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The French RevolutionThe French Revolution
WHAT WAS SO IMPORTANT WHAT WAS SO IMPORTANT ABOUT THE FRENCH ABOUT THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION?REVOLUTION? ITS MEANING THEN AND TODAY.ITS MEANING THEN AND TODAY. DID IT MEAN:DID IT MEAN:That the people of a country can create a better, That the people of a country can create a better,
fairer, more equal society?fairer, more equal society?Or…Or…That revolutions lead inevitably to new kinds of That revolutions lead inevitably to new kinds of
tyranny?tyranny?Was there a new kind of “social contract” or model Was there a new kind of “social contract” or model
for nations….for nations….If the old order of aristocrats and nobles was If the old order of aristocrats and nobles was
doomed….doomed….Who was going to be in charge?Who was going to be in charge?
TIMELINE: Four StagesTIMELINE: Four Stages
Moderate Stage (1789-92)Moderate Stage (1789-92)
Radical and Bloody Stage (1793-94)Radical and Bloody Stage (1793-94)
Reactionary Stage (1794-99)Reactionary Stage (1794-99)
Napoleonic Era (1799-1815)Napoleonic Era (1799-1815)
Moderate Stage (1789-92)Moderate Stage (1789-92) Three Estates– not happyThree Estates– not happy
National AssemblyNational Assembly
Storming of the BastilleStorming of the Bastille
Great FearGreat Fear
Declaration of the Rights of ManDeclaration of the Rights of Man
Limited Church AuthorityLimited Church Authority
Legislative AssemblyLegislative Assembly
Three EstatesThree Estates
First Estate– ClergyFirst Estate– Clergy– 0.1% of population0.1% of population– 10% of land10% of land– No taxesNo taxes– Many are members of Many are members of
NobilityNobility– Collected TithesCollected Tithes
Three EstatesThree Estates
Second Estate– NobilitySecond Estate– Nobility– 1.9% of population1.9% of population– Owned 20% of landOwned 20% of land– No taxesNo taxes– Collected Feudal DuesCollected Feudal Dues– ““Born” into wealthBorn” into wealth
Three EstatesThree Estates
Third Estate– First ClassThird Estate– First Class– BourgeoisieBourgeoisie
Strongly influenced by EnlightenmentStrongly influenced by Enlightenment Wealthy, self-made men with no say in Wealthy, self-made men with no say in
gov’t.gov’t.
Three EstatesThree Estates
Third Estate– Second ClassThird Estate– Second Class– Sans CulottesSans Culottes
Middle Class with no say in gov’t.Middle Class with no say in gov’t.
Three EstatesThree Estates
Third Estate– Third ClassThird Estate– Third Class– Peasant FarmersPeasant Farmers
Made up 80% of populationMade up 80% of population Extremely poorExtremely poor Paid 50% of taxesPaid 50% of taxes
Louis XVI is WeakLouis XVI is Weak
Wife, Marie Antoinette is Austrian Wife, Marie Antoinette is Austrian and extravagantand extravagant
Louis XVI is in DebtLouis XVI is in Debt
Louis XVI spent too much, including Louis XVI spent too much, including American RevolutionAmerican Revolution
Needs to tax nobles to avoid Needs to tax nobles to avoid bankruptcybankruptcy
Calls Estates GeneralCalls Estates General
Estates GeneralEstates General
Estates General to Estates General to National AssemblyNational Assembly
Estates General meets in 1789 for Estates General meets in 1789 for first time since 1614first time since 1614
Third Estate demands equality in Third Estate demands equality in voting process and makes the voting process and makes the National AssemblyNational Assembly
Tennis Court Oath– End to absolute Tennis Court Oath– End to absolute monarchy and beginning of monarchy and beginning of representative gov’t.representative gov’t.
Louis drops the ball– Louis drops the ball– “Storming of the Bastille”“Storming of the Bastille”
Bread prices now cost more than a Bread prices now cost more than a day’s wagesday’s wages
Louis calls in the Swiss Army, causing Louis calls in the Swiss Army, causing great feargreat fear
Mobs storm the Bastille on July 14, Mobs storm the Bastille on July 14, 1789.1789.
First violent Act of RevolutionFirst violent Act of Revolution
Bread RiotsBread Riots
Storming the BastilleStorming the Bastille
Great FearGreat Fear
Panic swept the countryPanic swept the country
Third Estate and the Nobles clashThird Estate and the Nobles clash
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are forced to leave Versaillesforced to leave Versailles
Declaration of the Rights of Declaration of the Rights of ManMan
Men are Free and EqualMen are Free and Equal Freedom of SpeechFreedom of Speech Freedom of ReligionFreedom of Religion Equal JusticeEqual Justice Government must preserve Natural Government must preserve Natural
RightsRights– Liberty, property, securityLiberty, property, security
The ChurchThe Church
Catholic church lost political Catholic church lost political independence and landindependence and land
Church officials to be elected by Church officials to be elected by property ownersproperty owners
Church official Paid as state officialsChurch official Paid as state officials Peasants Peasants VERYVERY unhappy and many unhappy and many
oppose further revolutionary actsoppose further revolutionary acts
Legislative AssemblyLegislative Assembly
Replaced National Assembly in 1791Replaced National Assembly in 1791
Political Spectrum emergesPolitical Spectrum emerges– Right (Loyal to the King)Right (Loyal to the King)– Left (Radicals)Left (Radicals)– Center (conservatives, agree with both Center (conservatives, agree with both
sides)sides)
Radical and Bloody Stage (1793-94)Radical and Bloody Stage (1793-94)
Execution of Louis XVIExecution of Louis XVI
RobespierreRobespierre
Reign of TerrorReign of Terror
Louis XVI is beheadedLouis XVI is beheaded
1792, the mobs in the streets are 1792, the mobs in the streets are ruling the countryruling the country
Radical Group called the Jacobins Radical Group called the Jacobins emerges and leads the call for a emerges and leads the call for a RepublicRepublic
The Monarchy is abolishedThe Monarchy is abolished Louis XVI is tried for treason and found Louis XVI is tried for treason and found
guiltyguilty Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are
beheaded by guillotinebeheaded by guillotine
The GuillotineThe Guillotine
The rise of Maximilien RobespierreThe rise of Maximilien Robespierre
France was in chaos with both foreign France was in chaos with both foreign enemies and domestic dissentersenemies and domestic dissenters
Robespierre and Jacobin supporters Robespierre and Jacobin supporters wanted a Republic of Virtue, focused wanted a Republic of Virtue, focused on reason/ science with no religionon reason/ science with no religion
1793 started Committee of Public 1793 started Committee of Public SafetySafety
The TerrorThe Terror
The Committee of Public Safety The Committee of Public Safety judged not just monarchists, but judged not just monarchists, but anyone not as radical as Robespierreanyone not as radical as Robespierre
Anywhere from 3,000 to 40,000 Anywhere from 3,000 to 40,000 people were killedpeople were killed
80% were from the Third Estate, 80% were from the Third Estate, whom the revolution had been whom the revolution had been started forstarted for
Reactionary Stage (1794-99)Reactionary Stage (1794-99)
Robespierre is beheadedRobespierre is beheaded
The Directory is formed with right-wing The Directory is formed with right-wing beliefs, two legislative houses, and an beliefs, two legislative houses, and an
executive branch of five membersexecutive branch of five members
A period of calmA period of calm
A great General rules the French ArmyA great General rules the French Army
REVIEWREVIEW
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXsZbkt0yqo
Napoleonic Era (1799-1815)Napoleonic Era (1799-1815)
Napoleon is voted emperorNapoleon is voted emperor
France dominates EuropeFrance dominates Europe
Napoleon makes three poor decision Napoleon makes three poor decision that destroy his empirethat destroy his empire
NapoleonNapoleon
Napoleon– Great Emperor?Napoleon– Great Emperor?
Through great military success, he gained Through great military success, he gained the support of the peoplethe support of the people
1804 French VOTE to make him Emperor 1804 French VOTE to make him Emperor for LIFEfor LIFE
Drafted successful policyDrafted successful policy Implemented the Napoleonic CodeImplemented the Napoleonic Code Broadened France’s Power to almost all of Broadened France’s Power to almost all of
EuropeEurope But could it last?But could it last?
Policies and the Napoleonic Policies and the Napoleonic CodeCode
Economic OrderEconomic Order Slowed inflation/ People could afford breadSlowed inflation/ People could afford bread Set up a National BankSet up a National Bank
Social OrderSocial Order People promoted on merit not on blood-linePeople promoted on merit not on blood-line
Religious OrderReligious Order Napoleon signs Concordat (settlement) with PopeNapoleon signs Concordat (settlement) with Pope Catholics favored in France, but not total Catholics favored in France, but not total
dominancedominance Legal Order– Napoleonic CodeLegal Order– Napoleonic Code
Napoleonic CodeNapoleonic Code
Napoleon’s favorite achievementNapoleon’s favorite achievement Laws made French citizens equalLaws made French citizens equal Abolished Three EstatesAbolished Three Estates Did not apply to NapoleonDid not apply to Napoleon However, went against ideas of However, went against ideas of
Enlightenment:Enlightenment: Allowed for Censorship by NapoleonAllowed for Censorship by Napoleon Removed women’s rights (won during Revolution)Removed women’s rights (won during Revolution) Restored slavery in French Colonies of Caribbean Restored slavery in French Colonies of Caribbean
(abolished during Revolution)(abolished during Revolution) Did NOT apply to NapoleonDid NOT apply to Napoleon
Napoleon Battles to Napoleon Battles to Dominate EuropeDominate Europe
Led numerous battles from 1805-Led numerous battles from 1805-1807 that almost led to French 1807 that almost led to French domination of Europedomination of Europe
Napoleon’s Empire included all of Napoleon’s Empire included all of Western Europe and beyondWestern Europe and beyond
Despite great success on land, the Despite great success on land, the loss of the naval battle of Trafalgar to loss of the naval battle of Trafalgar to British proves fatefulBritish proves fateful
Napoleon’s Empire Napoleon’s Empire CollapsesCollapses
Continental SystemContinental SystemPeninsular WarPeninsular War
Russian InvasionRussian Invasion
Continental SystemContinental System
Blockade of British shipping and goodsBlockade of British shipping and goods Attempt to strengthen the continental Attempt to strengthen the continental
countries of Europecountries of Europe Britain responded with their own blockadeBritain responded with their own blockade Continental System weakened the Continental System weakened the
economies of continental Europeeconomies of continental Europe Policy hurt Napoleon more than his Policy hurt Napoleon more than his
enemiesenemies
Peninsular War– Spanish Peninsular War– Spanish GuerillasGuerillas
Napoleon attempted to make his Napoleon attempted to make his brother King of Spainbrother King of Spain
Nationalism was on the rise Nationalism was on the rise throughout Europe due to Napoleon’s throughout Europe due to Napoleon’s conquest of the continentconquest of the continent
Spanish guerillas killed almost Spanish guerillas killed almost 300,000 French soldiers300,000 French soldiers
Russian InvasionRussian Invasion
Russia refused to participate in the Russia refused to participate in the blockade of Britainblockade of Britain
1812, Napoleon attacked Russia with 1812, Napoleon attacked Russia with 400,000400,000
Majority of Army was not French, and had Majority of Army was not French, and had little loyalty to Napoleonlittle loyalty to Napoleon
Scorched Earth Policy destroyed Napoleon’s Scorched Earth Policy destroyed Napoleon’s army and left him with only 10,000 army and left him with only 10,000 survivorssurvivors
Napoleon is defeatedNapoleon is defeated