The “Other” Personality The “Other” Personality TheoriesTheoriesThe Neo-Freudians’

(Psychodynamic) Five Core Postulates◦Much of mental life – thoughts,

feelings, and motives - is unconscious◦Mental processes, including affective

and motivational processes, operate in parallel, so we can have conflicting feelings toward the same person or situation

The Neo-Freudians’ (Psychodynamic) Five Core The Neo-Freudians’ (Psychodynamic) Five Core PostulatesPostulates

Stable personality patterns start to form in early childhood, early experiences play a significant role in personality development

Mental representations or understandings of the self, others, and relationships guide people’s social interactions and influence the ways in which they develop psychological symptoms

Personality development involves more than learning to regulate sexual and aggressive impulses

Who are the Neo-Who are the Neo-Freudians?Freudians?Carl Jung

◦Collective unconsciousAlfred Adler

◦Inferiority complexKaren Horney

◦Moving toward, against, or away from others

◦Compliance (basic anxiety), Aggression (basic hostility), Detachment

A Jungian Walk in the A Jungian Walk in the WoodsWoodsClose your eyes, DON’T say your

answers out loud!!◦You’re walking through the woods.

There’s someone with you. Who is it?◦You come to a house. What does it

look like?◦You go inside the house and are in

the dining room. What do you see?◦You’re back outside and you find a

key. What do you do with it?

oYou find a cup. What does it look like? What do you do with it?oYou come to some water. How big is the body of water?oYou have to get to the other side of the water. How do you do it?

A Jungian Walk in the Woods, A Jungian Walk in the Woods, ExplainedExplained

The woods stand for the unconscious mind.

The person with you is the person who is most important to you at this time.

The house stands for the size of your ambition.

The dining room stands for sociability.

A Jungian Walk in the Woods, A Jungian Walk in the Woods, ExplainedExplainedThe key stands for

knowledge. What is done with the key is what the person does with their education.

The cup stands for love. The water stands for the

person’s problems: the bigger the body of water, the bigger they perceive their problems to be. How they get across the water is how they deal with their problems.

The Humanistic The Humanistic PerspectivePerspective

MaslowWhy we don’t become

self-actualized:o It’s at the top of the

pyramid, weakest of all needs

oThe Jonah ComplexoCultural environment may

stifle self-actualizationoChildhood experiences

may inhibit personal growth

The Humanistic The Humanistic PerspectivePerspectiveCarl Rogers

◦The Perceived Self – On the sheet of paper, take 3 minutes to write a description of how you see yourself.

◦The Ideal Self – Turn the paper over and take another 3 minutes to describe who you would like to be.

Why the Incongruence?Why the Incongruence?

3 conditions necessary for personal growth◦ Genuine ◦ Accepting ◦ Empathic

Unconditional Positive Regard

Client-centered Therapy

Trait / Big Five TheoriesTrait / Big Five TheoriesGordon AllportHow many words in a

dictionary could be used to describe people?

18,000!!!

• Secondary traits• Central• Cardinal

Common App -

What are the first words that come to mind to describe this student?

Trait / Big Five TheoriesTrait / Big Five TheoriesThe Myers-Briggs

◦For each pair of items, check which one you agree with more.

◦Add up the number of checks for each column and put that number in the box.

◦E / I = extraversion / introversion◦S / N = sensing / intuition◦T / F = thinking / feeling◦J / P = judging / perceiving

What do you think is Mr. Aiello’s “score”?◦I S F P (I N F J)

The Big Five (OCEAN)The Big Five (OCEAN)Take The Big Five Inventory (BFI)Scoring

◦Extraversion – reverse the numbers placed in front of items 6, 21, & 31 (1 = 5, 2 = 4, 3 = 3, 4 = 2, 5 = 1) Add all the numbers for 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, 31, & 36. Scores can range from 8 – 40.

◦Agreeableness – reverse numbers 2, 12, 27, & 37. Add the numbers for 2, 7, 12, 17, 22, 27, 32, 37, & 42. Scores can range from 9 – 45.

◦Conscientiousness –reverse numbers 8, 18, 23, & 43. Add the numbers for 3, 8, 13, 18, 23, 28, 33, 38, & 43.Scores can range from 9 – 45.

The Big Five (OCEAN)The Big Five (OCEAN)Scoring

◦Neuroticism – reverse numbers 9, 24, & 34.Add all the numbers for 4, 9, 14, 19, 24, 29, 34, & 39. Scores can range from 8 – 40.

◦Openness – reverse numbers 35 & 41. Add all the numbers for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 41, & 44. Scores can range from 10 – 50.

Social Cognitive TheoriesSocial Cognitive TheoriesReciprocal Determinism –

Bandura

Internal vs. External Locus of Internal vs. External Locus of ControlControl

Reverse the numbers you placed before statements 3, 6, 7, 8, and 10.◦ (1 = 7, 2 = 6, 3 = 5, 4 =

4, 5 = 3, 6 = 2, 7 = 1)Add up the total scoreCollege students avg. =

52The higher your score

the greater your internal locus of control

Internals not only Internals not only believebelieve that they that they can control their own destinies, but in can control their own destinies, but in fact they are more effective in fact they are more effective in influencing their environments.influencing their environments.

grades and evaluations

especially true in adolescence

more responsible for their achievements

believe that studying will pay off

• • better ideas of how to prepare for an exambetter ideas of how to prepare for an exam• grades due to abilities or effort, more likely to • grades due to abilities or effort, more likely to study for the next exam.study for the next exam.• more successful at changing others’ beliefs• more successful at changing others’ beliefs• less susceptible to control and influence from • less susceptible to control and influence from othersothers• particularly resistant to subtle forms of • particularly resistant to subtle forms of attempted influence attempted influence • less likely to conform, not as likely to respond • less likely to conform, not as likely to respond to the prestige of a message’s sourceto the prestige of a message’s source

Internals also seem to exhibit greater Internals also seem to exhibit greater self-control.self-control.

• When they attempt to quit smoking, fewer relapses.• More likely to engage in physical exercise, better at losing weight, more apt to use seatbelts, and more likely to practice preventive dental and medical care.• Better hospital patients, knowing more about their condition and less satisfied with the amount of information given them by their nurses and doctors.