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Source: The Freeport Wide AwakeDate: November 17, 1860, p. 3Cartoonist: Unknown
SecessionSecession South Carolina
After Lincoln’s election there was a special convention
The convention voted unanimously to secede Official on Dec. 20, 1860, before Lincoln even took
office
By February 1, 1861, six more states joined SC Mississippi: Jan. 9, 1861 Florida: Jan. 10, 1861 Alabama: Jan. 11, 1861 Georgia: Jan. 19, 1861 Louisiana: Jan. 26, 1861 Texas: Feb. 1, 1861
Attempt at Attempt at CompromiseCompromise
Congress tried to get the Southern representatives back to discuss a compromise
Southern states refused to talk and seized all federal property in their states A few pieces of federal property remained in
the union Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South
Carolina Fort Pickens in Pensacola Harbor, Florida A couple of islands off the coast of Florida
Lincoln’s Inaugural Lincoln’s Inaugural AddressAddress
March 4, 1861
If you were preparing your inaugural address, what policy would you choose and why? Abandon the Forts Under Your Control? Reclaim the Forts Taken by Southern States? Hold Only Those Forts Still in Federal Hands? Or Choose Some Other Course of Action?
Lincoln’s Inaugural Lincoln’s Inaugural AddressAddress
"The power confided to me, will be used to hold, occupy, and possess the property and places belonging to the Government.“
“…there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people anywhere."
He said nothing about reclaiming property now under Confederate control
He explicitly offered reassurances to the South that slavery was safe in its present limits and that he would enforce the fugitive slave law
Resistance to the federal government constituted rebellion
Crittenden’s Crittenden’s CompromiseCompromise
Proposed by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden
Proposed constitutional amendments Guarantee slavery where it already existed Extend the Missouri Compromise to California
Lincoln told Congressmen to stay strong
The compromise was defeated
Peace AttemptPeace Attempt
Virginia, a slave state still in the union, hosted a peace conference
21 delegates attended Mostly Northern and border states NO delegates from the secession states
Resolved nothing
The ConfederacyThe Confederacy
Delegates from secession states met in Montgomery, Alabama
They declared themselves a new country
The Confederate States of America was formed
A constitution was drafted that guaranteed the right to slavery
Jefferson Davis was chosen as president
Fort SumterFort Sumter
Lincoln vowed to protect all federal property in the south
Davis vowed to take Fort Sumter before its defenses could be strengthened
Davis demanded the fort surrender by April 12, 1861, they did not
Confederate forces fired cannons at the fort for 34 hours before it surrendered
The Civil War had begun
A picture of Fort Sumter soon after the original Confederate flag was raised on April 13, 1861.A picture of Fort Sumter soon after the original Confederate flag was raised on April 13, 1861.
The Rest of the South The Rest of the South SecedesSecedes
Upper south slave states felt they had no choice but to join the Confederacy
Virginia on April 17, 1861 Robert E. Lee is appointed as Commander of
Virginia’s Army Gained fame as a brilliant military leader in the
U.S. Marine Corps
Arkansas, N. Carolina, and Tennessee by early June, 1861
The Confederate
States of America
The Union’s Grand Strategy
Lincoln Strikes FirstLincoln Strikes First
Lincoln was under pressure to attack quickly Most northerners felt that a quick attack would
make the south realize their mistake and force them to compromise
General P.G.T. Beauregard was gathering Confederate troops 25 miles south of Washington D.C., near Manassas Junction, VA A strategic railroad center in northern Virginia Lincoln approved an attack on these forces Lincoln hoped a victory would bring an end to the
war
First Battle of Bull RunFirst Battle of Bull Run
July 21, 1861
Union forces pushed the Confederates across a stream called Bull Run
A large force of Confederate reinforcements lead by General Thomas J. Jackson arrived from Virginia
Jackson’s men gave a morale boost to the Confederates and they stopped retreating
One Confederate commander yelled, “There is Jackson standing like a stone wall!” From then on, the general was known as “Stonewall”
Jackson
Union troops retreated when Confederate reinforcements arrived
The first battle of the war was over and the South had won
The Henry House, as it appeared soon after the First Battle of Bull Run
The Stone House, March 1862.Served as hospital following the battle.
Results of Bull RunResults of Bull Run
Lincoln initially thought that a force of 75,000 men would be needed for a period of three months
After Bull Run, Lincoln approved the enlistment of 500,000 men for three years
Both the north and the south instituted a draft to raise the necessary troops
Naval WarNaval War
Lincoln’s goal was to blockade all Southern ports
By the spring of 1862, all but two Confederate ports were sealed off
The South used “blockade runners” Small fast ships that smuggled goods
The Confederacy used warships operating out of foreign ports to attack Northern merchant ships
War in the WestWar in the West
Union General Ulysses S. Grant began a campaign to seize control of the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers Control would give Union forces a river route
into Confederate territory Grant seized Fort Henry and Fort Donelson
giving him control of all of Kentucky and Western Tennessee
War in the WestWar in the West
Shiloh Grant’s forces were camped out near a small
church named Shiloh, outside Corinth, Mississippi On April 6, 1862, Confederate forces launched a
surprise attack Grant was extremely aggressive on the second
day of the battle and forced the Confederates to retreat
20,000 troops were killed or wounded Newspapers demanded Grant be fired for high
casualties Lincoln said, “I can’t spare this man; he fights.”
Battle of Shiloh
War in the EastWar in the East
Eastern Union forces were lead by General George B. McClellan Took over after General Irwin McDowell’s defeat at Bull
Run
Peninsula Campaign McClellan took his forces up the James River, southeast
of Yorktown, Virginia McClellan made some tactical errors and lost a battle
outside of Richmond The Confederate commander was wounded in the
fighting and was replaced by General Robert E. Lee
McClellan's Peninsula Campaign
War in the EastWar in the East
Seven Day’s Battle McClellan was attacked by Lee on the
Peninsula Lee forced McClellan to retreat all the
way to the sea Lincoln ordered McClellan to evacuate
the peninsula and return to Washington Over 30,000 casualties in the seven
days of fighting
The Second Battle of Bull The Second Battle of Bull RunRun
Lee attacked the Union forces defending Washington D.C.
The majority of the fighting took place at the same Bull Run creek
Again, Confederate forces prevailed and Lee had entered Union territory Confederate forces were only 20 miles from D.C.
AntietamAntietam
Lee thought that only an invasion would convince the north to recognize the Confederacy’s independence
Lee’s troops congregated near Sharpsville, Maryland
McClellan’s troops gathered near Antietam Creek, east of Lee
McClellan attacked on Sept. 17, 1862
The bloodiest day in American History 8,000 dead 23,000 wounded
AntietamAntietam
Lee’s retreat made Britain rethink its recognition of the Confederacy
McClellan could have chased Lee and destroyed his entire army, but was too cautious Lincoln was disappointed with McClellan’s
performance and fired him General Ambrose Burnside replaced McClellan
Antietam convinced Lincoln to end slavery
Battlefield PhotographsBattlefield Photographs
Alexander Gardner took 70 photographs of the battlefield starting just two days after the battle. This was the first time an American battlefield had ever been photographed before the dead had been buried. Gardner returned in early October when President Lincoln visited General George McClellan and the Army of the Potomac and took another series of images. Gardner, 41 years old at the time of the battle, was employed by Mathew Brady who owned of a photography gallery in Washington, D.C. during the Civil War.
Cumberland Landing, Va. Federal encampment
Falmouth, Va. Drum corps of 61st New York Infantry
Richmond, Va., vicinity. Engineers building corduroy road
Antietam, Md. President Lincoln and
Gen. George B. McClellan in the general's tent.
Antietam, Md. Allan Pinkerton,
President Lincoln, and Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand
Antietam, Md. Confederate dead by a fence on the Hagerstown road
Confederate dead on the east side of the Hagerstown Pike, with the photographer looking toward the Dunker Church
Antietam, Md. Battlefield on the day of the battle
The litter of battle is clearly seen in this image taken just south of the Cornfield looking west. It was time for the burial crew, pictured here, to take over.
Confederate dead gathered for burial
EmancipationEmancipation
Northerners called for and end to slavery To punish the South To make the soldier’s sacrifice worthwhile
Lincoln issued a Proclamation on September 22, 1862 All slavery would be abolished in states at war
with the Union after January 1, 1863 Did not free slaves in the border states Used as a threat to the Confederate States Transformed the entire purpose of the war
VicksburgVicksburg
The last major Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River
"See what a lot of land these fellows hold, of which Vicksburg is the key, the war can never be brought to a close until that key is in our pocket." -Lincoln
A victory here could cut the south in two
Attack from the north was not possible Forests and swamps prevented it Grant planned to cross the Mississippi River, march
south, re-cross and attack the city from the south
Once Grant had re-crossed the river, he marched his troops 180 miles in 17 days 5 battles were fought on the way back to Vicksburg 7,200 Confederate casualties
Vicksburg Vicksburg (cont.)(cont.)
May, 1863: Grant launched two major attacks on Vicksburg City’s defenses pushed both attacks back Grant suffered high casualties
Grant decided that the only way to defeat Vicksburg was to put it under siege Cut off all food supplies into the city Constant artillery bombardment On July 4, 1863, the Confederates surrendered
Vicksburg The Confederacy was cut in two and its eventual
defeat was inevitable
Fredericksburg and Fredericksburg and ChancellorsvilleChancellorsville
Lincoln ordered Burnside to push into the south and destroy Lee’s army
On December 13, 1862 Burnside attacked Lee’s army outside Fredericksburg, Virginia Lee’s army was entrenched in the woods
Union troops suffered over 12,000 casualties, twice as many as the Confederates
Lincoln was upset, he fired Burnside and replaced him with General Joseph Hooker
Fredericksburg and Fredericksburg and ChancellorsvilleChancellorsville
(cont.)(cont.)
Hooker split his army Left most of the troop at Fredericksburg to keep Lee’s
troops occupied Took a small force west in the hopes to circle around Lee
and attack him from the rear
Lee figured out Hooker’s plan and divided his forces as well Left a very small number of troops at Fredericksburg Took the majority of his army to cut off Hooker’s attack
On May 2, 1863 Lee attacked Hooker’s forces outside Chancellorsville Lee was outnumbered two to one Lee aggressively split his troops and defeated the Union
forces Hooker retreated on May 5
Chancellorsville Day 1
Chancellorsville Day 2
GettysburgGettysburg
Lee made one last attempt to invade the north
In June 1863, Lee moved his forces into Virginia and pillaged the countryside
Hooker was unable to stop Lee’s advanced and Lincoln fired him Replaced with General George Meade
Lee sent troops into the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania in search of shoes for the troops
When the Confederates entered the town, they encountered Union Calvary
A small division of Confederated pushed the Union forces out of the city and into the surrounding hills
Both sides sent the largest army they could muster to Gettysburg
Gettysburg Gettysburg (cont.)(cont.)
A pivotal battle
Involved more than 160,000 combatants from both sides
Three days of fighting, July 1-3, 1863
51,000 casualties, the greatest number of any Civil War battle
The South's last attempt at a full-scale invasion of the North
Gettysburg Gettysburg (cont.)(cont.)
General Robert E. Lee’s goals Gain European support for the South Turn the attention of Union armies away from
Confederate territory Find provisions for his army
Lee’s defeat made Gettysburg the turning point in the eastern theater of the war The Confederate army could no longer sustain
an offensive
Gettysburg, Pa. on Little Round Top; Round Top in distance
Gettysburg, Pa. View of Little Round Top
Gettysburg, Pa. Dead Confederate soldiers in "the devil's den"
Gettysburg, Pa. Dead Confederate soldier in Devil's Den
Gettysburg, Pa. Four dead soldiers in the woods near Little Round Top
Gettysburg, Pa. Dead Confederate soldiers in the "slaughter pen" at the foot of Little Round Top
Gettysburg, Pa. The battlefield viewed from Little Round Top
Aftermath of the Battle of Gettysburg, Trostle House
Diary of Private Elisha Hunt Rhodes, Diary of Private Elisha Hunt Rhodes,
2nd Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry, U.S.A.2nd Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry, U.S.A.
July 4th 1863--Was ever the Nation's Birthday celebrated in such a way before? This morning the 2nd R.I. was sent out to the front and found that during the night General Lee and his Rebel Army had fallen back. It was impossible to march across the field without stepping upon dead or wounded men, while horses and broken Artillery lay on every side.
Grant vs. LeeGrant vs. Lee
President Lincoln rewarded Ulysses S. Grant’s success in the west with overall command of all Union forces in the spring of 1864
Grant promised to march south and attack Lee’s forces whenever and wherever he could
Warfare now continued without pause for re-supply and reinforcements
Sherman’s March to Sherman’s March to the Seathe Sea
General Sherman marched his troops from Atlanta, Georgia to Savannah on the coast
He destroyed everything in his path
His goal was to “make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hand of war” Felt that all people in the south should be
punished for the war If all people in the south were demoralized,
they would call for an end to the war
Sherman’s March on Atlanta
You cannot qualify war in harsher terms than I will. War is cruelty, and you
cannot refine it; and those who brought war into our country deserve all the
curses and maledictions a people can pour out.
--William Tecumseh ShermanLetter to the city of Atlanta, 1864
Election of 1864Election of 1864
Democrats nominated George McClellan
Lincoln won 55% of the vote Interpreted it as a mandate to end slavery
On January 13, 1865, with Lincoln’s help, the thirteenth amendment to the Constitution was passed by Congress Banned slavery in the United States
SurrenderSurrender
Lee’s forces were surrounded near the Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia
“There is nothing left for me to do but go and see General Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths.” –General Robert E. Lee
Lee surrendered at the courthouse on April 9, 1865
United States War Deaths
Lincoln is AssassinatedLincoln is Assassinated
Lincoln’s plans to incorporate African Americans into the new Southern governments made him many enemies
On April 14, 1865, Lincoln went to the Ford’s Theater with his wife
During the third act of the play, John Wilkes Booth snuck up behind Lincoln and shot him in the head
Aftermath of the WarAftermath of the War
The south was economically devastated
Bringing the southern states back into the Union will be a challenge
What will be the status of the millions of freed slaves?
The post Civil War era is known as “Reconstruction”