J AM@JBD XM@ HD @JC?a@ ADJB>RDR R@WCJRCT DA@?AD R@ HCT AMDH@T @TA?>G@ TCJ aIT ZHDJ@T XM@ ?@DH>RDR Y7 @J AMDHXM>@?ADTC 7 CZ@?D KCY a@R>DJB@ P` gXM@ T@?IJ Pd ZD?D PUUdh @TBIJRD?@T R>TB>JBCT7 MJCZD?D ADRD ZDFT7 ACJ HC XM@ T@ R>HMY@ @H @W@ABC W>HDJB?[Z>AC R@ HD 0J>[J #M?CZ@D @J @HaMJRC g$DLFJ7 PUUd5 Q^dh

)> G>@J @H DJIH>T>T R@ HD DABMDH ACYMJBM?D R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH T@ DJDH>LD

@J @H T>SM>@JB@ ADZFBMHC7 @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J ?@AMZ@?D HD Z@?TZ@AB>]D R@ $DLFJ7 AC>JA>R>@JRC

@J XM@ @H aCR@HC @TBDRMJ>R@JT@ KD >JWHM@JA>DRC Y R@B@?a>JDRC aD?ACT JC?aDB>]CT

DH?@R@RC? R@H aMJRCQ` Y @T MJD >JWHM@JA>D XM@ DH a@JCT KD B@J>RC RCT WC?aDT aMY

R>TB>JBDT R@ CZ@?DB>]>LD?T@ ZC? a@R>C R@H aCR@HC A@JB?DH>LDRC Y @H R@TA@JB?DH>LDRCE #H

aCR@HC A@JB?DH>LDRC ACJA@JB?D BCRDT HDT R@A>T>CJ@T ZCHFB>ADT Y W>JDJA>@?DT R@TR@ #TBDRCT

0J>RCTgC @H ZDFT R@ C?>S@J R@ HCT WCJRCT W>JDJA>@?CTh Y @H CB?C R@TA@JB?DH>LD HD SCG@?JDJLD

Y @H WHMiC R@ WCJRCT DH ZDFT RCJR@ T@ CBC?SDJ HCT ?@AM?TCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@TE

&TF ZD?D JM@TB?C DJIH>T>T TCJ B?@T HCT ZMJBCT ?@H@]DJB@T XM@ JCT DZC?BD @TBD DMBC?D Y XM@

>JB@S?DaCT @J JM@TB?C aD?AC ACJA@ZBMDH ZD?D DJDH>LD? HCT DABC?@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T R@

HD ACCZ@?DA>[J5

•  !0 $'B0&"&" 2) 0$ J4+&)2$2 6:(&+$ +4D4 $H.)00$ $+#&(&"#$ 2)'#/4 2) 0$ "4+&)2$2 +&(&0 7

ACHCADJRC HD >aZC?BDJA>D R@ HD H>G@?BDR W>JDJA>@?D ACaC MJD ]FD ZD?D XM@ HD

)CA>@RDR *F]>AD ZM@RD T@? A?>B>AD R@H ZCR@? SMG@?JDa@JBDHE #T R@A>? DMBCJCaFD

W>JDJA>@?D ZD?D MJ DAB>]>TaC ZCHFB>AC XM@ WC?BDH@A@ HCT Z?CA@TCT R@aCA?IB>ACT C

ACaC 1CD]@JBM?D R@ )CMTD a@JA>CJD7 R@aCA?DB>LD? HD R@aCA?DA>DE

Q` #TBD DMBC?D Z?@T@JBD HCT ADTCT R@ #M?CZD R@H #TB@ Y $DB>JCDaN?>AD7 ZD?D aIT >JWC?aDA>[J ?@]>T@ BCRC @H

@TBMR>C R@ @TB@ >aZDABC (Lazín, 2007). 

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•  Y'-0.)'+&$ 2)0 D42)04 )"#$24.'&2)'") )' 0$ +443)/$+&,' '4 *.F)/'$D)'#$0

&'#)/'$+&4'$0 E %M@T D Z@TD? R@ JC AC>JA>R>? ACJ HD Z@?B>J@JA>D R@ @TBD >JWHM@JA>D 7

MJD ?@DH>RDR7 XM@ @T >aZ@?DJB@ TM DJIH>T>T Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ @J @H )M? .HCGDHE %M@T T>

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A>]>H DT>TB@JA>DH7 ZCAC A?>B>AD7 BDaG>NJ @TB@ a>TaC Z?CA@TC KD S@J@?DRC MJD

)CA>@RDR *F]>AD DAB>]D @J HCT Z?CA@TCT ACJB?D HD >JiMTB>A>D TCA>DH HCADH Y SHCGDHE

•  S$ -4/D$ 2) F/&'2$/ 04" /)+./"4" -&'$'+&)/4" 3.)2) ")/ 2)"2) D42)04" +)'#/$0&1$24"

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6:(&+$; #J HCT T>SM>@JB@T ADZFBMHCT Z?@T@JBD?@aCT @i@aZHCT ?@TZ@ABC D @TBCT

aCR@HCT7 HC >aZC?BDJB@ DXMF @T ACJT>R@?D? XM@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH

JC @T >SMDH DMJXM@ Z?C]@JSD R@ MJ a>TaC ZDFTE %M@T R@Z@JR@ R@ HD ACJWC?aDA>[J

C?SDJ>LDA>CJDH RCJR@ HD @TB?MABM?D R@ BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@T T@ A@JB?DH>LD C JC7 aD?AD

MJD Z?>a@? B@JR@JA>D R@ DJIH>T>TE $D Z?CZM@TBD XM@ JCT Z?@T@JBD HD DMBC?D @T5 $

D$54/ 3/4+)"4" 2) 2)"+)'#/$0&1$+&,' 2) 0$ #4D$ 2) 2)+&"&4')" 2) 0$" -.'2$+&4')"

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*CJT>R@?DJRC @TBCT ZMJBCT Y @H '@ACHCJ>DH>TaC ACaC ADB@SC?FDT R@ DJIH>T>T T@ Z?CZCJ@ MJ

T>SM>@JB@ @TXM@aD ZD?D >R@JB>W>AD? HDT Z?IAB>ADT R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH5

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Y0."#/$+&,' GR 6.$2/4 2) $'B0&"&" 2) 0$ +443)/$+&,' '4 *.F)/'$D)'#$0;

#JBCJA@T7 ACaC KDGFDaCT a@JA>CJDRC DJB@?>C?a@JB@ @H /C?B@ .HCGDH Y )M? .HCGDH JC @T

MJD R>W@?@JA>D S@CS?IW>AD @T MJD R>W@?@JA>D @TZDA>DH ACJ A?>B@?>CT @TZ@AFW>ACT XM@ C?>@JBDJ

MJD ACHCJ>DH>RDR R@ ZCR@? C HD AM@TB>CJDJE %C? @i@aZHC7 ZCR@aCT DJDH>LD? XM@ R@TR@ MJ

/C?B@ S@CS?IW>AC ACaC #TBDRCT 0J>RCT KDY WMJRDA>CJ@T XM@ DZCYDJ R@TR@ MJ @JWCXM@ R@

/C?B@ .HCGDH C )M? .HCGDHE lDY WMJRDA>CJ@T XM@ W>JDJA>DJ @H Z?CA@TC R@ aC]>H>LDA>[J R@

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)CA>@RDR *F]>ADE

#TB@ aD?AC R@ DJIH>T>T JCT DYMRD D @OZH>AD? Y JC TCHC @TBDJRD?>LD? @H ZDZ@H R@ HDT

WMJRDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T ZM@T @J @TBMR>CT aMY S@J@?DH@T TCHC T@ H@T ACJT>R@?DGDJ

ACaC MJD @OB@JT>[J R@ HDT ZCHFB>ADT >aZ@?>DH>TBDT R@ HCT SCG>@?JCT @J ZD?B>AMHD? R@H

)HHEFGCMKJI &H BVhFGICLFIOCP# (GWCIKcCMKHIFD DKIlKIFD NF PVMGH EGKRCNH# (.<4'

&HGOF BPHhCP

/HLC NF NFMKDKHIFDMFIOGCPKcCNC\ hCDCNC FIFP PVWCG NF HGKWFI NF PHD

UHINHD lKICIMKFGHD#

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)bRKMC#

.VG BPHhCP

/HLC NF NFMKDKHIFD NFDMFIOGCPKcCNC\ hCDCNCFI FP PVWCG NHINF DF HOHGWCI PHD UHINHD

lKICIMKFGHD#

+D VIC EGKHGKNCN FP -LEVPDH NF VIC .HMKFNCN)bRKMC#

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@TBDRCMJ>R@JT@7 Z@?C @TB@ aD?AC DJDHFB>AC Z?CZCJ@ ACJT>R@?D? A[aC T@ BCaDJ HDT

R@A>T>CJ@T Y XM@ >JB@JA>[J T@ B>@J@ DH ACCZ@?D?E

& ZD?B>? R@ @TBCT RCT A?>B@?>CT @T ACaC ZCR?@aCT @JB@JR@? @H ZDZ@H XM@ iM@SD @J HDDABMDH>RDR HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T7 HCT WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T Y HDT R>TB>JBDT WC?aDT R@

ACCZ@?DA>[J XM@ HDT Z@?TCJDT KDJ Z?CaC]>RC R@JB?C R@H aD?AC >JB@?JDA>CJDHE

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;  4H -NNRFMHEDOB "BGFMBHEDNBHJ RHMH FJ (FKHMMNJJN #N +LIFMBHSFBGHJ

/CLhKkI ]Cf LHOKRHD ECGC MGFFG iVF PCD CWFIMKCD HUKMKCPFD NF NFDCGGHPPHEVFNFI CEGFINFG CPWVICD MHDCD NF PCD UVINCMKHIFD EGKRCNCD# 4C KIKMKCOKRCUKPCIOGJEKMC EGKRCNC UVF EKHIFGC FI UKICIMKCG LVM]CD gGFCD NF NFDCGGHPPH#*CNH iVF PCD UVINCMKHIFD DHI KINFEFINKFIOFD NF PHD WHhKFGIHD\ OCLhKkI

OKFIFI LCfHG PKhFGOCN ECGC CDVLKG GKFDWHD\ ECGC MHIDKNFGCG EGHWGCLCD iVFDJPH NCGgI DVD UGVOHD C PCGWH EPCcH H ECGC FmEFGKLFIOCG MHI HGWCIKcCMKHIFD

CPOCLFIOF NFDMFIOGCPKcCNCD# 4HD GFDVPOCNHD NF DV FmEFGKFIMKC EVFNFIDVWFGKG KIIHRCMKHIFD NF VOKPKNCN FI FP DFMOHG HUKMKCP\ CDb MHLH HUGFMFG

CNRFGOFIMKCD CMFGMC NF MHIDFMVFIMKCD KLEGFRKDOCD# !A$<98) B) ;>(B= =*

C)%=##$**$+ -..D3

)> G>@J HCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH XM@ T@ DJDH>LD?IJ @J@TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J TCJ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T7 HCT WCJRCT R@ ADMTD Y HDT Z@?TCJDT7 @O>TB@J MJD

S?DJ ]D?>@RDR XM@ ZD?B>A>ZDJ R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH DH R@TD??CHHCE *CaC HC

a@JA>CJD 3DJJ> gPUU`5 Q`h TM R>]@?T>RDR @J HDT kHB>aDT RNADRDT >aZH>AD ]CHB@D? D ]@? HD

S?DJ SDaD R@ ZCT>G>H>RDR@T Y ZC? HC BDJBCc ?@BCT XM@ >aZH>ADJE

%D?D >HMTB?D? Y R@TA>W?D? @TBD R>]@?T>RDR7 T@ Z?@T@JBD MJD R@TA?>ZA>[J R@ HCT DABC?@T Y

DS@JB@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH KDA>@JRC MJ ?@AC??>RC TCG?@

TMT DJB@A@R@JB@T K>TB[?>ACT XM@ ]D R@TR@ DJB@T R@ HD Z?>a@?D SM@??D aMJR>DH KDTBD HCT

JC]@JBD7 ZD?D R@TZMNT aCTB?D? HDT R>W@?@JB@T WC?aDT R@ DGC?RDi@ Y HD R>]@?T>RDR R@

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)M? .HCGDH ZD?D TM AHDT>W>ADA>[JE

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;/5  ,EGNMFK P HQFBGFK8 GDRNJNQ]HK CF JH -NNRFMHEDOB "BGFMBHEDNBHJ BN +LIFMBHSFBGHJ/

,CDOC MKFGOH EVIOH\ PCD CWFIMKCD HUKMKCPFD NFhFI C PCD UVINCMKHIFD EGKRCNCDVI GFDEFOH DKLKPCG CP iVF DF OKFIF C PHD LCfHGFD# 4CD CMOKRKNCNFD EGKRCNCD NF

CEHfH CP NFDCGGHPPH\ MHLH PC UKPCIOGHEbC EGKRCNC\ DHI CIOFGKHGFD C PHDEGHWGCLCD HUKMKCPFD# +P MHIOFmOH CMOVCP NF PC MHHEFGCMKJI HUKMKCP CP

NFDCGGHPPH UVF\ ]CDOC MKFGOH EVIOH\ EGFECGCNH f NFUKIKNH EHG PCD KNFCD fFmEFGKFIMKCD CIOFGKHGFD NF PCD UVINCMKHIFD EGKRCNCD f NF PHD EGHWGCLCD iVF

UKICIMKCGHI# S-IUHGLF NFP )1*`()*+ DHhGF UVINCMKHIFD EGKRCNCD\ ";;9

*CaC HC a@JA>CJD @H Z?>a@? >JWC?a@ TCG?@ WMJRDA>CJ@T Z?>]DRDT R@H *&'c(*'#7 HD

@OZ@?>@JA>D XM@ KDJ DAMaMHDRC HCT DABC?@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH ACaC HDT

WMJRDA>CJ@T Z?>]DRDT TCJ DJB@?>C?@T D HDT R@ HDT DS@JA>DT CW>A>DH@T C HDT >JB@JA>CJ@T R@

ACCZ@?DA>[J CW>A>DH DH R@TD??CHHCE *MDJRC JCT ?@W@?>aCT D HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC

SMG@?JDa@JBDH @T >aZC?BDJB@ T@oDHD? HD R>]@?T>RDR XM@ HD ACJWC?aDJj @J @TB@ DZD?BDRC

Z?CWMJR>LD?@aCT @J @TBDT R@TA?>ZA>CJ@T ZD?D Z?@T@JBD?H@ DH H@ABC? HC XM@ >aZH>AD @TBD

ZHM?DH>RDR R@ WC?aDT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[JE

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DS@JB@T7 DYMRDJRC D @JB@JR@? HDT R>W@?@JA>DT @JB?@ C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T7 >JTB>BMA>CJ@T Y

Z@?TCJDT Z@?C BDaG>NJ HD a@LAHD @JB?@ @TBCT ACJA@ZBCTE %D?D @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J DABC? Y

DS@JB@ @T5Qb 

&ABC?5 )Mi@BCT ACJ Z?CZ>@RDR iM?FR>AD XM@ AMaZH@J WMJA>CJ@T R@ R>]@?TD JDBM?DH@LD

@J HD ?@DH>LDA>[J R@ DAB>]>RDR@T R@ G@J@W>A>C ACH@AB>]CE )CJ @J S@J@?DH HDT

(?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T 3JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7 HCT #TBDRCT Y TMT R@Z@JR@JA>DT gT@A?@BD?FDT7

aMJ>A>Z>CT HCADH@T7 @BAEhE

Qb *CCZ@?DA>[J7 0JD ;>T>[J %?CTZ@AB>]D7 %?@T@JBDA>[J @H@AB?[J>AD7 ,@AMZ@?DRC @H PU iMH>C PUQV7 R@H T>B>C f@G5

(GT@?]DBC?>C R@ *CCZ@?DA>[J 3JB@?JDA>CJDH7 ACJ ?@W@?@JA>D @J )#$& gPUU^h7fffET@HDEC?SnDBBDAKnP`_n#'(*)nEEEn+UP\bUUUUUd\bcUc'>dp&`c\EZZB

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!  &S@JB@5 $CT DABC?@T T@ R>TB>JSM@J R@ HCT DS@JB@T7 YD XM@ @J S@J@?DH TCJ Z@?TCJDT

>JR>]>RMDH@T XM@ DABkDJ ZD?D HDT >JTB>BMA>CJ@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDHE lDY

MJD AHDT>W>ADA>[J S@J@?DH R@ DS@JB@T7 XM@ R>TB>JSM@ @JB?@ HCT XM@ @i@?A@J WMJA>CJ@T

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#J AC>JA>R@JA>D ACJ HD ?@HDA>[J @JB?@ DS@JB@ Y @H DABC?7 $C 1>CJRC DS?@SD5

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$CT DABC?@T BDJ R>]@?TCT ACaC TCJ @J @H IaG>BC R@ HC >JTB>BMA>CJDH ACaC C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T7

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>JTB>BMA>[J WC?aDHh7 B>@J@J HD ADZDA>RDR ZD?D T@? DS@JB@T DAB>]CT @J @H Z?CA@TC R@ MJ

R@TD??CHHC >JB@?JDA>CJDHE &TF BDJBC HCT DABC?@T XM@ TCJ C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T WC?aDH@T BDJBC

SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T C JC7 B>@J@J DS@JB@T XM@ TCJ Z@?TCJDT7 Z@?C NTBDT BDaG>NJ B>@J@J MJ

ZDZ@H ACaC DABC?@T DH B@J@? MJ ?CH DAB>]C7 ACaC HC a@JA>CJD eCHW $[Z@L gPUU_h5

$CT DABC?@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH @J S@J@?DH7 ZkGH>ACT C Z?>]DRCT7 TCJ>JTB>BMA>CJ@T Y Z@?TCJDT XM@ ZM@R@J ZD?B>A>ZD? @J DHSMJD @BDZD R@H Z?CA@TC R@S@TB>[JE #JB?@ @HHCT T@ ?@ACJCA@J DABC?@T7 BDH@T ACaC5 SCG>@?JCT7 C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T JCSMG@?JDa@JBDH@T7 C?SDJ>TaCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7 S?MZCT TCA>DH@T Y AF]>ACT7 @aZ?@TDT7MJ>]@?T>RDR@T7 A@JB?CT R@ >J]@TB>SDA>[J7 AIaD?DT R@ ACa@?A>C7 R>?>S@JB@T ZCHFB>ACTY T>JR>ADH@T7 @BAE geCHW $[Z@L7 PUQQ5 _h

&TF HCT DABC?@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH7 aIT DHHI R@ TM AD?IAB@? WC?aDH C JC

WC?aDH ZM@R@J T@? >JTB>BMA>CJ@T Y HCT DS@JB@T TCJ Z@?TCJDT XM@ ZD?B>A>ZDJ DAB>]Da@JB@

R@JB?C R@H Z?CA@TC R@ R@TD??CHHC D J>]@H >JB@?JDA>CJDHE & Z@TD? R@ XM@ DMJ @O>TBDJ R@GDB@T

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ZD?D @H R@TD??CHHC7 ZC? @i@aZHC ZD?D HD (?SDJ>LDA>[J R@ #TBDRCT 3G@?CDa@?>ADJCT gPUQUh7

TCJ ADB@SC?>LDRDT ACaC HCT JM@]CT DS@JB@T Z?>]DRCT XM@ >JAHMY@ R@TR@ HCT aDSJDB@T7

D?B>TBDT C @TZ@AMHDRC?@T KDTBD HCT a>S?DJB@T C D HD R>ITZC?D7Qd XM@ DH JC T@? ?@ACJCA>RCT

KDG>BMDHa@JB@7 ACJT>R@?D XM@ ZMR>@?DJ ZD?@A@? "TCTZ@AKCTCT8 ZD?D HDT ?@DH>RDR@T

HDB>JCDa@?>ADJD (OEI, 2010: 119)E

& Z@TD? R@ @HHC7 @T >JJ@SDGH@ HD ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J R@ DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T R@JB?C R@ HD DS@JRD

>JB@?JDA>CJDH R@H R@TD??CHHC ZC? @TC @T >aZC?BDJB@ XM@ @J TM AD?IAB@? JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH

>R@JB>W>XM@aCT HDT R>]@?TDT AHDT>W>ADA>CJ@T XM@ T@ KDJ ?@DH>LDRCE

#J @H aD?AC R@H WC?C "&S@JRD 2@O>ADJD R@ HD *CCZ@?DA>[J 3JB@?JDA>CJDH ZD?D @H '@TD??CHHC

@J 2NO>AC7 PUU_cPUQ`87 ACJ]CADRC ZC? @H 3JTB>BMBC 2C?D @J PUU_7 TM?S>[ @H Z?>a@?

(GT@?]DBC?>C R@ HD *CCZ@?DA>[J 3JB@?JDA>CJDH ZD?D @H '@TD??CHHC7Q_ @H AMDH Z@?a>B@ >JB@S?D?

>JWC?aDA>[J T>TB@aDB>LDRD TCG?@ HDT akHB>ZH@T DAA>CJ@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH XM@

HH@]DJ D ADGC HCT R>]@?TCT DABC?@TE &TF7 @J @H (GT@?]DBC?>C T@ Z?CZCJ@ MJD R@TA?>ZA>[J R@

DABC?@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J ZkGH>AD Y Z?>]DRDE & ACJB>JMDA>[J T@ Z?@T@JBD HD AHDT>W>ADA>[J

Z?CZM@TBD ZD?D @H ADTC R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH5Q^ 

Qd )@ JCaG?D R>ITZC?D D MJ T@ABC? WC?aDH C?SDJ>LDRC C T[HC ACaC MJ S?MZC R@ DRTA?>ZA>[J >R@JB>BD?>D R@

a>S?DJB@T7 XM@ G?>JRDJ ?@AM?TCT aCJ@BD?>CT D TMT ZDFT@T R@ C?>S@J R@ aDJ@?D WCADH>LDRD C TCHC DZCYDJRC DTMT WDa>H>DT Y ACaMJ>RDR@T R@ C?>S@JE

Q_ 2IT >JWC?aDA>[J @J @H T>B>C R@H (GT@?]DBC?>C R@ *CCZ@?DA>[J 3JB@?JDA>CJDH7 2NO>ACE

KBBZ5nnfffECGT@?]DACC5C?SEaO

Q^ #HDGC?DA>[J Z?CZ>D D ZD?B>? R@ HCT RDBCT CGB@J>RCT R@ HD ZIS>JD R@H (GT@?]DBC?>C R@ *CCZ@?DA>[J

3JB@?JDA>CJDH7 KBBZ5nnfffECGT@?]DACC5C?SEaOnE

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Y0."#/$+&,' L; <+#4/)" 5 $*)'#)" 2) 0$ +443)/$+&,' '4 *.F)/'$D)'#$0 2)0 aF")/($#4/&4 2) 0$

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%CR@aCT >R@JB>W>AD? @J @TBD Z?>a@?D AHDT>W>ADA>[J XM@ JC T@ ACJT>R@?DJ D HDT Z@?TCJDT C

HCT WCJRCT R@ ADMTD ACaC DABC?@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH7 ZC? CB?C HDRC JC T@

a@JA>CJD @J HD AHDT>W>ADA>[J XM@ HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T BDaG>NJ ZM@R@J T@?

ACCZ@?DJB@T W>JDJA>@?DTE

*CJB>JMD?@aCT ACJ JM@TB?DT R@TA?>ZA>CJ@T R@ HCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T

DKC?D ACJ R@ $@[J &MH>JD gPUU_h XM>@J ZD?B@ R@ ACJT>R@?D? HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC

SMG@?JDa@JBDH ACaC ACCZ@?DA>[J Z?>]DRDE #TBD DMBC?D R@W>J@ HD *CCZ@?DA>[J

3JB@?JDA>CJDH ACaC HDT DAA>CJ@T R@ DZCYC @ACJ[a>AC7 aDB@?>DH7 BNAJ>AC7 Y KMaDJC ACJ @H

CGi@B>]C R@ Z?CaC]@? @H R@TD??CHHC Y Z?CZCJ@ B?@T ]@?B>@JB@T R@ AHDT>W>ADA>[J R@ HDACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH gR@ $@[J &MH>JD7 PUU_5 Pb\h5

•  $D SMG@?JDa@JBDH G>HDB@?DH

•  $D SMG@?JDa@JBDH aMHB>HDB@?DH

<VINCMKHIFD

n -IDOKOVMKJI EGKRCNC MHI

GFMHIHMKLKFIOH NF PC PFfMVfC UVIMKJI EGKIMKECP DFhCDC FI EGFDOCG DFGRKMKHDMHIDKNFGCNHD NF KIOFGkDE^hPKMH ECGC VICMHLVIKNCN#

n +DOgI MHIDOKOVKNCD EHGRHPVIOCN NF DVDMGFCNHGFD\ ECGC PH MVCPCEHGOCI VIC NHOCMKJIFMHIJLKMC# )VFIOCI MHIVI ECOGKLHIKH FDEFMblKMHiVF FD VDCNH ECGC PCGFCPKcCMKJI NF PHD lKIFDNF KIOFGkD WFIFGCP iVFEFGDKWVF

(GWCIKcCMKHIFD-IOFGICMKHICPFD

n (GWCIKcCMKHIFD NF PC

DHMKFNCN MKRKP iVF DFMHIDOKOVfFI MHLHKIDOCIMKCD IH PVMGCOKRCDoDVD HhjFOKRHD CEVIOCI]CMKC PC OGCIDUHGLCMKJIDHMKCP DHhGFEGHhPFLgOKMCD MHLH FPMHLhCOF C PC EHhGFcC fNFDKWVCPNCN\ PC NFUFIDCNF PHD NFGFM]HD]VLCIHD\ FIOGF HOGHD#

n .F CGOKMVPCI FI GFNFD fLHRKLKFIOHD CDHMKCOKRHDNF MCGgMOFG RHPVIOCGKH fCPOGVKDOC MHIEFGDHICPKNCN jVGbNKMCEGHEKC#

+LEGFDCD

n .F OGCOC WFIFGCPLFIOF NF

CMOHGFD iVF EHG DVCMOKRKNCN MHLFGMKCP\ DFMHIRKFGOFI FI NHICIOFDNF GFMVGDHD MHIKIMKNFIMKC FI OFLCDDHMKCPFD#

n BFIFGCPLFIOF C OGCRkDNF FDiVFLCD PPCLCNHDNF GFDEHIDChKPKNCNDHMKCP FLEGFDCGKCP S0.+X#

(GWCIKcCMKHIFD .HMKCPFD&CMKHICPFD H 4HMCPFD

n 'VFNFI CGOKMVPCGDF f

MHIUHGLCG HOGCD GFNFDICMKHICPFD H GFWKHICPFDMHI VIC LKDKJI MHLVI#

n /CLhKkI DF IHLhGCIMHLH HGWCIKcCMKHIFDEGKRCNCD EFGH DKI lKIFDNF PVMGH#

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$D JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH Z?>]DRD

& ZD?B>? R@ @TBDT B?@T aCRDH>RDR@T7 HD DMBC?D R@W>J@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J Z?>]DRD ACaC5

$D ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH C Z?>]DRD KD CZ@?DRC @JB?@ HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@TJC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T R@H /C?B@ Y R@H )M?7 T@ @OZ?@TD @J DS@JA>DT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[JH>SDRDT D HDT 3SH@T>DT7 D HDT S?DJR@T @aZ?@TDT Y TMT H@SDRCT7 D HCT ZD?B>RCT ZCHFB>ACT7@ >JAHMTC D HD TCH>RD?>RDR R@ Z@?TCJDT @ >JR>]>RMCT @J HC ZD?B>AMHD?7 Y R@TR@ HM@SCDHSMJDT R@ @HHDT >JAC?ZC?DJ BDaG>NJ ?@AM?TCT R@ TMT SCG>@?JCTE )> G>@J D B?D]NT R@@TBD ACCZ@?DA>[J T@ RD BDaG>NJ MJ >JB@?ADaG>C R@ AD?IAB@? BNAJ>AC7 @ACJ[a>AC7ZCHFB>AC7 TCA>DH Y AMHBM?DH7 HC A>@?BC @T XM@ TM DYMRD T@ KD C?>@JBDRC aDYC?a@JB@ DWCa@JBD? @H R@TD??CHHC @ACJ[a>AC7 TCA>DH Y ZCHFB>AC @J HCT ZDFT@T R@H )M? .HCGDH7 YaIT ?@A>@JB@a@JB@ R@ #M?CZD (?>@JBDHE lDJ DZC?BDRC BDaG>NJ @J HD ACJTB?MAA>[JR@ TCA>@RDR A>]>H gZD?B>AMHD?a@JB@ R@ (/. Y R@ C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T TCA>DH@ThE gR@ $@[J

&MH>JD7 PUU_5 PbVh 

$D AHDT>W>ADA>[J R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH @J @TBDT B?@T aCRDH>RDR@T T@ >HMTB?D @J @H

T>SM>@JB@ AMDR?C7 RCJR@ T@ ZCJ@J @i@aZHCT R@ HC XM@ T>SJ>W>AD @TBD AHDT>W>ADA>[J ACJ B>ZCT

R@ >JTB>BMA>CJ@T Y C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T5

Y0."#/$+&,' _; 6443)/$+&,' Y'#)/'$+&4'$0; !0$F4/$+&,' 3/43&$ $ 3$/#&/ 2) S),' <.0&'$R LMMP;

n 1WFIMKCD NF )HHEFGCMKJI NF PHDBHhKFGIHDn 1WFIMKC NF )HHEFGCMKJI +DEC_HPCn 1WFIMKC =FmKMCIC NF )HHEFGCMKJI

-IOFGICMKHICP ECGC FP *FDCGGHPPHn <HINHD =KmOHD FIOGF 4FWKDPCOKRH f

+jFMVOKRHn -IOFG`1LFGKMC <HVINCOKHI

BVhFGICLFIOCPAKPCOFGCP

n  .KDOFLC NF &CMKHIFD %IKNCDn '&%*n %&<'1

n .KDOFLC <KICIMKFGH -IOFGICMKHICPn ACIMH =VINKCPn ACIMH -IOFGLFGKMCIH NF *FDCGGHPPH

n .KDOFLCD 0FWKHICPFDn %IKHI +VGHEFCn =FGMHDVG

BVhFGICLFIOCP=VPOKPCOFGCP

n -WPFDKCDn )HLKOF )COJPKMH MHIOGC FP ,CLhGF f

FP *FDCGGHPPHn 4FWCNHD NF +LEGFDCD

n <HGN <VINCOKHIn 'CGOKNHD 'HPbOKMHD

n +hFGO <VINCOKHIn .HPKNCGKNCN NF PCD EFGDHICD

n *HICMKHIFD NF 'FGDHICDQ AHIH\BCOFD#

&HBVhFGICLFIOCP'GKRCNC

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'@ DAM@?RC ACJ @TBD DMBC?D7 @J HD aCRDH>RDR SMG@?JDa@JBDH ZCR@aCT @JACJB?D? RCT

]@?B>@JB@T ACaC HD aMHB>HDB@?DH C G>HDB@?DH7 ACJ MJ ZDZ@H Z?@ZCJR@?DJB@ R@ HCT SCG>@?JCT YRCJR@ @H C?>S@J W>JDJA>@?C @TBD R>?@ABDa@JB@ H>SDRC D HCT >aZM@TBCT R@ HD A>MRDRDJFDE %C?

@H ACJB?D?>C @J HD aCRDH>RDR Z?>]DRD TMT C?FS@J@T BDJBC R@ A?@DA>[J ACaC R@ ?@AM?TCT

ZM@R@J ]@J>? R@ C?FS@J@T aMY R>W@?@JB@T7 ACaC ZC? @i@aZHC HDT Z@?TCJDT ACJ DHSMJD

AC>JA>R@JA>D gACaC @J @H ADTC R@ HDT >SH@T>DT ZC? TM AC>JA>R@JA>D ?@H>S>CTDh C ZC? TM

DRTA?>ZA>[J HDGC?DH C ZCHFB>AD gACaC @J @H ADTC R@ ZD?B>RCT ZCHFB>ACT C DHSMJCT T>JR>ADBCTh7

C ZC? K@?@JA>DT C ?@TZCJTDG>H>RDR@T R@H a@?ADRC gACaC @T @H ADTC R@ HDT @aZ?@TDThE #J

ZD?B>AMHD? TCG?@ HD ADB@SC?>LDA>[J R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J Z?>]DRD ZCR@aCT Z?CWMJR>LD? ACJ @HT>SM>@JB@ AMDR?C R@TA?>ZB>]C5

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Y0."#/$+&,' W; <+#4/)" 5 $*)'#)" 2) 0$ 6443)/$+&,' 84 I.F)/'$D)'#$0 2) S),' <.0&'$ KLMMPQ

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R@TR@ HD *CCZ@?DA>[J 3JB@?JDA>CJDH7 HD KDA@ 1M?TB@>J gPUU_5 \PUc\PPh7 @J MJ DJIH>T>T

@TZ@AFW>AC R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@ KDA>D 2NO>ACE %D?D @TB@

DMBC? @T T>J[J>aC KDGHD? R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH Y "6>HDJB?CZFD87 @TB@ kHB>aC

)HIUFDKHICPFD

n 1iVFPPCD HGWCIKcCMKHIFD iVF EGHUFDCI VIC MHIUFDKJI GFPKWKHDCn (EFGCI FI ECKDFD NFDCGGHPPCNHD MHI GFMVGDHD EGHRFIKFIOFD NF PCD -WPFDKC MCOJPKMC\ EGHOFDOCIOF f LVDVPLCIC#

1WFIMKCD ,VLCIKDOCDn =CfHGKOCGKCLFIOF FVGHEFCD\ DF NFlKIFI MHLH IH MHIUFDKHICPFD\ IH ECGOKNCGKCD f MHI CMOKOVN NF MHGGFDEHIDChKPKNCN#n .VD GFMVGDHD DHI NF CEHGOCMKHIFD EFGDHICPFD\ WHhKFGIHD\ lKPgIOGHEKC FLEGFDCGKCP H MCLEC_CD#

'CGOKNCGKCD

n 4C lKPKCMKJI FDOC PKWCNC C PHD ECGOKNHD EHPbOKMHD f DVD UHINHD EGHRKFIFI NF DVhDKNKHD NF PHD WHhKFGIHD C FPPHD#n .VD CMMKHIFD DF FIMCLKICI C UHLFIOCG PC *FLHMGCMKC H CEHfCG C ECGOKNHD DKLKPCGFD NFP .VG BPHhCP#

<VINCMKHIFD 'GKRCNCD

n /KFIFI GFMVGDHD NF UHINHD ECOGKLHIKCPFD PKWCNHD C DVD UVINCNHGFD NF UHGOVICD NF WGCINFD MHIDHGMKHD H FLEGFDCD#n 'GKIMKECPLFIOF DF VhKMCI PCD +DOCNHVIKNFIDFD#

<VINCMKHIFD +LEGFDCGKCPFD

n *FGKRCNCD NF PC CMMKJI NF GFDEHIDChKPKNCN DHMKCP iVF ]CI KLEPFLFIOCNH MHGEHGCMKHIFD KIOFGICMKHICPFD#n .VD UHINHD NFEFINFI NF PHD GFMVGDHD NF PC FLEGFDC\ hVDMCI LFjHGCG PC KLCWFI NF PC FLEGFDC f DKI ECOGKLHIKH

EGHEKH#

<VINCMKHIFD <CLKPKCGFDZ+LEGFDCGKCPFD

n .VD GFMVGDHD EGHRKFIFI NF PHD GFMVGDHD NF PCD FLEGFDCD#n pVKFIFD PCD LCIFjCI NFDNF DVD MHIDFjHD NKGFMOKRHD DHI PHD EGHEKHD KIOFWGCIOFD NF PC UCLKPKC iVF HGKWKIJ FP IFWHMKH#

<VINCMKHIFD )HLVIKOCGKCD

n *F PCD iVF hGKINCI CEHfHD KIOFGICMKHICPFD PC LCfHGbC DHI +DOCNHVIKNFIDFD#n 4KWCNCD CP NFDCGGHPPH MHLVIKOCGKH#

<HINHD -INFEFINKFIOFD

n 1EHGOCI GFMVGDHD KIOFGICMKHICPFD ECGC OFLCD FDEFMblKMHD#

.VFPFI DFG LgD GCNKMCPFD f CEHfCG C LHRKLKFIOHD DHMKCPFD MHLH FP FMHPHWKDOC\ FP UFLKIKDOC f FP NF *FGFM]HD,VLCIHD#

)HHEFGCMKJI NF +LFGWFIMKC

n (GWCIKcCMKHIFD IH WVhFGICLFIOCPFD iVF CDKDOFI C EHhPCMKJI LCGWKICNC KIOFGICMKHICP FI MCDH NF MCOgDOGHUFD HFLFGWFIMKCD#

n .VD UHINHD DHI NF EFGDHICD H EHG DVD WHhKFGIHD#

<VINCMKHIFD +DEFMKCPKcCNCD +LEGFDCGKCPFD

n &VFRC OFINFIMKC NF UVINCMKHIFD iVF hVDMCI KLECMOCG MHI WGCINFD MCIOKNCNFD NF GFMVGDHD EGHhPFLCD ECGCDHMKFNCNFD LVf LCGWKICPFD#

n *KGFMOKRHD GFPCOKRCLFIOF jJRFIFD\ hVDMCI RFG GFDVPOCNHD NF DV CMMKJI

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BN?a>JC @T aIT MTDRC @J @H HNO>AC @J #TBDRCT 0J>RCTE +DaG>NJ @O>TB@J CB?CT DABC?@T Y

DS@JB@T XM@ ?@AMZ@?DJRC @H ACJA@ZBC R@ W>HDJB?CZFD Z?CZCJ@J XM@ TM ZDZ@H @J @H ZHDJC

>JB@?JDA>CJDH T@ ZM@R@ JCaG?D? ACaC "6>HDJB?CZFD .HCGDH8 g%H@f@T7 PUUdhE '@TR@ @TBCT

@JWCXM@T >aZMHTDRCT R@TR@ @H /C?B@ .HCGDH7 ZD?B>AMHD?a@JB@ R@TR@ #TBDRCT 0J>RCT Y

*DJDRI7 HD W>HDJB?CZFD ZM@R@ AHDT>W>AD?T@ ACaC5

Y0."#/$+&,' V; 6443)/$+&,' 84 I.F)/'$D)'#$0 34/ T./"#)&' KLMMPQ

&TF CB?D B>ZCHCSFD R@ DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T @T Z?CZM@TBD ZC? HD C?SDJ>LDA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH

&TCA>DA>[J ZD?D HCT '@?@AKCT R@ HD 2Mi@? Y @H '@TD??CHHCn&e3' gZC? TMT T>SHDT @J 3JSHNTh

n <VINCMKHIFD EGKRCNCD NF qLFLhGFDbCq# MGFCI VIC hCDF NF NHICIOFD NFEFiVF_HD LHIOHD iVF NFDFLhHPDCI CIVCPLFIOF PHD KIWGFDHD#

n <VINCMKHIFD EGKRCNCD ECOGKLHIKCPFD# )HLVILFIOF KIRKFGOFI DV ECOGKLHIKHFI PC hHPDC NF RCPHGFD f NHICI PHD NKRKNFINHD#

<VINCMKHIFD EGKRCNCD KINFEFINKFIOFD

n +IOKNCNFD lKICIMKCNHGCD PKWCNCD C MHIUFDKHIFD GFPKWKHDCDo HEFGCI MHIDHPKNCGKNCN FIOGF PCD f PHD MHGGFPKWKHICGKHD\ UGFMVFIOFLFIOFqEGHUFDKHICPKcCNCDq FI DVD MGKOFGKHD NF KIRFGDKHIFD#

1WFIMKCD MHIUFDKHICPFD

n <VINCMKHIFD MHGEHGCOKRCD# +DOCI UHINFCNCD EHG MHLEC_bCD PVMGCOKRCD#&HGLCPLFIOF PPFRCI FP IHLhGF NF PC FLEGFDC#

n <KICIMKCI PHD PVWCGFD H DFMOHGFD FDOGCOkWKMHD FI OkGLKIHD NF DVD LFGMCNHD\CVIiVF CPWVIHD MCDHD LCIOKFIF CVOHIHLbC NF PCD FLEGFDCD#

<VINCMKHIFD FLEGFDCGKCPFD

n +DOCD GFMKhFI NHICOKRHD EFiVF_HD\ WGCINFD f LFNKCIHD\ IHGLCPLFIOF NFNKRFGDHD NHICIOFD PHMCPFD ECGC lKIFD LVf FDEFMKlKMHD#

<VINCMKHIFD MHLVIKOCGKCD

n %IC NF PCD LgD UVFGOFD FD PH iVF DF PPCLC q*KgDEHGCq\ DHI NHICMKHIFD NFKINKRKNVHD LKWGCIOFD C DVD ECbDFD NF HGKWFI#

n BFIFGCPLFIOF DF FjFGMF NF LCIFGC IH PVMGCOKRC\ IH WVhFGICLFIOCP\ IHECGOKNCGKC f IH EGHDFPKOKDOC ECGC FP NFDCGGHPPH PHMCP#

n .F EVFNF IHLhGCG OCLhKkI MHLH q0FLFDCD <KPCIOGJEKMCDq

<KPCIOGHEbC DHPKNCGKC

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XM>@J @J PUUb7 HDJL[ HD >J>A>DB>]D TCG?@ HDT B@JR@JA>DT R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH ZD?D

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#T >aZC?BDJB@ ?@AMZ@?D? XM@ BDJBC ZD?D 1M?TB@>J gPUU_h ACaC $@[J &MH>JD gPUU_h Y &f>R

gPUUbh7 HDT Z@?TCJDT TCJ ZD?B@ R@ HCT DABC?@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH

Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ @J TM HDGC? W>HDJB?[Z>ADE

<VINCMKHIFD -INFEFINKFIOFD

n (OHGWCI NHICMKHIFD C ECGOKG NF UHINHD ECOGKLHIKCPFD MHI lKIFD hFIklKMHD#n 4C LCfHGbC DHI KINFEFINKFIOFD NF PC FLEGFDC H UCLKPKC UVINCNHGC CVIiVF PPFRFI DV IHLhGF#n 'HG PH WFIFGCP GFMKhFI CPWVIC MPCDF NF hFIFlKMKHD H EGKRKPFWKHD lKDMCPFD#

<VINCMKHIFD NF MCGgMOFG E^hPKMHZ(&B -IOFGICMKHICPFD

n .HI HGWCIKcCMKHIFD DKI lKIFD NF PVMGH iVF MVFIOCI MHI FP CEHfH NFP DFMOHG E^hPKMH#n (hOKFIFI DVD UHINHD C ECGOKG NF VIC MHLhKICMKJI NF CEHGOFD NF NHICIOFD KINKRKNVCPFD\ WVhFGICLFIOCPFD\

UVINCMKHIFD EGKRCNCD H NF MCGgMOFG E^hPKMH#

<KPgIOGHEKC -INKRKNVCP

n 4CD EFGDHICD EVFNFI NFMKNKG NCG NHICMKHIFD C VIC H RCGKCD MCVDCDQ C FDH DF PF PPCLC lKPgIOGHEKC KINKRKNVCP#

<VINCMKHIFD <CLKPKCGFD

n +DOCD UVINCMKHIFD ECGOFI NF VI I^LFGH MGFMKFIOF NF EFGDHICD GKMCD iVF NFMKNFI MGFCG DVD EGHEKCD UVINCMKHIFDUCLKPKCGFD C ECGOKG NF VI UHINH ECOGKLHIKCP NF hFIFlKMKFIMKC#

n BFIFGCPLFIOF DHI NKGKWKNCD EHG PC EFGDHIC H UCLKPKC CNKIFGCNC CMHLEC_CNC NF VIC EFiVF_C jVIOC NKGFMOKRC#

<HINHD NF )CVDCQ =VjFGFD

4HD UHINHD DHI WGVEHD EFiVF_HD iVF hVDMCI lKICIMKCG LHRKLKFIOHD DHMKCPFD# +I FDOF MCDH <HINHD NF =VjFGFDiVF lKICIMKCI CP LHRKLKFIOH NF =VjFGFD BPHhCPLFIOF#

n .HI KIDOKOVMKHIFD iVF MVFIOCI MHI CEHfH NFP E^hPKMH iVF DF DVDOFIOCI FI NHICMKHIFD EGHRFIKFIOFD NF CWFIMKCDNHICIOFD\ MHGEHGCMKHIFD f E^hPKMH FI WFIFGCP#

*HICIOFDZ<KPgIOGHEKC )HGEHGCOKRC

n +D FP CMOH EHG FP MVCP VIC MHGEHGCMKJI NHIC VIC ECGOF NF DVD WCICIMKCD H GFMVGDHD C HOGCD HGWCIKcCMKHIFD#n 'VFNF DFG EHG LFNKH NF PC 0FDEHIDChKPKNCN .HMKCP +LEGFDCGKCP H IH#n 'VFNF OCLhKkI DFG ECGC WCICG VIC KLCWFI E^hPKMC UCRHGChPF iVF MHLEFIDF PCD MGbOKMCD iVF NFDEKFGOCI HOGCD

EGgMOKMCD FLEGFDCGKCPFD LFIHD GFDEHIDChPFD#

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%C? kHB>aC7 MJD R@ HDT B>ZCHCSFDT aIT DaZH>DT R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH @T HD

XM@ T@ KDA@ R@TR@ HDT >JTB>BMA>CJ@T @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@T gXM@ ACaC T@ a@JA>CJ[ @J @H Z?>a@?

ADZFBMHC B>@J@ ?@H@]DJA>D ZC? TM >aZDABC >JB@?JDA>CJDHh @J @TB@ T@JB>RC @H >JTB>BMBC ACJ

aDYC? @TZ@A>DH>RDR @J @H B@aD @T 6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@?7 ACJ GDT@ @J /@f -C?m Y WMJRDRC @J

Q^`b ZD?D @H @TBMR>C R@H W@J[a@JC W>HDJB?[Z>AC R@ @TB@ ZDFT Y DKC?D @J BCRC @H aMJRCEPU &

ZD?B>? R@ PUQP7 ACa@JL[ ACJ MJD S?DJ HDGC? ?@TZ@ABC D HD B>ZCHCSFD Y AHDT>W>ADA>[J R@ HDT

WMJRDA>CJ@TE )M >JB@JA>[J @T HCS?D? B@J@? MJ @TBIJRD? BDOCJ[a>AC R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T XM@

Z@?a>BD @JB@JR@? HD ?@DH>RDR >JB@?JDA>CJDH R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@TEPQ #TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J XM@

@TBD DG>@?BD ZD?D XM@ HDT Z@?TCJDT DADRNa>ADT C @OZ@?BDT DZC?B@J ACHDGC?DB>]Da@JB@7 KD

T>SJ>W>ADRC XM@ D HD W@AKD B@JSDJ aIT R@ a>H ADB@SC?FDT R>]>R>RDT @J A>JAC J>]@H@T XM@ TCJ5

B>ZCT R@ C?SDJ>LDA>[J XM@ T@ DZCYDJ gACaC C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T HCADH@T C MJ>]@?T>RDR@T7 @BAEh7

B>ZC R@ ZCGHDA>[J XM@ ZM@R@J DB@JR@? gACaC DAB>]>TBDT7 B?DGDiDRC?DT T@OMDH@T7 aMi@?@T7

@BAEh7 B@aDT XM@ Z?>C?>LDJ ZD?D W>JDJA>D? gDS?>AMHBM?D7 a@R>C DaG>@JB@7 '@?@AKCT

lMaDJCT7 @BAEh7 B>ZC R@ RCJDB>]CT XM@ CBC?SDJ g&ZCYC S@J@?DH7 DT>TB@JA>D BNAJ>AD7 @BAEh7

B>ZCT R@ B?DJTDAA>[J gG@ADT7 RCJDB>]CT7 @J @TZ@A>@7 T@?]>A>CT Z?C GCJC7 @BAEh7 R@JB?C R@

ADRD MJC R@ @TBDT AHDT>W>ADA>CJ@T KDY MJD TMGR>]>T>[J XM@ T@ aM@TB?D D ACJB>JMDA>[J5

PU 6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@?E gUQ R@ #J@?C R@ PUQVhE d4.'2$#&4' 6)'#)/R e'4f0)2*) #4 F.&02 4'E *CJTMHBDRC UQ R@

rMJ>C R@ PUQV @J &GCMB 0T5 KBBZ5nnWCMJRDB>CJA@JB@?EC?SnDGCMBn

PQ 6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@?E gUQ R@ #J@?C R@ PUQVhE d4.'2$#&4' 6)'#)/ E *CJTMHBDRC UQ R@ rMJ>C R@ PUQV @J 

gC&0$'#C/435 60$""&-&+$#&4' J5"#)DN KBBZ5nnBDOCJCaYEWCMJRDB>CJA@JB@?EC?SnR?DWBTcDJRc?@TCM?A@T

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Y0."#/$+&,' O; 60$"&-&+$+&,' 2) -.'2$+&4')" 2)"2) d4.'2$#&4' 6)'#)/

*CaC HC aM@TB?D HD R>TB?>GMA>[J DJB@?>C?7 HCT J>]@H@T R@ AHDT>W>ADA>[J XM@ KD HCS?DRC

ACJiMJBD? @H 6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@? @J HCT kHB>aCT RCT DoCT Y XM@ DkJ @T MJ Z?CA@TC DG>@?BC

R@ ?@AMZ@?DA>[J7 ZM@R@ HH@SD? D aIT R@ a>H TMGR>]>T>CJ@T XM@ ZM@R@J R@TA?>G>? MJ B>ZC R@

DAA>[J C AD?DAB@?FTB>AD XM@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T cC ACaC HC K@aCT HHDaDRC R@TR@ @TBD

>J]@TB>SDA>[J R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDHc ZM@R@J DRXM>?>? @J HD DABMDH>RDRE

#TBC JCT R@aM@TB?D HDT R>TBDJA>DT DJDHFB>ADT XM@ KDY R@TR@ ?@S>CJ@T R[JR@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J

JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH KD T>RC RCJDJB@T ACaC HC ?@WH@iD @H ADTC R@H 6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@?7 @J

ACJB?DZCT>A>[J ACJ HDT XM@ KDJ B@J>RC aIT @OZ@?>@JA>D ACaC ?@A@ZBC?DT7 XM@ KD T>RC @H

ADTC R@ $DB>JCDaN?>AD7 &T>D C <W?>ADE )>@JRC @J @TBDT ?@S>CJ@T XM@ @O>TBDJ ?@A>@JB@a@JB@

"JM@]CT8 RCJDJB@T7 ZC? HC XM@ BDaG>NJ @O>TB@ a@JCT >J]@TB>SDA>[J Y @J ACJT@AM@JA>D

a@JCT Z?CZM@TBDT BDOCJ[a>ADT @J ACJAC?RDJA>D ACJ HD Z?CZ>D @OZ@?>@JA>D R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J

>JB@?JDA>CJDHE

& Z@TD? R@ @HHC7 @J @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J Z?CWMJR>LD?@aCT @J B?@T IaG>BCT R@ HD S?DJ

R>]@?T>RDR R@ DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J5 HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T7 HCT WCJRCT

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   K   H   I   F   D /KEHD NF (GWCIKcCMKJI =gD NF $;;

MPCDKlKMCMKHIFD

'HhPCMKHIFD C PCD iVFCOKFINF

=gD NF $$;MPCDKlKMCMKHIFD

/FLCD iVF CEHfC =gD NF 28; OFLgOKMCDNF MPCDKlKMCMKJI

/KEH NF NHICOKRHD =gD NF 8;MPCDKlKMCMKHIFD

/KEHD NF OGCIDCMMKHIFD =gD NF 6;MPCDKlKMCMKHIFD

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>JR@Z@JR>@JB@T Y @H ZDZ@H R@ HDT Z@?TCJDTE & Z@TD? R@ XM@ @J aDB@?>D R@ WMJRDA>CJ@T

ZCR@aCT @JACJB?D? HDT R@ AD?IAB@? ZkGH>AC C HDT WDa>H>D?@T ZC? HDT H>a>BDA>CJ@T @J @H

DHADJA@ R@ @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J TCHC DGC?RD?@aCT HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T XM@ TCJ5

Y0."#/$+&,' P; 6443)/$+&,' 2) d.'2$+&4')"

$CT WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T XM@ DGC?RDaCT T@ AD?DAB@?>LDJ ZC?5

Y0."#/$+&,' U; 6443)/$+&,' 2) d4'24";

%C? kHB>aC AMDJRC JCT ?@W@?>aCT DH ZDZ@H R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT ACaC DS@JB@T R@JB?C R@ HD

ACCZ@?DA>[J R@TR@5

6MJRDA>CJ@T3JR@Z@JR>@JB@TC Z?>]DRDT

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$D aDYC?FD TCJ >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T R@ HD @aZ?@TD C WDa>H>D WMJRDRC?D DMJXM@ HH@]@J TMJCaG?@E

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#r#2%$()5 6MJRDA>[J 6C?R7 6MJRDA>[J ,CAm@W@HH@?7 6MJRDA>[J 2DA&?BKM?76MJRDA>[J {@HHCSS

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2Mi@?@T7 2@R>C&aG>@JB@7'@?@AKCTlMaDJCTE

$CT WCJRCT TCJ S?MZCT Z@XM@oCT XM@ GMTADJ ƒJDJA>D? aC]>a>@JBCTTCA>DH@TE #J @TB@ ADTC 6CJRCT R@ 2Mi@?@T XM@ ƒJDJA>DJ DH aC]>a>@JBCR@ 2Mi@?@T .HCGDHa@JB@E

)CJ >JT‚BMA>CJ@T XM@ AM@JBDJ ACJ DZCYC R@H ZkGH>AC XM@ T@ TMTB@JBDJ@J RCJDA>CJ@T Z?C]@J>@JB@T R@ DS@JA>DT RCJDJB@T7 AC?ZC?DA>CJ@T YZkGH>AC @J S@J@?DHE

#r#2%$()5 .HCGDH .?@@J .?DJBT7 g#TBDRCT 0J>RCTh7 .HCGDH 6MJR WC?lMaDJ ,>SKTB g#TBDRCT 0J>RCTh .HCGDH 6MJR WC? eCa@J g#TBDRCT0J>RCTh7 2DaD*DTK glCHDJRDh7 6?>RD -CMJS 6@a>J>TB6MJRg 3JB@?JDA>CJDHh

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Y0."#/$+&,' GM; 6443)/$+&,' Y'2&(&2.$0

&TF HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T7 HCT WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T Y HDT Z@?TCJDT7 >JAC?ZC?DJ Z?IAB>ADT RCJR@

T@ aDB@?>DH>LD HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH R@ R>]@?TDT aDJ@?DTE #J @H T>SM>@JB@ ADZFBMHC

T@ Z?@T@JBDJ HDT ACJR>A>CJ@T XM@ iM@SDJ R@JB?C R@ HD ?@DH>RDR >JB@?JDA>CJDH KCY RFD @TBDT

R>]@?TDT Z?IAB>ADT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDHE

<KPgIOGHEKC-INKRKNVCP

4CD EFGDHICD EVFNFI NFMKNKG NCG NHICMKHIFD C VIC H RCGKCD MCVDCDQ C FDH DF PF PPCLC lKPgIOGHEKCKINKRKNVCP#

%IC NF PCD LgD UVFGOFD FD PH iVF DF PPCLC q*KgDEHGCq\ DHI NHICMKHIFD NF KINKRKNVHD LKWGCIOFD CDVD ECKDFD NF HGKWFI# .F EVFNF IHLhGCG OCLhKkI MHLH q0FLFDCD <KPCIOGJEKMCDq

+Y+='4(.Q AHIH S-GPCINFD\ MCIOCIOF NF %"X \ BCOFD S+DOCNHVIKNFIDF =K-PHICGKHX\ =KWGCIOFD

=kmKMCIHD\ -INVFD f AGCDKPF_HD#

*HICIOFDZ<KPCIOGJEKC)HGEHGCOKRC

+D FP CMOH EHG FP MVCP VIC MHGEHGCMKJI NHIC VIC ECGOF NF DVD WCICIMKCD H GFMVGDHD C HOGCDHGWCIKcCMKHIFD#

'VFNF DFG EHG LFNKH NF PC 0FDEHIDChKPKNCN .HMKCP +LEGFDCGKCP H IH#

'VFNF OCLhKkI DFG ECGC WCICG VIC KLCWFI E^hPKMC UCRHGChPF iVF MHLEFIDF PCD MGbOKMCD iVFNFDEKFGOCI HOGCD EGgMOKMCD FLEGFDCGKCPFD LFIHD GFDEHIDChPFD#

+Y+='4(.Q <VINCMKJI 1RHI S=kmKMHX\ <VINCMKJI &KrF S+DOCNHD %IKNHDX

<KICIMKCLKFIOH

)HPFMOKRH H)GHTI<VINKIW

'VFNF OFIFG FDOHD HOGHD OkGLKIHD alKICIMKCMKJI FI LCDCd\ alKICIMKCMKJI MHPFMOKRCd\aLKMGHlKICIMKCMKJI MHPFMOKRCd fd LKMGHLFMFICcWHd#

+D PC EGgMOKMC NF NFDCGGHPPCG VIC MCLEC_C NF KIRFGDKJI FI PbIFC ECGC WFIFGCG PC lKICIMKCMKJIECGC VI EGHfFMOH FDEFMblKMH#

+DOC EGgMOKMC CEGHRFM]C DKOKHD TFh NF GFMCVNCMKJI NF UHINHD FI -IOFGIFO ECGC FDOKLVPCG FPCEHfH NF PC MHLVIKNCN f FP lKICIMKCLKFIOH ECGC VIC RCGKFNCN NF KIKMKCOKRCD#

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;/;  ,BGFEFCFBGFK ZDKGOMDENK CF JH ENNRFMHEDOB BN QLIFMBHSFBGHJ

1P EGKIMKEKH DF PPCLCGHI s1LKWHDt H s.HMKFNCN NF PHD 1LKWHDt# *FDEVkD FPEVFhPH PHD PPCLJ MVgiVFGHD H s/FLhPCNHGFDt\ EHGiVF FI VI jVKMKH DV

UVINCNHG PF NKjH CP jVFcQ spVCrFt\ FD NFMKG s/KFLhPCt\ CIOF PC 'CPChGC NF*KHD S$[8;X# !E6=*)7+ /1@@0 F3 

#J Q^Qd T@ WMJR[ @J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT @H *Ca>BN &a@?>ADJC R@ )@?]>A>C R@ HCT &a>SCT7

ACJWC?aIJRCT@ RM?DJB@ HD Z?>a@?D SM@??D aMJR>DH ZD?D WCa@JBD? HD ZDL Y @H DZCYC D HCT

?@WMS>DRCTE '@TZMNT ACJB>JMD?CJ ACJ MJD a>T>[J XM@ >JAC?ZC?DGD HD ">SMDHRDR ?DA>DH HD

DGCH>A>[J R@ HD Z@JD ADZ>BDH7 HD @H>a>JDA>[J R@ GD??>CT aD?S>JDH@T7 @H DZCYC D HDT /DA>CJ@T

0J>RDT Y DTMJBCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7 DZCYC D HD KCaCT@OMDH>RDR7 @BAE8 geKDH@J7 Q^dd5 \Uc

\\hE & Z@TD? R@ T@? MJ C?SDJ>TaC R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H R@ C?>S@J @AH@T>DH7 BM]C MJD DS@JRD

Z?CS?@T>TBD R@TR@ TMT >J>A>CT Y ACa@JL[ TMT HDGC?@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH D B?D]NT

R@ W>JDJA>Da>@JBC R@ DAA>CJ@T DH?@R@RC? R@ HD Z?>a@?D SM@??D aMJR>DHE &TF ZD?D Q^dd

ACJBDGD ACJ >JS?@TCT R@ QQ a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T DJMDH@T ZD?D TM HDGC? >JB@?JDA>CJDHE#TB@

DZD?BDRC >JB?CRMA@ G?@]@a@JB@ HD K>TBC?>D R@ HCT AMIXM@?CT7 ACaC Z?@HMR>C XM@

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BDaG>NJ ZC? aD?AD? B@JR@JA>DT R@ >JAC?ZC?DA>[J R@ CB?DT aCRDH>RDR@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J

aIT DHHI R@ HD B?DR>A>CJDH JC?B@cTM? ZC?XM@ B?DGDiD?CJ MJD ?@HDA>[J R@ ACCZ@?DJB@T R@TR@

HDT Z?>C?>RDR@T C J@A@T>RDR@T R@H TCA>C HCADH JC R@H ACCZ@?DJB@7 Z@?C BDaG>NJ BM]>@?CJ

MJD a>?DRD ZCAC ACJ]@JA>CJDH ?@TZ@ABC D TM DS@JRD R@ B?DGDiC7 WM@?CJ R@ HDT Z?>a@?DT

ACaMJ>RDR@T ?@H>S>CTDT XM@ ?@TZ@BDGDJ HD R>]@?T>RDR T@OMDH @J HCT T@T@JBDE

#H ADTC R@ HCT AMIXM@?CT aIT DHHI R@ T@? @OA@ZA>CJDH WM@ BFZ>AC @T R@A>?c KMGC

>JB@?]@JA>CJ@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH ZD?D S@J@?D? Z?CA@TCT HCADH@T R@R@TD??CHHC7 >aZMHTC R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H7 B?DGDiC ACaMJ>BD?>C7 DZCYDJRC aIT DHHI R@

Z?CY@ABCT DJMDH@T T>JC aIT G>@J >JB@?]@JA>CJ@T D HD?SC ZHDLC DZCYDJRC Z?CA@TCT Y

ADaG>CT TCA>DH@TE %C? @TC7 @TB@ DZD?BDRC GMTAD ACaZD?B>? HCT DJB@A@R@JB@T R@ HD

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;/;/5  &B RNEN CF ZDKGNMDH

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>R@JB>W>AD? NTBCT TMA@TCT D ZD?B>? R@ HD ACJWC?aDA>[J R@ HDT A>MRDR@T C ZCH>T7 YD XM@ HCT

T@?]>A>CT ZkGH>ACT g@RMADA>[J7 TDHMR7 @BAEh JC @?DJ ?@TZCJTDG>H>RDR R@ HCT >J@O>TB@JB@T

@TBDRCT JDA>[J7 ZC? HC XM@ HDT ACaMJ>RDR@T >SH@T>DT HDT DTMaFDJE 0J @i@aZHC @T @H >aZ@?>C

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;/;/;  (_EHCH CF JNK KFKFBGH P KFGFBGH

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ACCZ@?DA>[J JDA>CJDHE '@TBDAD @H DJIH>T>T R@H *@JB?C 2@O>ADJC ZD?D HD 6>HDJB?CZFD XM>NJ

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#JB?@ Q^^^ Y PUUU7 HDT 3' 2@O>ADJDT RCJD?CJ aIT R@ Q\_ a>HHCJ@T R@ Z@TCT g@TBDTMaD T>J ACJBD? HCT DZ?CO>aDRDa@JB@7 HCT PPQ a>HHCJ@T R@ Z@TCT CBC?SDRCT ZC? @H/DA>CJDH 2CJB@ R@ %>@RDRh7 A>W?D a@JC? R@ HC CBC?SDRC R@JB?C R@H Z?CS?DaD R@6CJRCT R@ *C>J]@?T>[J XM@ DTA@JR>[ D QP\ a>HHCJ@T R@ Z@TCTE g/DBDH7 PUUP5 Q`h

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R>]@?TCT DJB@A@R@JB@T7 @J 2@R>C (?>@JB@7 $DB>JCDaN?>AD7 #TBDRCT 0J>RCT Y #M?CZD JC

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ACaC ADTCT kJ>ACT7 T>JC ACaC @i@aZHCT R@ HD R>]@?T>RDR Y R@ HDT ?@DH>RDR@T aIT

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ACaC T@ @i@aZH>W>A[ KDJ @O>TB>RC WMJRDA>CJ@T ACaMJ>BD?>DT7 WMJRDA>CJ@T7 XM@ R@TR@ CB?DT

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=  ,B\JDKDK CF JH ENNRFMHEDOB BN QLIFMBHSFBGHJT JHK ULBCHEDNBFKT JNK

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=/5  -NBGFcGN HEGLHJ F DBUJLFBEDH DBGFMBHEDNBHJ/

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ACCZ@?DA>[J JC WM@7 T>JC KDTBD @H 6C?C R@ &HBC />]@H TCG?@ HD #W>ADA>D R@ HD &YMRD7 HH@]DRC D

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8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD

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%C? @i@aZHC @J aDB@?>D R@ HCT R@TDTB?@T Y B?DS@R>DT JDBM?DH@T @H BTMJDa> R@ PUUV aC]>H>L[

RCJDA>CJ@T R@ Z@?TCJDT XM@ T@ @TB>aD TMZ@?D?CJ HCT a>H a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T g&e3'7 PUUb5

bdh7 BDaG>NJ @H B@??@aCBC R@ rDZ[J @J Q^^` Y R@ 2NO>AC @J Q^_` WM@?CJ MJ AHD?C @i@aZHC

R@ HD aC]>H>LDA>[J R@ Z@?TCJDT W?@JB@ D MJD ADMTD R@ @a@?S@JA>D XM@ R@TZMNT ZM@R@

ACJ]@?B>?T@ @J HD W>HDJB?CZFD R@ HD?SC ZHDLC ZD?D HD ?@ACJTB?MAA>[J @JB@?D R@ ACaMJ>RDR@T

ZC? @TBCT DACJB@A>a>@JBCTE

(?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T XM@ DJDH>LDJ @H W@J[a@JC ACJT>R@?DJ B?@T

DACJB@A>a>@JBCT XM@ J@A@T>BDaCT ACJT>R@?D? ZD?D @JB@JR@? @H ACJB@OBC DABMDH R@ @TB@

W@J[a@JC7 HDT ?@a@TDT7 @H ADaG>C S@J@?DA>CJDH7 Y HDT @ACJCaFDT R@ ZDFT@T @a@?S@JB@T

g&e3'7 PUUb5 bdcd\h5

QE 

)> G>@J HD W>HDJB?CZFD @TBDRMJ>R@JT@ KD aD?ADRC B@JR@JA>D Y KD T>RC HD aIT

RCAMa@JBDRD D J>]@H aMJR>DH7 iMTBC ZC? TM ZDZ@H S@CZCHFB>ACE $DT JM@]DT

B@JR@JA>DT @T ?@ACJCA@? XM@ R@JB?C R@ HCT ZDFT@T @a@?S@JB@T C R@ ?@JBD a@R>D

KDY A?@A>a>@JBC R@ HD W>HDJB?CZFD >JR>]>RMDH C aIT G>@J aDYC? ]>T>G>H>RDR

>JB@?JDA>CJDH R@ HD W>HDJB?CZFD HCADHE #J ZDFT@T ACaC 2NO>AC7 1?DT>H7 3JR>D7 0A?DJ>D Y

,MT>D RCJR@ HD AHDT@ ACJ aDYC? ZCR@? @ACJ[a>AC T@ T>@JB@J ADRD ]@L aIT

aCB>]DRDT D RD?7 T>J @aGD?SC TM A?@A>a>@JBC R@Z@JR@J R@ MJ DaG>@JB@ H@SDH Y

?@SMHDBC?>C WD]C?DGH@ DTF ACaC MJD ACJA>@JA>D ZkGH>AD ACH@AB>]D XM@ ]DYD aIT DHHI

R@ MJ DABC R@ AD?>RDRE

PE  (B?C @H@a@JBC R@H ZDJC?DaD W>HDJB?[Z>AC @T HD B?DJTW@?@JA>D >JB@?S@J@?DA>CJDH R@

?>XM@LD ACJA@JB?DRD @J HDT NH>B@T @ACJ[a>ADT R@ HCT ZDFT@T7 XM@ T@ ?@W>@?@ D HDT

K@?@JA>DT XM@ XM@RDJ @J aDJCT R@ MJD S@J@?DA>[J ADRD ]@L aIT iC]@JE )[HC @J

#TBDRCT 0J>RCT T@ @TB>aD @JB?@ \UU Y bUU B?>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T R@ HC AMDH DH a@JCT

8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 122/159

QPP

Q` ZC? A>@JBC T@ >?I ZD?D RCJDA>CJ@TE '@JB?C R@ @TB@ W@J[a@JC KDY MJ DMa@JBC @J

HD W>HDJB?CZFD >JB@?JDA>CJDH7 ACaC ?@TMHBDRC R@ HD A@?ADJFD a@R>IB>AD @JB?@ ZDFT@T C

MJD SHCGDH>LDA>[J TCA>DH D ZD?B>? R@ HDT JM@]DT B@AJCHCSFDT R@ >JWC?aDA>[J Z@?C

BDaG>NJ ZC?XM@ HCT JM@]CT DR>J@?DRCT RCJDJB@T TCJ aMAKC aIT i[]@J@T7 ACJ

@OZ@ABDB>]DT XM@ ?@GDTDJ HDT W?CJB@?DTE )MT >JB@?@T@T T@ @JWCADJ @J G?>JRD?

?@AM?TCT ZD?D HD DT>TB@JA>D7 ZC? @i@aZHC GDJACT R@ DH>a@JBCT7 RCBDA>[J R@ DSMD7

@BAE7 Y ZC? TM >aZDA>@JA>D @J ]@? ?@TMHBDRCT ACJA?@BCTE

\E 

%C? kHB>aC @H ZDZ@H R@ HDT ?@a@TDT ACJCA>RC BDaG>NJ ACaC RCJDA>CJ@T R@ HD

R>ITZC?D7 T@ ?@W>@?@ D Z@?TCJDT a>S?DJB@T XM@ T@ >JTBDHDJ @J HCT ZDFT@T ?>ACT Y

aDJB>@J@J MJ ]>JAMHC ACJ TM ACaMJ>RDR C ZDFT R@ C?>S@JE $DT aIT >aZC?BDJB@T @J

BN?a>JCT R@ HD ADJB>RDR R@ WHMiCT @ACJ[a>ACT TCJ HDT Z@?TCJDT a>S?DJB@T R@ ZDFT@T

ACaC 2NO>AC7 1?DT>H @ 3JR>DE #J @H ADTC R@ A>W?DT CW>A>DH@T R@H *&' @H BCBDH R@

?@a@TDT R@ BCRCT HCT RCJDJB@T R@H *&' D HCT ZDFT@T @J R@TD??CHHC @?DJ „Q^b a>H

a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T7 MJ H>S@?C DMa@JBC R@ Q^U a>H a>HHCJ@T R[HD?@T @J PUQU

glMRTCJ 3JTB>BMB@7 PUQ\5 `h

)>SM>@JRC ACJ @H DJIH>T>T R@TR@ HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T XM@ @TBMR>DJ HCT WHMiCT

>JB@?JDA>CJDH@T R@ HD *3%'7 {@?? R@TR@ HD a>TaD HFJ@D R@ @TBMR>C R@ &e3'7 XM>@J@T KDJRCAMa@JBDRC HD >aZC?BDJA>D R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT RCJDJB@T ACaC DS@JB@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T

DoDR@J HD >aZC?BDJA>D R@ HDT aMi@?@T7 HDT R>ITZC?DT ACJ aDYC? Z?@T@JA>D @ACJ[a>AD Y @H

ZDZ@H R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT i[]@J@T g{@?? rE 7 PUUd5 QUUcQUPh5

•  )[HC @J @H PUUb PQ Z@?TCJDT @J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT RCJD?CJ7 ZC? HC a@JCT7 QUU

a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T ZD?D ADTMTDT G@JNW>ADT ?CaZ>@JRC MJ JM@]C ?@AC?R R@

W>HDJB?CZFDE

•  #J HDT Z?[O>aDT RNADRDT T@ ADHAMHD XM@ KDG?I MJD B?DJTW@?@JA>D R@ G>HHCJ@T R@

R[HD?@T @J S@J@?DA>CJ@T ZC? a@R>C R@ K@?@JA>D R@ HDT ACaMJ>RDR@T @M?CZ@D Y

JC?B@Da@?>ADJDE #TBC T>SJ>W>AD?I XM@ aIT XM@ JMJAD aMAKDT aMi@?@T T@

ACJ]@?B>?IJ @J K@?@R@?DTE

8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 123/159

QP\

• 

$CT JM@]CT ?>ACT7 Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ i[]@J@T C DHBCT @i@AMB>]CT R@ HDT @aZ?@TDT aIT

ZCR@?CTDT T@ @TBIJ ]CH]>@JRC MJ JM@]C T@ABC? R@ RCJDJB@T W>HIJB?CZCTE %C?

@i@aZHC 2CKDaa@R 3G?DK>a MJ a>HHCJD?>C JDA>RC @J )MRIJ7 ?@A>@JB@a@JB@ A?@C

MJ Z?@a>C DJMDH R@ „` a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T ZD?D HFR@?@T DW?>ADJCT XM@ @OK>GDJ

Z?IAB>ADT R@ GM@J SCG>@?JCE

•  $CT Z?>JA>ZDH@T ZDFT@T XM@ G?>JRDJ RCJDA>CJ@T W>HDJB?[Z>ADT TCJ5 #TBDRCT 0J>RCT7

3T?D@H7 *DJDRI7 &?S@JB>JD7 #TZDoD7 3?HDJRD7 ,@>JC 0J>RC7 0SDJRD7 lMJS?FD7

+DJLDJ>D7 {@J>D7 %C?BMSDH7 &MTB?DH>D7 %DFT@T 1DiCT7 )MRIW?>ADE

/DR>@ ZM@R@ >SJC?D? XM@ HD WM@?LD @ACJ[a>AD XM@ KDJ ACG?DRC HDT Z@?TCJDT RCJDJB@T

ZD?B@ R@ MJD A>MRDRDJFD SHCGDHnTCH>RD?>D XM@ @TBD T>@JRC MJ ?@W@?@JB@ ACaC DHB@?JDB>]DTR@ W>JDJA>Da>@JBC JCT HH@]D D >aDS>JD? WM@?D R@ HDT @TW@?DT C?BCRCODT R@ HCT DABC?@T Y

B?DR>A>CJDH@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J7 DKC?D HDT Z?CZ>DT Z@?TCJDT ACJ TM R@A>T>[J Y ?@AM?TCT ]DJ

DZC?BDJRC D ?@TCH]@? HDT Z?CGH@aIB>ADT TCA>DH@T Z?@T@JB@T @J akHB>ZH@T ZDFT@TE #J @TB@

T@JB>RC7 XM@?@aCT DGC?RD? RCT W@J[a@JCT XM@ @i@aZH>W>ADJ HDT Z?IAB>ADT R@TR@ @H /C?B@

.HCGDH C )M? .HCGDH R@TR@ @H ZDZ@H R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT RCJDJB@TE 0JC @T @H ZDZ@H R@H ADJBDJB@

1CJC R@ 0P ACaC MJ W>HIJB?CZC >JB@?JDA>CJDH Y @H CB?C ACaC HDT Z@?TCJDT RCJDJB@T R@

aDJ@?D DJ[J>aD XM@ T@ KDJ ]M@HBC ?@W@?@JB@T ZD?D HD ACCZ@?DA>[J ACH@AB>]D @J HFJ@DE

6767878  9$' %+/'&5$' $5:5(.$' ,&.& *&5$50+' (50+/5$,(&5$#+'; *&5$,(:5 ,&&%+/$0(4$

<2/&=*>-5*(5?@

$DT Z@?TCJDT D HC HD?SC R@ HD K>TBC?>D KDJ T>RC DS@JB@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T R@ aDJ@?D

DJ[J>aD7 >aZMHTDRCT ZC? DABCT TCH>RD?>CT7 @aZDBFD C A@?ADJFD AMHBM?DH KDJ RCJDRC

W>JDJA>@?Da@JB@ C @J @TZ@A>@E +DH ]@L MJ DJB@A@R@JB@ R@ @TBD Z?IAB>AD TCJ A[aC HDT

Z@?TCJDT R@ HD R>ITZC?D C HDT Z@?TCJDT a>S?DJB@Tc KDJ @aZMiDRC @H R@TD??CHHC @J TMT

ZDFT@T R@ C?>S@J BDJBC @J @H @J]FC R>?@ABC R@ R>]>TDT D TMT ACaMJ>RDR@T ZD?D DZCYD? D TM

R@TD??CHHC C D B?D]NT R@ HD ACJWC?aDA>[J R@ WMJRDA>CJ@T ACaMJ>BD?>DT C B?DJTW?CJB@?>LDTE

%@?C @J @TB@ ADTC AMDJRC JCT @JWCADaCT D DXM@HHDT Z@?TCJDT XM@ JC T@ DS?MZDJ R@JB?C

R@ C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T C WMJRDA>CJ@T Y XM@ D Z@TD? R@ @HHCc ACJB>JkDJ G?>JRDJRC ?@AM?TCT D

8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 124/159

QPV

CB?CT ZDFT@T7 TCJ @J S@J@?DH Z@?TCJDT DJ[J>aDT XM@ @J @TBD B@T>T ACJT>R@?DaCT ACaC

DS@JB@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@TE

#J @TBD B@T>T7 >R@JB>W>ADaCT XM@ DH T@? MJ S?MZC R@ Z@?TCJDT DJ[J>aDT XM@ BCaDJR@A>T>CJ@T R@TR@ TMT Z?@W@?@JA>DT >JR>]>RMDH@T ZD?D RCJD? D R>]@?TDT Z?CGH@aIB>ADT @J

CB?CT ZDFT@T7 @T ACaZH@iC DS?MZD?HDT @TZ@AFW>ADa@JB@ @J Z?IAB>ADT R@TR@ @H /C?B@ .HCGDH Y

)M? .HCGDH7 ZM@T ADRD MJC R@ HCT Z?CY@ABCT TCJ BDJ R>]@?TCT Y ZD?B>AMHD?@T XM@ JC

TDG?FDaCT A[aC @T TM BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@T C T> DZCYDJ R>?@ABDa@JB@ D WC?BDH@A@? MJD

)CA>@RDR *F]>ADE )>J @aGD?SC7 JCT D]@JBM?DaCT D >R@JB>W>AD?HD ACaC MJD Z?IAB>AD R@H )M?

.HCGDH7 ZD?B>AMHD?a@JB@ ZC?XM@ T@ KD ]M@HBC MJD DHB@?JDB>]D R@ aC]>H>RDR W>JDJA>@?D

>aZMHTDRD R@TR@ HDT J@A@T>RDR@T HCADH@T Y DZCYDRDT ZC? S?MZCT R@ Z@?TCJDT DJ[J>aDT @JR>TB>JBDT ZD?B@T R@H aMJRC7 ACaC T@ @OZCJ@ D ACJB>JMDA>[JE

$D HH@SDRD R@ HDT JM@]DT B@AJCHCSFDT R@ HD >JWC?aDA>[J g+3*tTh Y @H DAA@TC aDT>]C DH

>JB@?J@B7 @aZMiD?CJ D HD A?@DA>[J R@ HDT ZHDBDWC?aDT @H@AB?[J>ADT XM@ DYMRD?CJ D

ACJTB?M>? MJD JM@]D aCRDH>RDR R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J ACaMJ>BD?>DnHCADH B?DR>A>CJDH7

S@J@?DJRC ZHDBDWC?aDT RCJR@ MJ S?MZC R@ Z@?TCJDT DJ[J>aDT D ZD?B>? R@ >JA@JB>]CT

ACaC >JB@?NT @J B@aDT7 Z@?B@J@JA>D ACaMJ>BD?>D7 >JB@?NT W>HDJB?[Z>AC7 R@A>R@J DZCYD?

ADMTDT ACJA?@BDTE

%@?C7 wXMN @T @H *?CfRWMJR>JS C RCJDA>[J ACCZ@?DB>]Dx7 R@ DAM@?RC D HD C?SDJ>LDA>[J

*?CfRTCM?A>JS T@ ZM@R@ R@W>J>? ACaC5

#H +/4f2-.'2&'* @T MJ T>TB@aD R@ ?@ADMRDA>[J R@ WCJRCT XM@ ZCJ@ @J ACJBDABC7 DB?D]NT R@ MJD ZHDBDWC?aD CJH>J@7 D Z@?TCJDT XM@ J@A@T>BDJ ?@AM?TCT ZD?D HH@]D? DADGC MJ Z?CY@ABC ACJ ZCB@JA>DH@T RCJDJB@T C >J]@?TC?@TE g*?CfRTCM?A>JS7 $$*7PUQP5 Vh

$D RCJDA>[J ACCZ@?DB>]D @T MJD K@??Da>@JBD @H@AB?[J>AD ZC? HD XM@ DS@JB@T

>JB@?JDA>CJDH@T C Z@?TCJDT R@ AD?IAB@? DJ[J>aC7 DZCYDJ W>JDJA>@?Da@JB@ D CB?DT

Z@?TCJDT C S?MZCTE #J HD kHB>aD RNADRD7 @TBDT ZHDBDWC?aDT @H@AB?[J>ADT T@ WM@?CJ

R@TD??CHHDJRC HCADHa@JB@ Y WC?BDH@A>@JRC TM ]>T>G>H>RDR aMJR>DHa@JB@ @TC iMJBC ACJ

8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 125/159

QP`

a@ADJ>TaCT R@ RCJDA>[J DAA@T>GH@T @ >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T H@T Z@?a>B>[ B?DJT>BD? @J ZCAC

B>@aZC DH B@J@? >aZDABC >JB@?JDA>CJDHE #T R@A>? R>@?CJ TCHMA>[J DH >JB@?NT Y @aZDBFD R@

Z@?TCJDT DJ[J>aDT XM@ KDG>BMDHa@JB@ YD RCJDGDJ D CB?CT ZDFT@T7 G?>JRIJRCH@T MJD

K@??Da>@JBD DAA@T>GH@ Y XM@ ZCAC D ZCAC T@ KD SDJDRC HD ACJW>DJLD R@ CB?DT Z@?TCJDTE

0J @i@aZHC @T XM@ R@ DAM@?RC D @TB@ a>TaC ?@ZC?B@ R@ *?CfRTCM?A>JS gPUQPh7 R@ PUUd D

PUQP @O>TB>[ MJ A?@A>a>@JBC @ ZHDBDWC?aDT @H@AB?[J>ADT R@ aIT R@H bU ZC? A>@JBC Y KDJ

aC]>H>LDRC DH?@R@RC? R@H aMJRC aIT R@ QE` a>H a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T T[HC ZD?D PUQQE #J

BN?a>JCT aMJR>DH@T ZD?D PUQP ?@S>TB?DGDJ V`U ZHDBDWC?aDT R@ ?@ADMRDA>[J7 T>@JRC

#TBDRCT 0J>RCT HD XM@ B@J>D HD aDYC? ADJB>RDR Q^Q7 Z@?C ZCAC D ZCAC HD R>TB?>GMA>[J @J

CB?DT ZD?B@T R@H aMJRC KD DMa@JBDRC ZC? @i@aZHC R@TBDAD @H ADTC R@ 1?DT>H7 ACJ PQZHDBDWC?aDT g]NDT@ >HMTB?DA>[J QQhE

Y0."#/$+&,' GL; g0$#$-4/D$" 2) 6/4f2-.'2&'*; 6/4f2"4./+&'* KLMGLQ

8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 126/159

QPb

-D T@D HH@]D? D ADGC MJD ZMGH>ADA>[J R@ MJ H>G?C7 HD A?@DA>[J R@ MJ RCAMa@JBDH7 ZCR@?

ACJAHM>? MJ R>TAC7 DZCYD? @H @aZCR@?Da>@JBC R@ HDT aMi@?@T7 G?>JRD? >JWC?aDA>[J TCG?@

R>]@?T>RDR T@OMDH C HD GkTXM@RD R@ ]>]>@JRDbd @JB?@ aMAKDT CZA>CJ@T R@ Z?CY@ABCT7 @TBDT

ZHDBDWC?aDT @H@AB?[J>ADT KDJ G?>JRDRC HD ZCT>G>H>RDR R@ ACJTB?M>? ACH@AB>]>RDR W>JDJA>@?D

JDA>CJDH @ >JB@?JDA>CJDH D a>HHCJ@T R@ Z@?TCJDT DH?@R@RC? R@H aMJRCE '@iDJRC R@ T@? HDT

Z@?TCJDT a>HHCJD?>DT HDT XM@ ZM@R@J RCJD?7 T>JC aIT G>@J Z@?TCJDT R@ R>]@?TDT

ACJR>A>CJ@T @ACJ[a>ADT XM@ AC>JA>R@J ACJ MJD ADMTD Y Z?CY@ABC Y RCJDJ R@TR@ ` R[HD?@T

KDTBD aCJBCT aMAKC aDYC?@TE

$DT Z?>JA>ZDH@T ZHDBDWC?aDT XM@ KDJ B@J>RC >aZDABC >JB@?JDA>CJDH ZD?D HD aC]>H>LDA>[J R@

?@AM?TCT KDJ T>RC R@ DAM@?RC D 6C?G@T5b_

 

{>AmTBD?B@?b^ @T MJ T>B>C RCJR@ HCT Z?CY@ABCT A?@DB>]CT ZHDJB@DJ HD W>JDJA>DA>[J GDTDRD @JRCJDA>CJ@TE #TBCT Z?CY@ABCT ZM@R@J DGD?AD? R@TR@ JM@]CT Z?CRMABCT A?@DB>]CT7 ACaC MJD>JTBDHDA>[J R@ D?B@7 Z?@c]@JBD R@ MJ IHGMa R@ akT>ADE /C @T ZD?D @aZ?@TDT7 ADMTDT7C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T G@JNW>ADT7 C HDT J@A@T>RDR@T R@ W>JDJA>DA>[J R@ AD?IAB@? Z@?TCJDHE{>AmTBD?B@? @T MJD R@ HDT ZHDBDWC?aDT aIT DJB>SMDT Y XM@ KD @OZ@?>a@JBDRC MJ WM@?B@A?@A>a>@JBCE

3JR>@SCSCEdU 2>@JB?DT {>AmTBD?B@? aDJB>@J@ MJ @JWCXM@ aIT @TB?>ABC Y AM?DRC? R@ HCT

Z?CY@ABCT A?@DB>]CT DZ?CGDRCT @J TM T>B>C7 3JR>@SCSC DZ?M@GD ADaZDoDT GDTDRDT @J HDRCJDA>[J R@ HD ?@ADMRDA>[J R@ WCJRCT ZD?D ADT> AMDHXM>@? ACTD c HD akT>AD7 DW>A>CJDRCT7

bd 0JD R@ HDT >J>A>DB>]DT R@TR@ 2NO>AC XM@ TCJ >JJC]DRC?DT @T HD ZHDBDWC?aD "$>G@?DJRC +>@??DT8 XM@ GMTAD

HD A?@DA>[J R@ ]>]>@JRD ACH@AB>]DE 2IT >JWC?aDA>[J @J5 KBBZ5nnH>G@?DJRCB>@??DTEACa

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#JB?@Z?@J@M?T5 KBBZ5nnfffEWC?G@TEACanT>B@TnAKDJA@GD?J@BBnPUQ\nU`nU_nBCZcQUcA?CfRWMJR>JScT>B@TcWC?c

WMJR?D>T>JSn

b^ 2IT >JWC?aDA>[J @J5 KBBZT5nnfffEm>AmTBD?B@?EACa

dU 2IT >JWC?aDA>[J @J5 KBBZT5nnfffE>JR>@SCSCEACa

8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 127/159

QPd

J@A@T>RDR@T R@ W>JDJLDT Z@?TCJDH@T7 C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T G@JNW>ADT Y AMDHXM>@? CB?D ACTD XM@ZM@RDT >aDS>JD? g@OA@ZBC HD >J]@?T>[J HMA?DB>]DhE #HHCT KDJ B@J>RC MJ A?@A>a>@JBC>JB@?JDA>CJDH R@G>RC D TM WH@O>G>H>RDR7 @JWCXM@ DaZH>C Y TM @OZ@?>@JA>D R@ aIT B>@aZC @JHD >JRMTB?>DE

*?CfRWMJR@?   dQ  @T HD ZHDBDWC?aD ZD?D DMa@JBD? HD >J]@?T>[J gT>J @H aCR@HC R@?@ACaZ@JTDTh Y B>@J@ MJ MJD R@ HDT ?@R@T R@ RCJDJB@T aIT S?DJR@T Y R@ aDYC?A?@A>a>@JBCE 6M@ Z?@T@JBDRC ?@A>@JB@a@JB@ @J 6CO /@fT ACaC HD JM@]D S@J@?DA>[J R@A?CfRWMJR>JS R@G>RC D HD K>TBC?>D R@H W>JDJA>Da>@JBC aIT DHBC @J @TBDT ZHDBDWC?aDT R@ „Pa>H a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@TE

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d^ (/# gQnQPnPUQVhE &GCMB (/#E *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ iMJ>C R@ PUQV5 KBBZ5nnfffECJ@EC?SnMTnDGCMBn

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#J @TB@ T@JB>RC7 @H ZDZ@H R@ 1CJC7 DZCYD? D ADMTDT KMaDJ>BD?>DT >JAC?ZC?DJRC HCT

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& Z@TD? R@ XM@ @H a>TaC 1?CfJ@7 ?@ACJCA@ XM@ @TBCT B>ZCT R@ B@TB>aCJ>CT WM@?CJ aIT

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DBCFRFBCDFBGFK N JHK RFMKNBHKT GDFBFB RMFKFBEDH DBGFMBHEDNBHJ P BN KNB VBLFWNKXT PH YLF

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ADRD MJC R@ HCT Z?CY@ABCT C R@ HDT Z@?TZ@AB>]DT T@ ]DJ aIT D >J]@?T>[J R@ ADZ>BDH C

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