The French and The French and Indian WarIndian War

1756 to 17631756 to 1763

Beginning of the French & Indian Beginning of the French & Indian WarWar

ObjectivesObjectives– How did the War StartHow did the War Start– What were the causes? Local or Foreign What were the causes? Local or Foreign

problems?problems?– What affect did this conflict have on What affect did this conflict have on

GW?GW?

3 Background Causes3 Background Causes

1.1. Previous Conflicts between France Previous Conflicts between France and Britainand Britain

2.2. Colonies desire to Expand WestwardColonies desire to Expand Westward

3.3. Natives desire to pit France against Natives desire to pit France against Britain, in hope they destroy each Britain, in hope they destroy each other and leave the frontier.other and leave the frontier.

1. Previous Conflicts1. Previous Conflicts

Britain and France had already had Britain and France had already had 3 indecisive wars in the previous ½ 3 indecisive wars in the previous ½ century.century.

– King William’s WarKing William’s War– Queen Anne’s WarQueen Anne’s War– King George’s WarKing George’s War

Conflicts in Europe that affected Conflicts in Europe that affected New World.New World.

2. Desire to Expand - New 2. Desire to Expand - New FranceFrance

France claimed land France claimed land – St. Lawrence RiverSt. Lawrence River– Mississippi River Valley, named LouisianaMississippi River Valley, named Louisiana

New France population only grew to 80,000.New France population only grew to 80,000.

No desire to build towns or raise families, No desire to build towns or raise families, there for the Fur Tradethere for the Fur Trade

Befriended Natives for Trading PartnersBefriended Natives for Trading Partners

2. Desire to Expand – 2. Desire to Expand – British ColoniesBritish Colonies

Only land is on the Eastern SeaboardOnly land is on the Eastern Seaboard

British population had grown to over British population had grown to over a million in the colonies a million in the colonies wanted to wanted to expand westward.expand westward.

Start of the Conflict – 1754:Start of the Conflict – 1754:Fighting Over the Same LandFighting Over the Same Land

French built Fort French built Fort Duquesne at start Duquesne at start of the Ohio (now of the Ohio (now Pittsburgh)Pittsburgh)

Virginia had Virginia had given same land given same land to a group of to a group of wealthy planters wealthy planters – Ohio Valley – Ohio Valley CompanyCompany

First ConflictFirst Conflict Virginia militia was sent to Virginia militia was sent to

order French to leaveorder French to leave

Led by George Washington Led by George Washington (22), established Fort (22), established Fort NecessityNecessity

GW and men attacked small GW and men attacked small group of French soldiers, group of French soldiers, Natives with GW killed a Natives with GW killed a French officerFrench officer

French countered attacking French countered attacking Fort NecessityFort Necessity

British outnumbered, high British outnumbered, high losses, they were forced to losses, they were forced to surrendersurrender

Second Conflict for Ohio Valley Second Conflict for Ohio Valley RegionRegion

July 1755 - General Braddock, sent to recapture Fort Duquesne, July 1755 - General Braddock, sent to recapture Fort Duquesne, with Washington as a volunteer assistant to the Generalwith Washington as a volunteer assistant to the General

"The Indians may be formidable to your raw American militia; "The Indians may be formidable to your raw American militia; upon the king's regulars and disciplined troops, it is impossible upon the king's regulars and disciplined troops, it is impossible they should make any impression." ~ Braddockthey should make any impression." ~ Braddock

Washington warned that they may need to fight like the Washington warned that they may need to fight like the Indians, Braddock responded - "What! a provincial colonel Indians, Braddock responded - "What! a provincial colonel teach a British general how to fight!" teach a British general how to fight!"

British were surrounded in the woods, exactly what Washington British were surrounded in the woods, exactly what Washington had warned.had warned.

British outnumbered by French and Natives = Huge casualtiesBritish outnumbered by French and Natives = Huge casualties– Braddock was killed, only 30 Virginians survived, British regulars Braddock was killed, only 30 Virginians survived, British regulars

fled.fled.– Washington was lucky! "I luckily escaped without a wound, though Washington was lucky! "I luckily escaped without a wound, though

I had four bullets through my coat, and two horses shot under me."I had four bullets through my coat, and two horses shot under me."

British Lose to French and Indians During British Lose to French and Indians During March to DuquesneMarch to Duquesne

Read the Article on Read the Article on GWGW

Declaration of WarDeclaration of War

UUndeclared war continued for 1 and ½ yearsndeclared war continued for 1 and ½ years Finally Finally declared war in May 1756. declared war in May 1756. For the For the 11stst 3 years of the war, French dominated the battlefield3 years of the war, French dominated the battlefield

– Fort TiconderogaFort Ticonderoga– Fort OswegoFort Oswego– Fort William HenryFort William Henry

British not used to the British not used to the more “guerilla” warfare style.more “guerilla” warfare style.

The Turning of the TideThe Turning of the Tide King George II selected new King George II selected new

lleader to run government eader to run government in 1757in 1757

Lord Lord William PittWilliam Pitt borrowed $$$, borrowed $$$, “Spend Now, Pay later”“Spend Now, Pay later”

Assembled largest, best-Assembled largest, best-equipped army ever seen equipped army ever seen in N.A. with 50,000 men.in N.A. with 50,000 men.

AAdaptdapteded war strategies to fit war strategies to fit the territory and landscape of the territory and landscape of the American frontier. the American frontier.

Became allies with important Became allies with important Natives, ie. IroNatives, ie. Iroquisquis

Ben FranklinBen Franklin

Franklin saw the dangers on the Franklin saw the dangers on the American frontier after American frontier after Braddock's 1755 defeatBraddock's 1755 defeat

Got PA legislature funds to Got PA legislature funds to support the arming of a line of support the arming of a line of frontier forts to defend PA frontier forts to defend PA against the French/Indians, against the French/Indians, despite much legislative despite much legislative resistance resistance

““Join or Die”Join or Die” Colonists were divided on whether to fight the Colonists were divided on whether to fight the

FrenchFrench

Cartoon became a symbol for the need of Cartoon became a symbol for the need of organized action against an outside threat organized action against an outside threat

Franklin had proposed the Franklin had proposed the Albany PlanAlbany Plan in 1954 in 1954– A plan to place the colonies under a more centralized gov.A plan to place the colonies under a more centralized gov.– His cartoon suggested that such a union was necessary to His cartoon suggested that such a union was necessary to

avoid destructionavoid destruction– Although never carried out, it was the first important plan Although never carried out, it was the first important plan

to conceive of the colonies as a collective whole united to conceive of the colonies as a collective whole united under one government. under one government.

End of the WarEnd of the War

French were abandoned by many Indian French were abandoned by many Indian allies. allies.

Exhausted,Exhausted,outnumbered and outgunned by outnumbered and outgunned by the Britishthe British

French collapsed during the years 1758-59French collapsed during the years 1758-59

British surprised and had a massive defeat of British surprised and had a massive defeat of French at Quebec in September 1759.French at Quebec in September 1759.

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris September 1760, the British controlled all of the September 1760, the British controlled all of the

North American frontier North American frontier

The war was effectively over. The war was effectively over.

1763 Treaty of Paris1763 Treaty of Paris, which also ended the , which also ended the European “Seven Years War”, set the terms for European “Seven Years War”, set the terms for France to abide by.France to abide by.– British gains Canada, eaBritish gains Canada, east of Mississippist of Mississippi– Spanish given some land west of MissisSpanish given some land west of Mississippisippi– Natives given nothingNatives given nothing

North America North America 17631763

Pontiac’s WarPontiac’s War Natives angered by:Natives angered by:

– tratrade relations with Britishde relations with British– increase settlers past the increase settlers past the

Appalachian MountainsAppalachian Mountains

British continued to fight with the Indians British continued to fight with the Indians over the issue of land claims. over the issue of land claims.

Captured English forts in Ohio Captured English forts in Ohio ValleyValley

In return, British officers gave In return, British officers gave small pox infected blankets to small pox infected blankets to natives, disease spread to othersnatives, disease spread to others

Natives weakened by disease and Natives weakened by disease and fighting, agreed to negotiate fighting, agreed to negotiate treaties by end of 1765.treaties by end of 1765.

Chief Pontiac, led raids of British settlements

The Proclamation of 1763The Proclamation of 1763 To prevent more fighting King George halted To prevent more fighting King George halted

settler’s westward expansionsettler’s westward expansion

Set Appalachian Mountains as the temporary Set Appalachian Mountains as the temporary boundary for the coloniesboundary for the colonies

Angered colonists who were:Angered colonists who were:– already living in the areaalready living in the area– recently purchased land there b/c claims now not recently purchased land there b/c claims now not

recognizedrecognized

Created friction between the colonies and Created friction between the colonies and Great Britain Great Britain

Interesting FactInteresting Fact

The French and Indian War was the The French and Indian War was the Bloodiest American war in the Bloodiest American war in the 1700’s. 1700’s.

More lives lost than the American More lives lost than the American RevolutionRevolution