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The French and Indian War
1754-1763
Unit 3 SS8H3: The student will
analyze the role of Georgia in the American Revolution.
The French and Indian War
• Was the result of years
of disputes between
France and Britain.
• Causes were greed and
fear.
• France allied with many
western Native
American tribes.
• Britain allied with the
six tribes of the
Iroquois Confederacy.
The French and Indian War
• Dispute over the
Ohio River Valley
increased tension
because both
countries claimed
the land.
War Erupts
• George Washington led 150 militia men to
Fort Duquesne (French fort).
• Washington and his troops build Fort
Necessity for Britain and attack neighboring
French camps.
• On July 3, 1754, Washington is forced to
surrender to the French…the war had begun.
• The Treaty of Paris of 1763 officially ended
the war.
French and Indian War
Brain Teasers Questions
(answer in Notebook)
• 1. (p. 143) Who was Virginia’s governor in
1753? What were his thoughts about the
French and Indian alliances?
• 2. (p. 144) Were the British successful at the
beginning of the war? Why or why not?
• 3. (p. 144) Why is William Pitt a significant
figure (i.e. what did he do)?
• 4. (p. 145) What did the Proclamation of 1763
do for Georgia?
Answers
• 1. Governor Dinwiddie believed the French and Native American alliances were a major threat to the British colonists.
• 2. No. The British army lost many battles in the first four years of the war due to their fighting tactics and the color of their uniforms.
• 3. William Pitt was placed in charge of the war effort. He captured Quebec and Montreal (key victories for Britain).
Proclamation of 1763
• Issued by King George III
• Expanded GA’s southern border to the St. Mary’s River.
• Forbade colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mts. (made colonists feel betrayed).
• Cherokee and Creek Indians forced to give up land between the Savannah and Ogeechee Rivers, as well as the coastal south.
Sugar Act
(p.149)
Stamp Act
(p. 149-
150)
Town-
shend
Acts
(p. 150)
Tea Act
(p. 151)
Intolerable
Acts
(p. 151-152)
Sugar Act
(p.149)
Stamp Act
(p. 149-
150)
Town-
shend
Acts
(p. 150)
Tea Act
(p. 151)
Intolerable
Acts
(p. 151-152)
Placed a tax
on sugar and
molasses
imported from
the West
Indies.
GA did a great
deal of
trading with
sugar-
producing
countries
(i.e. Jamaica
and
Barbados).
Passed in
1764.
Sugar Act
(p.149)
Stamp Act
(p. 149-
150)
Town-
shend
Acts
(p. 150)
Tea Act
(p. 151)
Intolerable
Acts
(p. 151-152)
Placed a tax
on sugar and
molasses
imported from
the West
Indies.
1765, placed a
tax on
newspapers,
legal
documents,
licenses.
GA did a great
deal of
trading with
sugar-
producing
countries
Placed to
raise money
for the French
and Indian
War
(i.e. Jamaica
and
Barbados).
Passed in
1764.
The Liberty
Boys came
together to
oppose the
tax
Sugar Act
(p.149)
Stamp Act
(p. 149-
150)
Town-
shend
Acts
(p. 150)
Tea Act
(p. 151)
Intolerable
Acts
(p. 151-152)
Placed a tax
on sugar and
molasses
imported from
the West
Indies.
1765, placed a
tax on
newspapers,
legal
documents,
licenses.
1767, placed
an import tax
on tea, paper,
glass, and
coloring
paint.
GA did a great
deal of
trading with
sugar-
producing
countries
Placed to
raise money
for the French
and Indian
War
(i.e. Jamaica
and
Barbados).
Passed in
1764.
The Liberty
Boys came
together to
oppose the
tax
Sugar Act
(p.149)
Stamp Act
(p. 149-
150)
Town-
shend
Acts
(p. 150)
Tea Act
(p. 151)
Intolerable
Acts
(p. 151-152)
Placed a tax
on sugar and
molasses
imported from
the West
Indies.
1765, placed a
tax on
newspapers,
legal
documents,
licenses.
1767, placed
an import tax
on tea, paper,
glass, and
coloring
paint.
1773, Allowed
the East India
Company to
ship tea
directly to the
colonies.
GA did a great
deal of
trading with
sugar-
producing
countries
Placed to
raise money
for the French
and Indian
War
The tea could
be sold less
than the
colonial
merchants
could.
(i.e. Jamaica
and
Barbados).
Passed in
1764.
The Liberty
Boys came
together to
oppose the
tax
Led to the
Boston Tea
Party.
Sugar Act
(p.149)
Stamp Act
(p. 149-
150)
Town-
shend
Acts
(p. 150)
Tea Act
(p. 151)
Intolerable
Acts
(p. 151-152)
Placed a tax
on sugar and
molasses
imported from
the West
Indies.
1765, placed a
tax on
newspapers,
legal
documents,
licenses.
1767, placed
an import tax
on tea, paper,
glass, and
coloring
paint.
1773, Allowed
the East India
Company to
ship tea
directly to the
colonies.
Port of
Boston was
closed until
they paid for
the tea.
GA did a great
deal of
trading with
sugar-
producing
countries
Placed to
raise money
for the French
and Indian
War
The tea could
be sold less
than the
colonial
merchants
could.
Massachusetts
colonists could
not have town
meetings w/o
approval
(i.e. Jamaica
and
Barbados).
Passed in
1764.
The Liberty
Boys came
together to
oppose the
tax
Led to the
Boston Tea
Party.
Led to the
Quartering Act
(colonists had
to house
British soldiers)
Warm-up #2
• What did the Sugar Act and the Stamp
Act place taxes on?
Taxation without Representation
• As a result of the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and Townshend Act, the colonists began to protest the British Parliament and boycott British goods.
• Because the colonists did not have any representatives in Britain’s government, they declared it was unfair to enforce such taxes. “No taxation without representation” became the colonists battle cry.
Protests and Violence
• Colonists began to boycott British goods to hurt British merchants and British business.
• Many colonists simply ignored the Sugar Act and Stamp Act. They even threatened tax collectors.
• While putting pressure on the British Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act, the colonists wrote the Declaration of Rights and Grievances to the British king.
• The Stamp Act was repealed in March 1766.
The Boston Massacre
The Boston Tea Party
An Invitation to the Boston Tea
Party
The Intolerable Acts
• Fours laws passed by the British and placed on the colonies/colonists in order to punish them for their actions.
• The four laws/acts: – 1. Boston Harbor closed (punishment for the Boston
Tea Party)
– 2. Massachusetts royal charter is cancelled.
– 3. British officials charged with crimes/offenses in the colonies could be tried in England.
– 4. The Quartering Act stated that the citizens of the colonies had to house and feed British troops at their own expense.
The First Continental Congress
• On September 5, 1774, the First Continental Congress took place to discuss how to respond to Britain. They agreed to stop all trade with Britain and set up committees of safety.
In-class Writing (choose one and
write one to two paragraphs) • 1. At this point in history, do you think that war
between Britain and the colonists could have been avoided? Explain your answer by using references from your notes.
• 2. How would have the Intolerable Acts impacted the lives of the colonists? (Think in terms of economics, justice, and daily life)
• 3. Describe the connection between the Boston Tea Party and the Intolerable Acts imposed on the colonists.
Warm-up #3
• Describe the events of the Boston
Massacre. How was the Boston Massacre
used to fuel hatred towards the British?
Georgia and the Revolution
• Many Georgians hesitated to join the
revolutionary movement.
• GA, as well as the other 12 colonies,
remained divided.
– Loyalists – Colonists who supported Great
Britain.
– Patriots – Colonists who supported the
revolution.
• GA did not send a representative to the First
Continental Congress.
Georgia and the Revolution
• Congress asked all of the colonies to form a group called the Association.
– The Association banned trade with Britain.
• On April 19, 1775, the first shots of the war were fired.
– Lexington and Concord were the first two battles of the Revolutionary War.
– The first shot at Lexington was described as “…the shot heard round the world.”
Lexington and Concord
Lexington and Concord
Georgia and the Revolution
• Lyman Hall was sent independently to
represent GA in the Association.
• Three weeks after Lexington and
Concord the Second Continental
Congress opened.
– GA remained absent for the first few days
• The other colonies were furious at GA because
it did not seem supportive.
Georgia and the Revolution
• In July 1775, GA was prepared to act:
– The Second Provincial Congress came
together to choose representatives to
send to Philadelphia.
– Five representatives were sent from GA.
• Also, GA created the Council of Safety
in order to form a new government for
the colony.
The Declaration of Independence
• Approved on July 4, 1776.
• It was officially signed on August 2, 1776.
• Three Georgians signed the document:
– 1. Lyman Hall
– 2. George Walton
– 3. Button Gwinnett
• The document was written primarily by Thomas Jefferson.
The Declaration of Independence
• 3 parts to the Declaration of Independence:
– 1. preamble – the introduction stated how the
colonists felt about democracy.
– 2. the body – listed 27 grievances (complaints)
against King George III and his government that
led the colonists to seek independence.
– 3. the conclusion – declared the colonies to be an
independent nation for all future times.
Warm-up #6
• What was the purpose of the Council of
Safety?
Key figures in GA History during
the American Revolution
• 1. Elijah Clarke (p. 157, 161)
• 2. Austin Dabney (p. 162)
• 3. Nancy Hart (p. 159)
• 4. Button Gwinnett (p. 155, 157)
• 5. Lyman Hall (p. 153, 154, 155, 187)
• 6. George Walton (p. 155, 157)
Key figures in GA History during
the American Revolution
• 1. Elijah Clarke (p. 157, 161) – A colonel
of a GA militia group who led his men
to victory over the British at the Battle
of Kettle Creek (Feb. 1779). The battle
lifted the spirits of the GA militia men.
Clarke also led his men to victory by
taking Augusta from the British. Clarke
County is named after Elijah Clarke.
Key figures in GA History during
the American Revolution
• 2. Austin Dabney (p. 162) – A freeborn
mulatto (child of mixed parentage) who
fought under Elijah Clarke at Kettle
Creek. Dabney is credited with saving
the life of Clarke by giving the colonel a
horse. Despite months of debate and
protest, Dabney was given land in
Madison County for his service as a
patriot.
Key figures in GA History during
the American Revolution • 3. Nancy Hart (p. 159) – GA’s most famous
heroine. The legend of Hart remains an example of the revolutionary spirit of GA. Hart County is the only county in GA named after a woman. Five days after Tories killed her neighbor, they stopped by Nancy Hart’s house and demanded food. After providing the Tories with food and whiskey, Hart attempted to disarm the soldiers. According to legend, Hart killed as many as two of the soldiers after they discovered what she was doing.
Key figures in GA History during
the American Revolution
• 4. Button Gwinnett (p. 155, 157) – One
of three GA representatives to sign the
Declaration of Independence. Gwinnett
helped ensure the passage of GA’s first
Constitution in 1777. That same year
he was appointed GA’s president and
commander-in-chief. Gwinnett County
is named for him.
Key figures in GA History during
the American Revolution
• 5. Lyman Hall (p. 153, 154, 155, 187) –
One of three GA representatives to sign
the Declaration Independence. Hall
joined the Second Continental
Congress in May 1775. As Governor of
GA, Hall recommended that the state
set aside land for schools.
Key figures in GA History during
the American Revolution
• 6. George Walton (p. 155, 157) – One of three GA representatives to sign the Declaration of Independence. At age 26, he was the youngest person to sign the Declaration of Independence. Walton was a patriot that was active in the revolutionary government. He eventually became a governor of GA, Chief Justice of GA,, a U.S. senator, and justice of the state superior court.
Battle of Kettle Creek
• Fought in February 1779.
• A minor battle compared to other Revolutionary battles throughout the colonies.
• A major victory for GA.
• Outnumbered militia men, led by Elijah Clarke, defeated a British force of more than 800 troops.
• The militia/patriots gained much needed supplies (i.e. weapons and horses).
• The victory lifted the spirits of the GA militia.
The Siege of Savannah
• In early September 1779, 22 French ships and 4,000 soldiers combined with a force of 15,000 Americans to lay siege to Savannah.
• Siege – When forces try to capture a fortified fort or town by surrounding it and preventing any supplies from reaching it.
• The siege lasted three weeks.
• A failed attack on Savannah, led by Casimir Pulaski, cost the Americans 1,000 lives and 600 wounded.
• Savannah remained under British control until 1782.
Images and Words
Images and Words
Images and Words
Images and Words
Images and Words
Images and Words
Images and Words
Images and Words
5 Paragraph Essay
• Subject: The Three Main Causes of the American Revolution
• Introduction: – The American Revolution began as a result of several events in colonial history
such as…(sample introductory sentence)
– Although several events led to the outbreak of the American Revolution,…(sample introductory sentence)
– Remember to introduce what you believe the three main causes of the war to be in the introduction.
• The Body: 3 Paragraphs – 1st paragraph: Include background (i.e. French and Indian War, taxes, and your
first event that you would like to discuss.)
– 2nd paragraph: Second event you would like to discuss.
– 3rd paragraph: 3rd event you would like to discuss. Make sure this event has the biggest impact leading up to the war. Provide specific details as to why this is the most significant event.
• Conclusion: Summarize your main ideas that you made throughout your paper.
• Tips: – Be specific (avoid using it and stuff)
– Make sure your paragraph and ideas flow
– Use correct sequencing (correct order of events)
– Proofread
– Use correct spelling, grammar, and punctuation
A Revolutionary Cartoon
• Choose a character or an event from Unit 3 (Georgia and the Revolution).
• You may either choose one event or figure and illustrate that event or figure in six frames.
• Or you may choose six different events and use each event in one frame.
• Please use text in your frames to describe your drawings.
• Include the following: – French and Indian War Loyalists, Patriots
– Proclamation of 1763 Elijah Clarke
– Stamp Act Austin Dabney
– Intolerable Acts Nancy Hart
– Declaration of Independence Button Gwinnett
– Kettle Creek Siege of Savannah
– Lyman Hall
The Georgia Constitution of 1777
• Strengths:
– First constitution written in GA
– Helped the colony transition into a state
– Had a separation of powers (the state
legislature had the most power)
– Guaranteed certain individual rights
• Freedom of religion
• Freedom of the press
• Trial by jury
The Georgia Constitution of 1777
• Weaknesses:
– Voting rights belonged only to white males
over 21 years of age who could afford to
pay taxes.
– Only Protestant men could be legislators.
– Had to be rewritten (1789) in order to
conform with the U.S. Constitution (1787).
The Articles of Confederation
• Adopted by the Second Continental
Congress.
• Formally united the colonies against Britain.
• Created one body, called Congress, with
authority over all the colonies.
– The Congress had the power to wage war, control
the postal service, and control affairs with Native
Americans.
• The Articles of Confederation did not give
Congress the power to tax.
The Articles of Confederation
• The Articles of Confederation left the colonies short of money during the war.
• Congress also did not have enough power to enforce its laws.
• The weaknesses in the Articles caused it to be revised.
Comparing the Articles and the
Constitution
• http://www.usconstitution.net/constconart.
html
Exit Ticket
• 1. List three major positive aspects of the
Articles of Confederation.
• 2. List two major weaknesses of the Articles
of Confederation.
• 3. In the Articles of Confederation, did the
federal government or the states have more
power?
• 4. Why was a stronger federal government
desired among the colonists?
The Constitutional Convention of
1787
• Leaders from each state met at the
Constitutional Convention of 1787
because the federal government
needed to be given more power.
• The Constitution was written to replace
the Articles of Confederation.
• The Constitution is the basis for laws in
the U.S.
Issues and Resolutions of the
Constitution
• Each state wanted equal representation in
government.
– The Great Compromise solved this by creating a
bicameral Congress (one with two houses).
• Slavery
– Only three-fifths of enslaved people would be
counted toward representation.
– The government could not ban the international
slave trade for at least 20 years.
The Bill of Rights
• The first ten Amendments (changes to
the Constitution) of the Constitution
that guarantee individual rights and
limit federal and state government.
• Ratified in 1791.
GA’s role at the Constitutional
Convention of 1787
• GA believed in having a strong federal
government.
• GA was the fourth state to ratify the
Constitution.
• GA signed the Constitution in hopes
that the federal government would help
them fight Native Americans in the
region.
GA’s role at the Constitutional
Convention of 1787
• Two men from GA took part in the Constitutional Convention of 1787. – William Few:
• Helped write the GA Constitution of 1777.
• Was elected to serve GA in the Continental Congress in 1780.
• Represented GA during the Constitutional Convention and signed the U.S. Constitution.
• Later elected to U.S. Congress
GA’s role at the Constitutional
Convention of 1787
• Abraham Baldwin: – Also represented GA at
the Constitutional Convention and signed the Constitution.
– His vote on equal representation in the Senate played an important part in the Great Compromise.
– Represented GA in the U.S. Congress
– Founded the University of GA.
The U.S. Constitution
• http://www.usconstitution.net/const.html#P
reamble
