The German Artillery in the Breakthrough Battles

8/12/2019 The German Artillery in the Breakthrough Battles

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Tr.e Gorrrnn Arti 110rY in tr.D Bra:ll:-thro2l:1h Battl'3s of tb;, ':arld .,'ar-.

by

Goorc; Erueh. ::Ul1)r, Co1ene1 P~otlrod,

fo rmorly l rr.~y Chief of Ar tillor~'.

2d :;di tion (considerably enlarcod)

?.;,blismd b~{ ~. ~. ;:1 ttlor and Son, DOl-lin, 1922.

DJdicatJd to tho GJrr.'lan ,ArtillJry of th3 ',.,'or1d ar •

.All r ~hts under th:.l la\lS of 19 Juno, 1901, us to,cop~Ti3hts nrll

rosJrvod. CopyriGht 1921 by ~.ti. ~~ttlor and ~on, Burlin.

?r~rac.) to 1st 3di tion.

In bn.ttluf; of th<J 'Jorld ' iar tho Goman nrtl::'l,)ry of ton brol:e tho waj to

ictory for tlJ.J infuntry, .. victory, for \ ll~sJ neh ()vomJnt r..nny thousands of

loyu.l sons of th.,: fathJr lC'ld Gav-J t~ th\lir 11\-05 .. SUCl1 vie tory as thv his-

to 1 J 0 f tho ':,'orId ' jar has SJ Id.oIn bJon Do b1 to SllO. '.

It npriJaj,.s, th)r)forJ. a f.attor of crUl'l lro.l IntJrost to 5ubj)ot thJ em-

10yr.1Jnt of tho nrtillJr~t in tho bro~:-tl1rouGh b~ tt 1)5 to 0. earofUl study.

In this 1:101: I plan to eri1\,; to liJht thJ us'.) of th'l artillJry in n.t-

tacj:s 111uc.r of position, to uiSCU55 its chnractllristics end to. s'j~Jtch my

~~)rsom.l 1Ir.Pr~)szion5 of th.J p.Jrf0r1':'l.1.1:C-Jf th:J r..rtl110Jry in such nttucks.

;'nl.)rlJ I nlf.'..y discuss SDr10 points 111L~rJ~~t dJtnl1 I do ~;o to l~rOUSJ int JrJnt.

1..:'11.> follo',;-illG b::tt1JS SJr/J n:; u bn.3~~ for tilJ ~iOr;::

1915: BrJu::-throu;jh not ?r::~snyt1: (l~11 July) 86th In . Div.)

GarlturJ of ?ultr~: (t3-2 .., July) 8'> I.D.

Battl.) of tll.J ~)l'lin.n::~ Cl1cl tl'W Horm~ (~-12 ~'opt.) Ou I.D.

1916: BattlJ of tho :hrot::;ch3JO (18 ::c.r. -30 4\pr.) 86 I.D.

~hJ crlpturJ of ~m Brid~;vl1)~d of :':nrz.)i:ll (IS Sopt .. )4o~b0 rout of thl i r r i ~di nu Qn~~ y 1n thJir Korytnic~

~,:iniuchy }:o:;1 t ion (::1-::2 5 Jpt • ) •

1917: Ct1 Jtur) of tIn .Brld~Jh,) '..e. of Toboly (3 A~:Jrll).BrJrJc-tn.-ou ..h lr~ :':~.~-;t lk:,licir'. (l~ ..:;;8 July) :::III l')::;.J~.:l

CurJU •Btl ttL) of RiL;l. (l-G UJpt.)

C~ i't'lr) of thJ ~rici.b.)h)~d of J:'.Cobstr'.dt (21-22 Ulpt.)

~ount Jrn t t.:.cl: not C::~br:'.1 (:x) l:ov.) ---Thin translation is by Haj. J. I . :alInc;), F.A., :.md Liout. II.D. I\cl1J:'l,Fuu

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1918: ~r.u Gr:)~~ OffJ~h'u in Fr~~nc.) (21 ::;r..-1 }..:ril) 18th /.rmy.

E~tt 1.) of .:.rm:mti JrJ3 (~-ld :.pr. )B:l~t1) of ~OL~:30n3 nnd. nJi~ (27 :.:'~r-2 Jun))

B~tt10 of ~~yon (9 JunJ}B~t t 1J 0 n t]~J : nJ und in C h. .Jnp~,) (15-17 July).

BJrlin, ::'''.rch 19:::1.

l ot.J:- 'rhJ dc.tJ:3 G~\ Jn oftJr thJ br.ttlJs indic:lto tho tim.) of my pn.rticip:l-tion in thoSJ b~ttlJ:3.

Ort;: .nizo.tlon3 in tho ~bov,) (battlos) nr,) Given only so fnr os rr:y

3Jrvico ,71th th030 units o:ct.JndJd.In tho ~tt['.~5 di scussod in thi:3 bool:, th\)rJ is h:;nd1Jd Jntir.J1y

by DJ1s':ll.lrin.:;'of quostion:;, (~h() nn.ttor of) hO',1 tm p.JnJtr::.t10n of

tho JnJmy dofJl1siyo 3YS tom \'In:3 r:lcdJ IX>ssiblo.

Profaco' to the 2d 3di tion.

Tho chanGed form in '.ihich t1:e boo:: Tho German l'~rtillory in thlJ Brcol,:-

through Batt1e3 of the ~':or1d ~ ,'ar appoo.r3 in thiu Jdltion i~ n reaction of

th'3 reception gIven tm fir:3t odi tion.

Tho mtoriel ms boon cornpletoly ,:orl:od up O.l1J:I, th'l title has boon ro-

ta incd,. an-leV Jr, s inc 3 t h.> ntl:j \lor irl8 of tho qUu s ti 6n :

rnmt ,rJ1irni112 ..~, stJl)C '.J.)rJ ttJ:on by thJ arti11Jry in th.l '70rld ,o:rfor thJ il1tondJd pJn)trntions t1:rough tr..J rostilJ dot,moiYo f.JOoition3

and ho',: offoo ti \,, .)',f JrJ th TJ?

is o.lno thJ IJ:ll\1nti though-: in th:s nu'.'7 ,'Orl:.

Tho 111ntory of. th~ foot nrti llJry. Jnp.)cial1y th) nd .......ncJm.>nt and in tJr-

nc.1 fric tiom In.roUJJ d) by thJ ill trocluc t 10 n [.4nc c ~iJV JlopnJnt 0 f tho h.Jtlvy nr-ti11Jry, tho proof of thJ GrJrl,t :3Jrvic,J of his :': '1.josty tho KnisJr, renc: of

oth}r p ..)rsol1~3'J:J in t:i1l:> dJvo1op;1Jnt of tho nu'.; :lrm, r..n Jstirn:lto of our ord-

nmlca end Munitions sit~~tion ~t th,) outbrJ~: of ~nd du~in3 th,) ~7nr ; :In ~c-cur'lto doscriptl.n of th1 d')'; 310pm)nt of thJ [~ction n,t 1u~~o'.::31:1, in ,;'hlch

n.rti 110ry rOJistrr.tlon bofor~ n r:l. '.jor :'.tt~cl: \:Jro orr.: ttocl, n. d.lt:-.i 1J(1 dJ-scription of ~h) risJ :'.11(1dJVo10pr. ..:lnt of this notion n:?p[~r()nt in tho c<':'.soof

P-.4D{o~~'sl:i (tho ~ir3t inst::-ncJ of this) nr.c. tho condi~iolin cz to nlmi1:lr c:'.S():J,r~ spoci::1 discussion of tI10 o~l~r uscantlnl prallmimr.r p1:'.ns fer our ~ttr~cl:31n tho y~Y:r 1<J18 ~:1th ir.v JS tiG~.ti ens of thJ ir his toricr~l d\N J 10prnJnt r.s ,;011

~n 11'ltlIT:',tion.~ to tr. J pro't'['.blJ furthJr dJvJ10pn>nts of 'rtill.)ry tochniquo

~:'l~'.. tr~o~icJ i: : ~1~ )~tur) h.~v':) i'ou~(l ['. ThY.: tr>:'.t%:Ont in thi3 sJconcl Jell tion.

~opc~[' ..l Jrnph~i:3 is p1~J<l u:r:on r.n ilr:JstiG: .tion cf thJ ro~son3 fer th)

rr.il~r~ of cur July 1918 offJnzivo ~n~ thJ rrJnch prJp~r~tiena ~~~inst thin

: ,tt['.c:: h~v,) bJon c ..i:::cu~~o1 by unin3 Fr.n,:ch sourCJ rn:~t.Jri~1 : t h.....c:.

Tm off1ciJncy r.n,: pJrforM. JlcO of tl:.J r. 1Go finlin{; s'Jctionf thJ rrtil-

l ..lry b:1.sJ linJ, . tr..J sound f1n5h rt,ntii.r~ sJct10ns ~s ',:,)11 ns thJ ~uni tiOll

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co1U1~m;~h<;.voJ l'.ec~)i'.'or'- for tlu fi~t timi3 in th13 IF),,,' HO:r1':t1'.oi1' ',:;311 (:.a:3urVd(~

r.l.p'~)1 <)ciatiol1, ['-l1c ~l)lncl3 h[.:;.i. 1>.)-311giYJl1 to a numb.Jr of '~ 'l,')s tioJ1:~, \:111ch '7Jr;)

brOU~~lt ~) in 1: )'Jf))a )Jl~ an(~ r.li1itary l)Jrior~1cs.1s.

I bav.) :30U3ht to 3::;J1ail1 in n il1.1.' 1l1Jr il1t3111:;ib10 n.130 to non-arti11;Jr~r-

m,)n th'.) (~o...r~tio:1S £1 O .1 principlJ~ forc,.):: by th) conditions of ~)of)ition 'nr:fa.rJ ,'.urin;; tlu .~orl(l '.~'ar,~uch ,;'3 ;Jl JS )rvr'.tlon of t~l.') ind,Jp.JnrlJncQ of thJ

3ubon~inL to cOr.Dan1,Jr.3, tln ~i~~~l') ('.lrJction of t~)J t:3rtill.)ry of c. d.lvisiou

~:n(~ 030 f01 th, <lone :. in a ~~1•.urib)r of l ':l. 'l,~i~1..'1.ti I') pictm.')3 to dl:Jtcll tL.,) 3pil.it oi'cortr:in p,Jr:Jop ..n.li ti)s \71dch of f'. n:ltu~J.1 IncJs~i ty '.:~'lJ bl.Ou;;ht out in the.,

n1i.~hty ;)vmts of th) :ior1r .. :~:-.r.

It ha~ bUJn ca:uiu.)r )(: J.)tt,Jr to n.l1mJ Ti10 j),)scription£ of :JOIn) Off.)l1-

diva I3n.ttl.JG to :l.l,,;p.);',.r tt' 1(-.Jr c. ~.)P~'.~ ..t) :lJa~li lJ', G')lnrnt-H~ froM thJ (~i3CU:3-

:Jion of tho prJ}A.rr.tiOl'.s on tlld l)ixt of tIll nrtil1or~r in thJ off0ns1v0 b~t-'

tl Js .

I [1.1:';0brilt,; out in tLi~ l1T ',:'or1: .::.lr:lJ~;t :)ntlrl,;~,' por:Jo11:l1 J::pJri07lCXi,

I lr~cj: thJ fount.1Ootion f~r r.rg other p~JC1r~Uro in ~'. C,,'')3criptio~1e

I r');;r )tJ::Cl).H:~i11bl~T tbr.t 011 t~li~~ :lCcount, for :)~:r'.l1.)lo, I c:'.rll1.ot {;0

into t:1.:1 bri l1i ....1t J1ryl.1:-tLr.)uc:;ll of Go rli t = - T: Xll.0V (:'I.:.y 1915), '\:horo (~Jn-

,)rnl ZiJtlnn con' ~12.11,~~.oi~ t;u crtillvry. r~n(: t:1J '.,'onr:Jrfnl off)n~;ivJ in Itr'-Jy

(,t':.ntw:.n 1~17) 1'0::'. :111c1. Gon ..n.~'.l von I'r,Jl:(lt lJ 'r'.i.') t;iJ r.rtil1.):.: J 01~~r)rJ.

TJ::h)un ttlos Ii:.; t~l(: in tl:o ?raff.e) to ti'lJ ?ir;Jt :::,11t1ol1 GI,)rvo,.: ~lco ~.:3

n b~.3 i,3 f,:,r t h1J : )1 ;:.

BJrlin, ~j l:?t'')F.jb'):r 19;~2Bruc]l1 .lull 'Jr.

Pr,)f~c)In trf) ,:'1C tio n

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:~st ir:a t e ,11' t i..c }crLl..'U1 Art i 11~r;..

1. ~rai~lin~.

2 . .:.:-~or i {)1,

n. Cr .mlO11s.

b. :h.1nitiol13.

:';stij'T. to ~f tho ,:.ustrin. Hun:;~_ric.n Arti 11ur;/ :pl:~c3clnt our ni spJ sn1.

'~m r4rti11cr:r p~~ns in ()ff~n3i.:o b:--.tt1es.

P1 l.ns, in dJn )r~l,1. ~ocr.)cy.

B~sis :-'f our fni1uro in thl July 1918 Off1nsivo.

2. 'F,)rm :--nd C:)ntunts of Or'1Jrn.

3. ')cturos,

n. ~.J tho Int~n tr'.l.

b. To thJ :~ti11orJ.

:8mp10Y1iunt of th3 .;'.rtl11'Jry,

1. l'ir'J dlr<)ct1011' Jf Trunch .i)rt~r3.

2. G:,'.lcul-:tl'Jn3 nt 3tron:~th,

~. GJn )r['.1.

b. C~lcu]:- ..t ion of nUltbJr vf b~t toriu3.c. D)t)rm1n~tion f typJS ~nd cr~libJrs f)f

c :'J1nJ1 'l3 •

d. ~'_' r.luni t iO:l c.~.1cU1 ,ti >113.'

3. ~'.I1Dtrn)nt,n. ~ub-di~iJi~n.

b. DJ 3i Gn~t i on Jf uni t ~.c. TIJ.j'Ulntl1:1 ~f tIn ch~i)l~ of ;.ordorn.

,~. (i.d.,r.nC()~ thr:JU£;h th) divinion~ ('f tha p:i3i tion.)5. l.d7~C.1 ~d D1ploym.:lnt.

6. Di3po31 tiOll.

7. T)chni:iUO of Fir,),D.. G,)n lr:u.b. (?ro.:;ro33),

j)')f~r) th'3 c..1sn.ul t.

~ur 1nG t in ~ssnu It •..~ft,)r th ) n.ss aul t.

c. Tr..J noc t ir.:ipor t:1l1t l lr )Fnr~ ti0113 in th) ~,x'.r IS/IS

. Dl~P1i15il1G' .1th r:).;l.:;tr:1.tian,

1. Dl:.1p')n~lnu ..,'ith :lCCUr:'l.t;) r)Gi~tr~tlon.2. C'n;:ploto rli3p1n31n.:; ,.ith I'O{;i.:;tr;:.tion.

Tho P'J.~:OI.~~:l }::ro c()r~ure .Bimul t~.11:0JU3 umntorrupt\Jd cduntorl11G of nIl h(j~ ti Ie bn ttor-ios fr-.:'r.1 tho .')p.)a~~ c'f fire until tho r.s3nul t.

Pr':, t:Jct i-:n b:'Xr~Z'O

j1) 111 'l{; b:--.rr:'.30.

d. Ob3or v': l.tl~i.1.

o. TrJ0p t r ~ ni l 1G.f. :'ir1n[; roC1 ~ls nnd rt rin:; ch:_rt~.

, r.'J~ tscr Ipt.

Indo::.



I.D. Infant z: Div 13 in 11

J.l:a J4rtillel ~1 ,;r)UP in the

art ill'JI Y dual

(art 1113r? C 1L1m t [)1.~~up)

Ifl

I1:a .:'~ti 11.)ry bntta1i~,Hln us}{l

for f iTin{; o..~~in3t in1'['.n-

try p.J31th.ns •

VI: 1:'ie1(1 piecos

./.vo

b-.,•. J

Battr

;3)ocial iniluoT'.CCS

J~ttery rumnuniti')n train

i:.D.

::o~)n-1uft

C:J.v~;.lry Divi81)11

0()m~ .11d.ir~; G'jnor:~1 01'

t:t.L3 C'.lrJ1bn. t 1.ir Fo rc )3

l~l1~{a J..rti 1111r? grJup 1'Jr fir-iJ10 at th a ;SI o[';'or r DnGO s

(1 ' 1n(~r2.1'b0 bn.ttal1')n3)

G. I. D. Info.l1t ry GUllS Di.... 5i 'In

Gt)l1 (}on)r[.~l C) ~'X:nnci

Kdo

R.D. Ras'JrvlJ Divisi)n

Ros .)rV:J C:~r1Js

,L.D.

T l'~.~.

.~. G.

: : r :

....

Li 3ht r J nmuni t i J n t r ~ n

L1...;ht t ronch mJrtr~,r s

:.L'''..cl.d m GU1'l;:;

:..nnunit i 0 n tr :....n

S::'11

( ..... _.,.0. .'

t >t

,.j . V.

z

~Jtaff '.fuo.i.t)r5

( L\ c~t i ; n)

. » tW)I ') l)...;ic:ll infl uonc 3:3.

17'uzos

-[,-

OH~

(--

;;,)0._

~}clr.;Jfld

'd )r

i:.r:l..1J....~:l.

TrJl1ch rrnrt:--.r

.:.113 trii..l1 h::~.'.vy ~Ul1;;

C I),:lb ,t arti 11 )~.,. b:.1.ttn.l-

i 13 .,f l ....CP:1 t r .......;J

(HJ,~viJ3t flr~t fir..) b:l.tt:;.l-

i,')Jlc, (~rJ l.y I'n\.; rrl1{;-j br.t-

tr'.11 ,)1~ ) •

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~s t imate o'f tln German ..rti IIp,ry

1. Trc.in illJ.

Def0re tm ':nr tho traininc ~f tho foo t arti llery ,7a3 us mn.nysicled

as tha t (If tho f io le1 arti 11ery.

Up to th? ~)Utbrea:c of the ','7::Lr the field artillory had laid i to min

,~m~)]1asiS;111, trrdniuc in ',vnr of nr'lV~~1Cntand had lirnitedtro.1nin,; 1n pJsi ti l1

.lnrfarc t,) [l. ~ilcry sliGht nnount. rIl.'l.t fact ',1:),3 evidont thr~uGh')ut, founded

0n tho o::pJrioncos~f provi()uS ::n,rs. Tron c:1l1l:'3 tho \,~',\rld ','Dr {'.1ldrJith 1t

the ',nr ')1' IY)sitiau::;. IT~b10lm of sh l~tin;; by thJ U3) of I iring Ch~ts,

shJJting at night, ShlJtir.g in fog, sluotinj '.7ithin nnrrlJ','lost limits \Ii th troD

hun.7y nrti11'lry C[ID1u t:.' tho Fi;J1d J.rtillJry nnd \7JrJ somo' rhat strong,) to

rnnny Fi31d ,Artill,1ryman. Tho f(I.)t arti11Jry / In til'1 -,th)r h .lld 5 ')lV.)d n1t

:n1y tho pr)bloms : f pooiti0nr:-nrfn.rJ but n.ls1 rondaI l.1d distinG'\lismd sJrvico

l_n '~ __~f __ mJY_)mJnt,-.-e.,:n'ltro llad_thJ _~ir_.)_di~~c. ~~1 D('2~L.1J __ J:1_~h~':Wm~,.-mcL

',Ian r)f t on 0 f l')U t s t['..nd 1ng ':~ r th... '.- - - ---_._-------_ ... ._ .. .. _._.--_. __ ._--~

As [1. '1 0fficor 'Jf fa 'Jt arti 11ary unc~ lil:l)\ doo fo r many JGiJrC as C')n1-

r:uJ.ndor of a f ia Id 3I tlll'3ry rJ c;inen t, I In\ o 8'a iued n uoap insigh t into' the

training situation [If both mT.13 an'. b'1liovo t1YJcl,f ontitled tJ pMS jUd3cment

011 thi 3 quos ti ~n.

1. At the bo~;irJlil1(:; of tIn 'nr I neCElr.1<l cOlTI':la ¥:er)f tlJO 2cl F:)ot Artil-

lory Battalion :>1' the GU3r d-1a .cl't lo~mld Staff Officer ')f the ::'O':1tJ.rtlllery

1f Culm fortress. In iL'....mbor 191& I '..us appointed artil10ry c')lrrnunc1er in

the nJVvly ~)r~anizecl .:Jrnitz Divis1.):1 (lator till 86th Infantry Divis1<Jm.) and

in the yea.r 1915 VIUS a1s') appaint-J<l by J.:rmy C'rps Orders, us Comnn.rrl,Jr )fth3 86th riolcl f..t ill()ry Rog1r.1,1nt. Ir~ tlds ro~:1.r.nllt I huc~un 1utstnn<11l1[;

corps of otfic orn, pa rticubr ly ]' X) st o::collont zub 1rl'.1n1.lo) comnnndors 111m

Captains 5c11')\)nl.)111, :;ai'.lJb' enc: St~ppo1. It p1SSJS30G. Go capablo r-llin.blo

cJrpn ')f noncorruiGsilll0cl ')ff1C,Jra, for -J::ernplo 21111C'Jnr:1sGhm::clfficors

lbh111SQ'J and Schi11Jr be1on;ed t' it, ','/-r.nlor~ clecJratod ill the t linter 1915-

16 ~.1ith the Iron C:I':1 S5 of the 1s t Ord'Jr, and (it rod) a 'Jravo and lo;y al h~')dy

'Jf Iran. I ,..as indeod proud t.') be 1t tho Ino.d. 1f such a ro~~im~nt.

3ar ly in 1910, during t~1 ) bat tl0 at' Tarotschsoo, I bvcano lcn; ,7n t~the (Jhi3f Jf [itaff 'Jf th) Tonth l;rr;u, ;J~lonol iIJ 11, t:nd thr0 UJh bin t.? tho

Comr:r.:.nd.Jron t hJ D::..~t~rn Fr: ut. III th.:l year 1917 I p:lrtic ipa t->d ill 'noorlyall tho attnclro in tl:o tJrritory 0f t ~J upper-..J:lst ~r:l in thJ D.utur.m'1f 1917

and yoar 1918 in ncc~)r(1[u1c') ,lith dir,)ct ord:.:rs of tho hi611 c'Jl:TJt'.nl, found

'Jmplaym.Jnt in t hJ ':;ost.

TlJr'-Ju..;h ['. S)r 1JS of c ircuns t~l1C JS tho ',~ ')rld ~-:nr h~:3 1.Jt mo ll'XJVQ

fron tho r.1Od')5t p')3i tiOll ')f C . Dat 1:< '.li:Jn COl:lr.nn(lJr ~f Lrl.l1 h'lOhr Fo.:>t Arti 11Jr;,r

t) tho p,:~i tiJn of J11i.)f of ,'.rt111Jr.] (.f tIn ,Hieh Cvl:n:r..m.

6

- .. - ~ -



Tl:ns') clrcUI1stnDC,as ..,>va (s:') brouGht 1 t nbeut tin t first af n11 In

11tt b 51 tun,tio ill, I C')U1,1 put to tho t as t r.').)st 7f tin ir1.o'lS ':,hich \1'3r0 fi11-

nlly put int.) prr:.ct1co in tlu b1J offo~:zi':03.

Their :Joh')Jl of i:'iro t'.l::h') had ~. ;'Jry ()3:;'Jnt1~11 influJ lc~ on th3 tr;-.in-

in:; of t 1n Foot Art l11arY, Gonarn.l StOl1r.rot~ r.o CoI.n~,lrnt ot thio SChl'll

f(l nOr '0a Un llCl':1p ...t l:J 111t 1n :mt ir 0 tr:u 111:t; 11th l ui t-:J .tho GN r-. 0s t 0f f 0c to

111 11l'rt 1cu b r in th,o T.l c: ; t'lr .11' bohn i, 'liO () f flro r:.11(1n r 0l~.ti on to tho 170J': -'

ing tOG<Jtlnr of th, 1'101,1 f\l)fl l'.,,,,t j.rti11Jry In thJ omllor tll1C1V1rg1r unl ts

pntho uh1ch his ouoe.o30Jr

GO:1Jrc,1 Zl .lthm in l:l,ot Jj:co11Jnt \1~O o:rt<Jmlorl I

still f~rthJr.

Undor tholr oooeo:lS01', G,mor .J v. LfLut'lr (l',).)t n.rtl11Jl Y':l.'l.n, In.op.let0r

Gan )I 1 fro m 1911 un tl1 t 11) 'l11cl of th3 Inn p00 to r Gm n' ley) t hi) n~ '..ns Gr,)f\ t-

ly d,;)vJl~IX)(l .71th ')r.1ph'lS 5 1)11 tho no':: princ11)11~1.

Too slc;nifio,, OO:J ~f th:J ',,,,rl; 'J : t 11JSO t.'o :;m Jr.',lo 10 n~ t (l1nlnl01Y)(~

b J tho f n.c t t h' t tins t1r.tU1~. 10n t,) t :);)s.:>r.(l\' =03 ')r 1.;111-'1.lcl ii1 thJ t 1') .)pa •

ThlY '.l'.lro tho 1,HmJrs

('f tho '11 1.1, tL ay ar~sp3J. th3 1,10,, s .rul ~;'1th ::;1 ,ll13

nrdor l)r'w

l(lo'l 1'(l r tIn fln. .... ,, ec Flp1ioLn<Jllt, thay h .,l tho just1ficr-.ti')n, m.>ro-

o\' Jr t) tmm

bo long~ tb) r J 1'~N in tho 'nr;,1'i

r'~ t 1110 . .nc,), tho [i 1a

r.r•

2. Tho fl r:Jt pL. ,0 111 this ,1ir3cti,m ';lOra cort~.ln1y ,,-h'ofLdy 3t:'.rt3a r-.t

tinJ .,f tho prodoc as 0 )ro 0 f t 11n Irlll70 0t~ I'-Gan Jr :'.l Ul1C~r GOli1r..1 v. R.,a r,1r.m:

::.11(1 GJl1 ;rrwl 5nllb::' ch.

Tho J::Ca 113nt s tn to oft rr'.i.nin;; of t h) f,))t nrt ill,) ry ;'.ns c.uo prlr.l-

I'.rHy tl ' thair boins und,or c. Gmurr.1 Imp 1Ctio n (Chiaf' s Offlc 0 I, CJ1.,1p .r-

tiOll 1....1y undor 17,:0InspoO 1r.'r G:nlorn10, Gon.>r,,1 BLUm- v, , . Pl .nitz (prOl:nt)(l

fr8l:1 tho Fio1d xt i11ory, llenora1-Il1:lPOO 1;.or frJ.1 1093-1903) and Gonora1 v,Du1itz (promtocl. fr<7:' tho 1'io1d Art111or:r, Goncral-Inapac:t.lr from 1906-1911).

Undor Goneral v. d. Plan i t tho f 00 t Dr t ill ,ry uao r,nda l1U ro Ill) bl1e, o.nd incJ.GO':

throu h diOj?:J5 it ion of tM ir. ztUts to r fia ld SGrvico (placint; of hocvy batt'lr-

ioo Yllthou t basOo d irGot on t]:>.,Jbar.:> [ir'lUnd) (throUGh th,) Gmployr:nnt of tecrlJ

'Jf horsao, (rantinG of privata 1:..,rsoo, oraat1on of Unbar :J':>CtioIlOfor th,)

foot art i11,)ry in tho train ot~.) on,l thro u..;'I1 taldng part In dri lIs In ni;;')(l

1mi ts, ',7hlo11 tho G:mora1 a3 abl0 to puoh UlI','U,)l corta in High C 'lom:111(1,s

an b1y tl1rJu;;h t b:> gr.)n t 11lf :hlaneo of hi3 p<:lrs'.malit:r, than G'Jll.1ral v. Du1-

i t 1I l'l.'l.do tho F') ,1t fcrt 1110r y, t a . hl0 h In tho r.l'Y'J1 lr.D s octl ,m0

'0f to f'TlS

h a boon ...as 19n )(~. (> r0, nnl0['.11y, in tor .1..1 fl )lC. tr~ c'po, it h:'.d Iro r:.dy booono

In 1'.ppxo,r neo, md t11lla tho GOll0r...1 by 1\Toroonlrg otrmJ roslot~..nco, ooour-><1

thai r ') at ti 01pc.ti on 111the D:.m = oro ao ['. r.nt tJrJf prine ipl') •

7 :..~-30 pJ.' b ~'f S-3~4

~

'"



,

'iLt) opora tiOl1 of botll Lcmo1s (I f }='irc is ', e111:no .... to li A, since I

had been a3sig110d to th8 rielcl1:.rti1lEH\l ~)chool of :?1ro several times, and in

the yoar~ 1012 and 1913 until my retiromJnt fro~n uctive sorvicG in tho fall

of l~w I -'-':J,S o.n inn truc tor at tJw -'oot Art il10ry :.)choo1 of Fir~. 1'l1Dro '\lorJ

under rm t hJ dlpartmcmts of instruction of tha younC;-Jr rogul?.rn, tho TIos.JrvJ

and Ho.tinn:'J.l Guard OfficorJ as ~7.)11 as th.1C3 of tho 11.)nCOElmissi;)n~d.officor3.

In all th,lS0 DJ} artm.Jnt3 of Il1.1truc ti.:)l1 thJ Guidinc principlJs TlllJd,

iA_ono r0sult~ r:to.nd out'S) clJarly in t:L1.J.:,Jr1d \7<::.:1'.

ThJ introd.uc ti011 nnd rc~pic1..dJVJ1lJpm:H1tof tho h1avy art ill )ry of till f

fiJld f..rm;, i3 dJubtl,):Jsduo t;) thJ per;:; Jrlal int )rv~mtion atd th,) dJcfdad 3tDnd

tnJ.:on by his :'.: 'lj03ty Kais'3r '7ilh31m II me. a -? 2.t_ n?.r.:r_~_~_l]_~)fis ;~j~nty )

(in 0 l1pnni llt-'; ) n. re duc tl on 0 f tL i S m n., I

3. TIn deGi,~U1tion:J (Honvy L.rt ill JJ:y of tIn fio1\i JiJrlY, hoc.vy bnttcri O~;,.'h:)[;.vy fiold 110','1 tZJrs) ',lJrJ probably in on:) ros})tJct p'Jrhn.ps not pnrticuln.r ly :

f:n'tunntoly chos:m. ThJy ovol:ocl in thJ fiqld troo~, in.v)llL'l1taril~,r, ~'J1 im- i

prJ3sion of r~.Jk '''lrdnoss, of Ii ttl~ InJbilit~l, [:.nd llino.r:.nc J, ::~m thJr()by in- J .. w

• .J. ,.

croa:J,)d th'J l1ur.1bJr of ini tio.l oppon.)l1 t 3 of thia nrm, ';~'l')r,}::l3 it b,;cn.m3 )vi- Id.)nt IntJr rmd J?n.rticulnrly in tho :;orld ~7~:.:r thr~t tho ho::~ 'ynrtillJry Clot II

lo~3t as fn.l. n3 conCJrl1fJ i ts r~r.in gun3, tho :1. )i . 0 ;1 fiolrl 11O'\7itz.Jr in not

noticonbJyfnr bJhinc.1 thJ ~~1_J..r~illJrY_ 1 r~o_~i1it'/, th)r~)foro th,) d.}sit;- \

n:.....iol1 honvy in r.) ...~li ty rJfJrs to --i-f3---}-n~:')rfui-.)ff,)ct on th:> tr.rci:Jt.

Th) fir.::;t n,3s'lfi1blil1Gof limbJrod m~vy bC'.ttJrios for Co lilcrtnJUV, )r of

combined arm:J (nn(l tLis 'U[l.3 of th;) GU:-::.d Foot Lrt ill ')r~TJ~iuo nt) ,:['.3 so fnr

as I lcnm: upan tho diroct )?or~Hl1i'.1ordJr ')f tlu ]~c.iSJr .\;hi1J 110 \:['.~ :\ 11rinco.,

In tho boo): CrJ',,n Princo UillL'J J, :~H[l)ir~ , 011 ~J:) 227, hi.:; rtoY<'vlHighmnn

n.1s:) point:3 out t:luo fr.ct.

On the 15 1.u;su3t, 1900, J~.3 .......~jJnty utt.)rad tho f,)lls:'il1L: :-:.t tho

cri tuqua, concorninG nl1 ntt~.c1: m~10UVJr of thu ~\)11th Amy u'),rp:J f )j1 tho ~:Ull-

star drill fiold:

::t:tr['.c t

,,-10 P1U:.1tnpp1:J ~11 t 1'.0 rno~s tl~r.t r~~~:) p13:3 ibl.} f()r U:3 succo:jsful: \

:)f:f)l1Siv J. To thnt and th' l l1Jft.vy nrt ill Jr}'f thJ Fiold l ..m: l -,'rill

Mcl. thJ ID~~d,)r ,:1111 m'12<::) hi YS'Jlf [,' llilty .~f [.;.11JU18Ct ') f duty (',iliO do JJ nlt

U33 it.)

ThJ u::p0rionCJ3 of t hJ 1'J,.'; t :nn:ro ~ 1. .vuoh) .n tll~t th~j Fiu 1d, I..rny nOJctS

tho ?nsiti,n-Arti11ory rmd f th::t I [~., J1~:£- 1'01. I nn n. fl' tJnc1 'Jf th) P1niti )n

-. :..rti IlJry.

I hc)ld th,):J) o::'Jrciz.)3 to bJ vJry .J:J~.:)lltia1 nn<l l1oc~onf1~J, 1'<.'r they

brin.:; ,tho hJnvy ::rtillJry intJ rol[,'~ti(~n '.:lth thJ 'ut~JJr n.rr.ls, r.:.nc1;ivv oppor-

tuni ty t:) tIn lJ.iGhJr l)tlClorn to J:11:1 . 14',. to) l)rrl1 thJ JffDC t ~(~ l:'1 ,nnJrof

fighting ')f thu h')r',.vy rl1 till-3ry.

- 8-

_ ~ '

t

- -

~

r



'.rh0 f(l')t ;:u.til1~ry a:.~tcr Ian..; yc~rs I)f hard \mrl: and n:lt ':lithout

friction and in.t(H l1al ro1d :,:,:t:Jrnn.l'::itrifes, has strug.:;lod throtGh to Gsson-tic,l adv[.ncod ia bctics o.r.c'ltocllnil~u':h TllO I'iold Artill:Jry 1ms s') lT1:.' 1J1y

und such irnnortz1.nt tD.s)<:s t,~ ::orforn' th~t it smuld bJ glc.d if tho h(}uyy (',.1 -

till~)ry fiG1':l.ts l1}nr it on 'J:lunl grJunc1s. Inordar to o::prJSfi thJ irm')r

rJlationship of thJ hon.vy [lrtill.Jry 'ith tl13 fiold h-r.tl1Z,jrS, I or(lJr tJjt~t

tIn fi.)ld l 'lfl ,1itz.Jrs in th~ fu.turo b\,) d'.)sicn.-:.tod l:.S li(;ht fi01d hrr.7itzorGIt

, 1Jl(1ho l)(r,litz:Jrs of tho i'~o t r..rtillory x hCJr.:v;rfiol<1 ho',~'itz.)r~ .

On tho 8 1.u.:')ust 1':106, 1.ftor r. tr.rb.)t prr ctico of tho f00t nrtill.:n ...ill ~7[11:n1In follo.1il1G '~lorc1sel .Ill,) :from 11i3 ::.n.jesty c.t t1u cr tiqu.):

- Y ~: tr :'.c t -

It ':m,8 of Gr';~t l'))rscucl intor,)EJt t.:) m0 to bo Shcl',ln hO', 1 this nJ'.1

m.~t()ri.)l tJ~ .t .,~rn.~ tri::>r. but ,,1th gru~t Pr'.1ns nncl tllOUj'ht, hn,s prov0ct its

'J'Jrth. I'or Ill) t}l~~ i~ ~o much T' Or) intJrxjti:n,:; r.11(l vr:,lw.blJ, olnc) I

plf~c') ,~;r): .t hJ;')):.;in tho lY)r; ~r fiold ~1O. 1tZJr~;.

As r-:. j, ,. tt ':~ of Irinei }.)l,j I l1. '.va : .l,::'.Js b.):Jn in 'f....O r of th.J h.J: ,vy

hi@l n.nG1) fir,), evon [:.t 2. tiuJ ~7l1011 this \7:'.;3 c'..:n3iaor,)d f'.. p.}Culi:;.ry pos i-tlr>11e

~oclr.y is da~y of J~)Y f0r In.), ~nC: fJr t11:.m r.. d, .y of C;lor'J; fJr thJ

11]}J)3 th. '.t I 11';:\' ,)l)lr:.cJcl in tJ~UJL1 l:::: . /obJJn fully ['.. 1< ontil'l)ly fulfll1.)d.

I 11:::, 1 nl. :ny:; f ou:;lJ. t to ..:nc'Jr;) tl:.') n.CC~Jptr.nco of tb,') id,1n. th'l t rrrJ

37iulcl Artl11 Jr;.1 r; iD c conl:) to b.J o(m31c'~Jr](1 0 f ,~...u,) r~f; ~~n import::: lnt 01\

mOllt in th') £io1(1 bnttlo.

, I h' '..v:)s trivod 1 01 10 ;lJr:rs fo r it, to Got thJ 11' arm r.:.JD.;J from om-

plncomonts. Obv101l31y, i~ ClZ:Jlt,;'O ill r:ntJricl r:ru.~~t G'O11.'.ll'lc1 in hnnd ';lith it.TJlt1.t 1t 11 ..sbo:tn [ .c1110vC:, v;o l1UYG to tha.. 11:tl:..e um.olr3ntins; (}fforts of

General of il..rtill,)r;l, v.(~. PILntiz.

Tl:JOro r(3nnins in (~oubt tl);lt tho infantrJ ancl fi()lcl artil13ry, whon

assiGllocl objoctivCls such o.~ they will have unclor present da.y COl1(~ition'3,

will b,roatho morC3easily trl1.)n itJ biG slnl1s fall witbin tlu onJt1Y'G lino~.

n.n(~ th..1. t t 1't) s piri t to c.c.lvr..nco\7111 fIll tholr hoarts as wall c.s l tha~i1':ful

fJI) linG to YCLrc: tho l'l;avy nrt 111')I 'J.

I Cnl'l nf:firm tl~t tho }l.)n.\~r t:.rtill.)ry bas in CViJr-J , ,:J.y provo i tsolf

vrorthy of my o::poctr.tlons, m;, bopus, Me' my ufforts. I 1:110- nOYl tha t :,:.cmlnbso luto 1y <lJpJnc1 upon lJ1~' h.J::v~: ::-.rt 111',;ry.

~ho 0PJ)osi tion to th1 JJr.plo ;;m~nt :' f r:1'1bil.J h)~:t. b:;,t torlos .11th tIn

f iolr1 forcos .:.7:~G p tlI ticul '.rly s tronJ, ::.11': '.iithout t 1:0 :3upport of tho 1:r.is J r

r/ould hnvo bJ'Jn ~Vl)rco }() ..-,i th f~ifficu1ty if :~t ~.11. Cortr. in instnnc03 nr.ythro':l light on c')l1fli tic n; n t th ,t t hu.

-J - :;J-30 Job i: S-30i~

~~



HiJ1i)r c ;) 1T~'..nrlJrG1l('. n.rtillJry c')r.m:.n ....rs (fiJl{~ rxtill Fym1n) c 'ur-

in::; th') firs t Y.J;'rr;~ f its : .' '.rticilJ<~ion in I.:1~'11nnt-JrrJ of t }l.) C Clnb1l1'Jtlr~rm::>

}:n.,)',: prn.c ticr'.lly 11C thint~ of tll} Jmplo~'1n)l1t of tIT) l:J~v~r [~rt ill:n-y. It u~s

thJr~)f.:'rJ dirJct )1.1 t:iy:t tlu s'Jnior fJJt f.rtill.;rym~1.n in thJ m....n')uv0r3 c.f

tllis t:;p,) ',nulc ':. r.l~:ws on his O Jl1 initir'.tiv'(} su.:;c;Jst tJ l-~ighJr : l1<' '' . () thor

cl]mt'..n(~')rs, thJ ])r)1))1 o3t~bli: d'Jr.t)nt in j))sitir)n [~n: J1ID.)lJ::7 't)nt\f hJ::'.,vy

mJbi 1.) r'..rt illJry.

Aftar tl1a first maneuvars \'itl:.. j1O~V-J [~rtillery ;:: number \.:f O'Jl1]l1[111r~-

in(~ r-oner['ln re1')ortccl thut th 3 foot urtillery CJulc . not J:een UT.) ii'ith_o .:> .., ... .•

m:u ching c;)lum.ns, CJltunns, tt.or~foro oi tlmr '.1 Jul.: have to re ~uco tho ir rn.ta

:)f m~ch ') r bv bro}:cn into aootio::1S. On3 c ::mm.'lrulin;; gonorol c.(~ilec: tInt th:J

f0'Jt nrtillcr; :laS an imporlirnl)nt to fi'Jld. troops.

P_ftor 0110 rD[lllOUVOr, J110 conT.1anclirg gonaral sail':. in the cri tir1uo

t bu t ill3 cons tan t 1y 11'1(1 to 2J.Jl t ( lur inG th~ <:I:vr.nc::> S I) tha t l'°~t Dr t i 11I3r;/

\J;Julrl h'1vQ l): l1JrttU1it;:. to') : oter in uv,1ryvilla~~o, nl1c1 that it has bJon ra-.

j;< )rtod to him tlut tl101r i)L~phnr1ts bad to oe .latercd fro']uently. Obvious-

ly, thCl marcl:dnG efficioney ~7aS Greatly lO';Jcrcd thGroby.

In mili tro~jr Jrit 11 .£;sit 'oDS y..ointod ClUt that t ill groat forago re-(luiror.h3nt for tm h~avy rorsas, ',{hich ':.us a c('nsncl'wmo of tIn omploym.Jnt

of foot art illcry '.rith fialrl arrniJs, oould. l'Dt bo justifiJd 3 inco it bad to

bu Ij1Jt at tlu .J::p,Jl1S ) Jf .Jthor troop uni ts.

Tlu intr.)cluction)f h()(-,lvyartillur:/ into fiold armios :m,s aeeor.Tl)lish-

od only :,1h con3ictJrnblo friction. Ucnn3basis for this In~t in tho fo.et

tJ1D.t its hnttJr1.)J ,lur..) naturall:r f~l~CJa t,1 -'-.~r:~ nt thl_sJart-;.;itl'Li:lui t..;,

pl~im~. J_~_~_EU1(1.-il'l~:u.f:fi9~'? ,t_),,'](J::.ns,n'_ at tl1D. titn, t~1)rofcr(}, ''':0r0 clui to

TIl:.Jly to nTOUS~Jdoubts [~o to th)ir ~uitnbility [;,3 fioJ l troepa. GJrtninly,

tho Inavy 1mbilQ r~rtill.:}rJ, ::;Ol~Dl:ir~J ~r~t:.r:JDo:;), (1,1<1 not rnnl::o en, bJnuti-

ful mil1t:.lr:, inpr ):;:;10n. OnJ cnn in:1{;in) n bn.tt.Jr~T clr::tln by priv2.t\) 11ors)s,'J1:loSu dri v JrS (oi v i11c.n co.:,-cbuon) in vnri J;'£[;, tJd t.t tiru, S ouo. in long b lu:)

sr:10c:~-00[1ts, ~;ith :::;trr:::l, f:Jlt, or solCl.i-n-:J' er:p3 on tluir ho. 'il.s, ohuffl(}(l

n1ol1ij bosicl) till ir trn:rm, or r; loueho(-:' s ic1c',lis.) 011 tho ir sad(lloloss horsus.

It munt btJ lloint)(l Jut in t~UJ :robor(~, ~~'.l,) lor, that tho t.1chnicnl unC.or-

stD.J1<.1.ing on th1 j)art of thl) hig110r oor.rJ:.J.n::ar:::; as conpnr.:lr1 ,i th thiir tac-

tical or ~trn.togieal lcn.~'., l:)( ~'b~' usually IJft l~uch tv b:.> l:Jr.;ir:)~, t1 fa.ct

tlw.t l'):)T.1Jdup 0.3 [1.11 ob:::;t.::.clo (:~in.-; tl1'x;~ onrly :Jt~.i'o;,J.

Of :o~uito ul1usu:lI 3iG11ifiec.nc,; ill tho :'''rJ~',t:)r c',ovol01J1nJnt 01' tho

f ..ot art i11JrY, and O:JlJocin.lly in th:; il1trJ(~uctiun of hx'..v:,.. urtillJry '7:l.~

tho) '.nrl': of tj1) Chi]f' r~u::.rt'J:L.,.U .3tJrr,Jn~r:ll V ln DoinJs, ',lh1, l'riGinr~lly c.fiol(l n.rtill.lryrn:. l1, ::.t tJ'i) n-Jp.'lr~tion )f' th) fi)l(l .1.11f fC'0t artillJry',l.1.S

nssign3cl tl'thJ lr,tt Jr. :-::1C:. fr)[1 tr..:) '. ~n l~/J 10('1:.)( , upon it ns hi:::; lif)'s

mission to dovolnp this br:J.mll of th) 3.Jrvic.). II) )lTIl)h....siz0:1 Ulltirincly

an: roplJ.:;.t()(~ly t1 th) Chi]£' ~lf' tl1.1 G-JnJrrJ. St['.ff of tln Arny, G(}n.)r.~l C1unt

VOl1Uchli Jff :m, th) :woo lu te) nJo(~ ('f c. (1)~:)lopr.'lont of thiJ 11 r.vy r..rt ill jry

in th') fiul<1 nrr:Jj., ;~t t ir:lJS .j7Jll r.nr) str01(;ly t:1' '.11 thi s \I['.S (~()n.) by tluG'Jll0rnl Inup JO t0r (Ul~ i.Jf of Err.neh). Th:.> c tti tu(lJ \If bo th r..m3, t D~.:r.~~,s

J.'~:.chothor, (1))Tnt')(l ~s t'Jl ob:Jt~c1:) in tho g Jn.1rr.l :1)YOl0pnJnt of fiolc1

- 10-

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:'.i.l11l;Ji'.vy r.rti1lJr,y. l~f I-r-his r~n::;')~ clJnJr 1nv,)3tig~ti(')n ~)f tbis m'1.ttJr

.~ight b J ::;':1':). ::y)~ Ii tf.:r~l' 'JJ:p-JriJ11C7 11:.13 PUt r~J 1:1 ~;.pJS 1t iOll t:) un(~:;rs t~nc ..thi3 ::.ttitu(lJ intin:'.toly.

, l.t th:) b'Jginning of tho r or 1;' \i~r, ~lt:l)UGh 'lui to l,n inprovon~1nt 11.':.(1

tnk')l1 l)lncIJ in : dnr:.; just bJfcrJ th1 ;/CI', tl1i~ £ao1ill; ati11 J::iOt0U, TIm

nV1raC'0 fio 1( ..nrti l10r:Jl~~m till SIT. in tIn f00t nr ti 11Jryr.ll.U1 t In oll:~

f'Jrtificntiol1 nrtil1oryr.1r~n ',71~ \/ns ~cc~stoccc' t? fiGht bvlull1 rnnp.-:rt n..' 1d

tr:)nch. Thio nttitur1J rJ\ orts to ccn(~itiom nt thJ tino of tho oop~r[' tiOl1

Of thJ fiJlrl Dl1'1foot r.rti11ory, ruv1 mother bnsis for this n:'~y bo fOUl1clin

thy sor.1;,_'h..... ul1f[~vor~blo 0pinion of thJ foot =:.rtillory of' th.1.t (~ny. /.t tlu

sopr:.rntion .it '.:~S obviou::;, ~3 i13 .~it) ~l~turnl, tL.~t thJ tent offic0r nn.-

torinl :;ns no t turn ):1 OV Jr to th1 no.;:1:,1f )reo(~ brnnch, .')\ n trough th')ro \::13

::. b'Do(~ly nur.:bJr of out::;t~lrlil~ offie.]r::;., TIlJ foot nrtillory,ms still nUf-

f\1ril1g fron this cllilc..hoocl illn~3o ~t tl1J tinJ I joinoct it, in tIn b0Gin-

ning of t11) DO's. :.t that tir:n I could rot f3i1 to 3JO th13 cttituc J. SOLiO

of thJ last n.~1J'}J:' . offieors (f~. 't nrti1l31.ynon) thon ro~o tJ th;~ highost

po~itiol1s, tool\: tho rOllls in thoir o':.n lum< ::;c.ufl '11r~ct~)(1 the ~l'oun6 n.rr.1

nloT'..g thJ (oorroctpn.th, in '::hich 1 t fin'llly rlOll inpcrishnb1J lc.urols for

tsalf during tllJ ~7orld T hll e This c.ttiturlc tcr. I:1.r(lth,) foot nrtll1Jry, thnt

ilas maintaini)c1 for a long time after t' are nas absolutel~v no justification

for it, \-;Us no t at all favorable to tm nrn anl this \;3oS aJrnost fifteon

yoars after tho fir3t rr.ovo \ Ins r.1ada, inciclentnl to tm developmont ot nor;

rogulrl. t ions undo r tlbJ n(~n.ini s trn. tio n of GonJr a1 J:u1m, to CI1tlJ1go till (los ignn-

tion frcm foot nrtilliJry to Innvy a.rtill()ry boc['.uso such bitt.]r nnrrorios

'. oro eonnoctoc1 \'lith thJ nnn:o foot nrti1loJry. GJnaral von Dulitz, Gon.Jrn.l

Inspector of tho foot artillery at thv tim0, opposod thu movo in a confor-

onco, for roasons -~7hich I ~:.'ill r.ot 0l:~.lJorn.te uJ:X)n. :7ithout a <1.oubt tho nt-

tl tUde of tho t ,O nrms tO~7nr(.l oach other rrucla th:J comnon dovolopment, tho

IW tunl npproei~ t ion, in n. t 1(~r'.:l tho Holrling tog:)thor of tho 1;\-'0arms moradifficult bofor3 tbJ :~nr.

,:..ftJr tho boginniIl; of tho ',:nor thJ £1Jll1. arti llJry JpJnly nckno,:,loJgad

th.) rnnl1y-siclJ(l clovolopmont of tho foot nrt1llJry and its va.lu.:) vory ,~uicl:ly

and tho si st.Jr arms r;oro (~rn.'.m much clos :nr tog-JtbJr.

DurinG thJ prograss of th) \ '~r tho coopQrc.tion of t lu tlO nrr.1:3 \lCOS

.J /ldont nn(~,Js~Jocir.lly in tln m'ljor c.ttr:.cl:s duril'G tho ':;arfnrJ of position

contributoc1 in no smnll \:ny to thJ fino r.J3ult3. I locrnoc1 to 1010......n v.)ry ,

grJat nurr:bor of fiold lIrti11:ry officers who gave the sister arm a most c'to-

V:>to(l stud~T 0.n.1 unr~orDtov(1 tho nature of toot artillery ~uite thoroughly.

Both arms \ lore especially , lCL1~cl togother through the f~t th~t thoir

unit, Within thrl (~ivl::;ion, oj?Jrati11b in nounited com:~n(:, woro pln.co<l unc:or acommon artillGry corrmnnc:or•• _--- ..

* ..~rti llory cOm:1nnc;,orshc1.clt m ran1~ of Lt. Gon:Jra 1, ,~:a.jo r Gonorn 1, Co10nJl,L1~utonant Colonol or ::njor.

Tlu Inttor mii..~htbo a itlnr Co ~i'.)l<1 C~ foot artillQr~rr.um., Ih rln3 n. cOf.'l1TIa11cl-

or of troopn.

-11- ~~-:D Job ',,' S-3~.1

~

~



~l) t h) hi0hcJl t~ffn, £ran G.;~orn.ls t c oIrr.1arrlz; U1J, crt i 11or;r ar~vin ...or.; .,7ithJut pOi /,)J:' of COnlr.1:l1r~, t'r-Jro uttacho:~ end tll:)y r.liGht C0r.10 from oither

t1il.} foot or fiJl:l rlrtill.Jry. (In thJ 4'xmy Hi{;h COr.1 J['.ll:.loon thJ InrgJ bc.t-

tl'J frol1t~ thJ:''''JorJ 'G'.:mJra13 of 4'.rtillor;;','DJ1c:, to tl1J :.rr;ry Groups, inth) :.my HiGh Con:nancln on tl'J.o otJlJr frant, anl ill ~tD Jo':l:lr g':ln,jrnls' com-In:.mr~:J th.)y ,: J:ro '/ ..rt ill Jry Staff Offi C Jrn ' • )

Thu3, th.) cooJ?Qrr~ tioJ1 Df tl:u t';;o arI :1S \:'::S f>'Tan t1y promotod. Th)

:).)culinr position of :;.11 t..rtilI.:n. 'Y nl~viGQr, lnrlQv;.}r, ro ~ulrJC. a. smciel j)Jr-s0nn1i ty. On:> c.)ul:l r::nl:J nuch of th5.s p1si tian--coulc.l o:::Jrt ['. Gro:.~t in-

flu.Jnco, :'),11 influol1co vitc.l t:> till ou.tcuno C'f c. bnttlc nctio: .

/~n:c:~ot~1':1.B tJ hoJl,ing tho ]?'JGitio~, yns ~uito too roni~.ily broughtnbout (~ue to tho contrnry opinion l) 'C'SJlltod by t}lO ['.rtil1ory [;'c~vlso1 nnd thoChi;)f of t3 tnff C 8mo 1'1101. ~.7o1'ior: ['.~ to mn1~, t ini c::.lt~ l rim nit c, ).171o tostc.nrlu1g out :llcm,J r'.nc~ 8 j;-Jil::.r rO:;'SOl'1n., houoY;)r, ~ ori) cQntributi11ci Cr.US0J

to the fro ilur,) of [~.+; 111:)1' y ~ viSO:i:S to o::-.lrcioo gcnor~llly thi3 il1flu-J lC 0

/11io11sl10ulrl hn.7J b0011 [~ccorll, ,d thon r'l'lC: ');:.)rclnoc~ by tr.an. 11;.1'p11y those

C~OJn \ :01 ) only tlJ.oJ..~c.::>ptiom. ',:ith .1ont of th0 :1rtil1,)r'.l r..C~Vis0rn thJ

nrtillur:l f:runcl it~Jlf in G'OO(~ :... ..nc:n.

It lnmt bo b ['.nto,l tl1.. ..t our 111f ... .ntry, occn.3ion~11y [~lC~ Jspoci:l,lly

in tho fi~)t i.1. '.rt of tho Ylr.r, COlJI)l~:1n.)(:J. rout insuffici.Jnt :lrtill.)ry supportrln,(~ 1)1'rorn on thJ p.'1 t of Gun crov/o. To ':Iint 3xt:Jnt th:> iurlivhtml cl~im::

'\IJr,) ':~ll f:.)unc:.,)cl r.'ill l1l.')t bJ (1i3CU~SO(1. hJro. Ono l:lu.1t not (lisr1iso tham, .

1l)'.lOVJr, ';;ithout notil1g th~~t in tho r~~':.jurlty Qf Ci~S:JS th'Jy oriGino.t.x~ fronIn(~ivi(:ut' ..ln 'l1ho tho:;'J)l JS ~ orj un-~~r criticlor.1 ~~nr~thuG uor'~ brought outunc ~Jr condition:: '.1l:iich r1:;.(~o obj.1ctivJ ju(~gl1l)n~ luit0 (~li'ficu1t, r.n~: th:~t

fr0,~U)ntJy, 'Jnr..ocinlly 111 thJ ~r:.rly p lrt of thJ \Tar, tln possibi1itio3 oftlu ,'1rtil1Jry \lOrO ot-or'Jstir.n't.)( .. =mr~ il1(lo0 .~ not only by thJ troops but at

tilr~~s ovon by thJ cOM'T.nt.or~.

In oXl')lc'1~lLttion:j ..7111cjl •.:il1 f 011Q'.1 (::: . ~:atorial) it ir; G.1X>\ln furtlmr

t:w,t evon justifiable co~plalnts as to poor firinl:~ (~i-l110t al\lays lea(: back

t,) h'prop:)r p()rf~)~lnCO of the bntto: y ?crsonn3l. In trnso o:=1Jlamti)ns,Jrrors in ortillerycol l1'u;.nr '.. un(. or.1i.ssiol1s on th:l part of th~ gun crCin;, arll

l]Qt to \x) pn.lliato(l. ObviCJun1:r, il:ll::Tcpor l~(j.;1.rmros, irrotiulari t ius, o.n(1 In-

propriotios 0ccurr,Jr~ at t jrJOs, in SO :'J CD.30S OVJn oftonor tInn nlnulc'l or-(111'Ul.rily bo oX:~:3ctO(I.. :i tl1 tho mass of nrtl110r y onployo(l in tho .brlr'. ',':ar

t11::'> i::: mi th.Jr su1'pri:3il16 l1Jr avo idr..blo.

I cnnl1:Jt n.[;r'Jo :7ith tl~1 0I)1nLJn tlmt tm Off.icfono~: of our fiolda.rti1lJr: in firinG and t.'1.ctics, '\I'n.~ infQrior t.') thn.t of tl1J I'runch. Suchen opinion ....~)1l1l1be b:1sO(l on snap juclgr.nnt until ')fficinl roco rds of our

.:moqy c.r:> nvr.ilablCJ to us in sufficient n1.1l :1boror cOJ: ]Xlris.Jl'IJ.

Tron Fr0nch clain:3 th~t 1r.'v') Ci)r.10 tJ Jur nttantion to elato ono c:m000, on tho 0thor Innr

}, tret th) Fr,);:ch inf'::ntry faIt tbn.t it hx. tlu B'r::>unclo

for s.)rioun conplaint ngn,inst it:; :u-tillorJ .

- 12- 2 'J- Z{) J::> b ~:~S-3j.~

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I •

General Isbert s:?~'{s In the Doutschon Offici'-~rb11i.tt No'~ 33 of nove21, 1021, in an article on trJ.8 Field ,:l.rtillary ~nd Its Critics :

It is ):110 711 that at Rh~ir:'ls in 01:0 JX'si tiOl1 the French I 11£ a.ntry lud

r)ut up j?lacn.rds sayin;.) that they 'would not uttD..cl: allY nore if their artil-

l~n y firod into ti1()tl aC<.:-in. At Verdun in 1016 mmtlbers of c. Fronch field

n.rt:lllor~l r~)~j.l,1Ont.1110 \lOr,) a fourrasorCl YlOr3 captu~od. Th:Jy declared that

the J uere fron the Clue re.;il:'Bl1t that had nevor yot firod into tl1eir mom

infantry. Lorvo stctod in'the Vietoir.) ~f Jun) 17, 1'J17 that tJu C:,)};'l-

pla.ints of thJ infc::ntl ';r O(jains t tJ4f3 artillory hr~ auain incruased very

s 1:;ni1' icrrntly. II;) d Jrlla:: ld c,: a &iucl..ict. 1 invQst i:.iat ion r.'l.-'1.il1tu.lning that thoHi~;h Command. \/'Julcl huar tho SFJ':lO thine; on nIl sld,:)s--tr~at ortillory In

spi to of all liai S.)l1 s i,pals llad can till1U;.ll~:- fi : od up?n i ts ~ .n i n-rantry'~

Bo''; had must it lw.va buon tInt such CJ. stat)rrJ3~lt dared uud could bo pUb-

l i s h J d 111 pr i nt .

::....~ cnf thJ trn.1nin.; of our fio1c. arti1l.F~r in th~ duti(}s of p:)_

~i til.)n rnll fnro b::lf'oro tho ~'13r \:as 1.)s3 th1rouGh than t11f1. uf tIll] foot n.r-

ti 11ol:J, thu SIJiri t of tho fi Jld artill;)ry ~/d.S tho sG.mJ as tlu:.t ...hich dom-

1m t>Jd th-J 1 00 t ar ti llor;r.

In dovotion to duty, bravJry ~d courn..;o in th) fae;] of dJath thJ

fia ld Dl1c1fClo t urt illor;yr.un ;nr0 id Jc.l. InunJruooLl il1sta.ncos aro kllJrlll t,)

t l.l in u111c11 mombJrs ~)f bJth C,l' :lS, officJr:3. nOl1C (,lr1i~si~)l1;)d offico r:J and

m'Jl1 ho.v:) not :.)l).rr mdJr~)d tJ tho appon.)nt p')uJt~t1nJ into tho bntt.)~r })Ooi-

t1011S, hut hnv.J furtrnr do;; 1n(lod th,J ciuns intrustoil tJ thOf,l until they l NrrO

:lnnihilatad. '~hoy soaled by death t;x:ir vry:: of 'fidolity 5rl-Jl 'n in their1':11i ta~r oath to ~Cn.isor rolld Xin~di.lm.

This undyin;; t:r.Ulnl~s ,)f tho fnth~rl3.11cl is d\.lO thJSO horoJs. HOt~lith-

stcndl11<~ th) uni\)rtunato .')utC0nD :)1' tln \lar, thoir sn.eri.fico has not bJJnin vain. Our y0uth .J111 s')rv~ .(h1r) in Jlnuln.ti')l1 (,)f thair sorvic,)) and

th 3ir doods r,ril1 rmm.ln fIr nll tlnn shini11G'o:~aJ1TP1Js ;.'f GJrnmn.hJrl1ism.

- 13-



~. ::'1,t 'JriJl.

(['.) Cnnnons.

~hJ fc 110 ..~'il1g stntomonts ns tJ thJ ., :lluo of OUl C::11mon[.~t tho outbr'orut

of 'U1(~ durinG' thJ '.,nr I .T.n to Colon)l DchirmJr, Chi]f ')f tho t)oction :Jf nrms

nnd .Jquiprlnnt in the offi c':) of thu InspJcto r (Clli:>f of Branch), ',<hj hns oc-

CU}?i.J(1. 111m3:.,)lftharough1y und .}::l1:1.ustiv.Jly for y'l .rs -.;ith qUJsti0113 of ~;un

Tn:1t')l i'J1 and '.;l~os:) upinion cl,)s,)rvos first c.)l1s:dJrnt1cm. So i'~r ~~s my 0',.11

<J;:l')orioncas GO, I COllcur \;ith him thro\l<;.;hJut. F.)r thJ cJmp~i3JnS of triob~llistic nccolD}?lishm:)nts of our -J.J;'l.pO;13;l1d. 01' t}j()3) of our onull1'f I cf'.l1not

t~kG f.1. st0l1d, sinoo I ';:n8 l1 )t pra~~ollt ::.: th,) tim) of tiJ.3 tost firin~~ n.nd

o tl1Jr pro ofs nr,J 110 t f..t rrw dispas:1l. Tn) ~pini)l1s )f bchirmor fo 110',::

Our fiolrt gun 96 (n:Y , modo1) ','a3 nJt s.) cood b~.11i3tic~11y .': 1.S tho

FrJuch 75 c.'un, but 1)11 till can tr~y -:1[ ..3 bJttJr in m.)bility. '~llilJ tids c)n-

tinuoc1 f:Jr [l 1,::.111 ; timC' until tho Pronch fUlly un(~Jr~to'.'d 111' t,) m::u.::oUS.)Jf

tho bnllintic sup\)riorit~ t tho;{ l:no',7 h,) .: in PJ3i tion 7.vurf~o t,) 1' k '.1::op for

th.l loss I:1Qbili ty by sillful chc.nG'Os of firing pJsiti0ns. It '.lUS p~rticu-

Itlr1y tho c::mdi tiol1s 0 f S tn. Ji li~ od P')3 it ion ',,r:-.rfnro th~t m: llo us f 001 th-J

SU)Jriori ty of t In Fr,)nch fi-Jlcl ~~un. ~hus it carn..) abJut th:~t .7J m..'1.dc nttompts

t() hlCrJ~SO th:) ran~;o of our fiol<1 guns :'.l1C\ in s) doil¥s d07.)lapJd tm fiuld

Gun IG :'1.11cl li{;ht f 11)1(1}li.)uitz.Jr 16.r--'.--.- ..-- ...--------- ......--.---- ..---..-.- ..--- .-- -----

But ~.Jhon rnnitil') 1 v 'l.rfnro lost its ri~icl fJrmo, vllJn th,J cl .~orrlholmins

artillory firo on n. \;1(lJ fr;;nt dJr;1 .l1d:)cl.1.clo')ply l)chJIJn,)ri c.ne:.m..,bil.J do-

fonsJ, it boc,~\) ll-Jc.)s::;nr;r tv brinG tho f iJ1d guru; up rr_pid1y f.cross c.)untry

. full of 3h:111 110 133, th,) tr')c;lIX' c1umr.ndJG.im; t''}r'..dof tho) r.'llro offoctivo fiold

gun 1;), tho rroro m0bilo Dlc~ fiQ~' :.sun ~6 11:)\1 nDdJl. (Auth')r's u:Jt.): Ob-

vious ly, 1n1y th)~ 0 bont orio s -,lJr .. cl.)n1~;n'..o cl as infr.n try ncc) ll':p;'..nyi 1Gbr-.t-

torio3 ..hich -,lOr,) 0luippod i:ith tm fiol,: ~~un :':6, nJ'\~' Mldol.) Indood it ,'/UG

f:;un<l that t}1) lat t or : ;x not suffic ion t 1:; 1:1) oil.); thJ;r ';,Jr0 m~.') 3 ti 11

1if~htor in )rdor t') brine tll.:n int.') l))G i ti.m In time

011,) nl1.Y f'c'rm n CDrroct jUdt1-1C11tJf tl~ \-:~lu.) .,r rJur artil1ary nt tho

bJ.~inJli.n~ of tb.o '.nr only if ho cloo~ :l:)t picl: out n s 1nGlJ trUn, ~ rl compnroit - i th tho co rro3pondin3' ',nr.'..lX)n()f our Jl1Jmy, but if be compnr0s thJ to tr.:.1

,JIJ[~pr)U-)ffoctivon():;n :-:s it :tooc .. not thJ (~islYJs~1 of tl:.o cOIDnn.11,13rfor his

purpo 3:). If 0110 C~jl3i('_()rs our fio1(1 Jml 016 frJIn this vi J',7poin t th.) unfc.vor-

abl:; juc;'~:; rJ()npass 0::; on' r.1'1.ny 5 Cl.)3 \/i11 b.) nnC.ur, . tOi~.

-



Its effocti7en0:33 ..:as supplomonte;,l b' the , J'O;J(: ..rvr~: (jf the l1.-;ht field

hr.:i t ~;cr3 all(~ tho f)Ut s tant:~: '.n r:: 0 f the he~~:y arti ller~{. ~ho French hac~

nJt a. liGht fie Ie: hJ,,~1t zer, S) at tho be~inni :tt; nn , OIl ::tS at tho one of tho

l)n:; yoal 's' stru;.)lo tho artl11ur'J ...... nom~ 01 0ur on,)mios ~ttainod t,) th0

or;811 ization ml(~ ,);~uip'non.t :)f our ?:rrrty hC~7Y nr ti11ory. i.n vut3 tn.n(lin,~ lJ3-

Son~)f tho \'ar is thu fact tha.t .1. li:;ht rrnbilJ fiJl<l';1.Ul ...'ill b'J c.)nsid0rJd' ----.. _. --- --._--,&----

l1.)cossary by [tll nations. Tlu c..iJIT.c.nr::or IrDbi11ti' is so ~'r.)at that it is

r\)'~uirocl that this (jun bJ ::-.blo t,) f.J1lo',: tho infcntry rapiel1y o\'Jr D.J\Y 1:1n(1.-

')fr.l~uncl. It mu:..>to.ls) b.) much li:.:htJr tl1: ..J1ur fiO-lU. ;)'Un~6, nc.rJ n1)(:.31.U~u,:~hJr's n:Jto: At tho :)utbrJa:: Jf thJ ',-,.'Jrl::'.~'ar thJ Fr::>ncll hurl at thJ1r

(lie J ) S 0.1 only n. f 0';: SJct i 111::: f)f ah:>rt 155-r.;r-:.Co.mDUS, ::.nc'. '~1Z t h-Jr()flr~ f'Jrcorl

to , rJ10t ulJ')l1 :)1)3.:).Jto r. iCJZJ ::me: f~)rtrJ:s ~rti 11Jry.'

If this i'l::m. i.1 r J: '.lizu:l, th'J truJ i.,).l(~[,:un ',:hich ~.lsr.) h.~l to p.Jrf.'J rm

thlz tr'.Gl~ bof)r:), c~n be r'l 'l '..o :r.D~.:vior. ~h,) rQ ,uir:)m)nt :,'f Jff)cti\.J1L}S:::; c::.n

bo 'U;,?p,Jrmost:,:ith tlD fiJlc . r;un just ~D it '.l',,~.-;ys11'lC b'J )l1 tho first c)llsi(:,Jr-

: . .ti:)l1 \ .ith our Lrr.lY lIJn~/Y Artillery. (Author's no to : A CJlrJ:)roJ':lisJ ~t r.l, :;.yn

bJ mr i JJ bJt~';o()l1 this rJ ...u1ran)nt :--n' l~)bility, for thJ l,' '.ttcr \',~i11 0..1'J'~rs p1 '.Y

::'11imp')rtrtllt r vI,) hGr(}~,f t Jr ~.:::;hor ..)tJfC' r,). ) •

Our h,)['.VjT fL')lr: h:: , itz,)r r..n: r:nrtrrs Y,~.:n'Q n.)t:'.b1y suitJcl t) 'pJn ..,~f:;.:ro

'~~ ./oll f~S t) positi:Jll ',:Tu fr-.ro. :2ho f:--rr.lJr :J.lssessos ,;r\1(~.t m.J'uility '\;ith

sufficient effecti\~ol1csS, tho latt.)r sUfficiont l[dOiIit:r ~.~ith ,rout effoct-

iVlJnoss. 1'ho5a '. caprms m:.::.intained thl3ir sllj?Jriori ty \)\1 \Jr tho 15 cm and 21 em

h,)'. it:ars ClfJur cn'Jmios until tho end. )f thJ ':ar. Durin:; thl ,'ur thoir

ra.n:~os uoro incroasod by 1.)~~thJnin[~ th\J tub;). (L'Jn'~ h,):lvy fiold h::,.,~itZJrs

and lol1[S tlt)rtars. )

'rho hoaviost 11i,:;11f.Jl\;lJ fire :.:un, tIn 30.5 crn nnd .•2 ern mJrtnrs ',:~cr0 'lith

thJ1r 0ff\Jctiv.Jl1G3;J a~1dm.-,b1lity, th) [~r)['.t 3urprisJ b.:-th at lY'mJMcl c.broncl.

/:.1::0 our h:nwy fIe. t-f1rJ, ul thou;h llc.ndlocl 3,)m:>.:}rw no r: top-chi.ld, ,lM

fr nn tho bJ:;inn:int; of thu ';,'m- tIlt) r)u'-;hly nc.u ~u ).tJ. ThJ ',:ax rJ3 Jr J) , .if 10 em

:~'U11:J Ol~, ',:[:'3 r.)i.J1nc.Jd by thJ 10 cm {;un 1,..:, r.ro. tNlt lJr.d t.) the) 13 cm eun.

,B.)th th 1att)r ,J.or) irJl'.lrovod durin:,; th,) l~r, th~ 10 (~m.:;Ull l-~ 111 ~h(} 10

cm ';Ul1 17, n.ncl th3 1::> cm in th.J da-;.)lJpn.)nt uf thJ 15 em L~lln 16. ~,.'h11'J th:)

10 em ..1ln~ of our anomy dcr~'i)lopocl Ghortly boforo th0 ',l'.r ',:ON on :-'. Or'X \.1 th

ours, t)heir 15 cm calibers did not e ..ual :.mr 15 em ~UllS 1.,) ei thor i; m:>bi1ity

.or ran~;B•

•.~t the be;lnnil'lG of the ~.:ar t110 heav~r arti11or;,r roceivod siul1al aid fromtho Favy, in b~llS of nndium c~libor brouGht totlu frf)nt on -,:hoolod caL rio.r;os.

In IJ1G tho construction of ro.i1:;:J;/ CUT'S b.).:.;.n.~,mj:il1G :;:x ssiblc tho .Jl11)loyI1h)nt

of tho hiJ;lViJst bUns. Thus, nIl tho ~1r~v['.1Gum tint tho navy could sparo, .;l,Jro

,~;radua.I1y 1r:.do [J.vnil.:.' l.blQfor sorvicJ ut tho front, nncl })laycd an impvrt:1nt raID

in n.ttnclc :15 .:011 as in dofJnstJ, cs J..cll'.:~r ~ U11Sr a~ fi::od GUna on spocin.lly

projjr'_rod bnsos. Attonti,Jll i3 dir..lcto' pn.rticul .rl;l t) tlH) l(')jl~~r:lnGJ [;un th. .t

bor:i[)~rd0d Prxis, a brilliant r..chiov:Jm.mt ~f th~ ;:rul1? -:-: vrl::J,,:111ch nmn.zod thJ

ont1ru rlorld just .13 (,li(,~ tl:o 42 cm ;;un t'.t thJ bJ..;inn1nt,; .J thJ ',In,r.''

(J~'ltb,ort5 nota: '~ho GrJnt vnlu,) l)I~cod by tho FrJnch 0n tLi3 gun ~,','1S br)u.ght

,JUt in tin ')spiann.C:;-Jtri .... 111 tJ1.) Lupoig. RJlch~'Jricht in Jun0 1~~2. ~: numb,:~r

- 15-

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of unscrupu11us GC1' ffi'111S in tho cr~ploy (If too Frt3nch Consul

seldori' att<1rnj~ted ta socu~c tha ;:rnpp I)lans f~r this ~uns.

carried Jut by th3 bribinc of Crupp .1f:'icials vr by tlDft.

trai t.:)rs, L. JI'lGVGr,.'ON disc(~vorod by a m.>rchant ;Jf Zss.3n,

and sent t~ pris1n.)

Genoral at Dus-

This iJUS to be

~ho contemptiblo

Horr ~,:uhmichol,

l~n .A.morican offic8r, . .aJar. G.F. J.nf.:s, ;J;:?rosses hiIm~]£ as f.)11c ,,7s in

ruzard t1 our l utori:>l in a 1,Jctwe b,)fJro th-J Am.Jrican ..:iociaty )f ::ochanical

3ngil1DarS, lJUblishJd in .:.)c11;)nico.l :;n:;inoClring H')e 3, :.arch 1'j2l.

Th.J Germans oasily ta::o first pIuc\) as rQ&'Urclstho devolopnont of ur-

tillory during th.J ...ur. Trny d0volf1]?)d and built guns 'Jf all callbors \Jith

0utstandil1G improvl.:r1Jnts. Tl:'Jy must bJ acc','rd'Jd this IJr0-ominunco as rogards

r::mgo l1)t ;)nIy b;,r thoir 1.nrJ officiont tub.>s of' Givan cnlibar, but nls') bo-

cause) t110 nl\unti:nt; ~'f th) ir buns nr.d:) thJ Usa .~f th.3 o::trJr:P rungJs p: J s3i bl,).

,III ,th,:, ompl.j:Jlnont ;)f tl.lis artillJry in till sj ri:1[; off Jnsivo of 1~ 18 tho

G)rmal1Z cn:uBod tho artillJry c.JlrnlandJrs -;)f th) J~lli)s nnny \JJrri)s.

Furth Jrmoro, .Jur bntt.:noiJs, ospvci~lly in the latter ]XJ.rt '...'f the ''-w'ar,

fra ..u:)ntl:r htl.d ta get aLnl':; .Jitl1 -.,.Jrn ': ut nu..teriel, '.1')rn ~ut tUbes, l')')so

cCJ.rri[J[~cs, and inaccurate siGhts, etc. ~:e ~.er<3 reminded of tl10 accor.1plish-

Ir.')uts elf our O~.Jl1 industries, .,lhich Incl t ..) furnish n:' t nnly [j . ropln.cement for

GUns captur(Hl by the enomy, ancl G1.l11S rendered us(}loss b;r dostructi:)n or by

.1tlar and tua.r, but .:lIs, th~ r.1atari~l f)r ~'Jat numbJrs of no'.. units and tIn

r>J-urmamol1t of t110 AustrJ-llu.l1Gr.;,rin.n battcriJs -':7ith GJrrn::m~uns. Guns that

.\-~JrJ at all S,Jrv ic :JD.J1JG011 )rr...ll~, r'Jr.lain0d in US,), r3pbcOTJ1Jn ts n)t bJing

availabl). 1'h') gr,1[~t dis)ors1~r. cf tiloSJ guns ',:a3 a. S.Jurc.J of gr3at \iJrry

t,) nnny u batt~Jry cf.1TTm:mc1.:Jr. But CVJl1 ~.,ith such r.ntJri.Jl ~;J .,:-)rJ n.bl~ to

b)Jp th,) JnJmy fron '1ur 3:)i1 for four ~r.)nrs. In thJ public ...~ti()ns of (Jur

formJr ol1'Jmy 1t is fr.) lu:mtly poil1tad .~ut that du.J t.)lUr h..HWY ~rtil10ry ,

\1') i..~oronblo t:) 1u1d succossfully [;. fr:~n t .Jf such tr )T.'l)~ld )U3 o::t.Jnt ~d ovon

t:> :1.tt\].c~: in Ir.nny pl:1.cos. Priso1l0rs, timIJ:md tim.J ~' .il1 l.1Gnti'):l)d in th01r

s tr~ tamon ts thv tromcndous m:)r[~1 .Jff act tl ..:.t oombt~::dLl'Jl1tby :lJ::v ~r b:l t t0ri os

c[~uSJd.

(jT()to: In thi3 ~rticlo b'J G)n)r' '.1 I3b')rt in tIn D)ut,:ch~ Offizi:1rbl:;.tt,

Eo. 33, dat,Jd 21 :Tr)V'J T:bJr~2l Th) GJI ::1[.nFlJld J.rtill.)r;l :md its Critics ,

tl:i S s ant Jnc 'J nccur;:: 3 :

It ie ovidont th'lt inf~try ~ UbjJCt)d to thJ fir-) ()f Iibht fi~ld h:)\:-

Itzors [?;on::>r:1l1yblli.JVJd it \:['.s b~1ng fir;] upon b~,r';J.Jf'..v:r-rtl1lvry.

It should h) r~ddJd 'by ..-~.:J ,r ~unlific;1.ti0n, I bJ 1i;)'\ J, if th) inf[~ntI:;

hr',d n0VJr b. :.to1 f i 14,:)(1upon by }1) ..,.ry b t t -lri us • )

Tho fevorish activit~,r en the j)art of our ommios to produce similar ar-

t1ller~' duri113 tho ~'JUr1s at loast an ill(::ication of the IT lnortanco that our

oj?:')()nonts attac}Xld to it. TIn utter ~rohibition of lJOa ,ty 'rrrmy artillery

:f'orc13d upon G13rmanyfit tho }.Jen-coof Vorsailla is hY.lavl3r tho nos t striJ:il13

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1nclicction of tl:a l:d~h ost.J01il of this e:.rtilL:ry 011 th3 pnrt of tho : 'utontol

'.rho Ul1nmious nyprJcin.ticn of th.J ••~aluo of h:JQ.vy m-t111ory so fnr a.s

bo th ',70 nncl thv enemy nro co nCJrnod, c~,)t b.J ovor-.Jr.11)1'Ul.s iz\)cl, nnt tho rlnrn-

111.; cannot bJ m~1(lo too strouG Cti~ins t othJr vio ..fpo1n ts ..-~Lich CoS o:~lXlr1cne.)

ha~ shO'.,,]1. do\ Jlop nIl too ru~1ily 1n t1rros of p~'\co.

If thJ oppo 31 ta s 1uJ c.'f tlL:) '1UOG tion sl:oulcl ov~)r ~:.)-r.t111uln fr.rvor in tho

fu turo tho opin ion:::; TCG--r..rua thi s mc..ttor of tho 110 l)S t Ij.):X~S or th~ c 1d amy

11130far . J,SthJy \lJr ,J comnant ..Jrs or 3tr:.ff offie orn 0 f f101d t~l1cl lwn,,-y ar~ i 1-

lorY\loul(l 11..'1'1:) to b(.l hOi.;XC ', .,1J'lJtllJr th.;~J 1ncUv1clu['.ln u.)ro 011 thJ f'..ctivu

I1s t 'lr no t.

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}'or r:n ;J:J t 1m......() ('f t In Llun1 ti 0113 si tur'. tiD TI, I 11..;,vo c.) 11['.b( \r:;,t :)(1 'oli tll

Cn]1t8.in Jus'trc ; 'ah i c:uring tho vlllr as noc:mlXlteat rurmuni ti011 e~:pert lil1 th

th.) lJ::: (l;.l'tillor,y '~est B,)arll), lcx.'l:eC after n:ncl.llan1l(3J 0::0 lusi lely all

,~uestions .Jf munitions, and is norl till arrrnunitiJn e::port nith tho Inspecti:)n

of l.rms ancl E ui pnon t (TrnllS In tor's no t \): Sioila r to 0 rclnanc e DJ}? artmEin t.

C:~' tain Jus trO\'1 -Tory J:ind.ly has Givon us a c orn:11oCl rasurrD r)f the muni t 1,)ns

pr:1bl'3TJ1s, tho contonts of '.7bich ct 'incicia throU[;h0ut \ lith m~,o:::p)riOllCCs sofar as I '''as a~)lo to {:.'(1 into thoSJ l' '.n.tto: s at thlJ fr)ut. fJ1nc3 Captain

Juntrow's arti~lo ~lrosonts n cloar picturJ of thJ value of ou munitions

nnll of the d1f'ficuitics that arl)Se in thoi nnnufacture (~urinl:; the ',Jar, anl

prusents a sulution ,)f IT'dnycurrent ::nooblem3, it in l.uoto': hero:

The projectilo boarG the final result ~d all our 3i'farts tho gun,

tho ul ti ma ra tio rO;j'is, is acc cmplish~~ llJ thing :Ihon there is no pro joct 110

in the air, anll o.rtillor;, ~'1S lost its ruison d'otro if thJl O 1s n~ flr~)

offoct.

:21'io1 to tho \ .n.rm:.my mintru~os ':Jor3 liU 'lJ ospoc1nll~1 as rOGurr

1s thoDm')unts r~}i~uirt)d, [.mt. in 50ma ca~os us r03f:rl:.s flosign. Duri:l(S th) ,7 <lT thJ

furthor ovi In of poor l 1D.tJric.ls :me . innll.'T.orn.blo c'.3focts of mcnufucturo \1oro

acl.l~orl.

(~ho runmunit ion, meagerly surD Ii ed as a rasul t of laclc of unders tnndin.:;

of l,rilital Y noeds or of short-sightedness of tm gQvernr~ent, lasted fa only

a fo\' \]001:s aft\lr tho outbrcn.1: of tho ',:ar. ' ro lly unj?rol)urod, Gcrrrnn indus-

try and toe hnical mili tnr~. nuth;)ri ti3S .::ero faced \i1 th tho l)rJ blen of sud-

donly cr'3uting nrnID1.Uliion from ll')thin;. B~::1orts truinod ill peaco, ',:h') \ loro to

:JUt the nuch1nary ill o:Jor.:.tiol1, u,Jrc prn.cticnlly ell r..t th~ front nnd hnd

to bo r(}c:111cd ,~uicl:ly.

Tho pro ..100ti los .;)f our 11Gh t nrti 11ary '\ .}rCl ul1r011r:.bl'J in ,:1poJrc.ion nnd

cor~lplicatod in con:'1truction. Tho fi:ud nInj'mmition )f tho f101d a:rtillary

th') firlld IJ.()\','1tzcr pr'Jj3ctilo '05, and th3 :fiuld b Unprojoctil) '11 ~.,as of

n. cons truc tio n ndc.Jtod to p:H1CO-imo mnnufn.cturo, ani d).: \llopod to suit p.3ncQ-

tirro cendi tiOllS. In thJ intJrcsts of sirDl1licity, n. compromisJ bot-::oon 'sh.)ll

and Sh:C'Cl.:Jll.l1'C.b ntturn,tod, in ',:h1ch th.3 o::plo:Jiv) offoct ~.;n3 incrJnsod ~tUl'J o:::pons-:'l IJ f n hrr:.pnl) 1 f)ff JC t. Acc')rt:.inJly, this cOt1r-r~mi:.L) ~~[',~ono-GidJd.

Th:J 0::plo3ivJ nnd morr.. affocts of tho sin~L;-typ.,) pr:.)joctilo ',IJrO rJdttcod

lul to mr~.t'Jrin.lly du,) to tho innbility to dO lel.1p satisfa.ct\.'ry inpact fUses,

to the rO',luiromont toc t tho bursting charGe be entirely in the hend, am. tothe thin \/alls of t 110pro jectilo. Li103'.11so, the shrapnel effect did n'J t como

up to o:::poct~t1on3, chlO to tho difficulties in conduct of fire. All lOJl:od

to the heavy ortill\Jry at tln bo..;innin..;, ~~ncleS:,Jociallj' to its hiJh an.:;lo

f1ro C011n011S. Tlk1 h.lo,vy fi.Jld h'Y7itzi]rS '02 and Illrtars ,.,ith thoir offootivo

sholls did not fail to m::ll:o tho mcosso.r-J' il:1pl' osslon up:Jn th~ anomy, uh'J had

110 hibh ani,;;lt;) firo to b3 comparod '.71h thOfJ. In fiuld artillJry tl13 Ol1omy vm.s

sup0rior to us; its smlls \1~rO most t'JrrnJntin~ to our trooI>s. Ilis shrc, Jn\)l

in oortnill casas ':In.s .Jffoctivo, b'lt in l;Jn'1l' 2.l failud to caUS.) sJrious dmn.:.l:';O.-~-------_.-_.---' .'_. ,

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Tho Austrians USJd 111.;h o::plosivo shril:Jml throU0h0ut th) ...m.t. up to r~nd

in~ludinci tho lurL;Jst co.l1bJrs~ (Auth'Jr's roto: For ccrnplot01l0SS in tho rr.c.t-tor or Dro.muniion, Austric.n Col1'1tuniion is il:clnd'od..) Th.i.Jro u~s 0. basis ferthin ill tho p)culinrit~y. of nrnmtain '.1~faro uhich fr.),i.umtly ro .l.uirJd tho ~0

')f timJ fUSO;, [';.nd furthar, in tl1.:n..t Au:~tri..1. h.'1d. nut davolol))d so far as GJr-

numy in lTa:'lSS production, .1hich raluire~ a si~~)lo construction cf l)rojectilo.

jl.,.,7ever, accordinG to my informa tion, :he hiGh e::91os ive shrapnel \7aS gen-

orally a f Ii ttlo va Iue to t lD Au:;t ril1n batt ery c or:t':landers.

The ':,'estcrn }'ront COIll13 to a standntill af-:or tm Battlo of tho ::arno

\ bocaus c, annnli 0 ther reasons,., o~r troo r~ .Toro. sh,)r t of Drlmuni tion. Tho s 10[;0

of Vordun be3Ull in Lovombor l~lt~, :':as dl~contlnu\)d for ;.nnt of Dr.1ounition.

Too fIo\l of nmmuni tion, very't'loa'.: n.t first, h':ld to be diroctJd to both tho

Eas t nnd tho \7Jst. B,Jsidos thiS, tho _1ustr,ians also r.) ~uircd a supply of

various munitions, nnd soen thorcaftar tr~ Tu~:s nnd Bulgnrinns bocnm3 bur-

dJ1130mO con3umors of n.r.lmunitiO~l nhilo th~y fUrninhod pr::lct icn.lly nJ thinG ill

r Jturn from their or;11 countrios. It ',Ia,O fortul'n to th.~ t o~r onomies suffor-

'Jd ';.'ith too nnrrD nonunltiol1 ills, in fect thJy 'rlJr;J \'JorDO off cucnus,J of tmindustrial inferiority of :Russin, Fronc,J, ~d Itr.ly, nnd ~ '-JrJ dopond()nt en-

tiroly upon so-~~llod noutr~l countries.

Goon after tho bOG:l nn1ng cf t 1n :Tar, tho pross ing noo d of ammuni t ion made

i tsolf fel t, and md an a result tho rationing by 0. dm ly supply nccordill6 totho importance of thIJ various battle fronts. ~llon, u system of muni tions pr.1-

duction ontiroly difforent from thn.t of pan.ce-tirr.o bOGan at homo. This tool:cognizance of all the d1fficultio~ our indnstries had to undorgo in their con-vorsion to a Vlar banis, thrO J ovoroo8.rd oV-JrythinG that up tu dnto hn.d not

prov0d its 'uol th, end follo ..~od ontirel~ m',.~:?rinciplas of conatruction ~aden')COs3n.ry by tm acuto sh)rtng'3 of nnt;;rials c.s '.7.)11 as by tr.l no.: motrodo ; f

'.i'arfnru, tm nJt' .. tYP03 nnd naturu of tr.rgots. ~ho doubl.J-lJUI'P0:JO pr,:>jectilo

ooon di~H~})peu.rocl. ~hr['.,pnol, ,;h'ich h.:..cl found ar;prol)rin.to U3:)G up to th\l bu-ginning' of th:> \Tar sh;.;od i tS01f sUj:>Jrfluous in -.~nr of pODl tions ro'ld vIas P~)-

dU~oc1 only in lidt.)d.:.u...' :Iltitio~ for Gj;.Jcin.l rurposcs. (Autror'G nota:bhrapna 1 c vulc1 1 1) t b'J US,ld '.1i t h ~cs.)d artillory, unr.t in f nct no t ov:)n in ~r-tl11JI';1 :jroporn.tion c1uriru n.n attc..cl: u::,Jn:l d:>f~3iv) syJtom on account of th~

sl~l tnnoous oponing of f irJ of F.{1.SS.JSoJf o.rt illary, n. 1d of othor unfa.v1,)rno 1.1

clrcUln3tal1oos night, fog, or rom-;,. arr.o:c;J, t(U~t, C.11(~ gp.s clouG.3, tb.YCundi- .

tlol1 th.. lt thJ ohDorvn.tion post \iW fro ...u0ntly r:'Oll to triJ fIc.nl: of th~ I1noof firo, etc. control of tbJ :hoight of burst :.mr; 1mpo03iblo, and thJroforo

omittuc1. l..n a principlo, th.)rofora, d'lrilt; tIn In.tor yon.r.:: of tho '.~r, thvshro.pn:31 in }103S0ssi~n of b=:lttori.J3 Pr:llif'.ril1G for r:n ~ttr:.c:: -:, as '::ithdrn..-,n Iarit r'Jl)1.1.cod by s~Jt;lblo Drnr.HL 1iion.) ,..'-'--r

Cast iron projoctilos n,')::t too): n prcmil1Jnt ''}laco but their effect wns

Ilrnitad, anc. thoir 'bore-safetiness' insufficient. For this last alH1 other

roasons thoj,.e soomed. to' bo no 011(: of burs ts in the boro.

Tho hallisti.c 'lualities of projectilos bocama noticeably poorC3r. ::asspr,orluct1on cbmo.ndod that accuracy of nnnufacturo am vf nnchinil1G bo reduced.

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Shall filii G v2.r1od from fr.y to (~rr..y at times the burstin~ chal G::l VlD.S pac~:od

in tIn projoctilo by han '., at othors pourcr.. ', nnl finnlly to.:.urcl tm ond. th::l

sh'Jlls t lora not c .Jl111)lota ly f 1110(1. Som:>t1nns £;:)0(1ch::.trL'OS;l;}r:) us )(1 but thJGO

clolJ.Jnclocl upon tin ability to manufactur:> o::plosivo anc.~ upon 1ab,1r ccnditions.

As a rJsult tho ':ni:;ht 0 f th) :;.:rc,joctil:1 n.n<1.hJ 1)()3ition )f tho cQntor r)f

gray t~Y'afton vnriod consid) [l.bly.

Tho shortn.t:p of copp.Jr 1~'1.(' :wr1ous :)ff Jct::> ujpn tIn bn.l1is tic bohn.vior,

tUl.'l mado it l1JCOSsarJ to : m~:.) rotlltin:; bDll(::~ out of rosorvo rn~t)rinls. PrJ-j.Jctilos afton f:lil;)C: t::> l')[l.c11 tl1') t:,..got or proi'.uco('. cuch dinporsion ns to

cnus ,J m ..llyu bllt t :Jry c::>lrm~'.Jr wch :m::1oty.

Tho fusos li]Q ,'i~.) c.1.U;j.)(...t rc>UblJ. Tho l)Onco-tir.lo fUGo::; C')U 1(1 n0 longul'

bJ :n'\lc:u cod c' .uo t.) (lifficul ty (If m:muf:'1.Curo. T11J im~ 1.)r rosorvo fU 3')3 (& Un

i'U.10 '1'~, :1m,1 sholl fus,) '1:~) ~uito GCn.Jr:'.ll,:{ rn~(:.()fr'1m rJ3CrVO m.1.tJri~Js

ca:unoc: bursts in th) GUll, or fni1o{~ t., function on fnvorc.b10 Grounl or ~t

Gllr.ll ['.ngloiJ of im:lr1ct. Tho tiLl) trf'.in~ bJCfl)~U unr.)11r.b10, tho flmOS Sh)\lirg

mor-J [;n( roro (1isj)orslon '.71th th) result th. .t tirlJ f1r} nnl lunco 5hrr.i)11:Jl .,_~._~

1 1)3 t . '..1101'1'0 c ti v J110 5S •.... ------..- •. ~~_ _u-. _f'~'_.'

Lvcn the 1Jro 1GI1i 1Gc barGeS' (ammonium po~.vrler) became unreliablo. 1).'110.. ...cartric .Ge cases, rlhi ch v,ere nur~o roro and. merl) of 1ron 11ill teQ.(~ of brass,

s :'/11t, jo.n1 () ('1. an(: slo 7e-:l clrnm t hI) rn. to :'f fira. It bocom:) im:n s sib 10 t. ob-

SC1'V() tho bursts oven at m1c:r,lllGo sinco tho Sln)l:o :lro(~ucinG :?hospr.;..')l'ous .vns

no 1011(;31 uvni lub1c.

Abovo nIl, h, p.i'l:.n:or, tJl) r:Dst c .0lJrossin; Vr.J.S thJ decrea.so in offoctiveness

br~jut;ht ab:)u t by tills lort u:::.r-time lJr 'Jjocti 10s '.7it h thoir s rrnll c~:nci ty,

bn.,: a:::1losivos, b[',,(l fWOS, M'l l.1.rL;J C.lnporsioll in rcn:.;.::. Yct nmt Do rosult

Ins o.cco1'11:;.')113110(':7J tro 11s r:Jr: f:'othorlr..l1c: in s lJi to of eN Jry hr..n(~icc1.: . It ,:nn

r.cconolishnorrt to :irocur0 tlll 1'lX',.l1tit~r 0 f nr.nunition r:)lu1roc. by till bibhc:>r.1l I1.'.\l1(:'.,N:m if r,)(~uco( '. 1n (..uf.li ty. In T 1~nyCr'.:Jos t In tl'C10PS l)['J~ no J..:nou-

lor bO of o:.:tont to \ h1ch tIn )ff.)ctiv~noss 11 ',,/:.con rUf:ncoc' :JJ1(:' :J9sGib1y 011

this ['.ccount tho nnrr.-.lo of tr.a ..rntl '.:-~~Sr~soc~ by tho ' ll')j ~~nt r.J; llL r r.n( .

smJoth SU:Jl')ly ,'):f r~l;'lmunitiol1• .:~s to th.:; 'lJsirr.bility ') f ~ivil1u U3? 50 much in

lUn.litjT of r.mmunit1on sol)ly in tho intoro::>t of .I,u.s.ntit:, l.'1uch 'fT.:1 bo :J~,i(l un

bJth sides.

Gnll nru~~t rer'.li~Q thrl.t r. :lOor pr )~Jcti Iv rJ'_uirJ~ t:~ 3 :110 r'o :nlJr clnrc;0,

:fu.~o, ro tr. tint:..;'b~l~, : 'll'l th,,> J:T~J J:::JOnr:ituro )f h'Ur.1~n:.:rtrun61;h t~nd courn.;o

to n011(l it to .'T['.r(~31ts Jbj .)ctivo :-'.S ('~::':)3::'.. :;C ()cl 'J~10, yot it m::y :',r){'..ucu but

h....f t110 affoct or in cn.f)() ::r no r. isn 0r n (~U(,.,)r )f,1ucJ IT' Jffect nt :1.11.

T}1J unr Rr . .• [l.tJl~i:l1::; Division , :;Z ()st~.b1isho(:. r.:J \ : ;)11['.~~nIl :,))3~i b1J

\ lr'..r inc .ustrios. Tho Arms . .11<1.~u. 1itions l TocUrJlIDnt B.::>n.rr:,1:'05 ci'..11vd t,') Iif.)

m...111y t') cllroct i:lr:uz tri:-~1 r.1..'bi1iz~ti.)n. Ll1:J o~ht t:) ~l.ccor.lp1ish ':,.h::.t thJ

h1.;h c .JrrJ;1f'.l1C ., cl<J:Jiro(l ~111C~ our rn ,7 r.n t.:n1.r..ls i)Orni t tod. Th'JY riu;.;;L:Hl fi..;;>uros,r:o(.:1(1in~ \7h:.t miGht bo 113ft out r...n , ~il:t~t s h'ulr;1.. 1xJ IDft tJ b,) ('l.,)110 •.

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E~)\r3 \.er. tl13 '::cJ;ls in uhich thrc.'u)l tochnical Cll:Ul,Jes in c,)nstruction;

savin;s 111 vo,lunble rau IJaterials CJuld be r~,e. :.ere it as ti:.;a. tad and dis-

C:)Vored tl rough tta AP:: (Artil1e~J ~est l3oD.rd) an(l .Jther tecr:.nical militory,

test Doards. '1hose often invol./ed lor~; nJ1d tiresJrlG co.lculn.t ions $1d o:;::,.:eri-

r.1onts ill conj~ction Ylith capa1J13 ~::)orts, .lith th3 ~:ilits.ry D:::jorimentsB.:Juru., and \lith tho} industrias. ThJ AP:: of ton entiroly by itsolf l:nov tho

r'~a1 vulu.J of curr13nt imlo~:'D.tions. ~JY lUld t:J avoid m::ti:inb o.dmiss1ons,a11c .to avoid Cnl1l;Or of information loc.kint; out oven 1'k1.d t() rnnl:o roconmenda-

tions to tho '7n.r :Iinistr' J Jll Genoral crounds .')£ CXll)lotinf; tIn muni tions prJ-brd1~ s:)Jodily and. c0rrJctly. Tho sorvic\)s o£ tm 1.J ..: in thn.t ros.r.oct nra Ul1-

imi'j.)~.:'.cInblo. yot t h) tlX'OlXi, in i[JlOrO.llC J of thJ truo circUi~ tn.ncos, \70rooft:n clissatisfiJd, ~lltdtho 1.n: 11.'15 1.>oon:,r~tic:ll1y ignJr.xl in mili to.ry

\~rrti11bs :J,lrtr..ininG to this Gubj )ct. In s:)1 t::l of th ) int:.do.~u~cios t:Jt \ lith,'10 t'llst not fortpt tho tror1.)l1cl.ous toclmicr-.l r,.dvr..nc.Js r.r..(~(j by tho .:J:.: o.nd tr.oinc:mtrion ill t1l- l l.1r..'11ufr:ctu;.o o£ r;.ru::wlition, os:-:.Ocic.ll~r thJ .:)st:-.blisl:IoJntof n:)\, l:1othC'c1 .s of 11l JI)nrt'.t1ol1 of our :cst vlt~l rr-:.; r.r.torir- ..ls suth ns sf'.lt-

:)ot~)r. sulphur:1c ncic~, ::;lyc.')rin : J1(~ C 1l1ulo:.iJ, :'.s :7:)11 .~ th030 ~~~.v~.1COS 011-

tiro ly in t h:) f 101(1 of conzt ruc t ion.

Fror.l the first, one improvement domanded urGently 'l;)y the troops \:as anincrease in ran{~e, ,-'hich \ T1lS secured throUSh cr.al1bo in d.esL-;n of thC3 1:ro-jectile (C-Shells, Eo-:Titzor-Shells). ~ho Incren.s\3 in rr.nJe of the longran.18 flat trajoctnry t;'tms due to tIns c~~e ap:}rcnched 30 l), t:horaby \'70

sec1lr0d uncloub tad s~')(~r 10rity ovor our enemios.

Tho sens i tiv cnoss 0 £ fU sos bad to bo in craasod in order to ;}raduco of-

foct :l'Jove :3'round. 1'1)0 Frel1cr. '-.-oro '-'011 ~hoad of uso in this reGard hO',1-

ovor, our fusos })ossossod as r.luch ~r.); ..ter snfet~r as thoirs did sonsi tlvoness.

/:.long ~lith incrcc:.so ;I f bun r['.rgas t:nro fo1lo\. Jd ntto :l:')ts to g3t gr0atcr

fU3,) rt'.l1gcs, fmd othora dcf:)ct~ in tllO ftmos [~:1. )3.'1roddurin~~ tl1:) lol'lG :lJr1odof' :iOor otor[~G'3 at tl1.J front. ~]~ Ilfforts sj)ont in .Jolv1nc; thooo ~~robloms

brJll;;ht n.bout a dovolol')mJnt of tho r.nc1nnical fU3es ::-i th .;reat 1y ~ilrovad.fll~lction1ng. Tho 1lk'1.doluac~)' of our fUses stood out clearly in t:r..e' battle

agc:.l1not air~L)IDl1es in tl10 l:J.Chcr strata.

TllO cas s~lol1 \i a~ a chi 10. ,)f tho ,, c.r. dovalo:}t3d Ul1C.Or till aosu II1)tion

th).t as an entirely no ,/ t~'l:>O~f c')nstructi:)n it c :uld : roduco tromondous of-fJct sinco tharo \:JUS 11') protoction at;D.1nst rmny £jt S\33 ~.;hich lxH10trc..ted the

und:.lrG'rolJ.nd t'orl::3. Tho doyalo11T.lant af tho Ga a :)rojoctilo during thd ,ar at-

tainod Jl1:Jl,..iJU3 pr')~)o.)rti()nn D.n~ th1a ::rJj~ctilo domon::tro.tlJd cloc:.rly itc

nUJ).Jrlor .:JffoctivC3noao. (.,':.uthar'o n:>tJ: III Gas cJncontrat1o:ru3 durin nn at-tnc::, '1' or ~~, ~r II' and Ie or c1miln.r )r)joctilos .,;llro oribinnlly ooad.

o

In th.::>

Int,Jr yoers of tho Far, t}h.) £;ro.Jn C1'003 or bluo crose, or GToun end bluQ crJcn

:~,roj:Jctilos \i'.Jr3 WJcl b:)cD.tW\> .Jf th.Jir Gr'.)c,t:)r Jffvct. F1n~lly thJ yollo'rl

c;rJOs :)r ..)joctilo CDr.'lO into 00,). It UJuld t~:J t,)O ]on6 trJ b'D into thJ dif-

f0r)nCOn in COf.1lX>3ition and offoct of thJs.J variou:; t~J ,)s of G4~0 only thinmn.y bJ 3::Lid, that (If too L;TOUJ, tlu y)llO\,~ CrJ~5 \la-s l')n,st c.d:l:;tod £0 r en nt-

tQC~: nlnco thl) torrnin ac.3sod by it cr)uld UJt bo c~sscd ~J our nttocl::in;;troo}}s duo to th.) 1).)ra13 tJnc;) t f tho [;ns. It ...ns, th.Jr.)f.:>r.J. us.:)d durin; thJ

-2CJ-

-

-



attaclc a.;a.inst tl1)Se arcas OV3r rrhich it ''/:;;'S 1l.1t intendorl that our trJ~):)s

:)ass) •

i.cc,)rdin.;l~T, numeruus iml' ,va tions in the f ia Jd r 'f :n-) jectile-Manufae ture

wer:) devel)llec.l as tho vnr ::Jr'Jc;ressed to l DOt nerl tactical situutL>ns nnd t~r-i,es

',f tarJf3ts. '-Chase includ.ed sr:lJlca, armJ+' :)iercinG, St8X, trc.cer, and 111c0n-

diary sho lIs. Those r;J[l~r lnva Do slJlif ic8. 1C.) fa r the fu turo uJ~, cndin::; ul1,n

(1'J'131:J:)rnonts in th.) cond.uc t nf urx.

Trench ~,-nrfa.rG c.nd thJ cl00)ly ocliJlJll. 10d t[lr';Jts ::rosontorl by ,..:r';'8.niz,.)t..lclo 311sive p')siti:Jns absJluto Jy d3nr. .nc:Jd an incrc['.so in ()ffJctivonoss:md in

~'u.l1;se. To'r::l:i:d tl113 end. of the ',:rar therefore, as SOOl1as the industry',1<1s :..:ro-

j)e:;.' l~yel~ui p.:?ed to p:c'ocluc 0 t:~I31~~,field ';'Un3 Yla 1 0 D,~:;an Stl:~) lied \1i th cienulne

)rQssed steel sholls, such as Gun s}'. .011'IG and the Ie1'\..:fl010. hO'\litzor sholl.

1'}:;.0hGav~1 a::tiller:r un{ cr'Jen t a tremenc:Dus increaso. }'or 1 ts r:lnny 11m;

c<.:.libers nt3''. UnTi1uni tiOl1 Lad to be prOVided 3I' Duni tion, 'rl1ich, due to the:jrJiJ.t d:3r.ro1C', for f~tability end. effectiveness, had to bo rmde of l)ressed.' stool~

'i'~1 'j lar~~st caliber built bofore th'J -.~'ar -.:.12cm) i1O',lov3r, '~as not o::cooded.

'rho ma::imurnoffoct Ins o.3curJd uith a. i?rojoctila ,' .}i3hilX; a oout 900 ltc;m cnr-

ryln[; n burstinc clr~rc.p of about 100 J:@'I1. ~lO .:;TJatost r,mgo, about 130J:ilomJtors, :;0.5 SJcurod by thJ .,all-l:l1o'.m :.:ru:JP ::')ariS-[~l1l1 of 21 cm caliber.

(.:.utrlor 's no t,) : ~ ar13 '.:m.3 IJOrnb:li' dod 1J] 003 sha 110 fron tl1JS:) gullS, emol'1(j'.l1..1ch thol.'O '\~'tJr(J 110 (lud3, m1cl by ','hi c11 25G cc..sur l t iJS '\I'oro inflic tJd. Foroboorvnt ion of tho S}lOtf; - r.) h.: .c:, :;0 to sp0d:, obs.)rY Jr:J r~ t tho t~r:;.)t, sinco

'.7.) r.;cJivcd copiou~. roport3 fl' or~ ?r:.l is c.~s ro~::u ds tllJlr J?o~ition :,.nd. offl)ct •

......e. '.lJi. O cblo to (l()V:) 10:;,) n. iT<.J on ~,,::lich tll() points of in:9::C t ',,:.JrJ .:1ccurr.t J ~v

:}lottocl 2J1Cl ~;'hich 'J[1.;; ~.:,J:Jtcon~tantly U~)-to-d~~t~J.)

':2}n s'~ru:;~~L) f'o~ unifo I'ml t? in tIn fiJIG of i~;unitions ',.,;;.,s1:.)pt ui'

con-

tinually t}lrou;:;hout tho ,;o.r. ~'11J v~~j,' Yin; vi.r,:)01nt~; ::.::;rO;j~~rc,~ construction

ill f 10 lei nrti 1 l:H J, :fo0 t ['u ti ll~)r J, t r:;ncl ....LOr tc.r~, n:....v;]', 2.vir ..tio 11r.~ndsofurth m,'lc:Ji t~> [~chiJv.1n ...mt diff'icnl t. i.'lJl') lJl;-.u1 of orbc.ni~ation of that 'T)..Jr-

io<1 mi;zht h.J a;~ J'Jct.)d to llind,Jr d 1Y JlOl) 'lJl1t ['..lon~ }?o..r~'~llJl linJ:; in tllJ dif-

f)rJl1t t l.rl l~ of th.J J Jl 'Vi OJ.

It loulcl tal:::> too lOl1:.~ to LP into all d:)k~ils. LJt U3 only poiut out

brlafly tl1:.~t C)Li.cl:S.1]X.Ll atJ fLJld, b) it n.~1itiol1 or 2.1~T oth;r tJchnicn.1

f111c1, rJ~u1r')n its 'J:-:j,)'Jrt. 'ill l ..a ':o f;uch a onJ ava.ilc.blJ nt th) i)rODJr tiJ,'.u

111 ; .luayJ b) on') of thJ rrost ir.JIlo:ct<::nt problc rr.s. Th} solution of ~~l1roblJl;1

bl' o1,;l~~htp bJ cone:.1tio~ is tllJll r10Gt ...u.ic~.:ly c-nc. ~.ccur~.~tJ J.y In3urod.

a:]iJri:H1C ;)S, ..11.1ch ',,~(n~a..~i\. in ':;: J, .t l1ur::bJr3 in ',.~;,.., '.7i11 soon bJ foj,'-;~'Ott'Jl1 in thu :jJrG:?octiv1.J of j ); ;= - . .cJ-t1r,1J, m. '-ill ~)o 3id,j-trr..c1:od bOC['..U3;) of

t l • .dr il1~ufflciont :'j~'..~ctic,:l valu.), ;.n: .. ~'))[.;.j,' ,)ntly in3ufflci:Jnt bJ~1rlng on

tIn fl:.turJ. bUCClOC .i 1b [;')11 Jl..;,tio~ do m t find. tIlJir 'l~.Y by ~J[ .rchitU (~l1st

or Innu.'Tl,-;rr.bl0 0::)-:)1 1J11C~j;j of '. [';ro, :-..n{~ r.~r.i' 1 l,,,,c::in.:~ J::~':)'Jrts ~.'il1 follo' .. out

th\..l l)[1.thfJ of o;.:p.)rirrunt r..lrJ;~dy oj?Jl1J1i by Ui3 but un}::'10,~ to th)m. It i~ l:lr',r(~.

to nay '.llu~t form rnuni ttOl1G ~'~nl, in ,;JlnI':'~l, G.IJfJrwivo ('..llG. offJn3iv J \;)::.po~s

'rIlll tal:.) in th) futuro. ~t t~lis tlr.1J :) L3 'r.',rfc.j, o SOJr~ to I\)c)iv.) thJ

~31 L(I

- 21- 29- 30 J ob v S- 394

t

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1

~



Greatest attention of our enemies, as t C311 as tan1~, catcrpillm- rrounts, andlOIt; ran~o aircraft for be robinG. :'1unitlons de~,olopmont uill fo llow along

wi th these. rovortholcss this develo:r=:~nt nmst adapt i tsolf to tho [;Oal ofinzroasod effocti7oness still moro systerrnt1cally than heretofore. ' In casesrrh<3roDo 6I oat sinGle offect alone is importnnt,.cr.libcr must not be spared,on tho 0 thQr hand, \lhoro rrnssc'~ fir.) ~U1d tho rapid allc easy supply of amnuni-

tion prornis os tho broutes t success, tIn caliber tmlst not be incroasod unnoces-sarily. (Author's note: This viowpoint, as Co.ptnin JUStro't7 informed monhcn

I iucstioned him, is l~t opposod to tho conolusions ~t the ond of Scction on EstinntC' of Cannon . Ono mod b3nr 3.n rolin,1pnrticularly thoso targets tl'k'1.t

aro offored in nosition uarfaro.)FurthJr, sIDc ini ornplm.sis is to bo pIne 1d upon th3 incron-so in tho cart['..intyof functioning :md uniforrlJi ty of thJ v[;.riouz typ.Js of munition~,. ns for o:w..

thJ roady op3rntion of f U3 3 tho sufficient s~foty of thJ sholl casus, burst-

in3 ch ..l.rGos'r:.nd fus JS , uniformi ty of pO'.:d.1rch...r~os, nnd of ,Jffoct of projoc-tilos, atc. nln on tho oth3r hnnd, tho army'must USJ \.'ith bJttor undorst::'Jlding

of its capabilitios tr...J nmmunition fur:nich~d it.

1 ond:)rndo not occur on or.rth, end ~ll r.:odJrn :,.):1p:>nsof thJ la.ot <l,)c:.~do,

Guch ['.s th3 U-bont, nirplcn;), t['..n -=,;['.5, atc. pointed to n. n.'1.turn.ldOVJlopm.Jntbn:.lJn upon gonor~l tJchnicr..l principles. Lot u:J gum'cl ng.::1nst impossiblo cs-ph4n.tion3. :.bchinory cuch ~c :.t'1.jor A.D. ~1f d'.)scribos in his pamphlet 1934

German's Resurract ion , and .,,'hich in t:re fo l' 11 of a small :PQc1,:etns trument isto send out imnoasurable rays of enerGY, be lon...;s according to the prosentstate of l:ro ..TIedgo, and so fur as .... can see into the futuro, in tho realm of

fab 10.

It must also ba remornbcrod that thl) nocosso.ry ammunition ca.mot, oven '-'hen

of simplest construction, be conjured up ~J st~pil1G the foot. Every'majormunitions program r().luiros a::tensivo thoorJtical propara tion, ~rofUl prcllrn-

il'wryorganization, technical rosourcJs, and above all on m':>4.uate timo formanufacturo. ThJro must bo no illusion in r'Jfj:lrd to tbo absoluto dofonsoloss-

n~3S of Germany in this rosJnct.

Only a highly dO~IOlo~d industi J 111:0 t h.l G~rrnnncould bo ndaptod to thJ

tromondous demands in llu.1.ntity cnd mcchDnic:ll pJ-.:or mdo by our nrtilloryrrntJriol during tho '70rld rlnr. '.7h..'l.this indus trial systom DCcomplls:r:cd.Is

ha.rdly concoivablo, end ronazod th.:l '.no 10 .,lm. ld. no artillerYJIjo.n smll n.l~]n.ysrlmlomb:Jr~7ith \lUrm.:>strvg:J.rd thn.t indus try .:;hich for~d our .~:on.pons,nnd hencoour thoughts turn involuntn.nrily to ::rupp. Tho dcV'olopnont of thJ Gcrrnnnnr-

til13ry and thJ doYolopmont of this firn ar~ bound to~athor i ~ closost tics.

I:rupp bocnmo famous du) to l.i~ 5 t.JJ 1 mnnufncturo. Friod..rich ~~ruppHas

thlJ first in Europo to produco cruciblo stool, r..nd in 1816 tr..o first c~stst:)oll)roducts left tho fo.ctory. tioon follo ..:od tho firot finishJd products:

as tnmpi11Gs, too Is, ro lIe rs, ana la tor, plrts of nnchinory, .a::les~ ete... It .Jas

loft for his son Alfrod to improve tho.j.uali ty of thi5 s tQol to such an 0::-

tllnt ani to prodUce suchvaluabl~ sto.31 that OV.3nfor\liG l countrills lnd to

ncJ=no'Jladgo its SUfAJriority.. His nt tc~pts to sucur.:> no ::mar],:..;s for thcs Jvulu.ablo mat,3rials IJn.d him to apply hirns.31f to thJ procluction of ar'tillory

matJriol and ammunition.

- 22- ~9-30 Job ~:':8-394

rrr.p.I



In 1847 tm first Gun tU'oe, a three-pounuer, '.'.ns cast; mJro fol10\7ed.

In 1059 n si=.:-p.~under d.ra\m of cruci ble steel ' us introduced in Prussia

nnd three hundl od cas til1[;s uera ordored from ::rupp.

In th() meant line ~:rupp lnd t w:on up tho preduc ti 011 of comple to & U1ls. From

1066 on complotad tubes ',.ith broech bloclts ',11)1 3 producod. Soon bUilt-up guns

fOllO ,lOci and in 1868 a 24 cm tubi3e ~lluroaftor. h3 tool: up tho manufacturo of

Gun carringos. In 1873 th.3 Dl1mnvr prOVil1G around :m.s ostablishod and in 1877tho firs t round ;as firod at :.~3ppon.

In tho moantimv ,:Crupp ruruul10d tho purvoyor for th;) German ertillary.

Tho nrtillJry of tho Army utilizod c::clusi\ oly ;~rupp guns o::copt in thJ caso of

:[,i-J1d gum. Tho Gornun li'avy \iUS 0 lui~l)Qd en tiroly ...:ith ::rupp guns and l'~rU}?p

ammunition at tho ou tbrJa~;: of tho uar.

-,~t tho tim-J of thv production of tho first cast stoJl GUll tub,), tho ;:rupp

cast stoQl Forl:s in Esson omploycd 70 '.Torle lmll Its wildings covorod an arc.:1 . 1of ~.t hoctart). l;..t th) bJ6il1ninG of tl0 ,;;ar, o::clusi.vJ of outsido factorios,

tllO numb}r of officials n.nd. \:'orlcmon totc.ll:>d 43,000 em. tl1..1bUildin{~s covoroclon Coron.of 60 hoctares. The former increasod to 110,000 (includinc; 30,000

w',)lnon) durinG the ,rogress of tho :wr; the area c :JVored. by build ings or co n-

~truct1ol1 \ laS increased to 1015hectares.

'fho officiency of tho f iru hr.e. inm. easod t.') such nn a:.ton t tInt, mI1l.)ng

Jtho:r things, 1n tIle :Jroduct1on of ho~y picces f:~r f:'IJt artillery tho fol1orl~

in.:; fiGuros v/oro roacl1od durirg ono l ronth in 1910; 23 10-cm b~ns, 12 13-cm

2,1l1~,' 20 15-cm guns '16. 67 heavy fi.Jlcl h'),\'itz;Jrs '13, and. 4.0 n::n..tars.

~lho total pr1cluctilJn (If tIn firm incluclinc gruson o.luipmvnt durinG tho

10013

~439

4:755

~2, 500, OOO25,000,000

22,000,000

13,000,000

23,500,000

c')mpl\Jt~Hl [, UllS (ca1ibors varying frcm 3.7 t:l (~ cm)

oparo tuboo (arum' co.libors)

opnro cnrric[;cs [111(1mO o.lntc

complatod proj3ctilas

rowYl cc.:.stings for pr:j3ctil3s

tiI 1O fusos

,)rcunsion fUsas

nd:lJ)t:Jrn

To this mu~t be adc~,)d th.) C01ilJ1ot,) supply :'f roco l br[ .l:Qs, countJr-

r.JcC'1l mochanicT.1::i, pnoUIW. . .ticbralcoa, r.nc: so on; and als1 nhout 200,000 infnn-

try bo~y armor. In addition, ~tillJry f~ctori~s other pL~nts vorJ sup-

pliJd fa r c.ssumbly ,.,1th tubo3, cc.rri~~00s, ['..n~.mJunts fJr thJusa.nds of com-

pl:JtJ un1 tz. 4500 G 11l1S.'11U. 750 c:lptur:)u gu~ ',/3i :J rom:Jdollo~.. 31,350 tons

()f n.rmor pIn t~ '.:~ro pr 1cluc oel.

Th.J rrohi L> '1:: on rmr t,~ '. hi ch pl~y,)(~ such :m impor t~..nt r 010 in th,) n t-

tnc;,: of tho DJ1:;1['J'1 forts, th.J lJrw'(~uctiOll '::f tm h.)[lvy Guns end thoir

- 23-

~~



[unmunit1ol1 frJl' th) i.'Ul .......~l lnttlo of Sl:~ ';:~ur['~C::n:rr: t1l;) 1.n13 r~ (p [;Ull::; (['.nt~1l~1

tl1l J th:)03 '.,'ith n r['wlC;0 of 130 l:m '.71li~h oombn.rclu(: :?~rlo) crnc.tJ t'.. opocl~l

:p(~<~J (1 f l'lotl.j in th.) llio tory of th.J ~:rtt1?P fIrm.

12ho c1ir.)ctlo11 of .nrtl11Jr~r con itructlon :1.n( .. 'Jt thJ ~t111'Jry lr'.borr.tori~)c

of' th~) conC.)rn (lurlnt-:; trjj ':r.:.r ) ...:1 in thJ h.'1l1~~sof t ...o profJsr.or- U'.l1~G~rG, Dr.}lnn:::;')nbor~.pr. me Dr. linrt',d;;. ' iJy c.:.,n,;;t.. .nt 11n.15')11 \,'ith tIn [~uthoritlou f:.nclb;r th) closest coC')ort..tiol1 of it~ rJli~blo 'JllJ n.:).)ru thio firm SUCCOJ~')c. in

'.:1 ~.ccomplishl1lJl1t un(\.r'.,)~oc'\ of horJtof0ro [ ,ne1onJ .thich r:J.'1chocl its perl: in

t1JJ fulfilling ~~f tho IIinrlJ11bor,-':pr0{;r:-:n1. Althou:'jl1 thJ CJopJI : '.tlon of , '.11

iY '.:ct;~ of tho Jot::.b1ishnt:mt ';.~r'.S ~,)C,)55::.ry, t]:I~ .1.Ccump11nhlT..Jl1t\,.:1S r. r:l;.ttor,.z th,) nrocurJTlnnt of tho ir.,[,.1I)ru~,) :'1.mJunts of PO'~1 )r : .nC. r :-r,.,' rrn t Jrlnls ~.n(l

t]):J r ~sorvoG (substituto rnQtnls)~ of tho 1)rJ~.uctlon ot' tl~ 11.,c,)ssnry sto:>l,

.1f tll,] ['..dministr:l.tion of th:> Gr'1rlt un~rt~:in3 :-:-ith Its ~rmy of :)fficinls

[m(.. ..U 1 1:0r3 ns \.'J 11 n.s tho i r shol tor ['. l( . uoIfr.ro.

In p0uce-tim<3 tho . ruJ p COI 1J?r..ny:uintained ove-: 6500 cl ,'leIl1n.;s for its

omployoos, a nd had Q. chaIn of 100 s t:.)ros in Zsson. ?lo.ns lif..d to ba made fer

tho sholtor of tho (;roat number .bf '.J)rl:Jrs d.uring too ',1n.r. Thus lo.rJo tom-

}. 'lJrary 'lun.rters

..7ore bui It ..7hich c'.:\ ered largo aroas ani 0 fferod she Iter f'.'r

:~ ~'OOOmon \ lh11e it '.fa.S pJss1ble to shelter 35,000 ron in them • .At present, 1 .

till) ~:ruPl) :firm l 1aintu. jns mor 0 t hm 11,500 d'.10 lings for omployeos in Es son.

lIa.nd in lk'1l1d \,rith tho cast stoo 1 './0r1:S in Besan 11u.~crous othor faotor1eG

'.lO~(j opurn.ting: tho Grusan f':-..ctcry, tho (}Jrmanln DOCl~S~ tho R.JinhnusonF~)undrios. tlw ,Al1nJll 3tiJol '70rJ::0, nnd thu oro end conI r:l1n.JS bolon.;:ing t.') tllJfirr.t. 'flu :~rul')P firm '.JUS in [.;.~),)sl tlcn 11.Jt ~nly t., pr~)~;1dubn.ttorios ....ith

t1l0ir CJHQ:>loto a'lulpmunt but e.ls:' to IJI\.1C.UCJ 9:m,r nhip::; frvrn U-boats to thJ

lnJ, ~~,)Bt dri.;t1eln.'1ut.~;hts..71th thoir c~1Tlploto n.rnnnnnt. Th.u buildinS ~t th.J G,)r- nt1.:1ir:. D')cks of tho first c:'mnarcin.l 5ubnnrin::>. Tho Doutoch1cnd'.', 'rm,s noro-

suJ. t tJf :~rupp in1 tir.t iv o•

.AftJr th ., ',1r::r tha firm h' 'wc: tc r')')rG: .nizo. In th ) ~hOl)::; in '..hlch th,) rl.rnr.

ft.'ll th) t}orm:m l..rm:;- ::11(:' ~~r'. ;~.1.r:.c1 J?rovl~uz ~v bJon l)rx:.uc')(l, l:>cOJnJt iVos, r~iJ..

ra:'.n cn.rs, t:,ut'wlL)bl1:)S, f['Xt'l r.l~h1n0ry, cnnh ro:.;lstor::;, Dl,)sJ1 Jn3'1nos, sur-

gicr~l instrumonts, stn.rm?int; r.'l. ~ch1noo, drodgos, 'l1d nnn~ :thJr ~rtlcl.Js :'orO

11)'.; rJ1:'-'.,llUfr;.cturorl.

T.:u production of ['.rtillQry l~.tJri.)l [,J'lG. ~1 tior.. i~ c'Jrnplct01y prnvid-

1 )(: .. 1.''')); . H .loVI)r, c.cc~r(:inc t.) th1 c ..ictn.to~ ;)f tho Entunto, th,) pr)(~uct1,)1l of

C\nl~l r'. f~)'J g'Ul1.~ ovor 17 cm 1~ ,;.110'::00, \,philo n.bnalutrJ 1y 110 nr.mruni tL.,n C~1 b\)

lTl.''.J1Ul': C turn (1. ;~ln plo..... 1::; (piIX; ~''';or pray Ing GrounC-n'.

Duri~ tho ''' or 1(1 ':;~r, ~ui to ~Jr.r..zln:; n.1: 'J .'.:)r.1 thJ :l.ccor.1p11:;hmont~ .:If

Jth:r f:l.ctori Xl, l):JP')C l~lly tho~ J =--1 th.J Str:.t3-o'.1110f~ 0n )3. nn.:l of tho RhinJ

::'Jtr .l-tiflrO nncl ~bchim F:1.Ctory at Duas':ll, ..:'r£ (:~br::n;.rl ..t) but I muSt l..'1t t; ) i:~~

. f\l.rth,)J.' clotn.11 cC'ncorninc;' thr.:I::1.

'~hlJ nrmistlcl.l, conclu~ '~)(1 ':,'lth :'.. fim tru3t in th0 o('.crJ(111J3U of tIn giVY..

'. r')rl , ~ ;:':.:~1'r01:1U3 thJ frul ts of fl'ur yoc.rs :I f victo1 l~uG '..~c.r, :)~rmi tt,y . t' 'd,.: .,::y to ccour:,. 1}'~LJ,1.l'l 30i1 cn.c . t;f:.v,) hin thJ G-Jrnum nr.illJ ~.s n. 3'Ut.r.:n t..).] of

29-30 JJb /. S-39.~

~

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our' peaceable intent; tln:1 the Versailles Peaco Troaty rlJr.dereu us dofenseless

and. r.1utilatecl our fnthGrlc~nd~ Tha e:q13rionoes of tn..J last Y~:lI S rove tau;;tltun that thJ 7orld lns only hUT.'liliation, scc):i n~ derision nnc1 G l.1.udcr for e do-

f ons;jlo8 3 poopl.) 'a ll riGht and jU3t lcl,) i:3 [lCCO rclad only t J pr0po.rod tl.:'l ti'ln,

n. countryuhich stmcls 0lual1y pr,J Urod in tho council of n..1.ti0ns.

-,25- ~9-30 Job '1/' s- ~9.~

~



Tho th)J1'otic~.l.l t1'['.ininl; 0f th.l ::.U.~:. artillory '.r~3 vary tjJoc.. Tha

i.)l.r~,clc::~l t1'ainin;; 0f t hJ Jr..tt orio~ ',1::..;; ~~IS0 G': od. ( Tr:::.ns In. tJr' nato:... U -.. t ' f t' . t iT .• .....;; r' ~oic . ,..~' 'lr 'U11rl ) li.- ... .r.)lcl ).;. ••.• anc s :)1' IT) ...U:.1 ro-~ltllJGn .I. \lJ ;. •• b~' 1.

:Io~:i:)vor GJrtO b[~tto1'io~ \10rJ 30 j;k1orly 0 ~uippoG. th':, t th'.3ir .1ff:JctivonIJsS

.,'tf .3 mr~to1'i[';.liy inf )l'.ior to tbr.t OJ:''' t:l) J..Jrrrl.11.bc.ttJri:)~. ,;'.t tir.l)~ br:.ttJ1'i-l3

...ttcc:l,,)(l t 0 GJrr:~f'.U un t ',';n,.o ti'.'JrJfor,'l 0 ~uiPJ )d ,iith GJrr:I: .l1 Mr..t:J1'i:)l. In r;.

~:;ll,')rt timo tlu) crr.JS \'\.) () th(~rou)J.]S il1~ truct.)( . i:1 h..'21r:1in.; of tIns m......on,)l.

I rvpJnt')(lly h:~d :)cc:'.~1,.)n tJ .)b:J.n~;.} tj:1: f:-,ct. ?Jl.:~orJ.<.'.lly.

~'rO'.4.1Um,tl;t tlua,j b~ttori()~ .)\,011 ('11 tl::J princip::.1 frJntJ sllfforJ<.l ;;h:.'rt~ .;c

','f trnr.1Unitio::~ ,,'l.1.(Jr'Jb,:i th)ir v:1IuJ ',:r:,;j ~~~tU1':--.ll~r (l:)c~' Or,~~')d.

~h')l 'U ~,'[.'.S ~'l0 l['.cJ: a1' cOll:;ciontiou.. i nffcrt [1.11(1Jr'.l in th) :':.U.:~.:~ti1-

(;r~ :;.:i('~ tll(,):;:o ..-or) 1.l~.1l:l r..bl ') :Jff ic 0r~ [non.; th.:: : '..l' ti II Jr;, r.lJl1. :J3J)i')cir:.1ly

1T)to'.:orth:r ', J ) O lon.)l :.r:l;r, ::..rti11 ....~i CJmLr~::J~ In tn.) ~-~tt:;.c:: of thJ bri(~;v-. (' lC'll' ) '1 t i , i ... or 'l-11-:)[.:.('. :~t ;~o.rzocz() 17 v~.r)t ;I 0 , vc.p a n J,'roJ .-nr ' ~):1 r.cil::', '. J,() l;rWJ U:J 30r-

Vic') of.' tlJ) crJn.to:Jt vi.~luJ '..:'i th ~.dn' ::;0.5 C::l r.l')toriz~;~. ~r'rt~.l.ba.tt,)r~r, rn(~

C,:~ptr~1:1 Gri11m:;.iur, ./'~l ,~cc,)r~?li~~.IO(:1~i:: Di~~L'n3 in tll~ ~.tt[~c]::)n th) b1'1(~:;,)-

h:J~~/l 'J1 T.ob~)IJ :);:c)11:):1tl~7. Gri11r~~:)r :i )i )~ t ~\.t th'] brlc ....;.JJn::'.': -.J~..1 11:'~l'JOC.

fJr him, f~l1t~ h'H1C.') hiG :liG :l) ',:111 ~Dt ~1l1J:: i::.t' oblh'i'J:l. ~lir)1 rue: ti J0

,'l.;~.ill :'Jun;:';o1' ,)fficJr~ (:,)t:-~i1,:'. t~ th:J iaf:',::t:..~: fr.) ,1t 1111';:; in co:rr.r,l1:~ of

Gill:.;l'] JunG c .tu'in; c:.tt~'.c~:.:;, ('iLti:i1;'ui::;hocl t:il0UJal ;o:J b.. t:ilOir f.lrcsi:;ht an:

c~,oci131. n.

11 th the 01(101 ;:.U.:\. £i.rtil1or;/ .):1 'i081 ::;, I (~.iscur,~cc1 :1'1, an::', then th,,)Cd

p)int3 i'~1r '~:1ioh the .,~u:;tr )-:.~un0ari~;Jlul~tl11,):;'.~-~3 critioizod. (octablishnnnt

in p')cltion at t,:)') .:;;prct:.t diGt~:')cx; f~.: .~ till) t31'l Ol.'1y, t::>C ')clrly \:1thir~;al in an

(~wmy a.tto.cl-=, :'\:0') :71nu th,) limb,,}.l.s unc. tl3i,W;W:.'') 01:>::;0 t: ' th) bat t Jry j,) )sit iuns

tJ :YJrl:;1t a r~1:9it1 :ith(lr[j; ..~nl, ot~.). Ti....S3 JmtlJmJl1 unr~llirJ:''l13~r .):~r.)ssod

t l1Jms 'JIvQ::; n lx,u t ;) 3 fc ll:~'.,rs :

If ~rJ 1Ql('.... tl1ct till infD.nt~T i11 frJllt .1:' u.s cr..l1 b-J tru:3torl, trot ,r ... cn.u

J:;:~JOCit tu h 11('. its po 3 i ti011 1n Cu~:: . f :1)5 ti Ie e.ttr.c;:, Jur c )nd:uc t l3DO S :i1-~ t

l.~lff')r fr0 :1 th J.t 'of thJ G')rT.l'.lll :.1 t111Jr:t. If th.) inf a:'1try 1n IUr fr:)nt 10 in-

f:Jj,1i('~r,\1-,)

rl-r.) th:JU cO:':1}'JJl1,)(1o tL,. thJr.~iso or '}'I.lr ~ltar1) 1 ','1ill t~)() frD-.,.i.1ontly bJ l~)r-t . 1'ln::;,) ',l0rtl':g ;;,mtlJrDn '\,'JrJ r.}c :~nin~: 'JU tln vl'~riJd trust-',.rorth1n,)::;s of thJ cliff,)r::nt Ul1it::;, br:u,:;ht ['.1r;ut b~r till ::.li:~:)(111~~tion1.1ity of

tli} ...ll Jtrir;.n p~)o:?l:.h

Tll:) diff:n-oJ1c:)s in T:' ~)r~:~l~'. in rri li ti.r y t:y:~));3 ,.',J1'.) :):lrti cu1r:rly. n')-

ticon.blJ in tho IJ1.f~:.ntry. In c,mtr~st t,) cJ::-tc-1n ro.:;inDutG- f'.1r J~:['.ffi91o, I

llJOd. on13T 1 unt1'JTl th,) 'l~Il'Jl _:...iz -,r-J:'.,;':r:; thJr~ '..,JrJ 0:1 th;J :w,stJrl1 frJnt

TJ Jr.ny v Jl.~.J mJrli;:Jcro ur..i tr:. .. :)ri)3 ') f Ult; l J~':'::;f:;':t'ocurr ..:~1C)3 'In <liff .1rJn t~?r~rts .)1' tix> l.tUtr1=-,n fr:)l1t Gc'''n 1:)(:' t() '1 r.1'l~::o(lly :)0 ',r J\ [.i.lu'ltioll of fi~;lltirc

~ ~ ~ ~ " '

~

~

'

-



f vbilityef fJUr [~ll:r. Thi~ nD.lllf:JstJ,: its)lf tJ tln Jr)r~t,')~t o::tont In cr.a.)G

..:]lorJ Gorman un tc -.i:lii ell fou~~ht G 1(:0 b;) s 1( .:t '.:1 th .:.'Un trian, h'1c'1 unp1J('..ormt

~::lXJriQncos ....th :)Uil c 111io:::. Tl1J fJl1'J .-,~in~; occurronco r.li~ SJrVJ r .G [ ,; l10 :: -

CJllj I.J S

(})rrrnn inf'nntry ro~;imJllt lr.f. Q.J) 11 n;3Cigmc~ t~ en ..~UDrim (~l)fol1siv.)

(~ivi3ion c..G r. c()r:.;ot-:1ti~1', ([~G it .. ::~f ...,nilinrly tJrr D(l) ..... t [~ {~lm~)r, tho

....mtrln.n (:.iv131011 COlm1' '.l1(~~)r off;Jrocl tho Du~brut~or.:;chnft (fnr.1ilir.l ::;t~'.tuc)to tr..) G'Jrm:-'ll rJiSirnontr..lconTJr1.nc .Jr, iJolu l)17onTI. ::.::;.•...'.~ thJ cU.1tor.1in

.,uctric.. Tl1oro, v'Jry l:'lany .)ffioJrG '.:Jr.,} on ~uch r.....ilir.r t0r '$, r.'.Jlt'. tho

a:mior off'ic3r (;on )rn.lly c.c.(~r:.H~SJ:~tll) ~iuniors f:;r.1ilir.'.ry ( ith ,,(:u ,,) •.: .f t',}r 70n H. h' ',l. S1~ 11ifio(:.his ' rillillJlUi.iS, tlu fu 11o'..i.l1ti c')n\'.or~r..tL)n t.~ )1:

j?lr:.Cl.

Th::> /.uiJtr1r:n Dit iaio~: COr.T.1f'..nC.Jr: ItJ ••l1 r: r.W ~ ...)nr n., if thJ Ruo~ irz.n

shnUlc l 110\: a ttn.cJ:, ::U1C '. ~.j() c.ro 1n c '.nnL;.':-r thm you -It ill ar. '.vnncC '.:. ith ;Y'0ur ro-

~;hl0nt, plnco yo m so1f in front of un a:t'.. tr..roi .' bn.cl: th) J11.:n1V . i/hor.Jllpon,

Von R. mlGi:N,)ro(l: uYi)f; nncl you ~:i1lbJ[:,t 1 tit.

This .,'7n,=.; Po joJ:o nn(~ tc...1.:.)l1 ns such, but -.n3 n::,,':ortholoss siS' liflc;;,nt of

tllu ()11iro :0 itu:1.t ieln.

Th,) ..:'.ustro-H~r:.ri:'..l1 n.rt111Jry, ho •.n.....)r, fUllctioao(: sntisfnctorl1y

U11(:'.Dr onorG<)tic lonr1.)rJhip '.lith clo~r ~ l('. (1~tr.ilo~ . orc .or3, an:'. ....ith ~(1.o-

'j.U<i.tJ control, if ~'Oo(l 1.1J['.tJrio 1 r'. lr' Gufficiont r:.l:1f1unitlol1 \.~0rl) nv~11:'..bl0.

Tl1io is to bo ()n :t1Jci[' ..ll~' 'Jrn.)ll:~oiz.')(: horo. ~.-l~b::.tt \~Jri.)s \.' Jro p ~ ..cJC'. ('lir:.lc t-

ly '1.ll1c '..orrrtI control fr0.~u:mtly ['one: in l~r,;J 11Ur'10Jro. Plus.) br:ttJrioG ~]r.lOst

..,i thout o::eoption r1::'.{lJ:::..bJO(~ ir.JJr.)::;3iol'l. :'11 n~.

Tho porsonf~l rol(~tiol1 iltl] nur J'.-:i ....lion ~,l~ o::C.1pti011' '..11y plor-.cr:.nt.

~l1o c.:nNcr:.:nti:')nn ',11:ic11 I :wl. '.:ith Ull ...1l3trit:.n (:1 ;ialon con.~ll(~or '\leri)

1n tereGtill; ;. Ha c,)nparo{l tho c 011(:UCt ')1: tl'i£3 l10rna.:1Z to',lar,~ tho :.-II' p(}Jl1lco

at tho ou tbrc~a~:: 0f th() uar:

Ut}hl1o sacra:'l. ic l,,':3a131':1rulo(~ in G,Jj, rn:1Y an: rj l1101131£ GortmlS t,1 ')1: u~)

tho o-,1Or(~ .. ')ut /,1' pur.;) patrlotisrl.'):lCJ ('li~~ 110 t find rocl i'.ovctl ',n t~ tho C('; :-

uon fathorlon( ',. 1n n'1l'ly of n:,r f )110'0) C)Ul1tl~'T.jJn. ::r~,,\y ':,:,nnocl thJ Ullif:)rL l

lx)roly to l?lon:::; 0 thJir c.,,root}:l..)n.rtG •

iTo IJictur:)cl 1111::o:::;Jriol1cos '.;ith th.J ,/.rny tllU.J: 1.t tlD bo~;innlnt: C'f

tho 'Jar I \.~ns 30 pr~C. of th) rJ:;iuJl1t I cC'n:c.n(~or~. Them C~1I.1()tlJ.J fir::;t

bnttlo. Volunt)or::; \;uI .J nO~H1,J(' or o::>:lcin.l nl~si 1nn. ;. cJnsirl')rnblo l1unb)r

r.)IJortorl, rucJi t,')(1. th:lir IJr(',:)r~ .....'lc.. f.:.)oJrt )( 1 t) tlu') :m.:nv .

G::>rr~nn or ?rnssic.n :allt:;.rlnn In th.. ..t ',~1ich :1') 1tl -'r n tion , 'V, ....~ (' (' I \( t.,.,J l. .L './UUJ~~'l ...

any 'J::.tont [lllr.l.,'hioh thJ '.:bo10 ,nrl:''. ,}l1Yia3 tr.)r11~n~l, 1nt'.)rnn.l Jr<.\Jr, obo<li-

;)11co, l..'1ya 1ty, ot c.

- 27- 2~-5v J )b . ~-3 9.~

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.'rHD A:~r.ILL:.;::.~Y ArJ~AnGL111:1rrS IN OPFElWIVB B;'..~TLBS

Pl~lls in Gcnernl

1. Secrecy.

To insure success of the [It tack, secrecy in our intcntions tIns of decisive

mpol'ta,.lce. }.i'or t:1is reaS011 the following measures 'were 1.

ven special con-1(lor nt i on •

All officers, otc., to whomkno\-:ledgc of the proposec_ undertnking was c('n-

ided, were bOund to m~intnin an ~bsolutely discreet silence. It was found ad-

isnble llOt to lcccl'J tho numbcl: of illi tinted ~ffic~rs too sr.1c.ll; f.r experienco

oon tcU:.:;h us th:1t tho se vmo racIly 101CWwerc nore di scrcct th:1n those vmo

lloudlt tlle~l 1010W.

L'vo:r:rb~ttcry, CVCJ:r tr~in, etc, upon cntering' tlle ZOllO of the CQml~d \lh1ch

destined to moJ':e the nttc.c1c, tins given en infcr.nntion .oullctin, in which nll

he )lcc:::utiol1s to be tt~l-':Cnto insure secrcc~ were r:gain clcC'rly indicatcd.

lToe1il1G.;ms pc nni ttcd in tl1e lI'Jy of ~ct i..,i t~r in the billets '\bich would give

he innrcssion of an incrc~sO in forces. Vehicles \lere rer'Uircd to seck covernder 'trees, \I i th irrcgul~r intcrv~ls. Upon the [:ppearancc of hostile ~irplr.ncs,

Il rQ'.(~ah~d to be clo::-.reG.of troops.

Bivou~cs ~lld BcllClons \.,eI'C to be well covered f ro.n hos tile n ir recol1l1::-.is-

llce. ,,[chicles \lere not :xlr.1itted to t:-lce position 011the cdge of \l00ds; nO\1

l nclCs \.,C1'enot to be l:l~dc Ullcrc visible. ~, ::ctivitj vhicll ~Joul~ mise dust

2. l:C\1-::>osiion during tile d~~rtimc ;lnS forbidden. Field ki tchens YlCre re-

uired to <'1.~ tllelr~cookinrs eith?rin sane dist:mt pIece or in some location 1:\1- J'

endy 1mo\1nto the enemy. At 11l{;ht cl.l Sl01:1of fire or lijlt ,ICS to be suppress-

\

TIle stnffs of the roinforcing trooI's tiGre Given guides ncqu~intcd \'1ith the

ocali ty SO tlr.t thc~ .\.'ould ~lOt Dccidcnt~lly go ~~trny. Battery posi tions all1

O.P.s comillG under direct enomy observ~tion .....re not to be rcccnmoitored du)'ing

nylig~lt e:-:ccpt in n bCller~l \my. Hot u- 1til t~lilight \1crO t:ley def illi toly

reCOllllO 1te red.

no::c ~raffic during dnytime .13S not pelmitted to e::ceed the nvor~be previous

arl101.U1t.I'i1otor vel1icles \'7C1'Oot pcnnitted closer than 5 Ion. from the frontli11en. All movement of nrtiller:r in the ~ppl~ach, cspcciall;,{ of reinforcing bat-

terios c~lcI C111JU1LlitiOl1rc.ills, took pInce at night. Bctterics u111c11.etrained

rlurinG t11C<1~~r, remained in t11e Vicinity of the rnilrocd stc.tiol1 until night.T~r~ffic COllgoGtion \7aS prcvcntcd~ b~r n :)ecinl control, othcr,~-inc therc ,-ros danger

t lnt cCi-tnin ullito mi{j1t be 011 tl1C ro~a. at d~ybrC'nk. Traffic '..OS rcgulcted byCOlltlol )?ost~ '\7hich clo~cd the ro~d for geller.)l tr~ffic cithe1' b~' bnrs or hc~vy

oh~illo, rnd }?orr.1itted only ccrtnil1 troops or individu~ln -,:itll pe:nnits to :p~so

throu~ll.

- 28- 29- ~O J ob V 8- 394

, .t, \

.t _-tV'

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Hon-aecrot ol'c1ers re:?cntcdl:r pointed to the ~nobcbili t:rof Cjl cncmy offcl1sive (

t llCt tI1C t 1Oop~ mi;:;ht rc t.:1in tl1C 'belief th[it OUI' IlI'e~'):)I'::1.iont \:crc defensi vc

nl y. . '

All (~oCUJ.'lc~lt~, r;rtillcl~ oluers, e:~tr~cts tliC~cfrom :lUG bnttlc r l()ps \icrc I..ulcler loclc ::1l1C~~c: ill C1Urllers ._iell bc;yind tllC linc s. It \olaf::or-

ic:dcll tot Dke tl1cr.:l to tllC f :.-0 a t 1 il~Cs, toO.P' S or t 0 OC~v8j,lced bnt tc rJ lJOS1t i011:3.

sl1oulc~ bc cO::'lsul t cd only in the:;e boclt: areas.

POl' b~ttcrics r~nd tr:;ins moville :for,~.~rC: to ~c~v~nccd ~ositiol1s, it \lnS nccess- Jt

,

l'y to t~.~m o~:tI'n prcc~utiO::'lS to muffle Ol~ ~ubc1uc the mttling of the vehiclcs.l'O ~1.1lt s of ~nJ S J?c1:1l c:~J?cr1mcnt s for thi::> ?Ul?O::>C ~KrC rcgul:-:rly t rN1S-

itted to tile trOO;?s. B~tterics ' Iud ~.11lu;litiOll tl :'.il1sthcll held special trc1n- \

11(; ~lo:nt~ tIl0SC liUCf::.

At 'V~j,.iou:; :pohl t S ovc l' t:le Oelt:r iJr.rt c nlo1l3 t~lC e:1t irc i j:oa t, r.c ti vo reCOll-

i SS6:i.1CCnllL~ COllt illUOUS movement .?f cOlur:tlS .~;ere cnnic~ 0'-1:' t aigl t simultnn- .lously ~~litl'l thor:c, in the ~O:le of tAlC j?rOOj?ectlvc ctt::lclc In ordcr to r.~l~ the

T believc t:l~.t ::.lollG thc eatile front, 'bcttcric:s \7CrC being brouGht 1n ~ld

he sup:') y of .:.~m:.nuuiiOl). increased.' ..

'1:1 c)itc of tho above mcntioj,j,ccl. cOm?re11Clloive SC~le::lOZdeveloped b~ c:;.')eriellcc

t .:':os ~l o.~rs possible t11.:'.t not ell of OU1-' ~~'c: ~r~tio:ls tOl' the nt.tnclc ':lere cou-

nlcc1 £:r01::1 the Cl1cr:lY It h['.el 'to be c::,.?cc ted th~t ello:lY~i 1?1~1'lC5, C tc. \loulltli scove l' t:1C ndv~:lC e or rcCOlll:'~ iCSGllCC b:, c crt :1i:1 'b~t teri C0 c.:uc t 0 l~cl~ of fOl 'e- f

::.liGht, t:;crcfoI'C sJ.1ccinl vflluo \~~10 ~l ;:lYo pl~ced 011 decCJ?tiyc me~SUl'es. Condi- j

tiO~10 c:ul~inG the. J'uly 191? offensive \lCr~ rJ:'t:t unfr'.:Ol ~blc :for us. Short, bright ,-

ht:3, prev;;i lh~G 110rt ..lcn st -.;il1G. .;tlic.L1 e .~,'blcd tne clle~y t ° he ..~r the 110ise o:f .

ur tl :;:ffic, ::'.l1cl t:1C 110\: fl~J:'es d op:A?cd :fr'o:-nr'.irJ?l~acs, ~ll ,:orl~d ng:--.il'lst us.

Since tl1C.l'O~C~S \101 C CO:'lSt.:':.ltl:r lijltcd during the lliG11t 'by the Cllcm)T<2ul~illb its

:. .crinl 1 CC02111r'.i::;:111COoio:c t~li~ nt t .....h: I rej?e~tedl~{ pohlted out the v~l uo of

cceptivc mcn:tll'CS. r1'ho l~l~l~rEie;l COjrrn~l1c ,Arm~r

Gl'()'lrpc,~llC:

Annies cOllst~l1tl~t :: .i ~cdn C~l'C ful Cllcclc mj, tI1e effect i YC cor.l?l i::11ce \;i th ~ll 0 rders givell for

t 11i s :p1.1r.?.oo.

The el~fol c'emcl'lt of ['~ll orc.crs nffcctiaG tlle sccrcc~t of elC' opcI'~tiol1s \7~S

COj,lOt::\lltly controlled b~' s]?ccirl .of:ficcr~' J?~trols clothed .~;1th f~r rc~ching

J?o'~lcrs ~HI sellt into tlle Ye '} fl'ont li7Llec. I~l ~dGitiml our O .l'll ~1rplf.l1CS nl1d

b~~~lloolJ.r;l:'l: '.i:i.l't:-incd r~ COllst~j,:.t survcill~l~CC. . .

The l~.ct Germ ':l m....oI' offcllCivc of TllC ~-'o::lc1 ': ~r tOOlc :pl~.ce011

the 15 Julv1918 be' the (;1oUI' of )mie c of the C'Crr.l::~l01'0\.•1 P.illce. It ..~:l::.ullched rgd;l;t

the li:1C Ul1~~te~u T~licrr7Jr--:U0 m-lls--~.:hc.ims--1.I~:::;:i3c=. Thc :: tt~c1t \.~s to 'be m~dc

by tl'le 7tll, ltt, ~1lc1 ~)rd .t...lmie::: th~.n i~l :?oc1 tiOll. ~he Artillc:r:r .Advisers on the

ct~ffc of thc:e tllree .i~j,~:1iE:c.icI'e vOlOj,lCl ]3nnsi, Colollel lI~bicht, ~lld Licut.Coloilel .......}~TJ.~nc1cl', tilC l:t~(;l' of the D~\ 3I'inn .AI :1y, nIl of '. hom ;10re gCl1crnll~r

ulO\ln t11 'ouC;hout thc l.:rr:.rJ (\~ c Qccinlly cn?~blc ..~ll('~relioblG Artillerymen of ...

ou?erior qt~lificntions.

- 29-

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(lTotc: 0010_:01 D .::.n:i i:.: t: c b:.-oelE:r 0 1 C-c~:ej: 'ol Bnn~i ~.':)o, a::. Il1~:;?ector of

1 'ie;lc: .Arti11criT ~)c~lo01 of iire c1uril1~~ the Ie:'.rit ~Tc[:r of the .: or1t: '\ln1', 1l~c1 n

rect ini1uc~lCC ill brin::;in.:; o.bout 1'C:l:.:'rl:cb1c c.cco::1:)lb::tJGl t 01 eli~ ::.c11001 311d .

i:,.~ tl1c c::cc:)tioi1r:1 (~OYc10:;?:.lellt of t~lis ~n:l ju::t : '.G C cj.lcrc1_.Z.i.cthc1, \l110

Gc: .,crr.l 'of Al' t il1e l~r at C.Il • .L. '\:~n GCllcrf'.l I 11: )Cc tor 01 tllC \.i 'ield) Arti lIe 1'y

Jcllool[ 0::: Fil C 112(1 U:;?Oll ~li~ ~l 'ln.) 'Fo) t ~

Golo:c:.cl D::-.n::i .,':It. :i.~ot ~~C[:il-:ncc1 to the 7th j'..:'~:1~,r until ~ftel' t:1C beginninG of

j?rc::?r-.r'ctio:l~ for tllC c.t t[c~:. Ian ['( . ....::('n ',,~~ ~.bjor Lu~t, the previouG ~rt-

lcI:T C(~,,';i:::Ol of tllls A:~LT..:',\-.7iUl '.:hon 1 11,,:(1 ~lrc:c~-~r COl:lC il~tO CO~lt:.1ct offici~l-OU Geverc.1 occ~.~iOj,.l:: 1:1 tllC b~tt1c of i:..nn(lltiere~ (9 LILil 1918). At ..trmcn-

C::i:c ....r'....O:OI.~u t .,.,,.. c~.~~i<::Ol.of the CO~.ll';l: .;:c tl1~;Gencr:.~l. B:-:. his e::ccntion 'llyJ.... .. .; .,._... ... ~... d

fcctiYe ill:.t:uctio~'J.:3 he ::tt: ....tcc1 Lly :::}.')cc1:'l :-:ttcatiOi.l. Dy onler of Geller:.:ll

I ',iCl[ tlH }..j.til1cry A<.h 1Ge.r at G.H.':~. (.U:-ilF; the ~tt~cl:~ 0:1 the r.brnc

0:-'1 Ch~l1T} D OK •

T:1C Gomm:::n(~CJ-iH-Chicf, .L11:: : oy[11 Ei[j~ll(r.:::;, al'O',,'~l Piincr .;1l:1c1m c1emlJ:lstrnted

t::is ctt.,,:c;l'c, 0: 11e. 11::'(: i:il 811 ?:ior oifeu:3i-:cri in 1:11c11 I 3er~;cd ul1c.cr

Ln, c zcn1ou::;. interest in tl'tC cr;7p1oymcllt of r.rti11cry [lnt in 1:1(- pcrsonc..lly, G::'ld

ODD. : cC;J1l thc:m 0111:7 with utj;10St r(J?~)rcci3tiol1.

r~l:d:.. COl1VC~ ::;:ltiojl is c:)==..~ctcristic of. t~~c (;I'O .•..l Pri:lcc. ~llc CrO\.l1 rrincc

islle(~ to occul.J:;: r'.j1 ob~c:;'v['tiO:J I>0~t tl1' lt \J:1S cOLstaat1y U:1GCr hc[',YJ enemy fire

efore Our I:role:l 1918 offcl1siYc. In C.?COlur.Lce '.lith c.ut .. , I pointed this out,

l1el eu:?O:i1 the C1'O\,11 pj,j,llce o.l1S .Cl'cd: ''',-.11[l:t l:1:lttcrr it, ii I fo.ll? ..\.nothcr ';,rill

m:./ :.;lr.ce, tllC: C :'11e ~~lc:lt:t of ~ucces~or~ ~7:lil~b1( .

III cc.:dition I 1c~ri1cc1 to ~': lO\1;a~ 1 :0::7;, ,1 l~i:;ilncc:, dUl1.:1:; in~7 Gcrvicc under his

ormnrulC., 'lll-t i~ before ~;:lC1. Gu~ ij<: t:l~ :. ~l'C:l, ;I[~:.,Junc f.nd July offen:::ives of

913, [,~c [1 VCj:~' ::,:ctiv~, mctilodic~.l, : .nt: Cl'4c:r:.;(,tic ~l17lY COl.1ilr~:lncr'. Thc thoughtsthe 01'O'./,). l)rincc c::-}rcc3cd UGu:.11l~. ill the io~m l)f qucstion~ in cOl1ferel1ce~

tll Gc:.lcr'C l lluc.e;l<.1orff ::nd i.t,sc1f, ill r.1~r o:4,') inioll , ~1\ '.' ::~ .~ 11 1 t t:le 1l~i1 011 the

: .:-.c1•

.'1011 :')1 c y'j;.,tiOllfl WC 'C ::1~(e by thc c:iffercllt :~~'.1ic~ ill :} Gr-tisf..,ctOl .... m....111r~.. ... ' ... , . ,. ..' .'-~ _.I..,I S1.~ccef:~Zfu1 outCO;;1C of tl1C t t ::c1: ;l~::: tilC rc :ZOiC :n'ob:::blc, 11o',:eve1' it ,inS not

',lith com:')lctc ~uccen::;. O~llJ:: bridGcl10c.d 2~ lon. ~;ic~c~,l1d £) Im1. c1ccp \1:'.3

~tC':b1i~:llec: noUel o£ t~lC: I,br:1C, ~ur: t:1C. hci(jl1t~ bet :ICel1 I'.hcims ['.un. the Argorn1c,

..l1ich ',1Cre lO:Jt 1:1 the r:.n'inc; of 1917 -,lcre reG::i:lcd. no further ~dV l:CC could

m~c.1c bcc~ucc tliC C:lci1.1 o:'J~)osi tian y~S too ~t~co1l3 :;11(1 cOl.ltinu'1tioll of the t t-

t,...~cJ'::\lovlc~ t}lCIC fore. h:;v(. coot too :luch. l ~ilul'C to t:~int~ill :.ccrcc: rm~ the .

c:' 'usc I)f frilUl'c. Contcm:;:>tib1c tr-c~sOll 0':.1 t:1C j,)~rt of ~risoner~ nnd deserters

c~ivulGcd the cc:c:;,et, ~~l::: c.ruelc:::s bc~~~,';ior of tro~p:3 turinc; the ~'1'}rocch

u'cht 'U:.: ,c.~oubtcdly. c..,t~:cC: '0':' i:~cl.iffe:rC:lce rrsu1tiaG f:com '.:~.r ';:c~.lillc~:t::: G['.ve the

CnCn1~{ 1'C~o',:lc(1Gc of our illtr.~.lt iOllO to :~tt~cl':. :: 'vc.n t:~lC :~~,, of the ~t tf'.clc, the

time of ,).x.llin: ; ,.:.til1 ...:..:' file ~: K: the zcro ;l.) Ul 'h'C l'C ~la' ....l to thc ellc.m - ....o t.. '.. • v ,~.... ,J ....

lr'.tcr Ycrifiec~, .~J..(1 tl1c j, ()lli~ G b 1~r~[jc. ',:~s :i:'O J.Ja~J'Cr the ;::1:1~ccn cvell though it

: 'CLl'~.ille~. : .vr-i1 'b1c fu~. t:J,: :n'otecti.Jll :)f : )\ .11 : ': :: ~l11t tl' ).:J:)::;. :.chc cllemy lG1C\,'

it tJ I t'l iclc' '''it OoD -, ,: c:::?'c :il[.'LtU'C. ll ..e:L . .L.. J. J:r-Cl1C.Ll::~l l::Ol1er c:l:')turc< t.l1~Jt1:r before

-:,,)0- 29 J 0 Job :. :8-:394

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attnclC, there ',:as fOUl1tl1 co.rect tr~l1s1:lti0l1' of the order describi1l3 thenures to 'be t~l;:en nl1d conduct of the ottnc:i': at Gt. Quent in end Ln It'ere ( If the

An.l~T(21 lorch, 1918). T11c enemy therefore ...cs acquninted ..-:ith 011 the

t,~i1s sne could t:ll~e cO'U.. '1.tcr-mcnsures occordil1[;ly.

Hote: The Prench ortil1ery battalion comn:~Jlder J. Goubcrd, stntes the £0110 \:-

in C:: 1 r.rtic1e '\ :11ic11.p:?enred ill the Hevel~ dt. l' . .rti11erie, ,:'..uGust 1921,. entitl-

l:m)loi Ce l' Al~ti11erie }'r:;l1c:lisc d~ns 10 defensive en 19181

':

Tl10 French ClefollEivc system in the Chr:I1'QoV1C opposi to the Germnn Thirdco:aH;i~ted of t\/o po~.i tiO:ilS ~nd :::11 il1tcrmcdi~te posi tiOll. (Goubnrd discusses

detnil tIle octivities ill this sector on1JT.)

Tho Commn: ldillGGellore.1 Of tho French }'Ourtil J~n::.y GeSibl1~tcd the intor-

dintc porition, .:hich 10::;; bct',;eell three r'.l1d four lci1ometc 's ia renr of tho firot

sition, no the position de rosist-:.l1Co '.(vcrtcidigtlllgsste11ullg rnni1'l bottle

sitiol1) before our Jul~l offensive. This mnde the first position, \.hich consist-

of three 1inos: the first line, support 1ino r'.lld rc~ervo 11no, the outpost

Tho second :)o5itioll \:os thc position de bnrr~3e. III tho sector of the

cj,lch :G:r Lrmy Corps,. thoso positions \ Jore occupied b~~ t:lcir illf~l1tr;l ns fo110';,'c:

.:.':..n~1YOI 'l.')shold n 20 ld10metcr front bct .~'eon l:.l1derivo cae': rIeo~lil \'.1th three

isiml:3, being reinforcecl e~rl:i ill Ju1~. by t ,:o cc1d1tioj,1~1 divisiouo.

In the sec tor of c ~Cll ro 3imCl1t, 1';' cor.lp[ l1ics ill the outpo zt posi ti (-11,

\;'11ic11one cornp~l1;{mc:aned l:C~T-poillts bct\:een the first posi tiOll ~nd the m~il1

tIc ~}o5i tioH, ~.111d110 -h:::1f com11~~1~ ms in the outpost ro serve trench. From

r(;cOi.'U1:1isz~llCCpntro1s ...ero sent for-::r.rd into the sup:?o~t trench to deter-

nt '\:~~~.tj?Oij,lt the first Gcnn~n brec~c-tl1rough occurred.

The rn:.Lin bntt1e position \.'~s occupied by the rc:m-:;illQer of the three

ensive <1ivir:iOl1s of this }.:i.1Iti GOlpS.

The b,~rr:1Gc IJositiOl1 '.;=-~soccupied b~~ the t-\;o reinforcin3 divisions.

Those G~ OUl)S pU::,llcc1for.:~rd into the reservc trcnch '\':ero ~11o; lcd to

thdrc\l :.:fter tilCY- h~d nccor.l:J1ishcd their mis::31ons. .:':.11 other lines ~nd posi-

verc to be held ~t ell costs.

The ~rtillc..ry \;~s ccnclo: ll1cd Zl'er'.tl~ ill de:?th before the Germ~ll ~tt~cl\:

:f or fC\7 b~.t t r. j: ie z :--nc. indi vidu~l S'U~1S -.-:1Sn 1'(; r:H of the m:1in bnt tIc

sition. 'l'llc.: rcinforcil:g bntteric::5 \lerc in GCl1er~l SO f~l' to the reer thnt tile'\':'

f il'e ',;ithill the Gcm:'l1 line s. ],'0 r the pro tection of the r.l:lil1b:lt tl~

f,nd thc reserve 110:;it~0:;., their fir-ill~ dctn '~;crc prcp~.rcd mast cercfullJ7'

- tOi?ogrr.:?11ic~1 opcrntio~:~ ~~ll~c '.lcu1ntion. 1:0 b~tter~t \:~s ~llo'_,ed to open :fire

:c cpt in c co of ~ellc 2'[ 1 Gcm~n ~t t:lcl::.

'~hc }'rcncll :C:I .:'.rr.tl Corps ernplO~rcl1 sOl~et:lil1g morc tll~ll 500 8'W1S 011 the

: of om' r tt~ol:: COll~istil1':; r.1~:;t1:r of f:r'.t tr~.j(ct0t:r GUllO, or :,.t le~st of long

U1U;. The l::-.:t rciilforcl1l3 b~ttc:rle~, one rcs1.ncnt of ~rtil1cr--J did not r,r-

c U:lt1l the ni:;ilt of Jul:,;.1L'.:-15. The ~rti1lo~7 of e~is :' :rr.lY Corp:3 _':~norgnl1-

Q s foIl Q\iO:

- 31- 29-JO Job .::.8-394

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n :r-t iller,'-

: ,' :.c1 uc1c sell ...

i u::c~c.:r

of the

ow i si 011 81'tc r:l' c OLl:lalJ.(.~e l' )

in:£ Ol'C ir1[;

nV ~T nrt illcr 'i'-'

1

3

1

COl TC s:?o:l(~illG to the JrCGir,Ki.:..t::ll subsectors of

the (~ivisio:i.l~ 1 r;roU }-

mCi1t to e~ch i:i.1fr'at I:T

rcgliJe.:i.'4t. Co:',~~nd :'10St s

of gl'Otr} :lo1 t CO~ml:l1lCl(. rs

necr those. of thc sU::'1l1ort-

cd l'Cljir.lcnt8l COi:lDc:lders.

1 groU ,;?lJO:i.t to euch i11f-

~ltr: rccir.K:;.:t, placed

1.U1Cer t hc cOrt'j~ld the

corl'e s?O:lc.i~lG orG3nicgro u:;?l:1C~1t c ocr.lal~de r.,;i tlloUt r€zurd to runlc.

Plnced u:~er couuunG of

t:1C cO::lI':1C;lC:er of the

orijonin hca~~ nrtiller:rof t11e di vi s i oa.

The sector of

t he sU: ? j ? or t cd

r'cgimell t.

The Cll ti rcdivision sector •

Sector of sup-

ported regimen t.

Bntiro di vi-sion sector.

. , ...•._. _.-.

1r' (-' tI_as,

I41i<ldl e,tiC st • )

1

~le sUb-:;r'oU? c specinll~1'p 'ep~rcd for Pl'Or.vt sup-

~or t of c~cl 1 di vi si onand i~l close st 1 iuison

,,;,rith it. It \.'as sUbject

t o c~ l f or sup?or t di r -

ect f o~;} the di\ isioll

C Ol:Y,1.:Cld e r str}l,')o rt cd •

~he no~t U) - t o- unt c l Oi l ~l'~::.;.~e :;U~l:, 1.l:1dc u.ircctC{];;li-:l[lilG of the cOI1J s

aIt illc:r~r CO ;D::A:ldcr.

l.:uch sub-gr )up

had one dl vi -s i Oll so c t 01'

Blltirc corps

sector.

- 32- 29-JO Job d- 5-394

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The ~CfC:l;:;ivc fire ,,~~ 'vcr:~ 2ccur['tel~~ re;.) Ulatcc1. I~lstcnd of tho dcfhlite

fo::: ~:.n'otect iOll of one 1ill~, a t:.-.l;')0, of f~ 1-C \ iOS onr)lo~:cd t112t \ Ja S regula ted

tIle 8t:va~lCG of t11C Gno:11~r21f~:nt ry. :F ~r th1 s pur.Josc five; se t s of cOl1contrn-

j1S .;JOrc desi,':'1.1Dtcd C.l: u cOl'efu11~ P 'c~Jcred, \711io1: 'lere l~icl QO'.11 some uutomnticc.1-

CllC~ £0::'1C D.t~tllL request of t:lC illfD.l1tr~7', b~ rocket sienn1 or b~ nll;)r other nvni1-

lc mC[l~lS of COl~rl111icDtions.

In c c.C:1 sc t of concent ::['.t ions th;ce .;ere (1i ffe i'Clt i.:ltcd: Dcfcns ive f ire of

eld r.trtillcr~:-, cO:lsistillG' of tIle ustUl1 defe:lsivc fire nad a zone fire coverinG n,t:)th of 600 meter: tov.:lrd t:1C e~lcr.~~.' CO:1CC:'ltl'f;ted fire of the. llCCVy crti11cry

','ill:3t dcfi::ite tcrgets.

140 1 _... 1OC::' cd '\;i tll its S:l 01 t li[1i t 01:1. :lC £i rst Gen.1~.l1:;>05i t iOll. It Ins t-

0:113 tc.~ ni:lutet> ~3.).d tllell ;iutm:1atic~llj.r ii \: .1'::\:3 shifted to No 2.

ITr) 2 __ . i tll E,ll01't 1 i:~~it 200 me.t crs ill f r'o:~t. of tlle support trench. As SOO~l

the Gcr;':l~n b::tI'I'[lGC m:::ue its :f i l'st ~dY~l1ce, the f i:i. C ,'::IS brought closer to th i s

Ho J Hi th 31101t limit 200 meters i~l front of the rcoervc 11ne.

Ho 4 :p1'otccted tllC l(c~r-l)oints held b:~ t:1C out:Jo:;t COr.l:)~l1ies, ei thcr

tllc:e -JOillts or Co:: ,;ono fi1'C ia the ~re~ bct\:eell tllese ?oil1ts.J:

Eo 5 __ \'Jitll its SllOlt lii:lit 200 l;leters 1:1 fro~lt Of the ;:l~ill line of resist-

Kc:r-:')0 ir.l.to st ill hc.ld '1C rc ?:Lotcctcd by C:efensi YC bcrr~C'c s thOse th~ t

fe.llell into tlle hands of t:J.c e:~e:'n:,r\lCrC cO 'T:i.~ed..-Ji th fire.

Thc3e countcr-mcnzures ~:i.~C T.10~t ~lotc\lorth:1 ['.l1d nre :111 inC:icntioll of tho e::-

11cnt devo10~)mcllt of the }'r'cllch Artill(r~/ in t:.ctics nnc. the tecluliquc of firing.

l:nc~ of Hote

~;lhct:lcr .;;:1 inf:'.llt:t::- rJitll tllC morn10 of 1914, 01' even. \lith the spirit of thering of 1918, '\70uld hn\ e been ~blc in spi to of tl1C Ullf::Yor~b1c circU1:u3t~llcCS, to

nk th:,oU3l1 tIle ::losi tiol1 in the :first : t.tO:1pt (.:Js \lCS r.l:~illt~illed by m':'lly illlC:l-

TTnell ir.1L1Cc.ictcly nfter tllC brlttle), I : [;1 lLl~ble to sn:r• Cert~i:1 it is tlle,t ctt ir.10, the condi tiol1s ~~t hone. ~:i:10n~ our people : ufferin~ in b00'JT :::na soul fl~Or.l

e 10:1g hUi.;z;cr b10clc1dc, to0cther '. ith the effective Cl1er:1~ )r(j.i?~~lldn ~.11dthe

ltcrll~.l po1itic~1 cmlc'litio:1S, h:1d ~. strOll(; illfluc~lCC 011 the r.1or:::le of the troops.

furt:i1Cr tUlJ:?ort of tl1i~ 10213' l13t of c:::~n~)le:J cotid be cited.

It is ~l::;o r.oubtfu1 \,'l1CtlH.I' the efficieliCj' ~:1C: rclinbilit:- of the bnttcry per-

',:2:::; of tIle S~:'lJC. 11iell orc1(.r i:4 the:c 1r;:t ;:1~' jor ~t t~c cs s in tho carlierlCC. i or such ~.:broc.c1 fro:lt 0:1>:-:ttt~cl~,. tl1e ~v: ,ilnble b~:ttelie:::; dra',J11 frOI:l the

'st ~~.1de'lC ~}est 11'10:lts .,;ere. fnr frOr.l :::ufiicicl:.t, ccpecinlly since :prep::lr~tiollSre r;lso under \l~'~;' for Qll r,tt~clc ia }'lnnders. POI' the :-ttrck 0 t11e 1 1 ' . . .. 1' le ....~J •• • • 4'~11.. \. c......I..l

the Cl1ttr)::(;l1C. . 'lo:H), 2800 b ....te.lies \;ere :lCCC33Cl-:-. It .,,::}S tllerelorc nccess~r:;,blillG' i~ to service ,; l~rG(; :lu~lb(;r of bnttc.:r'ie3 drC\nl fron tIle gc~'l.Cr~l r~serve ~t

but '.:ielOut tr:-1 . .:::::?Ol't or G Ull crC\ls. In r.1~: t c~ses thesc bc.ttelies .~:er.e split

2S -::>0 J ob ::,~3-394

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TIlc ::'c-.JO:J of t~lC st~fis ~:l(: i:.lc:ivi(::~.~ls rcc~)o'.l~iblc :foj: intclliCCllCC cr)cl'n-

::;l,:~yn l:l' 'i:lt:'i::.Kd tl1~t t:lCl'C '.l~~S nO i~l(~ic.~tiol1 t:l~t the e::'lCr.1Y'::pectcd ~ll ~~t-c1: in t;:c i r see t or • At ~:I/ rr tc I c1 id l~ot G'C t :- L i:i..:;lc CO:1 :i:'~'.ryir.rprc f:si 011, C';Cll

10l1[ il I .)Cl ......',.,ll r,..,..~ :cc1 L1: ::,::.}' c()j'..n.~ .lldcr'G::lt;, [;c..:.e~ ,-:,lstr.-.if offioc 's of v:lJ:ious

1Vi~:t0:as' fO~~~~~ 10;'t; 'c.n to tllci:l' lll:.?re:::iOllC. Il~ t:-lic cOll.11ection c.ttcntioll is

t cc: to thc i?:t III ic;cjJc c: C c t Ll' ' t C o:f tl1C Tlli rd ..:l.l'r.'~ GiVC 1 be 10\1•

Let it be: ul1c:erstooc1 tli~t I cQ:1sic1cr c:T~clf cl1til' cly les:?cusiblc for ~11 rll't-

1cl'~.1':)l~l:S i:'l elis nttccl:.::, cvell t~'lOU~l ~s ~t~l~s..~:':.:.~:t~~J:3cr to tilC .An:1Y Grotr,9 ofCenlan Cro-rr.l Pi'ince I 11:.(.:110 :i?0'~,'er to cO::~'.1'.:l1Cl.Since His TIo:rc1 Hij.ll1CSS the

18ced the lliC;l1cst. trnst ill nc ::1nd si~:ce the Ln:lies j .~d becn repentedly..1~orncd b- tl1C Chief of t:1C C.cncr~l St~ff of eJ..: L.n:t] Corps t~~t ~ll inctructio:1S

sUGgc~tions iron no \:ere to be rccc:rded ~s eT.1~~ll~tiab fror.~ Lhe ~\nlY Grou.:p.

Ul1c~er tIle cir'Cl1:.H::tC.:1CCSdescribed nbove, 011Ccoule: nssur.'lC~. 1l0rtl~1 occup:ltiOl1

l')ositio:l (b~T eH: C:lCr.l:r). In such ~ll ocCu,ctiOll the r.1cthoc1s of nttncl:: 'tIC h:ldtt ) to this til:1C hnd ~l'r:~:;z nt t~ilXd GOod re rul ts ~l1cl for'ced by llecessi t'tr

:c turncd to tllCl .l .'1G':~il1,bec::usc ul'lO.er the se circur.1st~l1ces \lere U1~ble to COllcci~ebetter :1lt '~1. Do ft~r ~S I 1~10\'t, 110 onc objected to t:1C cO~ltcr;)l::1tcd schene for

:;ttncl~, ci t~)Cl' vcrb~ll~~ or hl \/ri tillG, ..1e. 110 0l1( ?r,o:;.:>osed c different plr.:l1.'~;'C strove to ir.1:.?r-oVr.t:lC- pl: u sclected for the c.ppro~cllinG :-:tt~clc nnd

ed a~ fO'L~1C1::lto~:~ ~ll the C::: .;.)( :cicnce s of ?recedi~.G ~.t t~clcs. The ::,v~i l~bletc{icl ,: ~lC~roo:Js .,,'ere in :no o.;i~~.'. sufficient for t:ll ~ttr.'cl:: '\:ith 11e:;\~:- tnnl:: sup-)ort ove r '\ ic~e f lont ~lld \,.l.c '(; ~)ossi bl(; ill con:~ect ion \~1.th ['11 ~i r nt t nck on :::

-:-'1 gcsc~lc--thc l~ttcr directed c:;inst t:1C r(.~r :;?o3itio113 : \1lC- b~tteric:3--l1or

t:1C u:u.:crti'1:h'l3 of scCOl1dr'.l:'. ~tt~cl: rt ~Hothcr point.

At t ~Cl::3 0 f tlli:J t~rpc c ou1~ t licre fore :19t eve:~ be cO~1sidc red ::-.t tll:::t tir.1e n sller;::l VO.:l r;;:uhl i:.lcidcnt:11l~~ :)Oi11tcd out. In ~ 1 [1 tt~c::: \;1 th t~nlt: support '\:hC:1

o?o h~'.vc hic,11 l:1or~lc. it i s i~lde(d ~.dvi sqbl< to st:1rt tI1C nS5 u1 t \,ri thout ~llY

rtillcr:r ,rc:')[':r~tiol1 or ~~i'tcr r110:ct burst of firc. Our nrtillclJr fire evenrouc;h c?~lt:tnuillg only fe.1 llOurs bcforc the ~.tt~cl:, t;::lvc tho ener.w f.~r too ..

tir.1C for COUj1tCl--T.1C[~surcs. Tile Frc.nch t~U:'~lt t:Iis :::lso. (lTotc--COIOllClMullcr, l 'l~llCh Artillery oeCG r;till other d .....1gers ill 10:1[: nrtillcrJ prc-

~tio21 ,'1~1C: ::1oilltS t:lCl'.l out ill t:l(: Hcvcu c1 '.Artille ric, Il~rch 1922. He Gc. :73bout ~s follo',~.n: 1~10~lG nrtill(::..':/ ,reJ:-l ..~tim: t1c:?lctcs ~J:J:'.;~.dtiol1 r,unl~:

'1 ,. 1 ' .....J'cc troo:JC;, \icr~rc the. ::'l.'''te:.1e : '::1(.. 15 cOnt ~'. '~ short :?rcp,:r~tio:l, 011 the

h.~nc4 lJ1Cl'C~.scs 1.101''''.lc :1nc cO~lf1cl(.:acc.)

Such ~I'tiller~' rJc:;Gurec, ho',xYe:..-, ,:ere uncl€:i tIle cOllC:1tiO:i.1S~:rev:::ilillti ~t thee of tllC Jt'tl'~~ offcusive enti:r'cl:;~ precluded. .'.,l'~ o~)i::1011 ~s to lhether or notr i:lf: ntl ~- ~;:'Oule., ia the conc1itioll ill ,,:lic11 it t~lCll rICo::, even h~vc ~tte):' pted

:;ttnc :: :?li..~:ned, .;:itl1 suclJ. ~L ~rtillC:i:~r j?re:)r:l'~tion ..:'itl10Ut the EUI>port of

ollG tm~: b~~tt 'liollS r.t ~ll points ~lo:lG t~... f:i:oat of thc ~tt~cl:, I 't,'i11 lenvcto thone qur:lificcl to jndL:;e. I~l tl11s rc~:;.:>cct let it be ?:1entiollcd, h0\7evcr

t the r rcllch illf 'ntr:r, \,hie:l '\.rs :~lso no 1041Gcr :;t i tc best, ~.'ith Sil:1ilnr ~rt-

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11cr~7 ::?j,'C) ':l',' 'tiOll in tllC cuC:.C :..t t[ cks bC3inllinc :-::fte:-t 15 Jul: 1918 :follO'~;'cd the

t~Ji: [;rOl )S \ ;11ic11h~t~ brolccl1 into 01\:. :)osi tiOll, Olll: 'I:i t~l t~lC 3're~test

(Si t ,o llC:r ,-,l1C~ ~. itllout n.l~ cl~.n wbatHoovor. ~llcrc is ao coubt tll-:t t:1C cllcr-;.:r O\:CGin stlccccr; of tl1~t }loriod ~Jl'h.l:'ril~r to tllL r:o\, 11f:-:ll cf ou . :f:1tllCl'l.' :::ld, the r.1orttl

of ~. JOr-tiO: lof ow:' ~,:n-.i.: '~::lich hr'.cl bee.l in:ufficiclltly su:)::>licd for r;1r.:l~.

~ltll::;, ill OtJH;;' \/Ol'(,~S to t:1C 11'U:lt3'C ' bloclCc' :cc \,itll its Ul1s:?ecl~bly z~d rCEults.

III lJl'C );,:C2tiol::' for' : '.ny :pIon of .: 'tt~cl:, not o:ll~' the oae crJ:1lo:/cd :for the Jul~'iensi ve, t:~c Cjlu.F '..ho h~c~ de i:il~i t c lC,lo',;lc.a{;(. 01 our i')l~lS ',:oul(~ h~v(; cert:-:illly

thc1r~r, 'lll :Jost of his .s'.n:, :::0 i: :i.' tll~lt .::c ', oule: :10t h~ve bec:l ~blc to re~ch themfl0:-.1 OlU mor-t :,l1v~l1cec1 ~.rtille:i::r posi tiO:l~. In ~n:~ SC:lCl:lCof ~tt~cl: he ,JOule.

t-:-,lCt.;llOt '.rnCGompr.nyillg ~J: tillc 'y--~~ horsccir~~ ':ll ::-.nc1u i tl10t1t nhicldn, l 'cther11lotorizcc1.' 'l1 1 ~r'1:1or : l'ote::cted it follo ....cc: t;l€ c:::~.ul tins illf' '.lltry--unc1er ef-

ctive il1 C; llC ,;o1.11e11::-:vc1:.iL: b~rl': 'G'cs beforc one 01 r;lOre of 111s :positionGh::~d :aot irct 'bee: t: 'l:ca, ::-.~~(;l1Crcfy bro~:~ht to :'1 h~lt our ~::s~ult clementG

1ioh (~id. :lot.~o~l:.ist 01 t.--j,11:{;:i'ott:Js follo',7cd by ::;ldrr.1ir.llli;lcs, but slmply of

J.c of :JI:1J::ili::llC:i.'~. On the otllCr ll~lnd om b~ttCl'ic:J ul1der :::1:ily conditions on ~c-l1l1t of tbc ~Yi'i1: '.blc m.~tc:.icl--t.t lc[\st to :; cO:lsiC:cr~blc c::tc:lt--\/oulc jU:.:it

11:--,(: to I1C, ';C bCC~l t~1:e~1 for~;::'.='C: to tll~t tllCY could :l~VC llct1trrllzcu 'tllOSC rc~r

itioJ.l:J ~.J:i:otcctcc1 b:.r tllCSG b~.j :::[;e::; ~ilC. hG1CC ~t cilOl't r.'~1l0c still .::blc to fight,\:c11 .'~s tIle CCi1ter::; of rcsist~l1cc foullc; ill tIle 1l1tcrv:--ls, : ncl to [1ccompliGh

lcil :)rJJ'.1;'.r,/ function, llcut: ......iz~tioll of tlic ti~t: l1t cncm~ b.~,l'l'rGc b:1ttcrico~. , , ., f ' 1 ,.. 0- t' 11 -.,...dO: T:.l:.~Ll~; fOl \I'~rc~ 0 ~:,)~.?lCC1.: j.) C d~[,~C: J. .. 1 cr:.' '\.vU ..1:': ,\ 0 :required time,

ic~cl';,~bL.~ tiwc 9 ~i.1C: micl1t cc.::;il:)' f~il cOr.l~)let(.l:; bcc~usc it ',;ould h~vc h~c1 topI c.cc l1:~.l(,C1 CLlcm;~-i 1.C ill cO~'l(~i i on~ ~.lnil. ::A:' to Goin3 th~:ouGh l1~r:rO\l ro::;d 0

~'.ero:: b:: i(~Cc.c. . v

(Hote: In elC ~.:o:ld r:: ,r ';'C 11 ~dto COU:lt 0~1 ju~t c:~ctl~ ' :uch cond tiOllS Of

in .

In :,; ..:tclH e-..~licia

(Jl)J.3'lSl?) tl1c ...1pro ....h ro' 'L1::;leel :--cro~o bridgco, \:ct

l1-::: ' \:OOl~:: : •

.I:-..tHic, l1 (::k)tG',1bcr 1917) our r.1 .ill :fo:.'Cc c:roczc<1 the Dvln~ Oll three pontoon

cc::.:, \:::icl: of. couroe 11' 'c1beel built <;U:i.'il:c;tllC : 'tt cl: but '~.ho::c ~1ctu. ',1 poni-c0111c~be rc' cal:- <.USCOVCl c<,:.-:t urc 't <li~t. r:c(;S b::: ~u::r>i:-:~1t ll::-:to::,c •

.:'~ :Jt. (~UCll t 1 j,'l O.brc~J. 1~18) t:1C 181:1 l.:::r.l: 11~cl to ,~:o th~ough defile S :,, ,11d

'ouc;ll tee:') 'V::l1e~T ,;itll vel.tic:l. clc1cc 0:1 hi[;l.i. c~i1cc: •

..~t ~l nc.lticrs (J..~)l~il 19l6) the b::~ttCl'i.:.: coul(.~ ill GC:i.lc~~: 'le bl'OU~;,ht £01 -

Oiltl .l(

'.:-:-11:o:ll:~ b(cr:U~l of :::'.;~rJ~?~- terr~i::, ill ~dc11tlol1 ClC.. 170 l~. c1.ircctb;-tllC Cl1c.:~.- ?o:..itioll:: fo~' ',.:li011 ...e .,:crc :h'....Utc1. i101'COY(l', ~t .L'.nnc~lticro th~

' nec om.,')'.:~.-Llr b~t t \ r ic c '~;c.rc . llC~ t : ' 1'Cquire d to ll....1 t for :' COo'-:i dCl.' 'bl e t im-. . v ...J , . . ..... • <. ,. .....

bcfo:..,'c tIlC ~1dv~nc(;, : lOt b:: 1.lf. CIC ~., but b::o our O'lAlmcc.n'lrcs • .i~ limitedbcr of t. '~: :~ 1l;-:c1been ~:,:i0 ';1Ld to ~cvcr:'l of our troo, ; ) unit,... TllC ~ tro. '''~.. ,\., •• .LL ..

ot:--l1crl on tll( ~)oo ' ro~(1s ~:lc2 bloc :cel t111r.l ':'lltircl:.. ~hc b~ttC'l'icu ::;0 l1C'C-r to t'lC i~l::>~:ltr~l' c0'1.21c.:c brouGlt u~ onl~ ~fter t:1CY h~G bCC.ll c::-,;?lodcd ~lld

eH~ui lf: l o~c1 d ':Un~rsc rc.l') 1il cc1.

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. , .. '1''\ ., 7 ........ 1918 t11C l~ i Ie t tc, . ..1 r ne _.1 ,(...'tie....le ~'..... to be v1.. t '(:x. lj...cn1111 ce::: .J-'::.lC:: u,..; ...

O~ brid~c~e

One tls1..lt~11::-h.'~c to :iec::Oll ,:ith st:.cll t:ifficu1ties of tel l ~in ill the ~it~cl~

ll(~ it sccnn to me t~l~t for tllis j,~c~son ::1SCCOll(~~dY.::nec :-3'~illst :'.11enemy dcfc:L1sivc\,rit l Tft \SC;CS of ~rtil1cr:T :'):i:'omises vcr:] little l:'Csult. III the future, be-

.~tlce of the. C:::')Cric:lcc of elC ~or1c1 ::::~r, ~11 ellem:r \-;ho def ini tc 11' knous Our in tell-

ol1s \.111 not 01113 move out, but ~s m~tte ' of course every defensive system ';,111OCC1.11'.>ie(:n ::ouch depth th.~ tit ,.i1l be. iraIJos~iblc for us to 11eutr.:11ize it com-

lctely f :::0111he terr .....in over' '..:2'1ic11trc ::-:rc :-.c1v:'i.'2Ci1 3e To find~l

p~ssab1c route inUC11['. citu-::tiol1 I::; of tllC G'l'e~test im?ort~l1cc. In my opiaion l1eu <lev-ices for tllct~clt: \li1111' ~YC to t~l:c t:1C :)l~'cc of n seco~lC'. ::'Ch ;;j,lceb3T I:1::1sses of ~rtil1e 3 ~ ~l1d

\:ill be. :-. :? 'ob1cm of scic:i:~cc to siyc. us ~c:vicc in this r~l~ttcZ'. )

.......i'l:~ys lcce:1iuG L: 1:1in(: one::: 0\ :11~v~ilcble in tc.:c- e1, 0~11? ~ftel the neutr~11zn-n of t11C ellr.r:rr c:efcn::;ivc b~l~:~L'~Gc..,nc1el ~:lY ::;cllernc of [ tt::-.cli:, could the nss~ultc~rr ic d out. U I:il t:lC me~llt iLK, llo'\lever, the enemy has t imc to t::lcc further

::u~cc G r~~-::n:;, t r.T efic ct i vc :?el1c t rnt i 011.

TllC CO::tLluc:tion of the ~.tt~c:~ at I~hcir.1s .1~:::br01::'J' .)ff ~ftcl' the first ntrlg'e.;r ['

vol ullt;-ry decision of tl::.c.L..

~r High COr.El~.l1d. G(j~c:f~l Luc 4e:Ldorff bnsed thi::zOil tile. f~ct tll.-;t n CO:'ltillu~tiol1 \70uld h;vc COt;t too much. 1'.11effective

tlu'OU3i:l '.;ou1c~ sc~rccl~- hr:\ c bl..Cll ~o::siblc under co~:clitio~lS clisco'.crcd ~ftcr

?Cl::.ct~';:,t1011. 0:.1131 by cUl'?=d:( :-onc b:,- s~)ecd in the bre:-: c-tll~ouGll Of the entirefel1::ivc ::;~i'stcm--I j,'el'.>e~lt it--C~l ~uch one, ~;:::::: l'ule, be l'c:~lizcd.

COI0~lCI , on K1c ./itz fonr.cJ:'l~ Ul1ief of t::e C-ellorG1 3t~ff of tl:J.e 5d Army SOme

c~;o tolc; mo tho vio' .']::; of tl11::: A:i.m~rin ICS:-.r( to t:1C nrtil1cry :>lens of tho

ly 1918 offensive.

His COl1C1usiollS rt~tcd:

IIThc Hir-oll liOiTI:T:-nd/[1::;' cO:':1:J1ctcly cO~lvillcec1 of t;lC [ui t~bili t~7 of tho contcm-

r:1Ce:~r: of .1tt;;c2:. Obvi01.1s1~r, cc in nIl :::::C:1~tt~cl::::, the ~)O:::ibility ofby the Cl1Cl' 1:r \ .':':: :U[;[;c::tcd. ~l1i~ ,;~:::v~:luec1 nt ['.bout 10 percent

Arm}. Since , in t:~e c~:;.c of CUcll ~n cv::CU.'1tiOll, :111 effective b:ro~k-through: l:no~t 111~11l:i' im:.)l'ob~blc, t:ll GorJr.:1....1GCl ill ellicf Go21Cl'~l YOll 1:iucm, hr.ld n1roc.<ly

cidod, t11c <..:r zi before tllC .~tt.~cl:, to 11 '.1 the n1111;],~s SOOll ns ~Uc11 all net iOll b ,Toilemy .ii.'f:. dincovercd in tllC :1:i.0Jrecs of elC ~tt~c ::.lt v

Simil:.:~~ :J:CC):17 .....t1011:: to t:.lor:.c the 3d i'.:rnj h '(: n~dc, \;cre found lleccss~~I'Y be-

e~rli(jr ctt{~clc::;. D0fOlC our arl.:ct 5~1rinc Off( n~ive ill 1918 for e~:~lc GCllcr-

VOll Kuhl c:::n cs::cd hil:1::clf ~bout ns i'ollo~;::;:

]~veryt::il1G dCl1C1lC~:::1~ :cC~~CC:T. If the c:ler.t. .:itl1l1r~r.in ::UQ b2'ings up rcocrvcsJ\:i 11 no t GO t tln oug-h. II

TI1US \iC tlere Qcquni:ltc.c1 \.i t:l th(.: q,ui te u:'lf~.:Ol:1blc pro::,ccts for ~11 effecti vclctl'~tiOll ~'G~ill:t ,')~l Ole]:l;, th~t :1::1: .itllclrc Jll ~lld 1lCllCC uc~ircd to prevent juct

C i;it:lc.:r:r.lol br t~lC :tricte:::t sc.crcc:. of OU1'1)I::l1~.

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GC:1C~1 ''/OJ.l Dcr:.lll~rc~i :::)c=--l:: of tllC ;:tb:::olut c :lcce:::3 i t:r of ~)(,C1 0C: for tIle ~uc-

.,1rO'?rCSS of , 11 ~1ttr.(;1': i:l ~ :a ~rticlc ?ublL,1:c<.1 ia t:le ~;.u~ust 20, 1921,

... .., Gtnl'::r ~Jecld:~ 1':'0 8 ill :L'CfCl'C~lCCto our ['.tti..c~:, of July 1918. cl1ercl Z~;c:l1 n1~o

C::::)L::ins h: t::c poli t icc~l 1(: )jc i en~c iImltl:l:' (:JC?t (,::1bc:a..1921) t:l.,,:t tIle i ci lure of

t:l: Jul~T ISIS offc:&lSivc is J::,O']c:a.'I:' n::cllbcc: 1~j,Gc1:;- to the c1i::3c10::.111':;of our

for r. ttccl:. •

Geller31 ,, 0:'1 J(U1l1 is of tlle :::;iT:1C O:;,)illioll, CO T ...x.:i.'c::; our offej,lci vc of 1918 in

iiThe GCr:J2.j,;' Officer: I 'rS:;'1cr't ITO27 of ;;Je:)tc:.lbel' 21, 1921 os to 110-. fnI' '~le ::uc-

cded ill ma intn inil1{;; sec~ cC7 ill thc vnrious at t ::c::::, ~1lc1 rc ::lcl1cG the £0110\:.i113

)j,'. C 1us i 011:

lIIn tllC l[1:-rcll.oifell::i ' le i'iclc1 ilCl'~l101 l~::li: ':CC:,Jij,l: ;11 mille the; Ch0111101porteilC~ 11i:: contoct~ l,~ic~ cm~)hn~i: 011 11i::::left .,;iaC a:l(: center. Hie reservoe ,:ero ~t

Y;rcG :~1lc . .L::r8c. Hc 'e t:lerc ',:DC to be 8b::::olutel:~ :10 :rctrGct. <11 the: riGht ~:.'illGcoutll Or tllC SO:' lI';1Ce bc.1iLvc:(~ lJC cou1c~ ..;itll{~r~r.: r,:.l<..: :;ive u.:? c :)crt of the di~-

t'l1rbcG. ~cctor. .{ .:1:/::ll'-:..ntl:,'e ~'l.:o c:C']cnc1ed here 1:g011 CU'..?: oft b:~ the ~'rcl1ch. The

J,~,tte,r hed 110'::CVCI, i~l rntici:lotion of ~11 ~ttnc:: ~t ;'.hcimn dl'a ,JTI their rceerve~ill tllnt (~1:i.'cctio:'1. l~vcl1 c.ftc: t:1C COr.t'JC:i,lCcme :tof our ~ttncl: P.:tol11 toolc if for :l

rC?0 lc:8r7 ::~ctiou , 'm: c'';:-,it:c1 ~:lC l:'lnill ~ttncl: rt j:'.lKir.1~. : .. huge ;; r::'nco-~l1g1inh

'lC;El rCCCj:'YC did ~lot 1,1:~;tC: 1:;llze.

Our utt::-c~,: ill i1~1l.~c.n:. in . ~:nil 9 one t:irc.ctcC. ~~~'in:t t\.:o PortuGc::e divisions

~li cll ',;I.-r'c i.0 ~)C 1'( 1 i vc<.~ the fo 1101:i~1:'; c~:r. ~hc.:: '.','e rc ~hn t tcrc d.

In ll~y. t:1C .'rclldl \:c rc C01~~)ldcl~:cur:;) i ccc by OUI' ~t t~cJ: on Soi COOllD. nid' ('

lLl C :;t ~~lC CIlcmill t1c~ ))~.l:1C C '~11 .:,tt~c~c \:,:-,,::::c~~t c::-)ected. lo'ocll hnd ~re~n~red hin

rC::L I've r: hl : I:-~~1C.:u,'r, ~lot cVC::.l O:lL t~ivi:.:.i on CQ111 ~bc bl'Ou:>'ht u:? ill Ie 03 1-.11n11-.:o

III J1.tl:7', O~l tllC contr'8r:f, Pe1.~ii1 ic ~::'id. to :l:-.VC bl'c r',b10 to report correct- .

ly to 1 'OC:1, c..iL~::.t(~:. .yr;bcfo:.c. ou~.. ~tt.:cl~ 0:1 .:l::.c.i~JC, th ,t tllC :'.tt~c ': ,:ould not t~.l:o?lctce og-: Ll::t tl1~ ).;n[;1i ell, but ill t11c Clr',m:?~G'l1C. ~lC Fl'cnch c1cciccd t 0 .~: thdrn\.'

to the ccco: ~(: :10:::1tio~l.

Thc ~'~~c:;;lchcl.ti11Lr:,~ b::t.t'liOH cor;1m~,~ldc~J. r.-rOub~r'd t~Jcc: ~) thin question in

II~:,C vue c1 f :.~ t i11 cl'ie Ii (J.t1C:U:: t 1921) r:~lC:-,:1'i tc :::

;i:t'ioone (.Quot::, tl 0t t;lC ~l'lt:' 1c.:,,:'ic=:lt~:?c.j, io::.~it~ of the Gcl'r.t :ll fi~;htil1G forces /

, ',l1(i t:1C cc.Cl'ec~' of t~1<.;~l1'c:1:.;~ tiOj,l:J for t~lC ...tt~~~: -I:erc the f1}.lK1' '11~.llt~1~se~ for

the Gelrll:1;') . . :l1CCC =~::c~hl Hr'l c~l C:lt. =:r.:y 1918.

In l'l,~.:~,:,,(~ to t:lC ~:>l'C:),,~..-,t io:~: :for' ou:.;' Jul:- offen:i vc nile: t:)cb,' c::ecution ill

tlle- ::ccto;.,' of 01.11'.i(~ ..\.rtl:r llC ::' :..:::-

IIrnllC C.,lC ....•..~ ...'(.c1',le(1,~ u ..u''''11:,' (JiUict. r:,,)C tll CC G .. ... -., •..•. ~..., .... _.. ..~.l •• J -L,L;.4..l~ l.l\'lElon~; 228th Illf~l1-tl';{, 30th I~lf ~l'll::r a~,~ Ll( {t~l,' ~:(~'Ye JJ1. 1::1C'11~ of \yolll:inem'''' ,\~ ~hich 0pJ .. L • • . -./.,

1osec.1 the 21 lJor..?~, l.U1(~c:rtoO:-':ao ~;t t:-.c:: of ~:~T (ill(~, the cctiyi t: of the cncm;y

nvi::1tio:i.l .,:: .S :)1::-,ctic~ll::r nil.

In the: mC '~'ltt'.1e, ~cl'i'l ?llOt02'l:~'~1h::: ~llo.l.'eL ~i:.)lificr::'lt ?j, l?~rr .tion:: for

t',t tr-.cl: i~ t:1C' vici:':li t7 oi T~~l1.uC ::-11(: Ec ::in:1 ~:: c~rly ~c June 29.

-:;)0- 29- 30 J ob 5- 394

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011 JUl:r 2 c~efil1itc infoj..Tj ......ion l/~C received th~t the ntt~cl: -~:~s to tel::e place

t-,;c ell t11e 6th ~.n(~ 9th.

III tl1C ber;imlin:; of Ju13r the ~l~tillcl: infon;l~,tion tcr~ icc of the corps te-erminec', f=:,'omthe ~tuc1~ of ac:r-i3.1 :;?hOtOgr2:;?hs, th:t :r.cithcr tl1C enemy::lrtil1cr r

its N.I:1u:aitioa ::U:J}ly hn(~ yet been bro~t into ?o~itioll, ~11C: thnt-tl1C Clle~

:cs thcrcio~:'c not :rct :?rc:/.:J.l ecl to [Itt3clc-

011 the.: 12th of July it rc::-lized .the ccrt~il1~ t~r of the im:.)ellci:a3 cttocl:: \lhcn

tiscovcccc1 thct tllC fin::l :Jre:;>~r~tiOllc for it ....re :)1 ccticnll~r cOInplctec1.

On tIle 14th of Jul;{ about 9 :? .m. i t ....~s t:i co OVC1'CC~rom 1.1ri concro ;.hich the

l1. eOl?S 11[ C~ tcl:en in ::' rci(~ t:1l'lt C~lCr.1Y tl'OO}S ,:ere 1:')(.:i11[;Oi1celltr'c.tcd for ell

~llC~ tl:2.t the )rcpnrntio~l fire i:oulG t~J::c :?l~cc tll:':1t S~le night ~t 12:10 : :l .r .J . •

l cllclJ. time.

~llc C.C::'T.l811 artillCl'jT J?rc:..x:.l~tion bcg~n rt 12: 10 ~hr.1. but 10 ml1lutc:::; before v

tile : rcllch co ~lt e:. -me nr J.Ie::; (bombnrGnlCll t of otU' lill0 s of c.cparture --author':::;

bcgcn.

Tho oss.:;\11t follo ~./C;d ~t ~bout 4:00 a.rJ. but ocvcr=tl millutco bc'fore this the'rel1cll ~rtillcl Y h~d c1rc~C:y GO:L1Co COllcclltr~tiol1 :.:':1 {GOC pcge ).

I miC:lt ,~ c1c1ft1rt11eI' th~t C.oub~rd cocribcd our misforttu1c ill the J1U.~' Offcl1-

;ive to tne :;n c:)f;rec1 ,~lllC~ OVer il lclmillci oss1otcncc frDr.l numerous ~lcll oqui:?pcd French

u:;.):)ort bnttcrics (see ~?cgo ) \ h1c11 could :l10t be att~clo:d from our battcry 11ooi

C\ll(~ -';:lic11 \':crc used to :/lOtcCt tl1C l1o~itiOJ1 GC rcsist~llcO ~nd the :positione barrnce (see :'Jr'.gc ) r:llc1 tot ;lC fle::iblc :form of the defcnsi YC fire:::; c~l~i llCdbove (sce. :x~.gc ). Both }? 'cC~utiOl'l~t ill close coor(Ul~tion \7erC j,:lossible to thc

rc11ch only bcc~uso of the ir c::::ct 101o.,;ledgc of our ttc.cl: ~lcns.

r. n1l~1other pc oplc coulc: be jJent i ol1cd -:.ho h~ :e e:::) 'C coed thcmscl vc:::; 0 imilarlj7

l 1'cG[1rdt; to th ic que st iO ll •

./The first ~l1c1the lJril1oi:?'.'1 re~son th~t the ho?cd for success -,In:::; dcnied.. usl the t:t t~.cl~ on the lnrne nnc.~ i~l the Ch:~r.l:x~Gllethere fo n: is t.ll(: \:ill rer.1nill the

'~iltu'c to ~:ec:p our intentions oecret.

29 -~O Job :ff,~ S-394

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2. li'o:m 2~H.~ (;O~ltcnt s of Order:::.

FO~ jJ. ~~lC f011n i'rI'ivcd ~t :for ~rtillcr::- or( cr~., U:1C.~Cl ~'lCi.ltn...'1l1y ChcJ1GCS

~l;-'n'O' .Tc:3 s of thc \7~r : 11(1 fil1:111y [1 : :1 rc ::ul t of c:::?cricnce t oolc the /

Qrm C;ive:l l~, ~j,' in the. ce ~cl ipt i ml of the nt tf.C~: all the Chemin de D~e s. In theycnrr; of tl1C '.I~Jr [.1 hUGe lOj,1g-\~inu.cd ~rtillcri o::.~dcr, \::ilich contnincd com-

ill~t::''L1ctiOj.ls faT the; c::l:.;10j1TIent of t110 crtillcl~-, ....~5 no lOl1Gcr is:uec'1 :forntt::-clc: ~Jut rnthcr n ',llole soric~ of :30p~1.~te order:::.

J...c 11cedec1, these o:rt101'S ltent 'to orG~lliz~tion:3 ill sequcnce, Dud enchollC()vcl'cd ()nl~: one or n forI points nc to ~rtiller: r.lissio~l: c:urillG the prcpnrntioll

thcrc~fter. B37 t;liz brcx:i:lg' a:f orc:ers i~lt:) l1nrts, cnch :)~rticulnr instruc-\7:':::; ••/itl1c1r~\'.1J.lfrom the ',.hole m~s::;, ~.ncl b~' this r.le~ns nlons. G~incd in signi-

10 11ce.

C9..;:tQltS. i~tb :c~cs fr,x:l (~cfc.nsivc positi')ns nccessit~ted c1cvi~til')lln frome former m~lll1Cr of 3ub[~ivisi<)1l of contents. It ..:~e ::If:o :lcce::n~,~- ill 10.1'ge

3, even ia ,'111 8t t::'cl: by nl'TJic s t:l~t nuch IJrcci sc i:'l~t z'ueti one ~nc1 c1et~i led

ircctioll~ b~ given t~v:t the iuc1e:?cl1dencc of :.:iu1.>orC:in:~tcCar.Jl11 'l:dcr~\~':1s rcducec~:lot clltlrcl:r t~l::cl1 m/.1~: . The orc.~crs of tllC hiGh COj~t.1:;~1(:CGul~tcc1 the: Cr.lploy-

elt of the ~r'tiller~. ill ZO de t~ilcd :l m'1~LlCr th-:t f::ub()rdill.....c CO::Jr~l~l1c.1cr:::;ouleIJ111~l ~uch :3u:1:?lcmcntn;r:;. C11 ':11G'Cns \;ould ill no ..J[....~ , 1te r the bC~lcr::1 l)ln11 for

tillcr;I ::.CtiOll c1rn.,/ll U:'1b:;r the high comnr:l1c, ~;11c1 they ~;erc clln:rGcd m~i1l1~. \7ithj)crvisillG the e::ecutiOll of t1lC::C orders.

It c ::;l:mot be c1c~:dc.c1 th .... i:a such <. r:;:.:-nen af i csni1lG ordc r, th cre •.no d~llgerinfluencinG ull:f~\.()r['.b13 UK c~ltllu::;i~sm ~1lc1 lo;-/~lty of subordil1r.-.tcc, no S0021 r:si.lC::; i:1C:lc~tcc1 th..-;t tlli~ :)ril1ciplc •.~s to be : '.d~ted in ::111 C<.GC::. Hcri;cvcr,

Cj,l our r:rtiller:,r ,~.llvis()r:3 ~l1C: C~U;l:ln~er~ \:cre cJllYincct1 of the necessity ill vnr-

un h~st,;:lces the;'? aid not ~llo',; thomscl\ cs to bc sO illflue:lccc1 nnc1 thc: tiid l10tth~t t11e need ~: :lSsubstr;llti~tcc1 by the ref-r:.lts ill the ntt~c t:s •. III gCllcrcl,

~rtillc:cy officers h::;G too clc:lr j,1erccl1ti',)11 ~11<l t')() much ~~)preci:;tioll of thetCl1U~til13 circur.lst~ncco. ',;iith vl:ry :fc ,;;e::cc:?tio:ns, th(;~ 't:crc ~l ,'~s quite s:Jt-

th~t their minsiollG hec1 been prescribed ill such c1ct~il.

III ~,~c1itio~l it \:-:s ~l ..:.~:.-~ r.t~tccl or:111~ e::; \, cl1 ~5 in ....Titi lG thnt the ns-]lTi1c:nt of bcttCl'\ ' t~rgct3, nc '\;cll ns the C:i~trlbution ')f the t'-J,1es ~lld c lib

v ,) ~4 n ers

gUjW ill tl1e r:l:ctches r:ccom:?~~lY the fire ordrr cO~l:JtitutcG n scheme for the c1c-d :fire ,1iGtributiu:l ;'ll1(~ tlJC :n~c~ic~1 ::s:;i{71J:.1ClltC\-;ere to bc r.1ndc by the sUb-1ill~~tc O\');'l1'J::'nc~crs1>:I::;e<1:)Oll t lcir illformr'tioll ~llt: Ul1011the n~turc of the dcfcl1-c nrotCj;'l in their iml:1Cc.1i~'t,-11'C'llt.

In TllC Genn,-:l'l 0 f f iccrn t lk ,::::No. 27, 21 3c?tC::lbc r 1921, Gellcr ..~l Vall Keill1':3in l'(;G:~r( to the T.1(;t~l)c1I)f ptlblicntioll :Jf ~r(~crs used ill our ntt~cks:-

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It i(; l1Jt to be di:::)1. ~tedtll;Jt in 1918 in .the bnttlc O;);n:11~ndf thc nrtill-7 \ c ,;ent into r~'rc[lt clet~i1, thnt the sc:?crr.t1~11il1to Cp'ou..?s, ~l1d the missions oflC1i\.idu:::1Ullits ~lere '?rcf,cribed in det31l end tllCt vcr~:Tlittle lee\,n~t , :os [;i .....n tou'borc1inctc comm~:nc10rs-. In(:c:)cllc1e~lce indeed h~cl t.., be di srcG~rC:ec1 to certoin e::-nt in orc.~er to hnye :111 tb.c r:rtille~ o?crntc unifon-:lly ~nd :::ccording to l lcn.

this ell UJlu::u<,)ll~: om:?~cllCnsi\'e: ~:tstco of 01 (:e1 5..os required. Pc. rhr-.ps, in

il1stC~lCCS, it ..:~s c~rj, 'icc1 too fer.

.c~ssureGly, it '~1[lS fl'cque:'lt1y en~:'ried too fn:-. In sueh enees, ho-.,-cvcr, tho

nior cO:-. :1andcrs stc:':I:)ed in. :~ feil U:i.e.to hnvc 0 COlt rnl control of nIl 3rt 111-ncti'vitics \1ou1d doubtlessly hove leu to the Grc~te:st friction 011(1~JOuld 11.,ve

rn in it3clf the gorm of fnilure. The di ....sions ::l11cl ..rr:gC0I: S fighting side b;riC1.oill sr.lall [trens could not l:cc:, ill closc cllou:;h touch ',;i th ench other. UC'st

D. di,'ision o ' cor,p3 could be occor.T...;lished Olll~r ill common

tl1 tho se of the- nei o;h1J orin:; elivi siol1s or cOI:Js.

SOj:lenrt il1e1 :'; (~\ iso1 s nnd 0 1?orticul~rl~i l~rGc 5113re of the n rtiller~r c om-l.:~llders often ill pl oct1cc actu~ll~. h~d to be broU@lt fran other :)ortiol1s of theont to tl1e. ::>l::.co of the ~ttccl': sO l~tc, th3t t1'lese Officers '.lere no longer cblc

~)rcsOI'ibc everrtlliug tlu. t hnd to be rc~'U1~ted f or successful su?port of the

In ['.dc1iion to t11is, the.se Gcntlemen l:Q0ll tllcir ~:rrivnl ..,ere in no '\70~r

13 DC( L1::lil1ted,':ith tIle tCl'r:-:in nor \;ith the encrn;:,r~cti~:ities. As Q resultf this Inst condition erroneous meUlods '.:ould frequcntly h~vc been the result.

e::c.m:)le, ',:hen ::n nrtillrry cOr.1:n:~.llderequested J?ermissio~l 011 GOod ground to:1.-:1112e3n ~ssiC)'l1J11cntof t~.rl)'Cts, 3 G'(ner~l of ortillel :''' \les ~10t outhorized

r.111S, /er: ~:1C nlm;, directs' th'1t cverythinG rc;J~ill :lS is. The chief of st~fff the C;~OU:1 of nrmie:s of the. Ck rm~l1 0rO \.nP;L'il1cc, Caunt \ on del' Schulenburg \:cs~llccl U:?OlJ.o f.1?:)1~-he. :1Y'O:?Crremody. Obviot131:r, :published ortlers could not

lu:::ys be Iec2.11od•

T~ctic: 'l conditions I'equircd dct:'ilcd olc:er::; from the hibh cOr.ml:1nd.

l :VCllif t,....tic~l cousic~cr:::tiOl1s h~d not :':1nclethe ~bove described method of

1ublishill[; orders n::ccss~rJ it ',;ould hove been neccss~r:.- for other rcn:ol'ls:

I~l ~tt~ol::s, n mot~lOC:;l1C\; in cssellti~l p~illts, ,7:1S ~r.t>loycd \,hic11 likevcrytllill;::ne'.i h:d its dis~dv~lltoG'es. 1'vcry cor:y.l~l1dc~~ lQl0USno',,', ho,:cvcr, hounrc1 it u3uClll;:l is in such :1 cn3C to m~~l:ehis ordero felt .

29- J O J ob S- 39441-

Note: Tu Ci ve m~r orders '\ioic;ht '.:'['5, ill oJ :'lilitnr-J service; not nl' ..nys eos'lror me. l..t t1l9 beGinning ot thG ',-:or I .\:~s just tllC usucl rctirea lieuten:lnt col:nel, one:, ill 3~ )itc of tho re?c:: tcd efforts of ~~T sU }c:rior to h~vc me restored to

ho ~ctiyc list, I I,'ns only :?l~ccd 011 cluty i111918 '\,1th, ho\;'Cver, the promotiollo COlO1l01. The restoration ',ms to tcl:c :pl~ce nfter the conclusion of the '.701'•

1:hc revolution, hO\JCver, i~ltcrfcred.

11y se~)nrotiOll frOJ~ln~tive service occurred 10 months before the outbrecl: ofhe t,'or ~s n result of n ncrYOU3 breel:do' l1 .,-,hich I incurred ns the rosult of C

[~ll '.lith c. horse. TJle :1i.:r:3011~1estimoni~1 of r:'(J ir.1mcdi~te s1I,t>crioro, Gener 'lInnte~, Chief of lort . .rtiller:~, ~nd of the. CO~~llGer of the ~'ort /~rtille;'\

,of Fire, GCl1er~l Zic thcn, tr..?on the occcsion of rrrJ rctiI'er.lent, ill \,'hichhe se Gel1tlcr.l~n c:=l1resscd t~'l.e1r 011in10n5 of my service ',rore ::It th~ t time a great

omfort to me.

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The occur-rc';.1cCS r~t the ij.ltroc:uctiOl1 of t~lC Pul)~cr~isl:i T.1ctl~od, \~licl1 ...i1l be

:-.10rc. ful1~; l~,tcr, for C::::Lf.91c, ~rc ~n illustr'~,tiOl~ l1c:rcof. HCllCe, it

('c,'~mc nccccs:-, ,;;r :for the hie:1 COj'.J::1m~c1o :Jrcvcnt ~n~T ~I uit:r'n17, il1tclltion~l devi~-by' t:1C subordinc,tc CO:-:r:~1~j.1dcrs,lora tl1C ~:lo:Jted rJcthod :rc.:co[;nizcc1 ns correct

rcq1..urcd :1:01' succcsc, ; -:i1;:'~ tllis coulel ~lso be c~onc onl~r b:' t:l(. :jublic~tioll of

m0st c:ct :-i1c<1 orc1crn.

The sucoess of . :\di\ i:3ion or :; C01:J5 (~()(:: not dc.~Jcn(1 solely on its 0'~:11

fficicnt oJ?cl.~tions, but ql... tc lc:rGcl~: :~lso u~)on th~.t of its ~lcis:hbor. lIo i.'Cvcr,

; 11 f::L,tillcrJ ,-;c1visors r.nd 21'tillcl'::. cor.'U.t' ' .l1clcrs:crc 011 the semc 11lnnc ofGOl.1Cof them stood in gl 'e~,t lxcd of ~r:Ci::;t:-j.lce f:COr.l the hi(;11 conn~l(,~.

III the l'lIil i t::ry \Jcc 1d: 0I, liO. 8, 20 .' ucu.::>t 1921, Gcner:-.l 'VO~l Berlu~:;1ui on~ 'r.

rc f crc;.,lCC to tlli S r;13 t t cr:

It ,:n:: not ~Ul-:lrisil1~ t:lot l_::~l1Y nrtill(l'~T CO :1:1811dcrscliel not ;;rcr:i ~;ith

ir ta3~~S since tIle rrro \;tl1 of tl..e cn.l \;:)3 SO tl'cr.lcndous in the course: of tilC ••:nr.Ile failure of tile ertillcI:r of onc division hO'.:cvcr, l:1ic;ht 11.. 1vo placed the ouc-

cr.s of thc entire ::lttr..cl: ill doubt.

Tll~t ie r.1Y 011i11i011~:lr: O. The ncti'.~itiGG of tllC ,~TG~t :l .jo 'it~r of thenuillcl'~' Iced oro \ Crc, even, in tIle lent ~' c~r of the \:cr, letc~l r'l1d .,10rth~Tof all

):r~lso, lJut u:ll~cr t~lO e::istin3 circunst::l1CCS lJrcc~utio:l:.3 h~d to bo t~lcel1 in the)romulgntiml of order:: , for tlll' c::CC:?tiOllS, ~nd there .,;ere c::ce~Jtions.

If :.~(~l ';icion co;. n,~:ldcr 1::1C .1 beyond nIl doubt ~lat ~11 r.rtiller~r connnnder

not :fulfilling hi3 tccl: he '\i-n3 urGc:'ltl;r rcqv.ired to tn1\:c vigorous, relentless

~otion to .rep1~cc t11i~ COT:lJJ ,ndl..r inr.K.di ......el~T. 1:1 rr)itc of t:lia, this requircr.lentdis '(.[; .rc1cd 11ere rmd t:lcrc.; r:ncl t~lC Jivi::;ioll COI:U .1~nc~er1ioself toolt over the

rec tio~l of ...rti 11e 7/' r.'l . t t er::. ~hc f,rti ller:> c or:Jr:: 'nGcr in ::uch ~, d i '\' i:::l011 hence

to Gone c::tCl1t out 0:( c.oll::idt'r~ti()n, in:-n ~tt~c1:, llo..:evcr, he could not be

.iDrcG~ 'dcL~ •

In one ~m? th(,; contro.l of the ~rtillcr;:,~ 'cti ;itie:: in :;a ::ltt~c~: C011s1ctecl,

f the ~)u.blic:;tiOl1 of GC~lCl'~ll illCtI'Uctiol1~. The order:: Jf t~lC corL1s ill this ::.cc-or therefore tool: tllC arr.1C :fOlf.1. The re~ult .\;~: th~t ~evcl'~l cor,1r~~lllders of'llivl-

~io~lnl ::rtill c ry ,:1),011::<11e;c I' t,~~:c.ll :x',rt in f.1ajor :1 t t ~clc fror.l deI (11n1YC posi-

r.,11o-,;;'edhcr:~~elvcG nboolt ..tel:l hcll)lcc~ ~11l: tllC.r.1:3clves h: 'l~ llot Given lJropcr.,rc1crs eYCll tJlot1C;h tl1C dn~: of :llC nt tr;cl-;: 'i:a~ clace nt hr'.nC:. ':lorl;, throushout d~y

niGht h~;l~ to m~l:c 'I1l') f011 t ..1s ooisoion. One ~rtillel J COr.1r.l~j,'l(lcr}penl~T de-

Ii l10 eler'r i~lct:ructlons h:1d bec~l iso .::cG I ,:ould aot h~\.e I1~u'ticipntcd \)

ll tho ~ttt.cl:. I ,,:Quld h~.ve l'C ciLlentcd r.'l~ rc lie:f be f or e th~t. '

Dc11nitc illotrl.loti'Jl1c : ':4,'(. nl::o :1ccorc1illG to r.r:; '\ 1C\:3 the ?r1r:l:'1 J:rcquirc-

.1cnt. th~t muct be :ftl1iilled : J~l'ticul:~rl~r ill t~le u~c of l;msccs of crtiller l'. IIIOlltr~:3t ,;it~l tllis rcquirc:;lcnt it in ir..r.l.~tcri[,l ,jlctller one t~J:en Qne trcl1~h ullclr'-r

ire before or nftcr :~llothcr, \,'il.cthcr one cr.1:1lo~~nliJlt f1cl(1 ~'1.~1 or li~lt ficld~

o';:itzcr b::~ttericn; \lhother Olle occiS'll~ c~ch b~ttcr: zOlle of 100 or 150 r.1etcrj,

- 42- 29- ~O J ob 8- 394

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110

'.ii thJut defini to pl,~ns pr0i1ulgnted b~' the nost detailed orders thero COll

success

Lec turc s to the Illi~llt ry .

.AcqWint inG the inf:;.ntr/ -.:ith the :?:~n for cl'If)loymont of the t'rtiller~ bc-

'c f '.11(~ durinG tho attccl: ',:as :J 11rCrcquisltc of success. The inf'untry h~d to be

;i th absolute fni th in t~l(: ~rtillery. 'lh.c~lh~d to :focI assured thnt thoC I ' J fire pbnne d \1Jttld llClve:lllnihi 13 t hl{l' rc sul t s-- th t the rltt:l c ~y:ou1d prnc- I

nlly ~mount to pleasure stroll thrJU(;'11the h:>stilc positions. To occomplish

Ie::-}l~l1:1tiOl1sby artillery officers hod tf >m'11:en1t on1:> to the higher i11fr111-commc.l1G.crs,but ~lso to the illfcr.tI .1e~dcl s of ~ll :;r::idcs da\ln to illClucla J l~ ...

corrn1'l.:'.uc1ers.II the ~ast, I r-11:'l'JSt~l\::)~.s G~.;e t~lcSCe=-~l~l1otiol1s l)(:l' sonn11y

those in the zOllO of m~ ~rtillcr:i. '..~lCl1e\ crj?l~ns in ;01••.n;; cOllccntr::1tions for

)ecifiod ?criods 011 different objccti\ es \,'01'0 Jr~\','11,p O~l [ l~~rgo scnIc, lccturen

re giV011by rOGiment tJ ~11 officers mlc1 to .t:.:.ososorvin:; ill officern' J?ositi':ll1S.

briG~cle ~nd division comm~ndcrs ~lso attended the~)Cconferences or requested

cci~l c')llfcrcllce s.

Before the brcolc-tllr01.1[~llin Bost G:-:1icir tl1C cOr.r.1~l1dcrof the lzt Guord In-

Divicion, Prince )ii tel ]'redericlo::, h~d the. dctnils 'Jf ortille~' sU2P~rt

rouc:hl~1'c:::')loined to him r'nd his st~ff nt his hendqu~rtcrs. It ',:os horo thot

l,:t the ~l't~illcr;1 cor.monder of the 1st Gu:rd Inf~ntnr Divisi011, Colonel ~linecr,Inter 0: his voluable cooperntiol1 mntcrl~ll;j ll::;htened my duties in 0 simil~r

u~tion. I cIs: mat the corarnm1derof the 1st Gu.':1rdField Lrtillery ReGiment,

r)r von IIc3rdobrccl:, an outst~lldill[;ly c~pcble nrtillex:,~n, ',:i th \,h')m, IntoI', I

in contnct frequently and Chl~:'S G'lodl~ , ~t Rig~ end in tho t:cst •

..'i.t t:1G closo of tho lecture there \.'os usunlly nn O] cn discussion, in '..h1ch

officers brouGht up questi?ns cnd ?resented their misGivings \hich ~ere ~s-

01 r:lln~ cd.

The lecture soften rc qUired ['. (;Tent deal of ti::1C, perticulnrl;, \:hen theyto be Given to officers of sGvercl d1v~sic~s. After the lectures, ho~evcr,

h~<l the comfortnble foo1il12; that the lllf~ntl~Y lo:)lmd for\, ard to the com-

~~oroti111s ~1th nssurnnco of victorJ.

Thl'OUe; 1. tlleso lecture:J clo~o bond .~ms~:nit bet.;;ccn the il1fnntry ~.lld10;;-

1£. I ;:nsGrently plo~sod .to lc~rn, ,.hen relieYed iran tho 86th Divisioll, o~,request of the division th .... I bo nllo-.:od to remnin ~:11thit, becnuse every

:1ntr~l m~ h~d nbsoluto foi th in me. It ~lso broueht :'le[jront p1onsuro cnd

llhcl1, before the csonult on the bridgchend nt Tobolr, ccrtnln'rncmbcrsr.' nor.s~ul t regiment \ho did not ImC .l mc j?ersonolly but :1th \hom I hod come ill

lllt:1ct Officially nt Lnlm H::l:'otsch ons\;crcdmy

queotion ns to \,nether they , ,1;;rcnG into the nttoclc .,lith fn~th, ns f0110,;s: Tho burnts r:111 be nIl right. The

i11eryrncn of Lnl{c Harotsch is \:ith us nc;cin.

Evell the opinion of th.~ private soldier ::is to the nrti11crJ pIons \ OS

.. 1blo.

III t11e \lest I could no loncer Give the 10ctm'es to ~ll the lnfnntr:t offi-

11: .:i.JOrSOll, since the uni ts \:1th ,,hich I served ,:er~ too large: I thereforet the il1~huct1on of tIle illf:mtr.1 regiment to the nrtillcr.; command~rs, \;hilc isolf e::J.)l~ined tho nrtillcr,l l)l~ns for tho. cttnclt: to tho higher cOr.lr.lnndcrs.

- 43-} 29-30 JobOf:':

3-394

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he comm~rru.lers in chief an<1 tIlo conlJancJ ing generaln freqUently attendod those

oc tu res al s o.

CO~l:fcrCl1CC::1,lere held .,.1th the ~rtillcr:,7 cor.uc.r .dor::; :lG to ho ;r they \ICre to

onc1uct their lccturec, ol)'\.iotlsl~', nIl ~rti11crJ cor.lr.l~nC'.cr~ did not 11oooe:::s theility to lircccnt tllCCC lccture~ cO t:l:,t tl1CY '~.~uld nttnin the dcolred result.

for C::~.l')lc :111 offioer be'Gins hl~ lecture ....th the ;JOrdo: Ill r.1Ycstlr.1ntloll,

do not h~vc cl1ou~h ~rtil1cry for tlle ir.r.Jendil1G :1t t:1cl: -- , the cOl1fid~l1ce of

rof the hcnrcrs .\.111 aot bo il:crc~sed. Let 1t be clecrly understood that

'Uch \/,cro onl'ti illc1ivid'L~:ll cosec nl1t~ thnt pr~ctlcoll~T ~ll ~rtillc~r c0I:1r.1nllc1crs ful-lled thls f~~.nctiOl1 in nn outst~,nC:il13 r.l~nller ~lC~ to the nOst cOM:t'lete satisfcc-

ion of t:1C i11£nnt ry .

The officers \1110~ttclc1cc1 tllCCC lccturcG, 011 tllcir p~rt ,:ere charged \lith

e duty of T.1::~l:illG0.10 ,.'11 the c~oc.ntinl contelltf> of thc lectures to their cubor-

il1~tcs, r,:,'.r: tIlUO to ~trcl'~1t:1Cl:' theiz' confidence ?f ' victol1l'.

The lectures to the illf~\11tl'~r \1'Crc. lleccss~r:l for still ::llotller reason. It

ir.11.)oszl 01c, for lC~SOl1~ ,::11011. .,:ill be cise~' .osed Inter, to b::ill~ up el10uGh art-lery :for ~~11ottr.cl-:: sO that cvcr;:/ ellen: trc:lch, obstructloa, 0.1>. nl1c. C.P., etc.

be t=',l:el1 under fire sir.lult::ll1cousl~ . The eoYerin~:; of trenchen, obstructl:nlS,e., Yii th fire h::d to tc.1cc plnec i:1 cueeession. Lyell in 5.':1cll 'l4 1io, :;11 inf=:llltr J'

lllnst rue t~c1 or inou£: le lent l~;' Inst rueted '.:auld burden the rt ille ry UlUlecc ssnril:,

th rCllorts th~t ecrt~il1 :1nrts of the cl1eoy posi tiol1 ::cre ~l'.)t at thnt instnnt-''Vercd by fire. Becnusc of thic, the telephollcs :llld other J:lC~l1S Of COJ:1tl'Ul1icnt1ol1

be :.Le:;vily burdcned, ~~1C.: t11uS rendered useless for other ir.T)ol'tont purposes.

Those lectures to tIle il1fallt~- hod n dl~~dvD.ntObo thot coulcl be cOU1ltorr~t-

to a eC11tnill degree. 1.1 ~he c1ctr:~ls of the ortilleI::- opcrotions y:ero \7idelyisseminntcd Cl:ildthe poscibillt:i'- \:[\S 111erensed thot thQ;:t,,'ould como to the 10.10\7-

dge of the cnemy. 11'01' tIlis rcn~Ol1 it \.,~s nly;~rs proscribed tl~t thcoe locturoo

lce pIece as Into DS practicnblo. In addition, the officern attendil1G the C011-

.:rcnco \,'ero ol1joined 110ver to ocqu~iut their suborcan~te s \11th the plnnc Ul1t11 I

ct before they too ~ up the cf,n~ult pos1tiono.

The c1~te nnd tine of the nttnclc could 110t be disclo: od in the lecture~.

o\/over, the: i.JrcpnratiollS for on nttocl: (rccolln~i~snlloeo by tho ctcffs, topo-'~'[~:ih1c loentiOl1 of tho bnttCl jl' positions, the adV:111ce of bntterios, etc.) would

have bCO~.lconcealed from the troops for 0 102.13 time o,.cn if there had b:~cn'

lee t uro (1 to the inf ~l1t ry .

Tho fol19\';illG foatures '\lere ospocinlly c.lscusscd in the lectureD:

OrccnizatiOl1 .'1nd j?ositionc of tho artillery. Loc~tiol1l3 of cOmr.1ond poots.

:&'i1'111[;octi'.ity of the ~rtl11e~ prior to, durl~,lG, and r.ftcr the ass:,ult.

COllduet of the ns~ncltillg illfnntrJ durinG a rollil13 barrage of hi~ c:qllo-olvo sholl, ,as \JCll os during c rollll::; barrn[~e of gas ~nd H.B. shell.

(Duratioll, conduct ullder tenr 60S durin~ the oeCt'1;i ~tlo21 of shelters,

..;oods, etc.)Conduct ot the il1f:1ntr } in :ltt~clt1ncr the cneMy's reer positi~l'lS.

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Lvcn du:..i1V' thc ~':orlc'l.~..r~rI hr1d r'ccelvcd the Inprcsslon th~t ~s 0 't.hole, our

l'tillcril' Officcr~ othe:r ..ise quite outst~lldillg,. did not ~ppreci:lte fully the tre-

.Clldous ;l.n'nifiCal1~C of the lecturcs. This inprcssiol1 h~,u;been strengthened by

Crtoill e::-}ericnCcs in the post-'~:nr ?criod •. u::c~:=f. n11prcci~tio11 of the v~lue ofhese lectures coilld influence unfavor~ble tlle trnlllll1g of our troops nnd nccord-

the;;,.-cnllllot be atrcssed too strongly.

I cOllvillccd thnt the. lectures contributed mt(;ri~ll:T to ~~using the i11-

\.1th f:~ith ill its ~rtillery to sr11l~Tforth fro.':l its trenches e~~ctly othe tinc set, througl

lOutthe bnttlofield n11d to £0110'[.'close behind the borr:lge

hrough thc cntire defensive position. T\,'OrCr:J:uirer.1elltsof zUcco:zs, \-:ithout ,JilosO

~, victory is imposcible: Hundreds of thousands of il1fantr.;men in

eneral firct gained faith and confidence in victor,r through thece lectures. 111-

ry commanders of all ranJc:s \,111 ~bstantiate this.

Hero are some 0111nio11sof the infal1try:-

III the Y,'ar'Diary of tIle III Land,':ehr Infnlltry Regiment 31 there appears on

ugo 46:-

liThe commonconduot of nIl ,-:as \_'Orthy of all prn~se~ l:ver~ olle \:ellt into the

attle \_1tl1 e::traordin3I';1 confidence (Aosaul t \\:'011 the loboly bridgehead 3 April

..(:..uthor'0 note). In this the faot that evelj'thil1g hnd beon d0no to lay

learly be:for'c tho o;.i0s of ooc11mall the cOl1tornpl:lted propa:rotiol1. Our strength and

ho coordinatiol1 of all the plnlls played a largo j?art. Thus all attained c011fi-

Cllce as to tho outcome. EVG~ronc ..:as espccially confident in re~rd to our art-llery etc. (Hero f 0110\: a numbor of porsonal rcmarl:s about mo. :~uthor' 0 note.)

.Ao illustrations of thc :?revailil1g spirit it r.my bo stated that even men

by the battalion E,urg'cOllsao seriously ,.'oundcd, r.h:) Y,1,Jrohcroforo. I:ot

o tnlco pert in the attoclc (artl011g them the 40 :l'ear old Sgt. Borg of the 11th Co

fathor of several childre1l; P.... 1 Cl ~7iolnlld nf tho lOth Co.) did not \7ish to ~tn~Taf the attoclc, participated in it, Dnd in tho evening retunlcd to the infinn-

'-;J.

Colollel Count zU L'ulcnburcr, tho lest cOnI::1andorof the lEt Guard Il1fontry

c.;imont ••.ich had bcen brought to nll nttaclt 01~ the l;asterll Front from tlh \-, t,es

JVO me a c1iscuspiOl1 of the. value of tho le.ctures:

It i s n s f 011 O\iO :

Bof0I'O the brcnlc thlOUgh at ZiOCZOVln Galicia in July 1917 Lieut. Col.

l'ucl': Tlullcr govo the sUbordil1:1tc il1fallt~J leadcrn of the 1st GU:lrd Infantry Divi-LI lecture all tl~e contemploted artillery prcp.:lr=1tiO:-l.

This c::periellcc \ihich ,.,ns up to th~t time U111010\,'l1 t 0 mo~t of us \':os re-

eivod by nIl thoso prcccnt , ,1 th tho greatest tliJprobotioll.

Tho lecture 'InS not only produced 011 undcrdtendil1J of the sister em ond

ereby o:1propri~to coo-J?erotl~l1, but nbO\.e nIl it increased tho \1ill to ,.,in end

- 45- 29- 30 Job 0 5-394

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si:v.:ed Cormt zu l:ul(,llber~;1t

faith in their leaders c}OY.'l1 to the lO ... .CSt

to the victory.

rnnl\:s. TllUS it noatributed its share

Ge:ner:.1l von Dernhard.i also m2iutalns ill lI~llc i.lilit3~':~ .Jcel~l~Tlf No.8 Of 20

.Au'?:ust 1921 th:.rt tile lectuloS very m.:.lt€ricll~l il~creascd the fai th of the infant:r:'ill the artillery, and General von Kulll c1ecalres ill 111e Gerr.18:i.'l Officers' News ,

:l o. 27 of 21 September 1921 that their effect .l3S rer.1~rltablo.

Yo'(.:I.ij1. t IlUt yourself ill the :)osi tioll of :1U infant rftl:::ll ill the first as-

Gr..lul t VlUVO:

You :Gl0~\1 'Ve ~: c1cfillitc.ly, t: J.at over' thore just n fo' htuldrcd meters from

~TOU is e1C Cllom~r, in trcnc.;ho s :)1'...& s11cl tors and inaocd ill rnony posi ti 011S mil lines

('110 behill(~. the athol'. All thesu positions and lillCS nrc protected by strong 'lire

cl1tnl1c;lcr.1cnt, a1Jatis, etc. as \ /011 cs by 11~lCr0t1S rD~C:linc gJllS and cOlmter-as-

sDul t -~ j'lU1S; the ent i:rc cne~ny .'J.rtillcl'Ji f:tands prclJDrc.d :..ll1n nIl mDclline cuns und

CDllllonn ::ll'C dcsiC:llatcd to mOYIdo\/n our rnnks us soon DS JC lcnvc the protectinecaver. HOVI afton l1r.vc you mnrvclcd at the ~trcngth of the Cl1crJ~ positions ond

his :numerous uefcl'lsive devices (~urinG tho qaiet times of y:arf3re of )Ositioll. H0\1~TOU find yoursolf in the front linos of on 3ssoult 011 cuch n pOsition. The time

Is ~:pp:;:'ondlil1l;;~. The J.)l£toOl1 lenders are Dlrcnd~ stcnc.ill;j, ,-.otch in hnnd. Tell1.lOro millt:tes, 5 more minut03, 1 more minutc, then n sign::.ll ~:lld then out from tho.J:f'otectii.1,J' covor into tho b-:1rbcd-1 irc ~ll1d thc IJositiol1s of tllG CllC~' r,],. '''r...~) , ..v, .... v . .. J 0.)

.'':',Upi:1C; clo~o bel.dud bnl'r~GC, in f:-:ct for your o,/n prot\:ctiOjl \'~lkinG into 1 t, 011

t1:.rou;;h tho ontire def011sivc nystem ~l1d then on ~~ld 011 :1ftor the el1c~r. F'o;... thisll~t 0111y disciplinc is rcquired, not only brnv<,;rJ ....:1 disrcr:~.l'Cl. for deeth, r..ot0111~i the confidence \ Jhich the sir.1ul t~ncous oi?cnin~; Of f1 rc by tremendous m.:lssesof ~rt llle lJi Colld trcllch mort::11':.J :~l1d the hOYllinG, de::lfcning j:O~l' of their shells

l,'ive; but niJove nIl there must be the: most c.bsolute f:--ith of the inf ....t:rymnn in

tl:o cl'tillc 1':1, thc l:no';:lodgq tll'.t ~ll the sc coullt1<..::i3 rounds .:ll'C not fired orJn~,'~i.nJ.cssly; but that each shot iG tlccu2'otcly c.:11cul:tr:d, t21. t ecch :round h3C its ~.cs i(;:Lr, tod t argot, tho; t thousands of [4 rtillcry 'l~d trcll~h .;lo1.t~.r cOnr.l~ldcrs have

,r ') 1 ell['::;~ed ill d.'.1:rs, yes '10«:;1'::3 of the r:lost eX~1ctill[; d:-,y ~11t: ili[;ht ,-rork. in ornrcr

,) ~ .l[1~{Ut:li s 111'01101 0 t iOll cffcc ti vc ;Zor your cup~lort, ~:l1d 110 , hundred:.J of thoun;n~1f.,.? .j our com:rn<lcn ill the arti11c :iji ~:ild trench mort~r~ h:lvC beell \.orkil1G for hour::;

':' ~l-:c erc~tcr-t sncrificcn of body and cl1irit to Give ~{OUtllis rtS:.;ist~l1CC, to.

~:.:. ~;pc.ro t;1(.. rOr.1d throuGh the defcn::d vc s:Js t\..r:l f or ~ro:.l. 114 fnct you hr:ve heord : . J't'1 your off icel's L:l1d IT.O. 0.::: uh::lt t;lC ::-:rtillcry off icers h:::vo e~~l ~incd ::lbout

. .. .. .\ ) n :rtillc ry pl~l1s. ~lhe ~i (;11.:1 0: tile pl~ t oon lender then t.uddenly intercept::;1,1 th080 ima(~inil1G's anc1 rccol1cctlons ond tl crc I::; left for 03ch il1fantryman

~ :j~ O:LlC:101 0 t:lOu:~ht; :foran-ru, behind tho barraGe ana in nO doinG observe 'lhat~'.~ jCJJ1 OlIT.z;llnslzod to you b~T your s~~)criors ill the: lecture J:'o[:;~rdinG your con-

: ~' I ~ • • (.1u~.iH':; tho ::.le:J;Jult.

He ,lJ.O imnGincs hins?lf in tilC ~J?il'it~l et:ltc Of f.,Ucl1 ~l':. illfantIJ' IlQn \1111realizo tllC true VDlue of tllt lecture::: end \ 1111 e;nze .~:ith thr1rcntcst of admi:r \-tion ot 011 t11o:::c heroon '.lho fo~' yearG brou:;ht victo:r:r to the GcI U:1'l colore in ...

Victory titer viotOl'~r 111 ;:)11011. nervc.;-Y_'cnl~nLl~, ~trcnGth-rhatterin3 b::lttlce.

14cctul'CS to the il1fant~r on the ::;ubject of the ortill(ry plcl1s were ' J'ivol1

ns [1 m'lttcl' of r>rinui::?le to all nttack trooj,)C in 1918, but r:lso ill the prcc~dillg

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rcnrn tho.r \ /01'0 conducted here ['nd there outsid,:). of the nre~ of ~r cctivit~,.. Evenl:Etor the ' :first succccnful bnttlcs of 1914 r:na the bCDin:ling of 1915 courses were

h1 tho ,.,est in the sector of the AIT.1~ High CCI:1r. nlldG~ede under the thellOnL.lf:ndcr of ~rti 11cl'y of tho 7th L~ndrlchr Divi 3i on, H::,jor 8ihilmcr \ ,n1ch \ICrc

ttended b~. rcprcscntntivcs of lO\lCr units nnd n1so b~r hiGher cornm~nder3. Before

e ntto.cl~s o.t Hnrtmr.lllLlS ':loil( ' Kopf and Hir~tein, nt ~llc end of 1915 ~nc1 J~n~r:l'U.. '1dcrthe diroction of tllC 12th L~ndYlehr Division the.. iufml't:r:l selected for

lC ctt:'1ck vas thorourJ1.1y instructed as to tllc.~ objectives of the ~rtiller~r fire.ft~r ac I ID10\ , no thorougll cnrryill{3' out of this sC:lcmc occurred prior to my

Oming to the '-'-octCI'n Front in the f~ll of 1917. The lecturos to the infnntri/ h~d10t boon cOllCeded lW :-11 COl1ccrJ.led to heva irn:.iort::nce th.' t they should h~ve had.t ';;:1S irnponn iblc to v~'~lue t:H:m too hi;~:h1~.~. Th~ conduct of tho infcn tr.:/ YJ~S cer-

.'inl~r i:i.~ :)11 pcnctl'ot ionn the finDl decidill3' f:1ctor.

I recall rCl;l:1rlc by tllC CQr.1T:1:indern Chic f,of the 10th .rm:.r, Genernl VOll

c~'L1Lorn, mnde to me nfter tll€ 1)[~ttl e nt L~}ee H~rot Gch \ ,hile he Y/nn th~111:in~~me

r directing the ertillory. E~s £i11::,\l ~:lords ,7Cre:-

Never forget tll.~t the success is :ll'ir.l-::rily due to those ovor there--:poiut-

1b to SOl~e infn:i.ltr:l1l1Ql1-- lho 2t the de:dg'l1~ted time brol:c into the elleT.1;lpositionn

.1d thus ~lczed the victory.

~'-:ec.rt:tllel'Y must ::llw~ys lrccp this :f~ct ill mind, eYen if .- e Cnn loole bnclc

ith ucll-(~esi)rved priuc UJ?0:i.lour' O'lll r'cti:'it1?s - 1111chf11'~t ffi'lde :penotr~tiol1 by

e il1ftmtry :Jost:iblc. ';70 must ~lso ~t t1llS tlr.'lC remember th~t Our numcrOUG ~d-nced obscrvcr:3 ..-,i th tlleir telephone nectiol1s ~nd other J?crso~lllcl n1\7~Ys enterede enomy lines simult[1noot1S1~ ... .;i th the first \,;': YCS of il1f~:i.ltr:r--~t Rign for 0::-

aple (SclJtembor 1, 1917) the~j ',Jcre n~Ol'll the.- first to cross the S-;lin~ ill pontoon:i

nnd hencr: ::111 tho se ~ 'rtillCl':T off ic erEi, IT.0. O. s ~lld mon munt be included ~7ithosa ulJon \lhom Gener'll von B1C:lhorll bro'J(.:ht n~'1cci~l :rccoGlli tiOll.

b. To tho Artillery.

The lee turo s to the:: rtll1c r.:t ler-ders of ~.ll rlllks ....crc just i.Inport~l'lt

e lectures to the inf.'1ntr~l. Onl;} ' throUGh thc.ne lccturen \:-crc the grc:lt' llumbersquestions solved ,jllcl1 t::oubled, not only the ~rO'l.u1gcr, inc:pcriel1ced 'nrtillery-

but also older, ymr-trled le:ldcrs. Thur. -.:-~3 confidence buil t up ill these

ficers \/hich riDS sO nccess~~T for the SUCCCGcful comp1etiol1 of their tns1cs •..

rt';inly :;11 ::-:rti11crymcll -. ill {lgrce ..:i th mc in t:lis contention.

Therefore leoturen O~l tile 0'cncr--:l ~rtillclY pl-:'11s \:crc Gi'''Cll to the ~rtill-

comm.'11 ldcro ~f'''ll r~l1~CS before C :lch n t t~clc. In ::'.ddi ti 011 the..re '\lere lectures

r the sUbgroupr.'lcnts,. bntt~lioll, ;-:nd b~~tery cC rJlIl~ndcrn :md for botterJ officersd tho more sellior N.C.O.n on nIl qU2stlons :-.11(~ dct~dls of the technique of

III the first yc~rs of the \~~r durinG ..hich I -,:':1G conccrned only \;1 th ::;m~ller

ite I pcrEonn11y conducted tl1csc lectures; l;ter ill l:1rG Cl' tUlits the sUbGroUp~

nt, b~ttr.liol1, ~l1u b~1tte.. ? COj~1jn~.nderG.lld .1130 the b~tterJ Officers nnd ncu10r

.O.s \7e:4 Cil1structoa by l'1~.1o: . L~~ 011 the L~sterl1 fror.t :'lld by Ibjor H::lr::: ~.nd

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Pul {o ,':ald '011 t:.J.c ':.Tcstcr ... }'~'Ollt dlilc I ~r::iCli held cO~lfcrrllCCc l:ith the

comn~l1dcrs.

Such locture::; did not tn~~e plcce onl;f within my sphere of operations, but

in ell 'lL1itc \.hich ..Oro ordered to nny portion of the frollt for ell cttacl:.

Ca~t~ill i?u11:O',1s1ciinst:ctl'Jtcd about 6000 off ieors end H.C. O. s at HauboU{jC

1917 i:1 t:1C use of t::.blcs :Cor D~Zt)lying corrections of the mOt'lCl'lt (Goe bclo ;7

Pull{0\7s1ci Method ) and in 1918 imr:lcdintel~r before th: ntt.1cI,:s, he Qlld a.~jor

t,~U.5l1t l:mny tll0UCf.mds of officers nnd n.e.o.s m. 'l lyr~lDtters of the tcchniquefire. It YJOuld hcvc bocn f.1bsolutcly irnpossi blc to carl'Y out the ''Pu1ko\'lSJ~i

II \7i thout the sc lecture s condncted by lInjor Urlr:: ~lld Cnpt.'1ill Pulkowclci.

I bclic;vc I e:;,prcss the sentiment of tho entire Gcnnan Artillery of tho

'orld Vlnr ,7hc11 I O::Pl'CS5 to both of thesc. officers, the th': ll1~s Of the Dnn for their,

C.l1d cntir..::l:t successful SCI'v.lce.

- 48- 29- 30 J ob V 8- 394

-



DIm 1~TI.( tt. of Art i11c-rY

1. Hot.~_91L.Trcnch T.lort~l's (HillellYICrfers)

''crcncll mortars ntt'1il1od their pr'csc;nt prominence during thc progress ofe \Jar. Their use in conjunction ,Ii th the ~rt illerJ bec::me pnrticul~rly vnlu-

1:L1 }?o~:iiol1 \lorfnre, since the trcnch morter ,~s pcculi~rl~r ndnpted to thocst:ruotion of '.drc cnt~ l13'lenents ~nd to the ,','cnltening of the nd\ nl1ced enemy i11-

'~l1try,clcr.'1el1ts before our n ssoul t. ,They replaced the n rtille~' in ccrtnin i11-nnc~ mode the Intt(,)r aY~il::-;blc :for other missions. Thelr tre~ncndousornl effect on the CllCr.1¥ ,-,vnsnl~o 3 fnctor,to be token into consideration incathlg' them. ACC01'dil1giy..trc~lch mortars 'lore loc::ltcd \.hen possible and \'~lCll

eir short rellceo \i Quld nl10';I, sO that tilCY miGht be cl 1J.:)loycdduring the ottacl:.o g Utlrn~ltce coordillnt cd =:toion tllc:r ,..,ere under the control of the art illery sor as cstilTl3tes of fire pOYICr, occupation of i.)osition, ~l1d fire direction , lere

III fnot, orders for trench mortars ccmc to putting them in cloDeUpport, or )?ractically as a participant in the crtillcry prcpnl'atioll.

2. 901QUJ.-'C11.tons of str8rurth •

.,g. Gcner:Jl.

r.rheoret icall~r tit \;35 hiGhly de sira':>le to cover ,-Ji t:1 fire the ont ireemy defellsive s:lstem: all posi tions, and ,in these, all lines, nll machine e-unsld trench mortars, all batterios, obse:r'vatlon posts, cOr.TJnndposts, etc.,rnul taneotlsly and in sudc1e11b'l1Tsts of fire, n~ d to keep theo under fi re to theme of the penetratiOl1 by our lnf~nt~'. T:tis \VUS not poosible ill any attock.t no time could bnttcries hove been placed ot our disposal in the great numbers~t would have beon l'0Cluired for such action. }'or this ronson it was custom-y to c1etennin6 as accurately an l'0ssible before encll attock the minimum numbor

batterios necessary for tho ~olution of the problem. The assignment of bat-ries soldom exceeded this c81cul~tcd mininuo requirement. Let it be clearlyatod, her/over, that GellcrDl Ludnndorff in the najor attacks oluoys plocedJecial enIi)hosis ui.,cn tho fact thnt the rcquirr.d nunber bo really mode availabloen vlhon groot diffic'l1lties were connected therc\tith. It ,inS repeatedly neo-Gsnry to bring batteries iron the western to the eastern fr~nt (and vice versa)

supply the re guired mnsc of cl'tillery.

oto: Strength estimates for Trench Uortarn:-]'01' tho determination of strengtll needed for those ports of the front

nttcck agcinst . \ 11ic11trcnch mortars '\/cre to be used, ~s n rule medi urn and

ovy treach mortaro were csslgncd sO thnt e~ch medium ~d heavy trench mOrt 1uld be nGsi&~ed no lnoro thnn 25 to 30 meters of frOnt to ~c~kcn for tho ns~,ult. Occnsiol1nlly the cector of each trench mortar mO:lsurcd still less.)

12. ~stim~te of tho number of bnttcrie~....------ ............ ...

Tho enomy nrtillelY h::-c1to be continuously ncutrnlizcd. For thisrl)ose at least one of our batterios '-;os needed for ecch elleYT{YnttcrJ in thest periods of tllC ~Qr In addition to this it uns desirable to prOVide sever-

br.tttel'1cs ns e;uard bntterios , hich could quicldy be turned upon unforeseen,

- 49- 29- ~0 J ob J S- 394

'



newly arrived cnemy bntteries. Duo to the lnclc of crtillcl Y speciel batteriesfor thl0 TIur}osc vera prnctlc~lly never ovnilcble durin~ tho preparation. Bat-torie s pr~vic1ed os gtmrd II bat teriea generally hed missions ogail1st infantry'Posl t ions \.hich thC~Tcould interrupt y.nen needed elsewhere.

l.'or the estim~to of the nrtill:ry required to neutralize the infantryposi tiol1s en e::act lOlO\7lcdgc of these pOS1ti on~ in 011 thcir detoils \-:00 needed,terrestrinl illformntion was \Jlloll~T inS'llfficient. Good neri~l photogr~'Phs were11eccSs~r,f. these were then painstakingly evalu.:ted. Sections of the infclltrJ

pO~i tions hnd to be tc.lccn under uui table fire one after the other. '\7hothcr it\70.s SUfficient to tolcc al\1nys only one line under fire during 0 given time orY:hothor two or oven three lines had to be t:im\u tOllcounly coverod by fi 1'0 depend-ed cJ.ltirol\T upon tho cctions of the cn~r. In ~ny case onc could be sotinfiod,-lith the c;vcring of only one linG only in the coson of defensive ponitions ofvery aliGht dellth. In nIl deeper s:.rstems the cimultnneous covering of at lc~stt ;JOlineo h~d to be ::Ulticipnt~d, thUS, 'tr'Ocould lenve some of the bnttorics tol~y :::t bnrr~ge on the rC::lrmost li110s of tho positions to bc nttrlcl::ed (page 7li'irc cffcctivellCSo, bllrrcto fire) \/llile \1C tOOl': cC\re of the n.m~inillg linesnuccGssivcI;y ' Jith tho others. 11'or cnch battclj~ to bc directed on infnntry po::d-tions c. sector of 150 m (~t the points of penetrction 100 m) w~s osoigned. Thel1umbcr of Cod-eliiOll~1 bntterics th:lt hed to be brought in for the attack of 'CPo~l1d OPe, etc. vnried y/'ith the number enel. Ioc~tion of thooe objectives. Tho des-truction of CPe nnd CPs could often he cccomp1iShcd simultaneously with tho ot-t:.1clc of ell illfnnt~J 1i110. III 13uchc~ses the ~sai~1r.lcnt of special bnttorics

for such missions \~S unnecesanry.

The l1umber of 10113'l'~llG~ end henvic at gull batteries 'tlas depcndent up-

011 the ~ctivitics ill rc~r of the C11cmy positioll:3, upon the number and sizQ ofhcndqmrtors positions, of occupied locctions, the number of bridges, ~pproach

routeo, etc.

Tho detcrmined 11unbers 'tlCrc sli[;ht1y incre~sed i11 the requests rolncothe s1 tuatiOll could of couroe cll..1ngo to our diondvnntc{je by the d~ of the~

~t tnclt.

J:'or cOUllterbnttely \,'Orlt: durin:; the lest ':-ear cnd 0 ho1f of the 't7~r

fiold Cu:.l batterios .;/cre gcnernl1~~ er.1Ploycd si:~cn they r:ero :lv~ilcblc ill thecrcntcst ~lU:1bc 's and coulc1 therefore be employed moot c~:pcdielltly. They firedgno ohe11s alld bec~'t.lce of their r3:?idity of fire the effect of those bnttericn

uith gt'UJ iinS not much inferior to tho effect of lic;ht and henvy field hO\-,itzo;bo.ttoriGo 't.l3ing this ammunition. In a Given period of time, they carried nboutthe name vol'Ul lCof gr.lS to the t~rgc't as did the hO'.:itzer batteries. Underfavornblc circumotL1l1CeS li[;ht or heavy field houi tzer~ could be oosigned inplace of field gUll batteries. Z,'pccinl opcrntions by thu CllC~T; botterlc~ atvery long rnl~cS, strong c~loccm,cnts, di~osltlons bchilm ~teep slopes, etc.l1ecessitr.ted the assiGnment of oLler c~Ilber::; cni t~'Pcs of C:1U10ll.

On t:1C b::H;is of the intelligence ~lj;e '.cly cvcil~,ble r1 ld re-verifiedcOllcor111i.1Gho dcvelolJment of the ellcmy illf~try l1ooition, u'Ur.1berof CPo,

- 50- 29- ~0 J ob 8- 394~



')o~cibilitic::, ctce the l1cccsSt~r::T nUl:lbe~. of ficlt~ :S'l:l'lS, 10 cm gun ~l'ld

(n~ll~ £i1'C b~tt(;ricf.j ,,:as c1ctcmil1cd. After, thie, there otill ~d to be ~o-

~~ccordi:L1Gto theil £i tu<..::;:: the b~ltt(.riec. th~:t .: ~::; fUlilichcd: field gUll

~.ttorio:::;, 1igl'lt field ho\;it~:cr botte:rie:, tl1€ :~ijl :'ll:je fire b~tterieO', light

ield llO'.:itzer b~tte:['icc, the hi{.;l1 cn~'le fire b:~tterieo, liGht OJ: hcn~r fieldO'.litzcr~ 0::' l:1o:rtnr b~ttcric::;. ~,?ccinl miooion:. ~l::;o dcn'~nc1ed the nsoiGut1cnt of

~i:)ccifio t3r'}CD nml specifiC c~liboro of \;e~pon::;.

In the reril.1est fOl',loll~ r~nGc ~l'tillc:r'\j .;e \;01 0 ::;~ticfi(;d \.'ith the

f the c1ccircd :lur:1bcr. The ~c::dGnr:lo 1t of the various calibers desired,1c:)cndod upon the dcgrc;o of availab ili t~7. Hcnce, for e:::a-np1c, to malta possi ble

cmplo-,,:;ne:nt of Guns of a dOl in1 t e range, r.1is~ion~ at sllo1~tcr ranGes might bo

eqUired, than those for \7hich the request has becn submitted.

The heaviest G~Ul (flnt trnjocto~'y) batteries '\7ere roqucstcd accordil10

o the SCl:.1C ~pril1ci2)lcs os \ 101'0 the 1011G r:l21gc b3ttcrics.

d • at im.3 t c.LQL,l.rrun'LFli t iOl1.

'.rllC se f ollo\'rcd the ?rinciplc thn t nrnuni t iOll rc q~ s ts '\7crc ba sed on

he ':~l'cntcst l)ormissiblo rnpic1ity of firc of the IJOrticulor tubes over thel'ioc~ of time contemlJlntcd in the :?chcdulcs of fire; befol C', durillg cnd for npecified time after the nsE'cul t. l'urtl1cr ~~'1lUJ.1i tiol1 sUl?}11y in the r.l:4jor offcn-

iV'CS\iJn::; then reGulated by tllC Cl1ief Qunrtem~stcr of the i~nlics, e:tc.

So th~t £:)1c(; ~Jicturc ;lill not be Given to the 110n-crtillc~~n ns

o t:'lC ~. jrrnulliion gcncr:~ll'.: ;1v:~il:lblc for our o:ffcl1:?ivcs in 1917 in the ~cst and918 in t:lC West ns op:)oscd to the nssi2 llCd nmou,lts of ~ul1i tiOl1. I \ ,'QuId liltG

o quote here on c=:tj. ~ct, from nll ~l'ticle ill the 11e 7 Prut'si~n (Croos) lk \';sp=:pcr

.~tec1 Junc 12, 1921, r.hich describes the opcr~t~ons 011 the ',7c.stenl front up tobout the Pell of 1917, dU:rill~; j?lriod in ....bien I rnyoc1f \....= Gcrying on the

t C' rn ~ rol1t • .

BXT~ACT

trll';:om 1916 01'1 the.:: clle~:l:. i10sEcssed trcrr.el1do'll3 cupcriorit;:r in m~tCl'icl

,~ .ticul:1l'l in hen ...y ']l1ll~unit ion. Thcr~ \,'0 re ~l\lr~'::; ;Iide ooctors on the \1e ot~rn

ill '. ~lieh the cry 'Snve Ammunition never cer-oed. 041l::l there, \.here ~t theme major operntiollS \lerc t~ld,'lg l>l~cc or \;crc being prcp:'rc.d for (~11d even' .

lllllOt ~lnJ~rs ~nd ~t time::; too l~tc) did the obscrv~l1cC of cool'lomicn1 hou3e-ce]?ing ever disnppcnl' ~s tnI' co ~r.r.1ul1itioll \';c~ concerned. \7h:~ CVC:ll ill the

iitchcs' Y..ctt1u of VcrdULl ~ftcr the first ,...cc {S of the ntt-;cl'.: it bcc~.me neccss ry

order economy, ::'lfter more (llc:r':.;etio firilllj h-;d .1\.l~t bcell enjoined, c~cept ,.l vcr;;t Sj?c.cic1, dcfinitc1~r outlined bntt1e opcr~tion::;. Thun, during n 10llg

ori 9d of the '{ir. r the cm)lo~r.'.1C:l1to:f ~rtill cr:-, e spc ci~ll~1' 0 f the he ~vy artillery

cl1tir,l~:- n question of nmrJ'l.l11iti0l1. '

In the East conditiollG \;ere (.'::notl~. the ~~:1C ns ill the ',lest. Thore, ~lso,

lrC1:l bnTrnc;es nl ld speci~l missioll:>, the U~K of ~\ll:itiol1 ~n rule h~d to Ie l:cpt to n minimum.

- 51-

~

~

~

~



O~?t~in Jtwtro',: h~s, il: l1i5 tliscusdo1l of =1L,i Hall (see Introduction),

il1tcd out the rc~H,OlH: for 8011K of the insufficicnt Gupply of ~mulli tion.

3. Al l ot ment .

coul1tcr-il1.f~l1tr:' Groi.:po.

III tIle sector of encll inf~Ht 7,~ rlivi:ioll of the firnt line, 011e

s~ult •

t e: TIli s prcp3.rn ti all OO~~s is t Sill P l'?PC r~ ti 011of pene t rn ti ~1 P Ohl t e, nupprc es-ing flnnlcinc positions end portlOlls of :p~sitiono out:31dc of points of

1 )c:1etr.~tiol1 [ll1d blocl~de.

coulltor-,~rtillcrJ Groupe.

In the sector of c.:.1chC0 113, one grotrg.

Mission.- Houtl'nliz )tion of the CllCr.U nrtiller:,r.

In the :3Cctor of Gnch corps, one group.

Missiol1.- To tnl':G undo.r :fire ~ll occupied 10cnlitic3, c~ps,

~ )O:3ts, 'ndio ::.tntim.l8, n~)?ro~ch routos, bnl10011s, ctc. ~'lnlUcil1g of

emy 110sitiono.

Hcnvi cst Fi el d Guns.

In t~1CJ ::;cctor of c~ch Arrr~, one Grou.;?

Mission.- ~o tr-1co under :fire tnr~ets ~t grcntcnt r::\nges.

(2 )v Sub-c;rou11s nl1d oUb-dct~chl'~cnto (under control of groups ond

E;ub -croul1S )COUlltcr-illL~iltry ::;ub-c;roups ~mi sub-det~ch.' :lCl1tn.Di:.:por,ition in tho zon0 of en il1f~lltrJ division il1 r'l fro t 111

ot t:1clC\ /it~l thre; c in£ ~nt rJ rc G'i.:-:lCl1 t s 1n ss~ul t:

........ - .' _ .. - - .. - - - Di vi ci on Zone of Lt t ~o~

~52- 29- 30 J ob 8- 394

~ ~

~



(Objectives: foremost 1illes of enent. p03itiOll.)

3d Inf. l1egt

kft [.ub-grouIJ

Sub-de t~chmellt ::l

Sub-de tC,Clll:lCl1t. b

Center eub-groU J?

sub-detGclmellt n

Sub-detachment b

1st l11f. Begt

Itit;ht cUb-groupSub-det~chr:lent n

Sub-detncl1ment b

(Objectives: re:1r lineo of ellcm;i j,JOEitioll.)

Sep[lr~ti011 into ~ub-groupS did not ~h:~:TS occur i~l this m~.l1l1er, cor-l'esponC.i:i.lS to the zones of the :1sst1ult rcgi.r.le~lt~. At timeo it \';no based onsupport i~l dc:pth, i.e. one countcr-i:lf~lltrJ sub-group \ ,':')0 ~ssiglled to llcutr~-1iz~tioll of the hostile fiOl1t 1inos opj?ositc the entire front of the divb3ion,another to the I'car of the IJostilc posi tiol1 ~l.o:ng the cnt ire division front.The sC .i? lration into sub_dot~clllncl'lts \lUS then made as fol10\10: each sub-~roup'\ modivided into sub-c1ct~chr.1ellts corrcS?ondillg to the ll'Ur.lbcr of cssnult regi-

monts. Thi'S' method \;as unusual.

lUssiol1S of sub-groups. (\ /hell Olll~r t .JOrcG10ellts \j'Cre in the firstlinG, Olll:r t.\;o sUb-grow;>s, ric;ht, nnd left, \:ere unde.)

l\i[;l1.t r,ub-Gr0U1J: countcr-i~lf::nt ~r ill the f:i.~ol1tof 1st Illfnnt rJ

F.cgiment.lUddle ~'llb-groUJ?: same for 2d Illf~:i1tri Rq;iment.Lcft 13ub-r;roup: znmc.:for Zd Inf=-:ntr:/ ReGiment.

lUssiO:i.1S of Sub-aetoc:lr.ltnts (for the m:'1j:>rity of hoctile lines C11-

countered, there \lOre thrc e ::ub-det[.lchr:lc:at s) •

SUb-detccl11' lCl1tD. lTeutr:11iz~ti0l1 of the front 1incn (let position)in t~c nector of £ub-group.

3ub-detcc}1 ,1Cl1tb. Hcutr:1lizntion of the. re::lr line c (2nd po.si tiOll)

in the sect or of sub-group.

counter-artillc:t:r sub-group:

141 the sec t or of e.ncll f :i. 01lline c SG~ult dl visioll ill the :lt t~clcthere tn:~sUS1.L'1llj-one Gu'b-groull. Besidos thin ther: ~.'nS ol1e 0:41the fl~nksof the' nttncl' front outside of the sectors of the flmllc divisions. The latter\lCrC pIeced under the cO~'.1r.1~.lldf the cO'lL1ter-crti11e r:/ group of the cdjaccllt

corps.

MisoiollO: Hcutr::lizntion of the el'lcrn~ ~rti1le r: ill the sector of

the ~ttncl: elivi si 011 :::n<1041 tI1C f l~n1m.

The long r'~r1GearoUi.1s \,'crc divided into sub-groul1s only \.ilen the

lltunbcr of bnttcrico required this.

- 53- 29- 30 J ob 8- 394

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l',:issions of both tl'H,Hj(} sub-crOll?s:

L 1 0)l~olel-:. fl'l'e on tl1....,t~11t t ....r...:r..t~.

O~lS l'::n;:e SU)-O;1' u~ n: .., . u ........

LOll? r:Jl1Ge ['.l1C~ fl8.nkil1G sub-tp'OUJ?s: Firi~l~; 011 tii stance tnl'gets r.l1d

livcr~~ of f1811l\;illl: :fire 01ll,)3I'tS o:f the ener~.' dc:fensiYo'positiollS.

The l)o~i t.ions of the Groups: 'i'he sub-grou)s and sub-detachments \';crc not

bsolutel ..' limited b;y the bOtUldnries of the divisions 3n(~ cor.l.)s supported, but

GO bC~ Ol1d tho se :for pur'po se S ,o:f £lD~J :inJ :f i Y'C, C tc.

(Placed (lilec tly 'UllC.C r t:1C Illf3:'lt lj Di vi GiO:ilS. )

Seversl batteries of the civiGiona1 fi:ld arti11cly lc(;imcntG (usun11yo

of field guns, 1.10(101 1896) \lere dCsll)13ted as infr.lltr~l occoITl}?onyil'lGn.ttcrics. ,As a rule thc~r e.ili not tnlco port in the orti1lc~T fire- before the

t but wore 1101 d in roor~il1C ss, limbered ~llld undel' cover. If 1n£:.111rr \'lCn-ry-

011 but tcl ie s 0 r ro~l\~a ill artillery bntterie 3 ,'erG :::v:lil:lb1c thc~r \1CrO '11s~ in •

used as ncoom~X~llyinG orti1lc rye Tl.1C infC:lt 17 nCCOr.l:'nllYillG. b~t ,criC SOllO\1cd t:1C nssnultin:-; infnntrj imr.1edintcly nnd served the purpose or ~~gf.'2l1ce :,)OL1ts, tanl:s, etc. r'cvivec durinG the advance of the attaclr:111G 11fnnt;r::r.

(lTo.tc: Trench :norV::rs al~o usuall;r follo\lcdc.il'ect13T bCIlint4 t~l€ assaulting

111f ont ry. )

Suo-clivioioll into g;-;1ul1e1 'jrotr)s occu:'j,eC DS :ccC)1i:re(l by circur.1stnnces.

_12. Dc r i t;nDj:J..Q~t..Q.f V1.V. t ~.

T;1C de;]:' :i.lC~ for c u~li fon:l de c i[;~:J t iO£1 of t: 1CG~0u:?s, at c. be C::lUC con-

stc:,ltl::. l.jOl'C in::dstcnt C.Ul Ll:; t11C ::'1roGrcss of t11e \:01'. ~'llis dc~i~~D.tio;l tins~lOcc:'s3r:,1 :fo~:'ponti~lG 011 l '' lt. '1~S c.)lC~ for ::uV ,1ly of ~:'ll::u.~ition; es~ecio11y in lorr,oc'

uni t s.

coul1tel'-hlf[~l1t :I.: Groups by Ikn 1, 2, eto. corre S .r.1o:c. in.:; 'ili th the

battlo nectors o:f t:1e ottnr.;::: clivif.iO~l Hot \lith 11'Ur.lber3 0:': t:lr: G.ivisiollS sillcet:H:Y \IOrC bO'll1G relieved 'c:Jc~t.:d1y.

I1l~ £) OCl1tCl'~ tl1clcforc Lcn~lt Sub.c::ttC:1I.1C:.~t b of sub-sro\Ii.l

~tcr of ~tt~ck uivi~iou 6.

- 54-

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GUt111tc~ -al'tillcl.:r GrOU'}S b: : lJca A, D, etc- nccordlllg to tho

desic;natlOl1 of the corps-

fJub-g 'OU:;J bJ l'lUi-:lbers:..lea B 3 tllC~ cfore r~1ennt sub-C:~oul1 3 of tl1c counter-artillery

Gr()t1~:.1 of OOj, •.1.1S B

i?e1m A, B, e t c •

Suo-groupS b:.r nu.~'b(;r's-l 'el::a A 1 therefore ,:1C~11t ~' . b-Gl'OUl) 1 of tIle 1011.~~ 13ilGC Croup of

cOr'.Js A.

Tho hoaviest ';1.111 'battn1i0l1S by Scllwcflo (n1s0 Lorbara).

In the .i\1my.

~1:1C

Ilea\i~S

'trod(-CO•.lnollc1

of the nttnck c.ivlsions of the :front line.

~~lC lJca and Fcl~ ', ere dij. ectl~r undr-r the corps.

~l:'lC hou::c 3ftcl' \:~~ich thG divisions :.ou1d ~l~VC full control of the

1~'t t c r arti llcry , :as e s~)Cc1oIly <::0 $ig~Ul t eel by t~lC cO:t:Js.

T~1C nchwcfln (B=:=c'born) \ C 5 (~iICCt1y under t~lC 1' .1'r':'V-

Ii B;aD11c r Uni t s

Tho :DlncillC:: of t:le lJco directl~ Ulldc . the cO~'l1s at first brou~lt 011

trUC:l o~ Y;;1oGitinl'l ill tIle \ iestej,11 :r'ront.

Tllis ide~ vms i~ l 0 :1 )0 5i tion to fomer j?rLlci:::;>lcs for it c1isI Ul1tcd a

1.111ifieC. cO~' lnanc1 of the al ..tillerJ wi thi11 the C:ivisioll. It i.1ithdr~w from the

.~l't illcry COrllJU111C~e r, \-;:105e e.i vi S iOll adv3nce.d in a defini t C ZO le of a t to c1:, # the

oj;)eratlons a. 'sinst the enemy nrtillery ill tni~ ~ector. l1at1.ual1y, an llU10Yatlo11

,)1: thi 8 type' )could not be nc.Ol1tec, wi thout f ri c tion •

.Ocller~l Hcodc..u.:lrters tllCl'cforc sournL a solution C:urillG 1910--thcscheme \7QS nll en,,::' ill of fect in 1917 ill all t tecks ill tile l.:cst--cnc:. os £) re suI t

of c conference wi th Ar:r:r;r Grow:.} ~nd Army Chiefs announced ~'cb~~r Oth.

liAs ~.''Ul(; the intc:'ltion of OU1 rC0111atiO:'15, is to ~11ace 011 the

nrtillory (axcer>t the heaviest :~\ffibnttories) 't~lder the uttDck divisions oss0011 sa t:L16Y tcke over thcir~0c,tors. On the oUler h~l1d t~lC al'tiller:t commanderof tllo ~ofcnsive c ivisiOl~S, \JilO .Lla3 0 thorou.:}l lalor/lodge of t:1C situ.')tiol1 must1)0 used to tilt' L~ 'catcst e~::tcl1t. At tllls tine :lC thercfole comes under control

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developed by tho Dl tillcry commanders of defensive di9

,r siOllS little byittle hl e,:per1e:nce in dc:fcllS1\.c '\lorfarc lnsting uzuolly for GOveral months,

Connedtho frcmc\ JOrl:for the coul1ter-artillery -r:orlcduring the first day of thc

I:1 cr:sc of counter-nrtillcry contl'ol by cOlnr.t':lndersof ~ttc.clt divisions

he zones of ct t['.cl: .~i(;re onl~r ollc-holf or one-third ~s \~dc, depending upon the

of D t tn clt di vi ni Ol1Sill the: corps, as they \:ould have been had thi c mis-

cion bOE;l1directly under eor1')s control. If thc zone \ laS too nalTO\: it might beiscovered that t11c rntio of hostile batterien to friendly \.no very ullfnvorablc •.

he morc the massiuG of hostilo batteries occurred thc seoner ~:ould it happontl1at great 11umbcrs of thoce batteries mfGht be in the ZOllOof one divioiol1, 01-

~l1 lY .:U .~d~n.i.().thc zOIlC;: of :l; Jj1 1et:t <1iYlj;iQ]l~. th.1t r.11ght h:lvC fou b3t-torien in their immedintc frontr,. Our asslgnInCl1tc oi nrtillcry '~loro mnde accord-

ng to t~e intelli0~ncc re?ortn. It developed oconsionnlly durincr an ntt~cl:that entire nests of battorios, cbout t:hich \ :0 hod 1:l10tJnnothins previousl~',~uddenly 81JpCnrod. If this occurred in one of tho llnrro ,: sectors in . hich littlc

r llothill hod been dctcnnil1ed previously, the division ortille 17 COI:Ir.l:mdcrf. ..:>charged \Jith cOUJltcrb'- lttery either hod to \lithdr~r,l bntterics from tho prepara-

tion :fOl' th<.: infCl1try c.ttoclt: to such c~tcnt no to lenYc the cdeq~cy of tho inf-'.lltry su:Jport in doti-nt, or hed to roquest assi~tnllcC frOM neiGhboring divisions.

hese lntter \ ur:r ncldom hed pi~'coo available to o::oiot thern. 5in~e the cor:Ps,:hcn not 1'0 s:p011.0blc :r or countcrbnt to~', \Jere nl .:n~l'sinsuff lcle11tly inf onnod Q S

to the details of tho si tun t iO: l, requests to hiGher cOl:1r.lc.ndersl\lCYo entailed

coul1ter-questiOllS, ~ttcnd:;l1.t 110sit~tion, ~nd often resulted in ilUldoquntc 1 0-

Dp01190.

Similar conditioas \:ero mot in the rl:1Cill[; of 11Cn\11'l~lS to counter

ronr b~ttorioo of ho::tilo crtiller'J :prcviousl~' \llllocnted, in tho scc,uring of

r:ssistcllce of rnnging' scetiollS ~no. norir.l observers, no \ ,'011 as 1n being ablo

to build ui') 0 volume of firo sufficient to nQutrnlizo the ~rtl1lc:ry even nfte:r

it hnd bcen definitoly loe~ted •

.All thecc difficulties th~.t ~roco -,:erc.: surmo\L. 1tedmore cesily if

c.9:w. ~Q.. ..:~rti+l.Qr J.oub~gl:QUj?O ,ool~ thc plnee of im11rovised divisioll artillery1111i tn. ~hosc sub-grouIJs rcm:;JJlc:dunder control of :1 celltr:11 he~dqu:1rtcrs thnt,

fer months, hcd bec11 ch~l1ged \,1th this rcnpolloibilit~', ~lld th~t hed complete

1:na lcdec of the. \ll1olc oi tu~t iOll. B~rrillg ullu~u~l C01ltill:;cllcie 0 these ccnt r~l

hc~dqu[.1:t'ters could :functioll efficicntly throughOv.t.

During the fOl'\l'~rd movement of the divinioa : ,rtillc.r:', ~nd 111Cidcllt::1l-

\:llile tho J~rtillcI';t COr:lrl1'~l'lc:crsf thc ::ltt~cl: divi:doll -,-..erecIoo moving for-\:.:1rcl. the ortillclJ1 ij.l ~ctiOll 11~done of its most irnport~llt mit:cio11C,-- the

oi1cnci11C: of l1o'\Jly-~r:...vcd 1.chliorchl;3 hostile ~rtillcrJ :3a the.. fl~ll1t of thezone ill \':hic11 the nt t: '\.clt;OS being mnde, N1L. \,'ell-echclollllCd in depth. ]'or just

this micaiol1 it \;.:10 llCCCSr-:tr:1'o use thc fi1'C of n\ ~il~blc ~rtillcr J of ed..1c.ccllt

e11 vi s1 CllS or tho t of rc i:1fo1'Cllg he.n'-.Ybrtt tl rie::3. If the cO'U:ltcr-nrt ille ry 'lUlitsrem:'.incd mldcr COllr'ol of tllC vorious di v1 sion ~rt ille ~r cOr.Jr.l..;lldcrs,\ .hoh~d jU:3t

:J,t~rtcd fonmrc1 mo\'cm...llt, their fire mi~ht ec~~e c:ntircly.~t thin vitnl time,\i.Llllo if they \/Crc 'l'U1Uc.r the. ~rt ille r~r com:'l1dera of. the defensive di vi s1 onG \.ho

h~d ~lrccc~y rondo nrr llCCl;1Cntc 011 n lnl'ger sc~lt for nuch CUlltillGl:l1Cca over fuc

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29- S0 J ob 0 5- 394

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2~ 30 J ob S- 39458-

:~:rro.\lZOlle of scvcr::-l ::1tt~clt: dio..i~ion~, thOl the: ~dv~l1cC of thct;e di\ ision::; t:o::;ccurcd. It \laG u:::unl th.':~ the dcfc.llS i\ e di\.i siOll, \.110~C il1f:111trJ, ,for the ool~f 3urpri cc, \ I.~:lri not relieved by the. ~:;snul t di visi Olln until the night :precedi116~e ~tt~cl:, .~lou1d be n::;ciglled to one of the renr ....~._.eoof the nttnck.

All thctc re~~0110 'ttere e::pl~incd in n dctnilcd report ~t the time, to

Rend q'tt'1rtc.ro nnd ~] proved by them.

To the ob jectioll th~ t, ill tr~ll:3fer of counter-art i1le~ r.rl.soi OllS to thel,'tillery commander of the dcfcl wive division, d~nger or hil1dr~l1Ce to our blfnntry

1~~t occur, it rnny be cnid thot--thc cormn~llders ot )Jt..'1 sub-group rcm':lined ill con-uninterrupted liaison .,:ith tIle divi::;ioll ct:1ffs, Dnd it \::;10 nlt:nyn ~:ppnrCl'1t

nt the f..lc:l\:os very quiclcly ~'ld eccurntoly ill:fonlled of 011 devclopmel'1ts 011 the

at tlcf ield through it:3 ~:cll-developcd informntion cerviee.

An to the contention tllct the: groU',Jil1g of ellcmy ortillorJ .~ ns SO irregularat the COlltrol of cotUltel'-.'1rt iller~' might \roll h,nve beol1 tcl:ell outo the hn11do

tho corps D:1d trnnnfcrred to the ormios it m..'1~: bo C<'11dhot to 0Cl :10 degreolis Dc'tunlly taolt plnco in :?rcctico. At St. Quel1tin ona corpn hod to tronsfer

ndjacellt eorpD n number of I}r~ bottorie s for rclnforcille 't1.ei r eoul1ter-ortill-end ot tho Chemin des Domes the osslcn:nollt of'llm bnttcrico for opcrntions'

c~rond corpc bOUl1dnrios \'l~r; directed almost entirely by the nn:lY commonicrs. Thia\ :::18 ~hiOYS h~ndlcd according to cirCUJ:lst~llces r~thcr th~l by sl~vit:h fo1-

.£\/1118 of rules. '

.A3 n result of :plncill~ thc.J'J':n dircctl;{ under eorp3 control it -;:03 olsoointed out that the division nrtillerJ eOr.r.1nllder could not tnJ{e ~\lt:) botteriecrcm artillery missions olld ploce tho:' on inf='.l1tr.r r.ll3cions. He .,7ould seldom hnvc

do thio even if the .AIm , lere under hio contI'')l. HO\.lcould he determine '.bichnemy batteries 'lore neutrnlized, ~t night (Dhemin des D=u:l0c. etc.), ill a fogJnlcob::;tcdt, St. Q.ucntill, etc.), or eve.ll coi tting night and fog, ill the tremendousust. ::moJ':C,nlld gnn claud::;? Such~, poo:zibilit:; r.l~y h~ve :1riSe11 once under very ,

::'l'vornble condition:::. ' lhc11 not COlltcr.lpl~ted ill orders, the po:::oibi1ity of roiu-rcer;1cl1t by .A.lcn batterie::; '.:~C n<:ver indicated to cCr.'lr.l~.l1dcrsof the ltn. This,'C'uldhave been of ve j: doubtful v~luc ::>lnce cOI..r.lclldcrc of the .\1t':l bnttcries \', o't;,ld~ve h~d t:> cnlculnte h~stily the rr:llg'es, defl(~tiollc, ~.l1dcorreettionn of thelOmcnt for their llC\7ly cnsigned tcrcreto. Under the uc~l cOllditions (l1ight fogltC..} the in:fluellce of the divisiono oyer artillery octivity onco it r:ao lc~chc;d

very slight prior to tho OdVllllCCof portion::; of the ~rtillcry cfter the brealt::rough. It '\103 SO nlight, thct, in the cttoclt c.g~in~t the bridgehead at Jokob-t:ldt, 101' s .9ccic1 rco::;0110 ;hich I \7111 give l~,ter, not only the .'L1:n, but tho Ilc:3

.attorioo as \':011, ','Ii thout serious cOllOCqUcnccs could hove beel1 ',;i thdr~',m fro::ivision cO~ltrol em plnccd diroctly under the corps until the timo of fon;nrd

Of the di vi si on art ill ery.,)

Pnrticulnr oircum::;t~nces ~cmnnd follo\lin~ clong certain l1ne s, and thero'l.'rpsof Annics, t1l1dcrmies, of o;.hich It\or.:lSortiller:, odvisor, did not allow thebovo Objc cti ons by oc,rtnill illdi vidu~ls illterfere 'I i th doing so.

Lot it be stoted :furtllcr, th~t cccordi11g to revised resul~tions rlnd orders\70 obtained :Jt the end of the tf.)l , the e;rstcm of control deemed neCCS on '

us, \I:lS nlso il1t reduced by the French Q.'1dl:lla11sIl, dlO hnd rich o::pcriO~Co to

raYl from, al1d I might point out th:1t this s~ stc. :lis s~id to hove been ndopted illo no\:: post -\lnr :B'renoh Te 6\11nt 10110. UllfortU1l.. lel~ , I hove not bcell able to see

heso roeulotiono.~



1. PH1~LIHIlJARY Ol'EPJl.TIOITS BY Tl:TI DIV I~IOlT IH T:~ S~CmTI

In major att ..Cl:s, one ,'.n1_~ CO :psuithits COlJponent attacJ:: divisions

-las usually assigned to the zC?~~~~~~2.l1.0Lq,_~3.ctor .dIvls iO,n. Tho tnc-ticaiSTtUatio:a sOl'r.at1mos lJj,4avcnted an iJ'rny ~orps fro~ fr:a.ctly f1 ttl11ti Intothe zone 0 f a sector di vis ion. ~he dizcrol1a.my ...as hO\10VI)r usually no t

groat • ~a...9~Ls?ctor_.djYi.~19}1 .;3.S ro~ ulrod to carry out tIll) l,ro llminury op-

orations for the reinforcinG ArmY qorps Y:.1thQut reb nrd to th\l lioits of tms:)ctor • .;~:- _ ...-..-.-.-- ..

l'

~h() proparat1ons for tho artillery ',Joro co :ldu~tod undar thJ supe rvi olon

of tho Ai'tillory ComncmdJr of tha s0ctor divisions. :113 \;a3 in complJt-l

touch ...i th tho situation and l~no.:r all conc1itiom not only 111 thJ onl3my'sS()ctOl but noIso 1n his o'.:m div ision sucto r. npocinl pro,o.rr.tlons \7oroJ madoin ordor tha.t th\3 :lrtill,)ry staff3 and th-.> battoriJ5 of'tll;J nttacl:: divisionn,

and thJ gronpmJll t, and grouJ? conmands '.7i thin tho Arr:ry Corpo, could funct ion\1ithol'tt dt31ny. Tho ['.,rtillJry conr.J.. '.l1dl.3rf too s~ctor division nrtl11Clry b.:;-

cnr.1:J coml1cJ1l1or of th:) .A~.:n.(;roupn1Jnt, qunliflud offIc0ra of thJ Ironvy Arti IlJryb,)c[;',rD conmc.ncl,)r8 of thJ Fo1~n.~roupm .mt, sonior nrtill,lry officClrG of tho

s )ctor Division l..tillor:.r 'l'IOrD dotnilod us tOIOl X)rary rJpr:.JsJntativJs of thocOlml:~dors ofthJ 11:::;1 l1:c'ouprl-mts r:nd sOi:lJtiros nlso CoS comnn:1dors of Ik..

fUld i.J:n groupm)l1ts to b.:> formQd from tho r.)inforc1ng crtill'Jry. Tho D:a

rJli14.:Jsont:lt1voD booi.l] 1ut .sni~tr~l1ts to thJ rJGul.' 1.r Ilc.1. conr ..~.ndors ',711ontho

lattor ul'xivod.

Tn) duti.J5 of th0 abovo r;}.)utlo11ucl officors \lorJ:

(n) ROC01U1D i3G:~.nCJf p03itioll :for 1r;,ttJrlo~ nJld ocholons, l::oopin~ in

mind thJ C011Sla.or::.tions lr ..t..>r dtJscrio0d undor ch~ptor 6, Occupation of ?o-

sition . Invc.rir.bly r.. b'ro::.tor l1UI:lb)r of j,X)oltions '.-:~ rOCOl'1110itorJd th~

thJrJ ',foro bc.ttorios [ o. ['.11~blJ.

(b) :bCOl111C,issn,nC.) of O.P'a (SJO Clr.ptor 6, Occupation of Pasl tion ).

In o:.,.c:or to do thin it \10.3 n'Jcon~~ry to ]:110\; fn.r :'.Z poooiblo, t)1o pror.-

pJctl v.) roo 310 1'1.'1 0 f tho batt ori on.

(0) D,JsiJ11::.tio11 ~.ncl n~ldn~ of ::-.11 :JJloctJd br'.ttory n..~d ocholon posi-

ti01 3 , O.P's nnc.l O.1 s 'by nUJ' lborod a1o nbo~rcb. In InrB'01 comn:-:nd:J Co njrlo;Jof lt1U',1b-Jrn,,:as Given to 0' '..011 1'.:rmy Corps. 'For o::runplo Corp3 .....•In;J givon Hos.

l-4CJO: Corpo B, Hon. '~Ol-800,Jtc.

(d) ROC0l1l1....30''.11C0 of 3U it; '..b10 10c, '.tiol1J for f'rJ .1Unlion dcmoto ',r.... . .... .

rlllJ ono do Vt ';:;-,r. OJlootocl for -Jr.ch .L:rn..v 'JoZWl)S;for .): .ch :~ttr.cl:Division

Ol1~ fo rYl.'1rcl r.,nluunl tio n C.~U1:V'..11(1. on'J jJnum tiO:1 dis tributil1b point In tho

ron.r.

(0) RooonJ1. '..ison.nco to '~L)t)rr.:ino tl~J fUrtllJr o::tJ:l3ion of tho 111'»3 of

c01.1l1l111icr'.ioll me :Ju?ply. Only such c~nztructioj1 'Jorl:: :~ 3 \ lr ..3 : .bnolutJlynocoJ:3r.ry ijl~S l')orrn1ttod, uJC=-,-U::LJ ouch n1 •. co:l3tructlon \;[ .3 r'.: .'t to b-J di~-

COVJr()(1 by thJ ~1'l,)nv.

-59- :;9-30 Job S-394

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~ f

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firJ (in<1.ccurnto location of tIn :?J5ition3, in~~:Drf'l)ct r:J:,T:C.uction of lJ'lc 'l.pa).

~ho :xlrtic.,'Ul8.r circulxtrJ ).cos Ilr.1par[l.tt.ry to :1.tt~.c::: rJ'luirod J~uch ;)lnn-

nil1(;. :To ;Lttontion noul(.~ b) : r'.lc1 t.O) thJ c1o:J1rJS of CO:i..t;.in u3~clc.l]':l [J .l-

bi ti~U5, but 3h:)rtni~-;J toC: oxtil11ry cO;;:1r.n(~Or.3 of L~tt::cl; c1ivi:::i~)11S. ~~or-.)

~:'.13o 'J 1oJ procoduro havi t:; b~)()l1d, )tJl ui110cl u~)on, it lr.cl to bo follo:7.)(.l thr~u;~:.

to COl:p 1:; t ion.

In D.(~.cliiol1, r:nro n.nc: t'or.) objxtif)It; 'tJor:) 1~.i3.Jd to tln curt::'.ilnrJnt I)ftl1.) indJlJ')11d:.:mco of COlllX'.nr.1(:rn .-,1uch t1'.i3 ')bll nocos::i t- 1tocl •

.... thin tir;D I '.1is:.l tJ co .~:nn(~ th') ..i'Jr:: Gf tln l'oconn~ioannco GruU},:,s,

[i.11ti art i11~r~T-toll:)l~:,, (~~)h1rs, ~3 ~.,'()ll t.3 tl w s')und an~ f1~ h r~l10il~ un1 t~

(:3()Q ;Joctio~1 7 d Ob3UrVu,t1c)n) •.. VIJ1;J vr.:.1u ,'1.o1o o:XJr~ltl110 unit '-'a3 t:ov,)lo: ()u.

Cl'd or 0urvJy:Jr. Lip~ c~'J:3cribl)[1 it [ o3 follo .to: ..

l'Tho Burv:)j'i1l; br.:.tt....ion3 '.:ith th:Jir c~.lcuJ:~t int;, :~~:h()tc.'c;r. '.l)hic, tC'j.D-

G'r:I. :4licn,l, ::-11C... r.1D.p~ )il, ;SJCti0~'t; ~)ra:?:'..I J(l th~ ~til1.n.yfiri1'\'; 1 :1.....~10 \lith r.

uniform crid. 2.11e1 c~ntou~.G. ':(:1;) ::h:Jto :;.)ctiJll ~'f th? ~u ...tJyl)'g bnttr-.lion nl~:

l.)c.:~tod ,jnJnw 1)03 ition:J fl ()f1 :',..)rj : _1 :jh::t~:;,.•~.~):13,~J th...t tl:J 'u rocuJ.t:Jcl r..C'Jl: Ji)l.jto r..~;.s: i)oJJnnt bJt .7.).Jn th~)m flU( .. till rr-.n;:;i:-lG ;J.JctiOit3 : ': '.n to ll:lt. ....l:1 of tl~~

h:Jsti1J p'.'Gi tio:1.

~ll') ::;J. till:l:~l-t()~} 'Gr. .ph)rn att:'.c~lO(: t ) tl1,) :rtill.)A,.y uni t3 ~r1.t:J'.l thu

IJc~.tionJ : '.1]( ., ul:)vr.ti',.1n;:; ~~f tll.) fl~;l ['.:1:•. ::nu 1(~ ~rn:~llJ St;.till'W, n.s ';1011 r~:1

tho r;un :-~t):;iti0l O ; .11(:'0.::':.:; t.) th; :;:...ic '::;ll-Jot.:: :'n.•o:;:'X)fl by thJ : >ur.'J~:iltib.1.tt:1.1i.1n. In ~.(Y\itiOl1 ti,.)y l c.-.t8 '. b;-.iJ~ 11~10:::, :'. .in:; ',A 'lints, ['.~ :.'011 {'.~

m. :'J1y po in t;J in ,In:m(y t )'rrrdn.

IIT~1:J rr-.D:;l lt; J.Jcti:>:l::;, tl1rJu.)1 t~:;ir f1:'.~1~ ;.nt. :J')'lUl'~ r-:n;;ino Ull1tO, ,, ..0-

t)rr:in.)(l tl1J 1 )c.',.tio113 of JlJst il.) b~.tt) ' iJ~ ['.lli: b~••'') Ilur ')\.11 br.ttvri')3 thv

c:nt:~.fol ,..~ttncl:ing' t:l )3.) ')ht1 JCtiv'03 (:)it:-':Jr ~;, U:~'J --f cJnt~ur~Hl n~ps, t)r b:>.

fir,) '()b::i0rV;)(~ b;l tIn:).) r;'.n(~iT\l; st:.tll'lm). '.:l~r,,) ~)l.,:ctic,''.1Jl). tl~oJ :1r'..tn .Ol'~)

cr)l .:.Jctod :~ccart ..in0 t') tlJ..) r:1JtJ~r)lJbic:'~l .oull.Jtln fer t;lIT)Orr,turc),. b~r-

.''lr.~:Jtric ~)r:.)::i~ur), ....n,~ ::'1 .1( .. h\.t~li(:lty.

OnlY .....U11 :~.ll ::;ub-rlivi3i011:i 11,)rfJrIi}Yl t~lJ1l ~:uncti(>nz ...ath prJI~r :...

curc.cy c~u: .~ tho o::).')l.t~ti():~ Y;:i. ~c~\),,:'.~'itl:..~ut ~:..ifflculty.

Hot ill ['. sil'l{;l'J ill:~t ... .cv (~i~' I ~1J':r of tl1) ~n.rvoyin:;b.J.tt ......i~m, tho

['..j,..

till.)rJ-t\1pnbr'1?hJr~, or thl r['J1~~l1G r;)cti~m f:o.ilillt: '.1h)n tl1JY h:'J.1 :::s wooLr~n tho millir.1ur.l tinJ mc)::::;, '.rY t.) ~)():'I'n--n t~l)ir l .utios •.

ThJy, tllJ r'J f( ) rJ, 1.;3.)r :() full r )CJ0:1i tio ~1, r.1r~c') b~' t llJ r.l' ot :a.):-,.ins:'.. dn~~

. 'J ')~ l~ tll Y '''orfor'''''' '(' in t o. , ,. ..: -; : t J' 1' 0, tl,....,. - )1•. t 10'1 .~,..., 'lltl 1 t (,,L .'..J,. J: ••• ..., ••.•• OJ j .LU ~':/'~' • V~.I..,. 0 OUl' ph~.

- 6 1 . . .

~-

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To illSUj,.O [', ar.:ootl .. c.ccoI:-plisl:aniJat of t~:.J ::'.p~)ro::.ci:'l'l:'.rch, r'~ sufficiont

numb.Jr of 3'ood roo.ds \1;'\3 roquirod. ~h.') ror.ds l~d to bo cO~lti 'luOUS1y l:1~in-

t.1.inoc~ by thJ d0fcmsivo divisions b-JJ1ind all :'.?rlI ts of t1X) t'rO lt. Thoir ,r,l-

j)o.r.:..tiol1 (jus t prior to fUl offonsivo ill my l):\rticul. .... SJctor ';r.s ~l\1~'s dif-

ficu.ltt Tho troo:,Js \loro fUllJ'~ oocu~l)iod ....itl1 othor ,Jar:: at ::;uch titus '.~111cll

had to b.) abn.ndo ni)d. r..ni th~) ~lJJ.)ror-.oh t 11rc:.l could nJY (lr b:) curr 10d out i)::-

[.l.ct]; [15 plr l1n~d. Dofar\,) tl1J .:lttac~: in ~~13t G~licic. (10 July, 1917) pr~.c-ticr1.lly n.ll c.vailr.'bl,) trDns;f.'rt~tic l ~.t'.d to bJ OYJ1')lo:, odo~ tm rOj?:rlr ofon.) rond, s1nco tho l~I.jor lJortiQn of tIll nrtillor:l h ..'.d b').111 assi£;l1Jd only

on() ro ad nnd it \7.:.S trcH.'l.ch.n.:nl), pr.ndy, err .. iT.'l~)c.ssnb10 111-r:.1ny \lon.tr.or fur

h.x:.vy vohicl;)5. l. still nuro drr.::;ticJ;::.r: J';1:~)lJ, '.7.r:.S th1 foll~' 'inci:

i...fo~: d:-..ys o.£t,:n tho ntonlill{; 'Jf th) bl.id£;.J h:Jc':'.d ct J~J=obntndt I ro -

coi 7,)d. ins truc tiOl1S :frar.l tho Eichhorn ,:.:rr.:y Groul1 to ini tin to r.)conncts ~~no 0for t''1l attncl: t.:;\' n.rds DUl1:1.burG', ~d to ot~rt ,rolimil1ar~'Jl)Jr~.~t1onJ on tho1)~1t of tlu nrtillory. Som of tho r-.tt: .c1: trooj .'J h~d r.lrJ~(1y bJ.Jl1 st.'u tJd.

Tl'1J ruconn::iSS.ll'lCO disc11s:)(1 tho r' ~ lJrJr.ch r,)ut.Js n.s \/:)11 r~s throo in tho

::;onc of dEli:iloymont '.lore in r.. fri~lltftll condition. Vary cr:tom1vQ ' Dr~i: auldhwe bOE)n rO(lu1red to r..ru:e :)03s1'ole ti:e r.:Dver:ant to ~x>sitl()ns as \'Iell nn tho

,w1ll1lunition SUlJl}ly for too ,ositlol'I3 .o.ssi(;mc. for thio U11dort:l1ti1\:;. ':.n n,t-

ta.cl: at tlw time flosi;:::;no.tocl t.'a5 '.lroll~r out of too q,w~tion .... ltho'U3h othorcircumst:mcoS contributod thorot~. tho :~'rimry Mason th~.:.t r.:r..dc it nocessary

to abandon thC) pI.':'. n un,S the Jjoor c011(11 t io: 'l .Jf t hJ l't' ~'l:1:J. ~~)) tr?o~ trc.n3 lOr t

,as st()~J:)od, tJ'hJ pln.ll~ f'..)r tbJ nttc.~: :~orJ ci\'on uli. ...-

Th3 c.p:.)~ o::.ch ra~~l' chof thO) r;)inf'orcill':; trC,l)lX~, br.ttiJriJs r:.nd CJl'lJr. 'l .ns

\Ul.S nX:..do 8,3 in.I' ['..3 :)l' ~ctica o~J ()~1 f.:ot 1n ord.}r t.,) r.)liov:) tm rr..ilro~.'

ThJ rr~ill.::'~'.d \/:l.G tW 3cl only in c~.:.n) i)f Gr'j.~t G.irot::n~',)~. U:1On errlv~l, br..t-

tJri~s .;Jul ..... oitinr bi lou ....l:.x.l out~11cl) thJ ~~Ol1,) of }Dsti1J firJ or m,vod

for-\~: '..rd d1roctly int) tho L)()sitinll JI in its vlcillit:/. •...r.nnuniti:Jll nnd3u~;:)ly C,-) lUJ;U1S \l,)1.•.) t.,;i v .)n t.CCOU.) (1r:.t i:1:13 '.lmch j,' :Juld f '.,Q ill tr. tv thoir J;\.t or

()~).Jr ',ti J ~'l3 •

~ lY) B...,tt:)r~, COl1l:U.1.l'l:.or£;, .J1J :.-:r')C)cl.Jcl th.;ir b~tti)ri'Jn, rJc'Jivocl uJ,X'n ~r-

riv .... r~ li::it :;1 instrt1.Ctior~ c)llt: .inin~;: :i'oL t ~rt\ry f'.rr:l,;e~l)nt~ for ~.tt '.rtJr-

il1C IZ1(~ SU ba intil1':; tho J) .C. rn(~ his r. J t .i 1~ 1'i1'i11'; ;,~)3i ti l'n of thJ b~t io~y.11n.1 t r.l i~ ro nc.'••)ZVJ un for th J b......tor. . ~~c r..t 1Jil f Jr l1r.1bJr'J. Ii.:> ..ti.1 n 0f t h)

Flolc.l '.rr:-'.in. xou t,.)S fJr ri'.,Y :'X:o. n ~.:l C 1rculr~tlon. '.(inJ ~1f occu:x~ tion :.)f

:},.)sltiol1:~. m:Jtch of th..> t:Jl()~h:'n~ arJ~ t.J bo Innt:.11ol'.. IT:-'Jn.>r'llf. IJc '.ti~nof 0.1 . of) t:ha :::;1 JU)nrJll t, gr') .li) .':'.1'1. ~ul)-..:;rou:) c ;)r:nr'.lx:;.)r: • rr~'J':'O::.ncl loc: ...icnl

f tho offic Jr I) r 1;.C.O. •...11':l ' . ill (lJS i.';rr. tv ~llC:, i(~l) :1tlf:r t h) b~t t.)~ r S b.....oa

.'Dint. l'r0J'octilo0 r~l1(: ~ '(:J: .10t:;. :.r:n:nmit1~H n1X~ ~'~T ;-Y1, 1 otor ''''''J T ... ..... ......... ..\,,~ v. .LI'J...,• .-

tion of :'.1~rnunition (~U.1~)~, 'li3trli)utir~~ i)olnt: r.nc~ c.J1.,;~t:i. ;~:Jcoipt ~.lf b: .t-tJry firirx; clr.rt r~l' . (l...~tt.. b0 ..~J: C')llt; . ..llin~ tm c:;.lcul: ... .Jc.'.. or xjustO(~ 010-

l11Jllt:J of fi;. o. Li:Jt of curr~nt :-Jrc.Jr.J =--- 1(1ocr.tion of llo:J::;nc~'O c..Jntur.Instructiol1D cor.cJI j'ul1C ia~rll:) of r:~tio:~ : ,,~r for::.-> o. B:' nit ':...' ro .ulr' tio .....':, # U • .~.

Orc~'Jl. s ,7ho11 i35u.)<1. R.)l)Ol t to be .1.~,.).

- 62-

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.. f ""

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For th) r.r~JJr t)ff;l1aiv:J:J on both t h' 3~t Jrn f.11': - ~}:)~t')rl1 Ftc nta t thotiiIDJ in thJ n~rch t~blo ,ur') c~r.;full~r 1.a~'Ulr~t.)c . QthJ ',:isJ tIn 3r-.:>ntvot

c ..:1.fu~ io n '..~aul{: h1.v'J ru 0 ul t .)(~. ThJ tloployr.J.)il t eft hJ '.:h11o r~:3n of rooti 110ry

in [' 3ll.1.....1J nir ht tl'...) ni:'ht l)Qforo th1 nttt ..cl; -;['.5nba~lutJ'.r ir.nossib10.,,\ 10 .~ ...

It ',;~3 tlnroforJ ncCOs::w.r~y t clns5ify thJ 'tnttJrl.:ls basoc: all '.~'ll.)th()r th-.:>y

c JU 1( .lmJ:.} Dn 0r:rly l)cculln.tio~'l Cl thJ 110S ition )r 11....' , bJttJr <.10~y unt 11 n

1:1tor t i1' :, ;,1 •

In thJ l:'JD,joroffo'.illh.'JS on tIn ','J::tJrn Frcnt in 1~13, thJ 1ntt.:>riosY;Jr' J (~ivi d.v(~ into throe cn.to30rios for tho ~ )lJro..~chr.T'.rc:Ds.

Cln.s3 I. inc1I.H~.Jd ['.11 thu b~ttJir()s ';:11.)SJ :x,::;itioro norJ ',71nlly conc()~lJ(1.

Th.:J30battJrios occupi.:Hl thoir :)<)sltl:Jl-:J Jr'.rly, Inno<~i .t.)ly ;-.ftor crriv.~l.

'the numoor of Q::tt'Jrion in tlli~ cleno ',:0.3 n)t nI'Jly.

01. '..03 II. includod th):3o b:lttJrios ';1111c11;~crJ cl>lo t~ bo conccr..lc<l ((luG-outs,

co~;,Jrod tr3nch, h~ n t oolc:i, buoh-Js, tro:Js, ruin3, 0 te.) unt i 1 tm niGht ho-

for:> the attr'..cl:, 111C l0so 1)r.:)::in:1ty 1;) thJ :):))n :'0s1tiol1 to bo oee~)iotl. r,(ho

.;uns t,;.)r.,) to bo r~1ov0d by hnn:. into ~)o31tion jU3t nlnrtly boforo thu tin.) for

O:)r)l1inrr firo. T:1Oc;ro:lt rj,l,jority {) f bnttJrios ~.1.Jror.l.:~s ill tIll3 c 1£..ss.

CIC13s III. includod thosJ b~ttJri.}3 \/bich bOC~U30 ')f tl1~ o.b~Jnco of nolI COV,1r

in tho vicinity of tllJir :)o~i tiol'l~, h:--•.d. to bo rovod u~) 'Jy tOi..zm durirt.; th:J

ni:sht b()for.) thJ ,'J.tt:.'.c -;:. ~inc\) :'lroviou:; ntt:-.cl::s h.. :.c.'t ;ho n th.~t thJ ror-ds

';loro fillod '::i th nr.l Jul1it,ion VJhiclos cn:l 'by th.J I11f:-.:ntry <lurinc th:-.t llir~ht,

:it i r..3 .Jssontinl to nv;)i(~ furtr.or con~;;)stion by ]\:;lo:>in'; such b~tt.)rios d;:r~7n

to tll) :1.'0s.Jlut J lrinirJur.1. . ror tho bnt-tlo of ChJr.1in C.,)S D::lT-10S (:~7 r.y, l~lG), thJ ~rJ.,)f of St.:.ff of tlD 7th ,j'.r~ byhi3 In.)l'':-;otlc notiOl1 ':;['.3 n~)10 tJ rv' .ue') t~D l1un~or of b:;,ttJl'iJ3 in clnss III

t'J 20 (out ;)f r:.p:Hn:-dr.T',talY 110e,), n)t:;ithot::11CJn,~'; thJ unfn.vor~bl~ c.:>nliti:>n3

~)f tha t Jrram in ':;hich thJ [ll ):-:rJ.....11 r.ne . d):~l)Y1:1()nt t.'JrJ rJ~ o.

Tl:u 01ceu' )r.ti' 'n 0f posi tlon :J y th.') J:1.tt.:>rios in cl~sn0s II ~n~l III ':ns ~:)

11011tir:oc1 th; t ;r.,r Jr'J 1):'1. t t Jr~', ',:1 trout 'J.) in[; 03 ::ccinl1y hurrio(~. 7~3. ro:--.i.1

;jto

firo r.t tho n,p)oin t,)rl t Lr:o.

Tho tirr.o tal110 fr;r th.) t'DvJt1ont .1 r'.r.r.:unition tr,~1ns frorJ thJ dJj,x>t3 to

th') un,tt.Jry ,)osit10ro ::.10,' h-'.r:lt1 h:> o~rJfully r0).11ntofl. i.nin1.1 tr~s:):jr't

uns 'l.::;0c1 a1J:OGt antirJIY. In nor.lO C:'\S03 ',':1nrJ con(~itiom l.'Jrr.i ttocl, r.lotor

tr '.J13:,')()rt 'V~O u~u<l. Tl1J tin) nchoc1.ulos for trr'... 1s:)')rt i.1arJ <lotJrnino(l first

of ['.11 by thJ orrivr.l of r.rJ::tlllition fr~: tlD nrosn:1.1s r-.t h...,r.lh .:.nonclonvor

';Jr~3 nl'.inyn )~12 l,J t., h~:;:l1 t .irr1vo 0r.r~. l ovartholoss [~:v'.rt )f tl10 ~r.l.1uni-

tiOll \' n0 oftJJ1 r111in:; ill lr-_to. *'.0 r'J3ult. in tm lr ..st fO-I ni..;ht3 l .rCJco::'l-

inG tho n.ttn.cl:, tr:ul:;:~)rt oolur.ms ':;::uli'. ~Jt j~Jr1Jr:'. nJ:'.r tl n ~~'.ttory :103itiom

in r~ v.Jry u11.rlosirr.l)lO )~1.11l1Jr. ~h) ~:ro(llction Jf ~ :l::ul1ition ~t horn oVi(~ont]y

('.1(: not nl\.7t'ly.31:o0~) u:) \}1th tho ro\ ulr.)nontn r-.t tIn fr)nt. In nOt1J fo\': cn.SJ:3

tln r.r:llJunltlon frJl.1 tln hom ~~r..)on. ..13 (~i(~ l't. t roll in until l:ltJ en tho lli.JOl1t'

:)roco'llnG tl-:.:l ,'1.ttr'.'c::. III '~nQ Cr'..so (bnttlo. of R1:;~) tbln '.:~:3 th~ 0. ..30Hitl;ltln

l;n.3 sholl, no noo.}::;om-y tQ nou trr.llzo tho llJS til) nrt ill Jr;,... FrJ'lwnt ~V 1 t

-6Z- 2~-3) J'~) ~:':5-3%

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T1u llrocO(lUI'O fo11o',:o,l b J thl =Ulll tion tr: .ill jU:: t clescribell ':ros m t

nppl1cnblo in tho sUPVly of tho :;Tant ,u~tit i JS of rxmunit10n the. t ',10 1'0-

'luiro,l for our r.ttr.clCS• ~or thi s, ospocic.lly in tho niahts jus t Vrior

to thJ

nttc.cJ:s co 1= cl't.Jr col=, vohiclo ::.ftor vch1cla, 11...,1 to mnrch closo,lup

Mcl Cl'/on r.cross

nrons une'.or firo in t110 s;'r.a r.:r:nnor. This cost us lossos '

froQ11Jntly var;r hOf\vy lossos, ....r1 TO',lu1rac ou.or;;ot1c roUon ~)y r.r.u:nmit10n'

t rnin, l'l t 00n ....rl ,.nJln co r.r.JI .lIlr s to r.vO 1<: tha tr::n spo rt . tio n b 0 1m ha 1<'.u'1;

Om aVl'll'ocint ,Yl fully' tho c'.1fficultio s of r.l'lr.un1tion SUlll.Jly ':)1)n ho sc.n

fn llan ,lrivors I'Jl,l t o'l.l D, s lnttorocl vohicl.:l c, an'l ru inoe'. lrUC::s lying l,os ido

thu ro [1.(10 10 rll1l1':; to tho iron t •

If thc .:lnoJn1Y h'1rl 1Joon d.:lC'Jivorl un('. '.la ,Uc:. m t intonr} 11ttncl::iIu in tho

llJnvily sho11a<l soctor :1a ',:ora a~)lo to roguln.to tIla rcmunition supply so as

to llD.'/o no 10 s s as \10r t h mcnti 0 11in~ in spit 0 0f h is in oru as od firo co ti vi ty .

Tho sLort intarvals in ' hich tho JIlXly firo '.1o.s s to ,p.or~ cntiN1Y /ara tllkon

arlvnnt ,g.o of, or othor moans of e.'/oidinG his fira uara Qilopta(l. I, porson-o.lly, Obs,JIVor: ona trnin cross n hri ......p UIlr1ar cont1nuou3 fiN 11th n singla

cas unl ty . Th 1:: ''Ins ,luo to t b:l in3'JIl uity of t hJ co nr.l:'.1ll',a ,.'ho h::.d 0 lJ v chicl0

gnllop ncross

tlJD 1.>ricliP iremJdintoly c.ft)r .:lcch rcunll h.. d struc1c. This nlso

brings ou t tbO point th ...t it is not r.pllropr1nto to s11o11 bri~as, ,10f11os,

orosaroc.ds, otc. -;/ith s ta ....1y, :,-O{,'Ilhr fire. Firir.g nt irragul..--.r intarvnlo

me: \11th sude'on hursts :',t r.,l'ir1 Tr.t,)S is th.:l 011ly corNct llTocorlura.

I dasiro to ~Jph~sisa tho fr.ct that difficulti.:ls in ~ition supply

aro to ,)0 cmr30d

sola ly tot ho c oncl.iti 0 :JS JUS t do sc ri ~)od, an,l no t to t hl

handling 0 f th 0 aJ ,uniti 0 n tr ains • ~:it h v.ory fo',: 07.Cop ti0 ns, tho com100t

of tha annuni ti 0 n trains, ':.'1S r.~jOVOcrit ic i so. Ofn cars and ron ro(l;) OV.:lry

offort to brin3' tho aor.nmition to tln posi tions nt t1n tino dosi[:tlnt'Jd, andc'orte.inly t1lis \1as no oMy r.nttur. EviJll if tho ono:;W, o::co,t in tho, July

l~lll offonsivo, had no (lofinit J l:lX)';/Jod..,--os to our intention of attncJcing,

ho nevortholcss bacmnOv or'J rostloss '1MruVJr ho iJIltortainod 11 slight sus-

picion, saarchoc', tho approach routJS I lDN tboroughly, ene'. fiNd noN hoaVily

on c1Jfil0 s, britlgo3, eroa sro['..cls, ote.

Dren if some dof1cienci as in roI.1Junitio n supply did occur, it t1\lS t still

b0 001:00',/1edc;ecl as nn a:: trao rc',1Iim'Y c ont ro 1 \7hic h succ 00dod to a It:.rga ,J;:-

tont in S 'U1J'Jlyil1[.1' tht) trcmancloun D.l1t>untS of nrn:nmit10n roqu1r.3d in t he a t-; 1; . . . ;tacl::s in lV 17 :md 1J lU in spit 0 of groat (l1fficul tios. :.ttontion has IllrOtldy

boem callod to th is in tho ,Ii scus si 0n a bO'IO, Zs ti cat0

0 f t ha (1)= ;.1' til-

18ry .

\Ins i J;:).1:;sbl,o to hnul off r.n'~ (~istr ibu t:l this d:l by.:l(~ ~lition. In tho

bro n1:- throuGh 11. t St. l1,uonill this Go ln.y in t In r:.rri vn.l 0 f t:n =it ion

coopallo,'. savor,.. l lOll; r.:mtP l::.mvy bn.ttari.:lS b ,'.aley tln tiOJ of oroniJ1(;

f iro cOllS,'.or f\bly. ,~l thou,;h rociuas to (: to ,'.~ so, I (l i d no t l'r y.) s for n pos t- '

11On=nt of thJ l1.y of ttncl:: b.:lcr.us 0 in t>.lIn;or tu oy urgant in'i'llrios, I

had 'lean posi tivaly assured by tho resl?onsi1.>10 indi'lid1mls that till ==i-

tion '0111(1. arrivo in til:lG.

-64-

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Tho =.l\U1ition

tr.' '.ins nlso I~')ri to'~ 1u11 roco:;nition me: thai l' orl~ = i

no t DO for f'P t t In ~1110nho Iloro i c dOJ ds :u ' J rccoun t o,l of t hJ G(lrL1:m1.1'ti 11a ry

in tho Forle: Ylnr.

Tho compl.'1int s 11hi cll in 3 ow iunr t ~;.'S b~cono :uit 0 10ut', c.r;ains t tho r..n-

nuni tion traiIl5 con certainly be trac~{' to tile fo11ouL'1;;. ~lJo ,lotachinG of

tllo tr:'.ins fran tbJir orb< lnic uni ts \.'as often mcossary. '.(he trains tam

camo to f eol tho mn.Jlv as Sogro Gatod, fo l' tllOir c annoc ti0n \li th thoi l' uni ts

\7aS lost. Tiuir unit conm.'lIlG.orsno 10llU::Jr 1ml t In particular int::Jrost in

car) of JrA}nan . animals, tlJ...t tIDY lee. In\ forn.)rly me. of ton us Jd th) tminsto an o::tont that tins 11: '.r,11y'1'01')1'. :Ouch oanrlition;; coul,: romlily loll.u to

troublo nn~ in f~ct did ~o, nt tl~~s.

••t ,mcl: a tilOO one rO<lli~OU tl'flt, l.~re also i)oi,in~, tl.e actual hat tle

lines, an DIf.ly of rave moo tlas c~nstall tly ori<i~')d in self-sacrific In(; la1:or

for tho fn thorlDl1c1.

(lio to: Trench mortr:.r s tI::JN in bon ::Jrr.l III t into po 3ft io n a s t~.r to t 11) fro ntas pass iblJ, in or v Jry olos) 1JJhinc our inf:~try front 11ms, :mt',

in(lood nt tir.lJG in fl ont of tbD~:.)

Duri 1U thJ ',lad are 0 f po siti 0 11 tho de for.::>va sys ter.lS \:ora cons tan tly

dov ()lopod fur thor and fur thor anr\ il1~1 'Js oC. indo pth. J. pone tra tion cou lG.

therofore 5uccot)cl onl~r \1holl th~ fir.) of tr.o Jr.a35 of our arti llory ..,as cn.r-

ri ou thr ou (; lOu all po sit io ro in fron t 0four infon try. 'rh.J aG.vnnc0

0 ftm

infantry bad to bo protocto,: by a Inllvy curtaill of firo t1Jrou~out tho com-

plot::Ju pmotratiOn• Tllis rO:iUirolnont mcoss ita to<.: a <:apnrturo from pro-

viously contro11iIU principlos in tho ;,lacinG of battJri s. Till battorios

dotallou fo r tho a ttqcl: J1ad tob(l

y.>Usm,:far for- -ar':, fiS clos J as pos sibloto tho roos t mlVf.ll1C 0(1 11n03, nt t ir.10S oven in to then. Tln t \1as on~ i or toaccoJD'.J

lishin tho :'::nst thnn in tll rI)st. In th::J ::'lst \;00,:),1 nroc.a lyin£l

c103') bJhincl our front linoD usu-'l11y r.=.c~J this J~~Y. Conclltions in th0

\1.}3t \;.)ro ont1rolY diffJront. I:Jro this rJ,~iror.l)nt could fro:luontly bo

m.)t only bye. cl03} massin;; of thJ batt rios to l:r~:::Jth) fullost us.) of tho

most ITlor:.gro COV,Jr.

It 1 ,'U3 frl),luontlY not J~sy to obt~ ..in thJ cons.Jnt of thJ ~'.rny to ~uch

n. s .)t-up, OGp3cinlly, .r,'hen tl1.J ~'.rmy hn.: . [l.lrun(~ rocolIDoi t Jr,)<l bat tory po-

si tions for tho at t aclC, \ ;1105 oJ loc~ti 0 1':J i t i 0 tru:> on tis f iJ{~ o::is til\'; r)-

tiulatio m but thJ usa of \ Illl.ch, s lnc') thay lc.y too for to th) r):u' 1e' no t 1 F • '~ .promiso succ-Jss. On th'::J . stOnl ront l c )rtc.in 1.r~ r::Jconno i t)N,l nnt'.

d3cir1011 on thJ po::;1tlons. ~llo Chi Jf of thJ G::mor:ll Str.ff o:{prJs~ocl hl~Jlf

~bout nG follo\,'o: .. It '~Jill 'b') impos5iblu to or.rl?~.c') our nrtilln J o.s ~.Jo.3

dOllQ in rocont n ttn.c1:s, c. 'UJ to c''..iffJr~ t t.,)rr~n concl1 tio m. Tlu nrtll-

1,)):'Yfonnel po::;1tion3, }O\IOVOr, nft')r a JJnornl rJconn ....issoncu ';1011 for\ r.'.re1.

f'..S modoel for tha n,ttc..clc nlthough th.Jy',10rJ cl03)ly m.1.ssoel.

- 55-.2~-30 Job :.' S-:3').1

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Hot only';Jal.J tho roinforaint; ba.ttarics brou(;llt up for thl o.ttack

pushac. far allJc.tl, but ~lso tho. bo.tt or ius of tho dofcnGiv 0 e~1Vs10 m. 1Ion-

ov or, In ore' .Qr to lnsur i) II (~af01\s1v ° bo.rrac:;) l11thout d l.PS, too 0 1£1poSl-tiona tlore occu:)iocl by :Jinglo placos of tmso b:1.tt~rios or by guns urc.:rm

from tho no bilo r~ servo.

;..r.:1l11Ul1it1on7aS 0 toro(~ l'.t th.) battJri'Jo uhon.)v~rpossiblo in tu.m1Jls '< it cho s, rui 1'.5 00: bui 1J:: ings, Ul1<~rJrf o.U<o;0 an:'. so 011 '.'i t h <l V ion to 1:00pi~it un 'Jr cover but noV3r ovon lib small 1/ilJS in tho opon, sine.) those ;orovisiblo in n.orilJ.l pl~to~rn:)1~. In t~ s()lJction of b'1.U1 '3i tions tlJ.\l pos-S ib111ty of n sultnblo CJTD~UJliion r.utTJ?r.<\ to bo cOllsidJrocl from thJ start.T~1O ,osi tiOll of th,') :lT111mn1tioll <. .J:x>t5 '..;~3 nt onc ) supplied. \.;i th b00C'. com-l lUllic: '.tiol1to ~ho ror.r :1..;': to thJ lx\ttJry position3. Roofint.; pn.pJr, boardsc.ne. oheat mJtn. ~':1r0 unor• fo r ~rotQotlon .frOr.l till \1()n,thor. .

Obs~r~ln.tiQl1 posts \lJro so s,')loctecl th~t tho ~sib 1od tc.r[pts could be

fir ,)/1 upon vi th t .Jrrost ril\ lobs J lVntio~~.

Oomm:'1.l1ct posts \ Jro fir~t set U'l? in th:J front 1inos r.t points , :ith GO<1 .

D lri' continuOuS li8. son. Tho u:;o of oli~ toloIhono instn.llntions 3:1'10(: muchtimJ anl t;orl:. In m...'\1orr.t tr.o~r:. this point \1: ..3 ~3p.)ci~lly i1T1)?Ort:::.nto tholJw. an c1. 'F;) 1m comm'tll<'.)I' s • Th.:J c onT11'.:or 0 f t hl .J:. , cs '. r u10 , 1'0 tn ino cl his01(1 corrmrmc1post _ thJ cOnm '; 1c ..Oct of t Iu nrtillory cOmn:J.nd.orof thJ c.o-f-msivo rlivision• ThJ cor l1~'~l'll)rof :h.J .F.) -:::'. ~str'.bli~lD~ his COmlrr'.D(.: post,cithor at thnt of thJ comm'.~r..)r of tno ~J:r'.or in thJ vicinity or tho oorn-m=: j)OS t of tlD sUl>POrtoe: unit. ~1lQ com:r.ncllrs of thl :Jx. I'JlC F.:llm sub-gro u ::m cho sat ho i I' co lIlI f'.ni'.:;>0 s t s ru 1'.1 ~. ppro pr 1:'.t,) COlX....lf' . pos ts :;i th co I lIlI'Jl<'.

lit:doon. TJ10 COlnnr.nr:Jr~ of th:) Il:.. ., Il::~-3Ub.:;rOUi::G,'. 1clIk('.-sub(~\1'lsiol1)11:1.(lllJir oomnnncl posts ,,'iith thos.) of inf::'.ntry COT:1'.'ltJ:c. ...)roIn, ..,hoso sootorstho fire of' thJir b~t tl3rie s 1: Y so lOnG ~s corrnuniofl.tlol1 , Iith thJ b::'..tor iosonl\ in tho Co.so of sub-l'.ivisiona, obs<lzvr.tion \l.)l O not put in joopm e'.y byso C.oiI1i;;. Only in tho cns3 of tha lattor oor.r.nn(~ors '10.3 ous.)ZVatioll OS-

5.Jutlal. Tho hit;hor artill::,ry COr. ll:'n,nr .orJould rot an'l ellc'. not nQo(~ to ob-s()rV~J. For thr.J' lD,ssurocl lic.ison '10.:: tl1') l1D3t inl] ort~nt consl(~oration. It

',..,as' tho lJ:raoticO for thorn to s~t up :m 0.1', n.t Do POil1.t \7ith \.~1do obs\lrV'n.tionon<: to 0 ce

1lDY tr.i a ':,it h on <) of tllt) ir s t.. .1 f off c aI'S \:ho 1:0pt t hor. a.(~viSo~

fro m tho 1'0 by ,111';)Ct ro,or ts •

Too posi tiona for tbos;) ba.t tariJa 'ahich fo110 .10(\ tho infantry but took

pnrt in th;) nrti110ry fira up to th.1 timl of tha nsS:lUlt almlYs

ll'..y n;)cx th.:l

ro~cl3 oV.Jr .\;hich th3 ndvr:.ncJ \1[1.5 to b'O.

If noClSSClrY, 1'. rtUIJ ry groups l'.asi[,'n:ll1 to flO1kitl; firo foune' . position:J

outsirlJ of tho d.ivision or corps bounG.:-.rios.

Fr o.iu;)ntly in ooch o.i vi si on z on;) on a 0r ty.o pi 0CO s, if pos sib 1;) 11[;ht

fiolcl h:mitzors, , ;)re pJ,,~cJd in tho front 111''';)s or directly bohind th3Jl unr~oroncrcr:Jtic loc.dors so looatoe' . tht1.t tooy COUll'. a.tt,:ck, at shor~ r:mgos, nnchinogUll nQsts end strong points of tho anomy loft intc.ct nt thJ b::lcrinning of thJ

nssc.ult.

- 66-29-30 Job

jt

5-394

'



1.n:.J oonstrue tlo:1, \7hich mi;ht in u'f{J \7'X.l. cor.\1)under enor:1Y obsorvt~tion,

,In.S c.voidBd.•. Dovulopmnnt of tln~bc.tt1ry l)ositioll, O.l's 'Jtc ... .,as u.l1dortx~en

only 0Jhcro such cOl1ntru.ctionn could not bo (liscovorccl by terrostrial or

aJria.l Ob3)I'V8.tion. Usunlly this Jr.d to bo dis}1Jnscd \iith ooc::~uso of 1 lc1:

of timtJ. .'..3 a ruJ.o thJrQ was littlo or m such devololl ll)nt of positions.

1I'~_is sounds ui te simplo ,U1d yet nn.l':es tho ;raatest doownds upon the norvos

and lr.orn.lo of tho troops. Tho m.?.jorit;, of bnttorias stood, closo to tho

cnoL1Y, on th8 bn.ro ~ound ,,-,itllout o. 1Y prot.ection for th3 po.rsonnl3l. Tho

J'Un 3'4'U.. ldsco1.11d l)rotcct thumsolvos sOmJwh ..... from tho clement s only \71th

tl:8ir sholter tents. If such [1.1r.ttory t1: ',S discovored bv tho en<lm.yb~fol O

t)lO. r;onorn,l oponin's of . Jro 1t ' 1: ,,3 lost. Undor such circ~tc.nco3 jus t 0.

f0\7 rounds in tlJo vici11ity of th;J br.:.ttC'.rY:7ora sufflclcn t to put thl3 ontiro

l)Jrs onnol out 0 f [ .ct1on. 3v .)ry n.rti lluryr.l~n \1~S n:.m.r:J of thl s.

All Idnd of protoction f'.G'r'..1115t.l.Jril'.l Ob3~IV: ...tion \l:'..S cml,loyod.

Ovorho.r..d concealmont . an cono truc tad fo r batteries in l'XH~lt ion or be-

foro occu')a tion, aIle: too effici allcy of thin cover con.inot airplCJlon \yas pro-

vided for.' under t 10 direct iOll of specially soloctod officers and tootod by

tho :::tUd;ST of photObT.:lphS

Only duo to our o:-;oo2lont troopG, to tm condtnt, abovo all praise, of

our ba.ttery J?ersonn~l, officers, norxonnlssion'Jn offie,)rs and lOOn could en

os tab lishmJ nt \1hich un3 00 invnric..bly l1~c:)nn~:/ fOl the :;ucc0snful cornplo-

tion of thl :ltt=-:LC1::Jvor 11-'1v.)bJon ~ceomJ?li~h)d.

Thn.t thio ,)Gtnoliol1J11ont nnd th) firinG thJrofrom \ lJrO 3ucc..13sfu1 \ 1111

r:nn:1.in r;. pr~go of G lor:r in tho his tory of t}1) G')rrr.:m Arti11ary for ~11 timJ.

7. rllillIQ.J1. C T IV' I TY

Until tho 3Inoin;; of l~lG tIler,) •.1:13 no c.:)ntr='..lizod d1rJctio~1 of flr) and

110 ,-)::tondod conc,-H1trnt111[; of firo out3idJ tIn control of c.. divislo:: 1n tl'u

nttn.cl:s in \J11ich I tool: pr'Xt :~ r;.rt111~ry cor.ml:lmJr of thJ 86th Infnl1try

Division.

In tho ~11rill[> of 1915 0. ~hnnti') ~ool: p 10.c.) in this rcsp:Jc t in th) gr;J;,.ifi~ht f'.. t Fn.rotochJ. G,)nJrc.l ..1011, farInoI' Chi::f of th.) J.)n:Jr:-~1 ~t~ff of tr ....

loth J'.rrny, lnt0r of thu .;.xmy Group of :on LinsitlL;Jn t .nd of 'ton ;~1.CICun3Jn,

disolosoJ thin ft~ct in n :.1tr~tornJl1t dJ3l..:>11Jdf'.3 it3 introtlu~tioa r~nd 3r.ys:

'.r11O nrtll1vry comnm:clur (tho :J.rtil1~ry nclvi::lor of th~l lOth l..rmy

[~1.lthor::l nota) into \.,bo~u OC;.llt1.3h~.prJp:lr: .tions for th.) nrtillorJ nttr:.cl:

(13a.ttlo of LnJ.;:or~~rot5ch, s:~1n~ 1~16 :'.utlx:>r's l'Xlt~) h~'.d baJn l'l1'.cod h. '.d

cUviclod th::J nI'tillQl~I c.rmn~;.tho diY 1s10n:.1 ~l npocif1od th~t the fire d1-

rJct10n sl':oulcl r,:)J:l'1.in uncl.Jr control of th.) (l1vi3ior~. Eruchmul10r th~n

li,)utont'.l1t 1301011,)1, (nrtill.Jr~'- cOlllnr.nc1Jr of tho 86th Inf~ntry d1Vi~lon

.:'.:U thor's no to) 11,) 1d on thJ co ntr . ' J, tlr. t :1. ~pn,::l' cl e one on trn tion of firo

\J[:.5 nJC053~ry :~1cl l)::plt'.1no, - this v 1o'.~oint to tm motl1l }ry cOrrm .trlur In

,. -67- . ~~ 30 J ob S 394

-~ -

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I'ri'J~lrich Uchu10nbur:;.

tu

• .1 . . . . 6 .fe.,CtOl ~ ,,:,,,,, ...L15 .?XVIATW'''''- -,

loth :.my. It cOlltained tho concG \trc.tion of th1 fire, stn.nfl1 1G lnrrn.(.;os

Ul1c1ro l1im bn.rrac;es ond recaivod tho approval of till) :.:rrru HiGh Comnc,l1d.

This rlc.n ~ravor1 i tsalf so brlllicntly vma it 71:>S curriod out trot, vhon I

bCCru11<J Chiof of Staff of thJ }.x~1 Group, von Lins1ngon in th{) SUI1'Jl' ))r of 1916,

I I O,~uostodLt. Col. Druoh :1Ullor to cth-oot t11'l artillory in s::lvoral attac1:sb '.111io11t vus nooossnry to ..:in baa;: footholcls on tln .~ustrian l'ront. HOrD

also, th.l :;rv.clllnullor pInon prov.od its , Orh in a bri lliant ....Uy.(s L:;n;lu :rJll

ThiJ tnon Ohiof of t}13 GonJrc,l st ;.:ff of thJ tJrn ?ront, GcnJral Huff-

man, o::prossos himsolf similarly in Q. lotto ncklrossod to r.n concomin(; th,)schemes for usa of n.rtill,Jl-.i in'thJ nttaC::s j.)rior to thJ fall of 1~17 OVJr

thJ ontiro zono of apDratloIW of U~Jp,)r 3ast.

Tho o::j:oriallcO r:t L:Jk.) lb.ro tschJ ~;c.s i'urtlur dJVJlopod, in lrr'..nnor

to b.:t J::plainod Iator, in thJ ~OrlI S 0lf l':ll~ rmd 1~17 ..nd. formed tho basis for

.Jur gr,)n.t off'Jl1sivo of l~la. vJ~lJrL~ yon ...~uhl. '.:hi) as Chiof of the General

Jtnff of the ...rmy Grvul) of Oro',ln ?ri.nco nU~Jprecht • ..,(~ r03~)Jnslb 10 for the

dirootion vf the :f'ir::>t proplr'J.tion for this offensive, corrobratos this in

t~1Q Deu tSChOIl Off iziorb 1a.t t 1;0. 2'1 ~f ~\):~t. 21, 1'.121, f J 110\13:

Tho o:::)orioncJa (in tho J~aut author's rot )) ~:ioro, at that time,i';lf tho l;roatoi3t vc..ltW t, ) U3, thoy ,'lor.) carJftll1y di~c~suc . 'lith thJ artillory

3011Jr

n.ln

of our 3ub)rclinCl.to nrmios ml~1,. sOrv'o(l 0.3 no founit~tion f~r our nrtil-

lor:J p:ro~)cr::.l011:.J for tho r.,ttxl:.

Gonor:J.l Count v()n Hch'l.11Jnlrur0', t l1)n J111'1 1 of tllJ G:m~nl StDi'f of tho

,/.rmy Group of thJ Gorrn..J1 Oro',m ?rinc.:> .J~::~ss~s him30lf in n similar rnmlnvr

i 11 n 1.) t tl r o.l1 ,(-:'r<):~.)C: 1;/) m:J. :r{) .:riton:

_ :J::trn.c t

TIn st1.CCQ33 of tho .;rant O:f'fOllSi :o b: .tt133 in th:> SljrirlG llf 1~10 noro

in :l v 'Jr y nl'ltori nl '.1r'-~i, ,;uo t 0 s 0110110 s <:.)',inorl by you fc r amployr.tJnt of :n-:ti llory in n t t~.O::H.

To th is I 11113'1t ~(l(l:

Obvio'.uly, tho r.lJ['..suros [1.c:':.O~ t()\. .. in ,Jur 3j,)rillb cffunsivo ;;,Jro b::- 30d,#not

'July on th~) o:-~rorioncJ::; in thJ :Cast, j)ut ~so on thos'J in tha \7o:3t. Groc1.tvr

';1oiGl~t N.(l to b'J l1lncorl, on thJ o;:j,X)rioncJs ill thJ ~~st, hor ov:Jr, bocn.uso

in tho gr r,-w.lly Gott lJd \7oGtorn Front, .3::c:::lri.m::osin Co tt ',ol: could nl l;ng-vr b:J lrr.clu in ouch ~r():lt nu.'~bor3 ~S in tho nu.:mrOU3 offonsivJS in thv E..-l.:;t111 1~17. U~)on thoOJ con.cU. tiJl~ in bn.ovd tl.D 1uGh V~ 1m of th~ oX1Drionco:Jill tho :;r.,at no:) oo: hr.si :;0(1 by G:nl0rn.15 ' all ..hl ~m( ..C.1unt \ on rlov Schulonbur;;.

- 68-

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b. ~ro:;reos.

u~) to the ; ..son.ul t.

Occasionally the artillery proparation ~1rior to tho nss::l.ult rTn.s cnrriod

out in conjunction nith tm roloaso of ga.s from cylindcrs \lbich hud boon built

illt 'J the fl 'J11 t linos.

Tr..o disn.dvMtnGoS of such n nntht'd of nttncl: incJudod the dmlgcr th ..t

tho ullcmy miL;llt ino.dvortont1y r'J1d o~o ily succecd in br Jnl:inc soc~ of th3bui It-in cylindJ1 o bofor') t In stnrt .)f th~ Ul1dJ rt: 1:inL; :md thoroby l.)~n ofour int311tion promn.turoly, r.,s .;J.)ll n.s s.)vor~l 0tlur difficult nnttors involv-

ed in this method, ['.S mny be :Jo.Jn in.Jur o::l)uriJllcO:J 011 tho E:lst.)rn rront.

Sovor[l,l month3 n.ftJr t In ~:Js:1ll1t on tho b,ridgohJ~ at ZnrzJczo, .~-:hich

\1[1S oucc<)ssfully c~riod out ill tho sJctor of :.rmy GroulJ von D'J:-nh. '.Tdi, ituuo my plo['.sur~ to nG':1.il1 sorV3 und.)r G.JnJrnl Von JJmlJ.. :.rdi. TI:.,) r.r.tt,)r r-..ro30

'Jf ir.1~)roving our frL'nt by punhinG b~c1: th.J Rus3icm nt Jo1:x>rsl:. Till .~lrtil-

l~ry l)ropn.r=-,-tion rJ:1::3 t:) b') c.ccom: xUliod by no ~n:J ntt['.ck. ~hc inf~ntry nncl

['.rti11.)ry rod boon ~.:ory cnrl)fU11y1110

ot;r'.lctodby

IJndJrs of ['.11 rr.nl:3, Lt.Col. 30rchJrt ospocinllY disti~;Ui3[Dr.:. hilro.)lf in till r:.rtillory 11rolX~r~tiona,for ~Jv;)r['.l conr:ocutivo \:oo}::, Ju...ovJr, thJ diroction of tho \,.ind ,la-O 11~-

ticu l'\rly u. 1fr..vonb10 f or tho 1 0 1.)[1.:J of Gn5.

In tho nrJr.ntinn tho tr':>J~13 dotr'.ilJd for this c.ttr..cJ~ ,~Jr) rJquirocl n.t

otlur ~ oint.3 of th) front. 'rlrla nttr'.c:;: t'or t;hich t In J~r~ Grou:, ;)lmh:'1.rdi11[1(1 1,r'J1 'n1 )d in Gucll ~U1. 3::c.)11Jn t UD,.V [1]1(1 \li th such rOr.1..'i.rlm.ba fa 1 0 s il;ht \1:1.S

thJ rufo 1 0 prnc tic all:,. r.bnllclonod. 1':0 t unt i 1 C Jv:)r .~:001~3 1'\t Jr <.lid it ta.k.l11bcJ, nnc1 th)n ov)r r.. v'.)ry r:lUch 3m::'.11.Jr c.ron thnn or1ginnlly l')l '.nl1~d.

Tho nttoclt at Dol j. 'ors1:::s~~r,.s -JU1 to clearly the difficulties vioh r:1110hono lln.s to deal all too froquont~y 1n an r.ttack dlich 13 ncoom:1::mied by thil

reloaso of Gns, or in th3 strictest SJnse of tho uord 1n 0. Gns o.ttc.cl::.

Tho pos t:?ol1cmont, fro(luon t 1:>' for \'X)olcs. of such .:lttr cl::, clua. to '~lOC.-

thJr 0011(111ons, m:ll:os too ~J:).tos t dJrnc.nds u:;on the cour:.t~ of lv:'.dursnnd troOj.?3 oncl could in sorno concUtions r.Jsult 1n cO 1i1loto nb:mdol'l11).)nt of

.[1, v)ry cn.r.:>fu1ly :11r.nnod f'.tt~.c1t:. Too IIlmly difficu1t1os tlr.t onn n.risJ in

thos'J nttr'.clcs, tog,lthJr \lith other Cr.~03 ::oro tho ro~sons thn.t n.ttMkS f.:.C-COL1:f n.n1.:lcl by tho rolo,'\so of ~;~S t:oro n:W.J us.) of for n 11mitJd 11criod of

ti r.u only.Hara at :'>01 l'orsJ:, in 1)16, an ~'.:ustrian colonel said to m:n

l~l1 endinG of tho ...h1r is, for tho rrl3s,)nt, not to bo thOUGht of. You

Gormans aro , linninG teo fl.o'luontly, n.~: .: too Glorious lye Only \7hon 1t \.,111no lOl1{;ur bo : )o:::s1blIJ for yO'll to ,':1n batt103, only \1hoJ'l1.ho Entonte foolsi tno1f tho moro ::'(J.7oJ;fU1, only ~lh.)n shJ cnn dictato tho tJrrm of poaco, \ lill

thin \1~ corro to nn ond.

..... tmt tinn I 01:1110(1at this vi.:> :.~)oint, hO'..-;o /or, tho ColonJl \7ClS in-

dood vo1 :-oc t:- 69- 2~-30 Job ~',~S-3V4

~

~



In t11.)lus t off ,:msva but tlo 3 \10 d1vid )(1 tho fir:) for iJ1'1'oct 0l' tho l'.r-

illery into throa main stagll5 and of tll.J3<lthe lust '.~as alPin <lividod into

cub-stages.

'rill contamrlata(l noutrn11zation of thJ infantry posi tions ,lid rot bat;1nti 1 :1 . lat Jr t imo. '

I Ii thJ :f'i1'S t ~;)not 1 '..J. t i n3 tho fir in;;' .-;as:' J...1.l11l) (10(l t ha tat t h3 °l)Oni11G

f firo count,)rartillory an,l countarinfantr'J firi11'; b.)i~m ::imultano.1uoly.

In thJ later attaclcs ut tlm openinG of fire only an incroase in counter-

rti 11e1 J o')orations

tool' l,luce (1'0 l' tM;, :,ur:.~J03 II::.. but tel' ios nuro in-luded) tOG~ther '71th concantrDtions on O.:'s, C.?s, tolal'hono cen trnl

s, atc.

e.t tims a bo~dD(; of tho ;oosition at which the bre:l1:-throuGh ,~as p1l>.nnod

nura Iltn. batteries.

5t'lgo 2 _ Fir , for offect on inf.ntr J' lXlsitions; only anou;;h am-munition 1D.~ aV[l.iln.blo bJJond that rO'1uir.)d in Stago

3

I and 3.

'ltasa I _ 1.ssistins in too concentration on too infantry;,'Osition.

ote: Division of tho fire for affect of Trench :brtursl

f:>tnco

3, _ Firo for effoot all inf.:ntry ~si tiono.

~ho night is 1 )r.st1ing n.lr:Dst tluiotly, only 110 \1 ~n:l thJn tho roport of .~

f:-:.11inG;:>r 0jo c tilo of. Jr.rns s in[; f1 1'0 ns 0 CCt1ra ov.1ry n1 r:;h t • Th(l inf.n try w.nr ti 11.)r'J 100);:-0u t G Str.ro, as t hay Jr.v0 fa l' 'f)C1C3, YolOor m:>nlo::, in to tho

d;.r...rl:;:nc)S3 nnd S 00 no thine.

'rho off ic (lrs (Uldn. J. O. un ,1uty 11'>ro 1 in th.' -ccustomod m:>nnorbut find

n (lth i:llGun,;au:~1, t timoS th ;, th inl.;: tl1 JY : , 'U ' sOr.1'Jhi n3 of - nois 0 1'1'amovartllOro on th3 011(l1'T 'M '.7:))n tluy liston cl03)ly, bu t on,) is ....cUGOlllJdtoth .t. It i~ l1othirJ[; unusuf'.l, ono l'ns al'.-mys lr.<l tJr.t iJlll)r;,ssion durin[; thonic:

ht• T11atolJphonc 0?3rnotors sit not th1ir 11.Jsts \11th th) raoaivaro to thair

oars ::nd I1ro tirod. Th)Y nnSt13r thu o. .11sGivon thOl'olrom tiloa to tilllJ to

tas t th'lir ''1.'1chfuln,Jss. Th:J ros t of tho ;ooroonn)l 0 f tha tranchoo Ol1db,~t-tJ ry pos it ionS 11as in r. 13r.don sloa p c1CIS 01Y iA~.cl;:ocl into - rr'.rl'on, soJll)':,Jr. t

dnmp, IX)') rly van ti b t ac. omolN, c )nl dus t, mc1 tobe.cco-ii 110d dug-ou t • 110''1''.Ild thall n ll'l'.Il 0 t:>.ro • 113inr.[,1.nohim:: (llf in bntt la undar r.mchino GUnfir

o•

SormtimoS this concl3l1tr::'..tion \ 1['.0 l)ut into tIn 2cl St~o. Tho mornl ef-l'ac t 0f sue h C'. conc ant 1':>t ion HlUDt h'\vo beon :;1' <In. Lat tis im:o.Gi

nocondi ti

0ll.1

in tho en31Tt 1inos on t110 niGht of t In ntti.c:-::

talP 1 consistod of a gon3rnl ourpriSJ cor.contration fir). Thio fir() \ 1aO

:?hcod on [1oomyinfantI7 llOoitions, b tt)ri)o, trench mortars, C.::'o,to1o nhono oontral::>, occu~)iod nrO~~3 : ; .nc. h3[l( 11u..-;.rtcrs in 3ucldon bur3ts

by n:i.l batt.)ri3~ [l. lc.O for n1l :lOssiblo ,:'i th (;('.3 3ho11.

7 2~-30 Job ::,~8-39.1:

-

t



He ;} nncl thero a ImJ1 3iGhs d(}Oply, li0 is dr()~ir~ of hi~ loved ones at borno.

'i'he higher staffs are .or1:il'l,; i:l their 0~)~rot10ns dug-outs and havo por-

haps just SO:lt a re}:>ort to th\J corps or thCJ 1.m:; HiGh ~orrr.'ltlnd th.1.t tho niGhthas ~p to tho prosont passo<1 luiotly. ' :J..'lr't of oach 3taff is rostin.;.

~hon 3uor:..cnly tl ousa.nds of our battoriJs DUe: trench r.nrtaro o:JOn fire. T:10

personnal start out of' its olool), Gas nnsl:s aro :1ut on. ThJro is a rushfor tho exits. Tlll}Y'.tish -:0 ~03, n.nd still ovuryono f'J<Jls ~;ithin tilD.t aG'rc)at a ttaCl{ is on. ~bo cn~rny is l:nocl:i1lG end d8~ands ontrn.nco. Countloss

pro.joctilos t.)D.r up thJ G ound, .in front, bohind and all .JClch sido they aroburs t l1G, th.:l sl~y is bloo d rod. Tbo ..:our.dod SCl'.HI1l1and mOnlle :.JJT.1unii on

rOSJrv .1S fly into thJ air, c'l14m.i)S:lllQ dJpots arJ burl1in::;. ~.)lophonJ C01'.1-

.. 1l1unicatioll is il1t3rrU~Jtod and '.:h1rJ it can still bJ USJd thJ r3l)Orts from ~ll

linos, positions, bo,tto:-ios, bivoun.cs end nro:;.5 con) in: r/J aro bJin;;sh~)11.)d and ..,'i tll it nIl thor:.> nro th'J ,/lli:3tlo, murnur, und scroc.m of th.>projQctilo in tho c.ir, thl.3 t'Jrrible odor th.'\t rl.t tim)s OVCl11 forcos its:>lfi~lto tho gasmn.sl:s. TllO cnnnonoors rJ.sh to thJir GUns nnd n...•~alt th3 comrx.ncl

to fir ..), but th Jy 11JV' Jr got to shoo t for '.'10 nr.) o.lrJ:'ldy go Ing in to nIlOtllJr

firin;~ 8.ctivi ty, into ~tn.bJ 2 of our firJ for offJct.

In this s tn{j') th:.> on~my nrtillory '';(1.3 tr-'::Jll 'l1nclJr fir) by thJ ,,'J:n. anrl

tho mr~jori ty of tho Il~~ bn.ttorio5. ~ll.) nout~.li~ntion of tho m03t inr.l.)()rt~Ilt

G.1 's, bivouc.c .'U .)n.~, 10Cl~.}m..nt~), hor..c.....;.u..~tJr3, .)tc. ',1.)r.;. tr:J:)ll up simul-tn.nJoun1y by tho li'.:>knMcl SCb:,lOfL'1.. Fro~lu.)ntly, thJ 1;::::1.b:'LttorioG rOIrr .inJd

lo.fd on tho r'J:.LrInOst )n:Jnv J osition~ GO to bo7. 1n tho mtlr'J defonsivo

sys t,Jf:l. t

~t.'lGO 3 tool: ill th:l collt.)m::>l~ tJ(~ fir:) for 3ff Jct, f.~:inG t tho inf~.ntrY

po s i ti 0113 by th ,) II .. , r.gn il~ t tho I .rt 111ory by th.) lJm, r.n<l 'G'- im t longranGo tc..rgot s by tho Fol'cn [',Jl.tlSc~r:;'Jf1:~.

Durinl~ this' poriod a pnrt of tho Il='. :,'[~ continuousl l~ic .. on t:i1O rJ'lr-mO\3t ,momy li1105 (of tIlu l'1.st posi tions) ...h11) tho rJr.r.ininJ o: ..ttorios too:.:

th0 Sop['.r ato 1 inan of' tha v :-~riou:J :oo~ i tions uni:.cr fi rJ ono ~ft J r tlu 0 thor.

oth.)r mothods bosido:J tho m.lCCOS3iv~ firln~ on thJ different I1nos

\1oro -::m::>l()yodfor br0: ,l:inr; d.o'-.n t1Or~l,).

7hii0 0110 lino ..1~'..suoil1(~ sbollod t;le firu ~lC.C suddonly sl.if-:.:>d 011

n.nothor for r~ nLor t tinu :o-.nd tl.Oll j'us t ['.8 sudd:>nly shift;Jd b:lcl: r-.ti~in. Ituno to b.J ['.s~umJd, tJ1 '.t an l)n0r.1Yr..r;r.inst '.1iDm tbis nothod '~:['.s oI l1loyod

si)v:Jrnl t im) 8 would f1nd 1 t hr-.rd to doc IdJ '.than to lor:vo llro t ')c ti VI) covor

ov()n r/ll)il nt thl .t instant thoN vr.s :10 firitlG on hi3 1i l>J. 110110uld stlli

bo c:::qJ()ctint; a 110':l 011011i11[; f~t My s~cond.

In n.ddi tion to t]:.is tho firl) of tIn 11:: '., duri1\; tho shollin:; of on3 of

th~) foromost i)nlmy 11n):.3, '.,.~.s nudclonly p1r.cQd on ana of the) rJn.r l1110S, ourinf[J.lltry \iould th'Jn :JrJO ,l its h~)lr.1.:>t3O\ .1r t}J,o br3n,st';:orl:s nnd yJl1 IlURRl.l .

I

-71- . 29~30 Job ~,~S-391.t

~

·



(Hot,:) 1 Tho trorlch r.:ortars remai~~ro S il:Jnt or shifti~ th)ir firo to tho

roar.) By tbis moans t~}j) enomy po~.sonn()l \lUS ont1c:ld to ;ho tronchlls, th)

mora or loss intact hattories and rnachil10 GUns allm'/od to beJin thJir fire

missions and thon tm fire of too Il\:a -,laS again suddonly laid bacI: on tho pro-

vious targot, tho no vly discOV'orcd mac]line b~ns ar.d barrat;U batteries YJero

ro ducad to 3 i 101100.

(Hot'J ~~: Tho tronch rrortars also placed thJir acti vi tiJS [l(~ainst thJ old tc.r-

gots. )

ThJsc mothods, tJstcd in small un'~Jrtu1:inbS ill tho Eact, clearly provod

tho:l:r Horth in largo attac1'::s.

J~bout tho bOJinnin;j of th'o assault .)v1rythin.:; thn.t might \IDrn tho allomy

as to th:J inntnnt at \7hich it ,-.rould bJ laullchc,d ;rD.::> nvoidad. no int,:>rruption

of thl) 1'1ro, JIld 110 oh.'1.ngo in tho rn. t'J 0 f fire :1[.1.3 parmi. tt.)d. Thoro \l.)re no

Hurr :1l1s~ •

In 3omO cnSQ::; roinforced firo \ ~ laid on tLo c.rtill,)ry for a very s}xn.t

time in this 1ioriod as in StOl~o 2 •.Tho lCll;Jth of tho fire for effoct bofore the assault varied in tho var- .

ions brear:-throu~h3 fro In 7 hours alli 5 tlinutes to hours end 40 minu tos. AS

the \Tor progrossed the J.en.:;th of th9 artillory proparation YU1S constantly re-

duced more ant lmro. ~lle reaSOll for t]lis \las to l;iva tho on0rrtV tho loast pos-

siblo tima b\3tUiJOll tho b,:>n.)rnI oIXJni1lci of fire and tho assaul t to mnJco countor-

proparations (brin:;inb up support, layinG' bnrra:;os ucross tho r0ar of th-J mast

pro bo.blJ pJnotration po in ts atc. Tho qU-Jstion ns to ,-ihoth3r th\J preparation

and bringin(~ u:? of tho roquirod [.; r'.munii011 vrJro po3siblo CO-' 1J up as viall o.s

th3 considcrn.tiol'l that in an 3rtill-Jry l)rJpc..rn.tion it is rot so much n quos-

tion of 11. lrn.ss11(; tho ontiro dJfunsiv~ sys tJrn and that thJ chiof aim '~fpr~Ill.rc:.tion firo, th~) Vl~l<,~konil'H of tILl :.r:l'J.~Yposition::>, m:..,.vo TOolizod 'OVJn

in limi tad flril1t~.

In :.:1. f'iro n.ction of' n farr hours ol1ly, tho cO~i.')loto dcotruction 01 anomy

tronchos, a comploto 1nr:1ssin(; of .th.) r~:1.r nroD.s, otc. could nD.tur~lly not b~

n.clLicvod. This \ t~S not. c. t all co nt -1rJplc.od. '10 dJ3 irJd only to brJru:: th-J

n Or,;'..laof th0 onomy, pin hir.'l to hio JXJsi tion :md thon ovorco .lO him Hi th en:

ov ,)r'l1halmil\f; [1ssn.ul t •

During tho first yoc..~s of tho \:c.~ thl fira for effoct n.~;am5t tho n.rtil-

lJryend inf:mtry ~osit10ns b(J~'J'l n.ftor dnybr:ln.l::; lnt.Jr th.J firo for affoct

:\Gf'.ill3t tho nrtillery ill its fll)st vit ...l aS~)l3ct:J, t113 r.:>inforcod count'Jrn.rtil-

1 :Jry o:?l3r2. t i 0 113, to ok pL~co boJfora d:'Sb r Jrlt, r.nd th:~t nGn ins t i nfnnt r;y po 3 i-

tion3 tool: placo n.ftcr dcybr.J:1.1::; in tho lnst offonsivJ b. .ttl(Js of tho rJorld v

\7nr tho:;,fire for :)ffoct ny.inst r.rtillorj':'J1d inf~ ..ntry IOsi t10113 \1:'.3 conp10t-

ad boforo C:nybl x\l:::. '~1l) r~ssr.ult boJ: '..Ilin thJ o~rliost d. :.~.m.

- 72- ~U- 30 J ob V 3 391

~

'

~



In thcmselves varia t ions \Jer a m ce ssr.ry to surp ri so thoJ enomy in each

attac)~ \1ith nOI1operations. Thouse of a definite systam would have been en 'tirely inapplicable. TIm typo, durntion nnd tim.:l of dny of the fire for ef-

feet 'ffid to und(H'v' O no tic.:lablo cron;;.:lS in tho pro(>1 ilSSof tho rmr.

ThO particular reasonS why tho repeated chnn:::e in raetIDdo of fire action,

prior to the assault, because necessity 11111 be e::plainod later in tho de-

scriptions of certain offensive-battles.

DURING Tlfi~ A53AULT

Tho fire against enomy artillory and lonG r 3~; O targets and at tlmos

.) standiDti barragos, '1'1re continued, the assaulting infroltr'J rlUs protocted byn rollinc; barrai,o end by nccompDllyinGbatterios. Rapid advanco by these

batteries vms of outstandinG significnnc3. ThJY\'foro frequcntly to botha nJ'.OJdh'l t t ha pr o-'dres 0 f the infon try \1$ ro t halt 0 d. In th is lar th.:lYporfOrJlJ )ddoods \lhic h rrnYbe compt'. rod tot ho IlXlS t hoJroic dee ds of hi s to ry •

Lot us " Intch thClsiJ bn.tt ori0s dur inb thJ day of t.n 0.ttc.c1c:

Duri11G tho orti llJrY pr~p.1.ration th.JY nro hold limborod in rocdinoosunder c ovor aVlaitill[; tho order fOr the advnnce. L'vcn bofoN the t ir.}) for

the assault th<lir }:our of fnt<l strilc:JS, for tluy must bo broUGh~un closebJhind too front lines boforo tho assault be,,'i.ns. A(::un tlu lnttory nnd

pIa toon loaders ins truc t th3 porsor-n,)l rl.S to conduct dur IDe; tho nttacl:.In all tnlltS it Inust be drillod into thJ milll thnt th~y r.luzt romc.1n c10sobohim the front 03S11ult ,n ;OO, ::nd =t nid tho infantry wh,)r,)vor possiblo

by too most inconsid<lrat:l u:;e of man nnd horoo. Tho infantry d<lpondouponth<lm, it counts upon thJr.l. for tho outcoma of tho day d3poods upon tho con-

duct of thJ nrtill~rym')ll. Thon tho ~ign~.l 1: :; bivon to mount nnd lIX)VO for- or d, Tlu ndvnnco i JIIadeeN or cora fU 11y r3conno i torod 1\nd =1'1:0 d rou tQ:;,

through our dafonsivo ])Osit ions end prosently tho 1\rO:lbQhind th:l frontlino:) th:l t a.fford tho gt Q[\ost coval' is r3:lChod. ll<lro thero is pro b:lblynnothor halt nod conmunication Viith tho infnntry l'\1su~Qdso f:lr 03 possiblo.

Tho nrtill.Jry officors o.re noYl str..ncli11b, ',,'ctch in hro1d, 111::0 th,J infnntry

platoon loadors; th:l tlrti11 oryr.r.n, lllo tho infnntrym::n iQ counti1\. : tho rnin-uton until tho nnsnult; ho c11oc1-:s np ~~in on ~11 tho dotr.i1s of his in-

s tructions, in which or;erything th..- coule. bo In'' bJQnprosoribod an1.'honlso lookS forrm.rd to th3 r.pproD.Cbin[; r.lOvJmonts \Olith fr'.ith. No\ th.l first

nsscu1 t VltWOS aro novinlj ou t r.nd th: ) ccc O :1~.n~'i1'1ti b~t torlos roc .Jivo tho COI' l-

:mn.ndto advance, No:, it 1s thairtns:: to str.y as close 3S possib19 to theso

assault wavos and to I:oop in constant comnunic:ltion tlith tho infantry com-rounder. Fiano

er trooP:; are at hand 7ith oquipcent to uss is t In the eres sinG

of uire ontongloments. holes ond over our o :m tmd enenu trenches, and yet

;J dif'ficul t it 1s to aclvunco ovor such shol1ed nnd torn up Ground. Herothe , U l sinlt:

sinto tho a;:ound up to thJ x:le, thero too lond horsos fn.11 do\m.

But th~y mus t succeod. ua.n ond borso Givo all that is in thJm ani they move.

Tho first I3mTnY position 110s bohind thoe. UO .:, 0. hosti1\) lnttory or r.ln.chino

gun apriD{js to lifo. Too indiVidual infan tryman cnn SJolt any poss ibla covar

thoJncco~f\nying bnttorioJs, ho~Qv<lr,must tr~n. Without any coval', tako up •tho battl\) ond si10nco tho hindranco. ~.'hon this i3 dona tho ndvnnc.) continuos

-73- • 2~-30 Job 1 S-3~4

•





Lv1ning' i:.; just fnllin,3 n;.'; ~h:) b~ttJr: lx'.vo~ it::> shelt)r • .All pro-

c'1ution::; for c. 11oi::>olo::>.;m~ch 11.,, . 0 bJon t':'J:on. Sil.mtly t110Y or:> In..' .rch-

in[~ for';l[1.rd. All li:;hting of th~ ~Ot.(l JV.)l1 by dr~r}c l~tcrns :md pockot

f1n.shli,;l1tr. i:3 strictly forbidc1onoocau:::;c of the clart;or of ora un'. and

0.0ria1 oljb'an.'I. '.. tion by the onemy. :

1'm approach rou to is ':.~cll kllO',:n to all loader::>. S1luntly the posi-

tion 13 oocupiod. Ammunitio n is 0 i ther alron.dy tho:,.o or is bro\lf;ht to tho

b:lttl

)ry poaition. Tho tolol)hono not~ ere in. In tln ronntirno the battvry

co rrrrc..ncl.)r,. '\/ho l~roc\)(lJd thiJ b~t t~)ry, h::.:; proIX....d his fir il13 ch.'lrts andfire oi3310ns usInG r1Jtoorolobic:~l ct=,-t:-. th ...t ho rocoh )(l by telephone from

1'101(1.rrct'Jorologica1 statioro u3un.lly throut;h i~i3 brouP or subb'roup b'Jforo

thQ.occupation of p03ition but occn:Jiol1~;,ll:, ( ..uril'l6 tl1J Occup:ltion, nnd ins

sont tha cln.tn to thu chiJfs of s~ction. 'r1u :;uns aro In.id :md r.l..'1dJ r~ndy

to f iro. .Inn true t10ns r..nc~ c orrT:lr'.1ldSrJ tr:-.nsmi tt.)d, so fa r as d::'.rJt:n'J33

~?)rmit~. by sl~;n:1.1s, unil1(j visual slbn. ..l~. ~c..eh'chiof of ~Jct10n :'. lcl cnn-

n0110,)r kno'.'s m:r..etly ....hr.t ho is to c.o, for e70ry d.Jtr~il lns boJn rJpJn.toc1-

ly Jxplainod to him. Ev<.nrJthinG is n:;:.in vJrific<.l by pl~toon lonLlors,

o::ocutiv J, ' n.n(;, thJ B. C. T1u b[l.tt;)r~'t rou ~.;.'n.its thJ hour for tho) oIX>ning

of firo. ProciGO to tho 3QCon<.1..ho first round tWOS, ~nC.. 1s folloY.'ed for

11Our3 by roun(l nftQl' rounrl [\t ~'l::i1I1Ur.l;~t') of firo. Tlw crO'\13 \.urk until

tho o'~}ont otrJrJJlS from th.) n. Tln trl.s1t: of bril'ltiit'lG up ~.n~ lO:lling tho ~.m-

muni tiol1 i:3 ;:ptt ing b.Hl,vior c..nd hoavi~r for tho C[;.1IDOllOJrc. ~1oir foro-

nrrro, on i'tl1ich th) proj-)otilo~ :1,1 0 cr.rriJu r'.r~ nsl.):)p, ho';'ovor, tho ITh)n

67it

th:Jir tooth nnd drnG rouncl c:.ft:Jr roUl1C to tm ,; ,-,n::'..3 boi'oro. Horc

o.ncl thor;) on) tc..::JJ off hi:3 blou:w nn(:. ',lOrl:s on in br-l.;chJs end unclor-

shirt. Ho',; on,)my firo is fi.lli 1l; in tho battJry. ~'h)ro is 110 3Jnrch for

cover, bJc~1.us) ullclJr no circunstr,ncos '1~ thJ fir.) bo intorruptJd nnd bo-

s1d03 thort) is no protJction f.vr~ilobl(). ?or .1 ;Jr;1 porioe. of timo n def-

1nito tnrgJt htl.s bJ,~nl d013i~,nntad, r.n(ll~l.l~t b~ ::l.ttr.cl:::d ',:ith n. spocifiod

nW 11borof rounds. Th'll3 it in l1;)Coss::'.ry to ~:JJ' on 30r /in.:; tI-il L>'Llns, to

• 10ad, to lay and to fire, Dncl toe on tir.ue to lO:lG., to lay [.nl to fi:ro and

all of this tu.lco:J plncel in tho do.rl:. Only t:,o aimin[; devices ore liGhted

dur inG tho layill~?,',. ancl of courso noro and thore Inn terns cncl poch.-et flash

liGhts are omploYQcl for liGht inG othor ports of trD battery. 7ho (~n:\1nis

just bJginl1ina .~,hon tho f1 ro of thJ ba ttories is l'nUssoJ into 0. ro lll11G

barra.ge

a.nd thon tho barrage Is put in r. otion. 110';.' t hJ firv of thu bo.t-

tvry cumlot bo il1torruptod for any roasen. Tboro is no r:)st poriod. ~hQ

n.rti11ory fir.,) is nO\1 th) shi,Jld of tm infnntr: 0. shield ot sh~ll frD.{;-

m()nts, smol:e, cos and dust. ~ach cn~nJor 1,,:nJ'.7sth i'3 tlJ'ld lu '/i1l n'Jt

dvsort tho infantry.

~11:) TanGOS at ':,'hich thiJ ba.ttery ii: ,.)s arc const~ntly incronsinG, and

no th) bn,ttory lnu5t \ 1ithdro.w from tho bo.rrnu' O beoauso it has fired o.t its

ma=dr.l~ eleva tion. Olear bun: Suspond ririnb: Too <load tired cannon-

Jors thrcn'l thornscl'tO:3 011 tho ground at thoir po3ts, but ~ery one is con-

templating tho questiOnr., Dic.l tho inf:.:.ntry tollot tl:,) bnrrut.;J'i' Did thoy

pon~trn.to th) onemy dOlonsos? ITow troy s, 03 thJ J;{OCU tivc, r; Jnd. n si[;nD.l

to th() roar. ThQY honr ]larson trottin;;, \ lh301n r)llin.;, :x(~ thun th:>

limb-Jrz appear out I)f' tlu d.'ll 1:n)SS. l ::rl'l thJj l~no'. thn.t th..> division ur-

tillery is to follo'w.r. '£hair fn.ces li~~t up, troy :lCmv,J niGhs of rolief.

- 75- 2';)-30 Job ',r 5-3'J4

,' -



Thincs

In,'o :;.)ne r:dll, Clivi tro t (UspollS all \';o::lrinass., 'Ie ::Ire g01t1G for-

tlar :, '.Je aro G Ci n(; to vi c to 17 • 7hey li :::ber• In th3 me:mt jr.'.03 t In bnt tory

cJrrrnancld:t 'lns ro turood to the battorj. from the a.r. ,.,h~re I D h'lC .. bJon occu-

pied 9 inco' dn;,rbreru:. Ie shouts n f m' ',:'Jr(~s of 11rni50 and oncourati°J:lon t tc

tho battory :m(~ ros tllo e:::ocutiVO inf ,,':n lU' quicl::ly as to :my unu5lml occur-

ronc 0 r.• c f \1hic h ho h,'ls alroa,ly lW' s h;; rt ropo rt s b;' phon'). . Dur in.~ tho lIlJ\' i Iltiof t L

uf:.:..l1on ho may muSJ, Those splc:1Cid ron, r.-.y poor, br:lve f,Jllor:s, 7.110~•

arc 'tho Id.st of thJ four t~un crons, \lith '.7::ich I \lent into thJ fiold yoursat, O to tll'.om tho r..opulaco of tho ;;arrisc n 01100 forv.)utly call<3d 1.ui' ~.'i(~.)r-

scl1Jn: conn bn.cl: soon, but ns Victors:,). Li .:o libhti~~, tho thOUGht 6'OOS

throuGh his mir,d: 110',1 differont ly all ros conn to y,::lSS, tron ':;0 hoped thon.

Th(J llrJOI,) \1orld no';] stonds in arms aG~inst us. i:D.y iX) p'Jrllnps bo ovorCOT:1C

aftor aIr,' HO\ lJvor, h:J r~bninS his formar confidenco nt onco. Y,rc n:us t am\/i 11 succoJcl. Arc \/0 not s trulclin[; on urJ.1rny so i 1 on 0.11 fronts? lbvo 10 notgt'.inefl victories, tho lilc of ,';hich tho 1X'st history of t In tlorl(~ can sco.rco-

ly sho, :' I can plMU confi<1ol1Co in \I l:l311, ab50luto confidence, 3V,Jn un..'l r.

tllos') tryil1[; concU.tions, enn comli~ions ar.> th.) S~J in thJ othJr br1.ttorio~.Tbo mJ5 t rocent r ..)crui t fr om ll)m.) nn,turn.lly lon.vos ~u~h to bJ des irod, 05-

pocially in rrorolo, he lMks a fnthor's traininu o:::nct~' at th3 tirno he noo(15

it rrD~t, bu t ':1') '1111 briIlG him nrourul I-.,N at tl'.o front. ~on l.is thou6ht~

r.)turn ngn.in to tho pr)sont. Ii,) bivos th~ 3::ocutivJ thJ conTJnnc.~to folIo\;lith thJ bn.ttJry, n.nrl hir.t3J1f tn.1c':lSup thJ r'Jcol1nnlss~~nc.) of nJ\; tnrtpts end

tho 11')'.1 bntter;; position to tlu front. In th.l arJxonc th.l bntt zy uscs t :c

ronto3 opanJcl nl1rt improv-ld lnro and tl uro b:r pionJJr troops for nccorr.pr.nyi lt .';bo.tt)rioG OV0r thJ positionn, th,) 31 ..011hIJIJ5, nnd tr.roUGh ' .ir\.~ ontn.n~lom~nt5.\lhon thJ horses ';~:mt to rJfU30, .,lh1ch ':nS no t to b3 ~I..ond.)ro;'.. at clu J to tho

g,)l1oml shlrta.;e of foraG) in tho lntt1r pn:t of th.:l ,','nr, th:: man Grab tho

,,;110013 or hJlp :lith rop)3. Infr.ntr~mJn '.:~'D nI .J c:lsun.lly in thJ Vicinity loncl

n.ssistnnco \;itllaut r'JquJst. ?1lJ~~ ):1lO',~•. hat vr.l\4'1.bl-l suwort is r:.dvnncinc; for

thorn.

Up nhJ[l.cl in'tho front .,.aV,JS of tIn ~::;nult thJ n;llS is spr.Jo.d~r.g liko

a prairie firu: Th) llC::lVY ,rtillor:; is codn •. It is alN~dy clo~o behind

U3.1t

Ovor thor.) nobnttJr'J in ;;,'OinJ into nction nncl oVJryonJ bro~thJs mer.)

onsiJ.y. Tho bnttory 15 quicl::ly propnroJ lor ~~lon ~~d in covorinb its 'l.S-

5i ,;n ,,<1 t:'.r:;;ot, nn uns ilJ nc ,1 nnchin Gl'n 110~t. Tho ,my h~ t lus bo~n 0 pcno

Mcl tho in:rlU1tlj~ c~ purs'~o tl1C on()my further.

In tho fur.ther l=-ro~~rl3ss of thd c. tt::.c:>:, S11CCOSS:iopJnrll3(\ ma.tarially t4pon

tllo ~)or5011~;.1 conduct, th.j'lulCl: (loci5ion, r:.n~'.. tho l41.tI311i.;ont coop()r~~t1on of

nrtillJr:y 1()~.'.d0rs of' nIl grn(liJs. In pr:;,cticnlly nll :'.tta~ks gro~~t.)r, cnd in

p:;.rt lj,ui t.) lu:) '~VY, 10ssoS bugr'..n ill tJ ..is ph1.s-l \:hil\) thJ 10ss03 prior to thocompl)tJ y.,Jnotrntion .,_'Jro corI11X'.r:'..tivJl~r, l .l1d in Cl'.S.JS incrJelibly fo'~.•

In 't14iJ ....~. our ru-tilli.lryr.1on onCJ fo~ht ['.nc~ ',X)n,:--..r.(. th) ho~rt of

ovory truo GJrmnn .,:i11, OVJl1 to(~~, bo:.~t fostor .r'.,S ho roc:;,lls th~so ho~rs ofmiGhty ov,Jnts, hours ',:I'1CSJmJ~in[; fir.'.s u::prJs3iol1 in th.1 .,lorls of SohillJ:-;

Hole' r:ot too :Jtron.:;]y to lifl,Or you ',,'111 novor h~.;a \:on too riGht to Ii' •.).

- 76- ~~- 30 J ob S- 3~4~



c. Th) : 10:3t Impor tnnt ?rJp~n. tionn in th) Y}~r l~ 18 •.

DinpJnninG '.;i th AC-jU3tmonts

(lloto 1: Ti1endjustm,)nt tool: plnc,) baforo tJu ff 1'0 for off oct, un~.or cortninc irc urnst nncas c. .y3b oforo , ~.n(:Jr.d r.s nn 0bj 0c t tho lr.ying of tho

fire of tho b.' \ttoriJS nccurr. tJ ly on th,)ir t~rGot:::;.

So ro.n ana of tho nnst impOrtr.nt tonehin[;s of our N(;U btions a t tho out-

br oal: af no '.=. This v i a.,Poin t ';Ins t o.u[;h so10mnly t a 'Nary nrt illorYJ '£.1lof pro ....nr timl3 lnd of tho firs t ;Too.rsof thl ';::-.r. In tho course of the ',r-r

i t red t 0 giv0 \1~V 11::0 fmny 0 th )1 S• to nO',7i <1Jns Tho conelltio n surro und-

in[; our nttncl:s

nr,(lo tho ,lispOnsing \lith fl lcur:'.to l'.tjustm.mt n mst urgont

N'iuirom-ont. 'rln nbsolutoly nocoss~,ry nointonnl1COof socrocy n3 to our in-t;mtiom. tho varY .Y.1'lyoccup tion 0:' position. ',:hicll Jr,'l becomo nocossr.ry,

by numerOU3br.ttor ..3, cn'l thoir un. voi,lnblo Ilr',S3n;> to nrJ:o p13Siblo thoprovi eling 0 f pIne os for tIn avor inc ror.s ing nllD unt 0 f r.rt ill0 ry, :1,Stho '.7.'.1'

',;ont on, could not b.J fi ttad in ,:ith such on c,:justL10nt.

An c.ccurc.to c.e'.justnnnt is n pror~uis1to for tJu succoss of tJu ,tirJ

nrt ilbry support r.1lG'.unco oftro ~tt~.c::, pnrticulnr 1,; in tIn cnse of tho

b ttori~s oss 1{, I10[: to th 0 pr<op.'lrc.ton (on tho clll»my front 11n03).

An accura t-:>3cljustmmt of th:o n=.1I'OUSbattori~3 :mpr,ortin;,; tho ntt&CI~,

at 10ast in tIn caso of tho majority of batt)ri,)s, ha': to tak) plOC0 l)ClforJ

th) ['.a~' 0 f t h,o at taC):, 3 100<Jfo r accu ra.t.l a1ljUStm'-'n3 ll. cons i'l:>rub11 numblr

of rounr'S hac. to U') firtH .. by oach X1.ttJry.

;,uch lID a,'.justmant coul': rot b) l:opt conc,)alo,l frOr.l th)l:lJl \f' It =<,0

him cautious anI rna(:oh1r.J1001: to c ount Jr-mon:::ron • On) con piCtur,l tho ro'-~uIt J of ~uoL r. pr,lparn tion b~. ton, t <1n~., or MOrab~t tori J3 , loa:,t ld only

a fenl:ilolOOtors fron the enoIl',Y.thicl:1y r.r.ssed In a J?os~tion, entiNly ob-served and fire-suo~t by tha enamy, or in a small pr.tch of ~7 CS under hos-

tHa observa tlon; '1ho innod iate s cotherin:; of such batt dries by hos tilefire, the JomplQto destruc tion of ar ti lIary r.r.ter i31 nn: .of =Jun1 tion \1ClNinovl tab~ tho rClsult. Thesa batter 10s cClrtainly rovo:- pnrt~clpntod in thiluttaol:. Only ~n opon1ng of firo :71h st;rprise ond ,lith sOOdClnaffect oftho <lI1 tir 0 nr ti llory 0 n thO. dny 0 f tho nt t~c;:, lo,v t h'l salvo.tio n of sueh

bat t or i os .

\.hon tll3 <\[1us tmont to ok plr.oo b 1fOr,) t lu 'lry of r.tt c.el:, r. lor ifyin;; of

tll.J rOJ'i3tr:1,tion

immo,:u,tolY b:ofore tl:o fire for affect r.]:.;~.ystool: pIr.co.

Dithor thero folIo'.;o'l n t Jst of tho l,-.,yin:; throu~ inclivi<:ur.l firing of3 ingh be.t tori :>3 th,-, rO3ul t3 0 f 'hi ch ,-,re thon tr..n 3mit to,l to tho 0 t herbe.t t Jrio s, or corro ctl ons 'ION r,;;;Pie[: throur;b t 1'.0 us .0 0 f s pocinl tr.b 10s.

'~]hich :lJro 2Tf'_(~oon/'.y only in p ..r~ ~)y th.1 on~l of 1:.J17.)

- 77. .



vr 'tho N(;istrc.t iOll upon tho infc.nt~ posi tion it \tas diroctod in 1.rtil-

lory Ordara ~To. 3 at :Ugll in tho SUl' Yfi.)rf 1~17:

Until l~ll) \/J ',7JrO not in posi tien to cIo m n;r ontirely \71th rOGistrdlon,-

from tho ndddlo of In7 on l:O',1ovor, en :]Ccurt, to ro(;istrc.tion ~,as dispensod

i l th. .

_ ~:tr;'.ct

Aftor tll0 arrival of tho l oinforcin3 bc.ttorlos rogistr::.tion ':rill bo~in ns

soon ' possibJa, \ Tithout attractil1G c.ttontion, accorc-.ing to tho fo11Q\71ng

principl:Js: .

(b)

(cl '2ho rogistrr,tion of Groups B, C nIle. D rrJ;)d only ;)0 so far ns tho

dot0rminntion of tho gon3ral diroction ofII

definite point. T~ IlCCurC.tofiring d::.tr. of tl10 dos :lvic.tod targots \ 1111, t~roforo, bo dot-3rminod mntho-

matically. The nortars anc1 1l0f\VYgun b:-.ttorias (15 cm and up) \ IH1 undor ne

cone: tionz (10 nny proliminary firi lb'

furthor rogiatrntion \~S pr ovi d~d for on th3 ncturu ( k~Yof t ~ ~t t c~:boforo thJ bJginning of th3 firo for offect upm till host 11J inf:mtry position,

ho ,:ov Qr, it cone-orne d it s oJ 1£ 0n1Y \-/i~ : t h.J fir ing of a f;)';1 rounds, ne t uit h

an accurllto rogistration bocnuso of th;) Gr)at nUr.lbor of battJrios ongc.god.

During tho firo for Jffoct, th0r \lnS for this r3ason disp:lrsion ovor gNC.t-

)r nroo.:3 •.

A provi sion slmilD,r to th> :-.rovo on~;)rod rogistr:-.tion by tho batt3rios

COl1cornoll•.... 1 th r~ £ \1 rounL '.G on thJ ( ,:.y of t hJ r..ttncl:,. just b,Jforo thJ bogin-ning of tho f'.ctun1 fiN for affoct \,':'.5 n<;r.in :lot ',Ii t~l in th.) yOr'.'r 1\110 in tho

bn.ttlJ of Saint r~U,)ntin 21 i~r'.r•.) r..I1L~ .AroontiJrJG (~ ..~pril) •. In thio .ens::>

tl10y \/oro 0,,11;),1 no t :roGistrr.tion,- but y.:)rific::t1on of l:lying. In tho 2d to

th,) 5th, rJ1(l in Diroctions Ho. 1 of tl::} orflJrs fo:.. fir , of thJ l'Jth ~llY in

our ~: ',rchoffJnn.1\ .) 1VIG tluro i~ fount for 1l::m:lP10 M orc~or to thin offce-t.

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Documents

The German Artillery in the Breakthrough Battles