The Respiratory SystemMedical Terminology

Chapter 7

Mr. Robert

Nose Nasal cavity Nasal septum Mucous membrane Mucus: warms,

moistens & filters Cilia Olfactory receptors:

receptors for sense of smell

Tonsils Form a protective ring

around the entrance to respiratory tract

Sinuses Air filled cavity in bone, lined with mucous

membrane Resonance to voice Produce mucus Bones lighter

Paranasal sinuses: para- = near nas/o = nose

Pharynx: commonly called the throat Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

Swallowing Respiratory &

digestive system share oropharynx

Soft palate: closes off nasopharynx

Epiglottis: closes of laryngopharynx

Larynx: common name-voice box

Thyroid cartilage: Adam’s apple

Vocal cords: sound is produced by air expelled from the lungs & cords vibrate

Trachea (windpipe) Held open by C-

shaped cartilage rings

Bronchial Tree Two bronchi Bronchioles: smallest

branches

Alveoli Air sacs Site of gas exchange

Lungs Lobe: division of

the lungs Right lung: 3 lobes Left lung: 2 lobes

Mediastinum Located between

lungs Contains:

Heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, thymus

Pleura Multilayered

membrane that surrounds each lung

Parietal pleura: lines thoracic cavity

Visceral pleura: lines lungs

Pleural space: contains small amount of fluid

Diaphragm Stimulated by

phrenic nerve

Breathing Inhalation Exhalation

External & Internal Respiration

Medical Specialties Otolaryngologist or

otorhinolaryngologist Pulmonologist

Pathology of the Respiratory System

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Describes a group of conditions characterized

by chronic airflow limitations

Asthma Chronic allergic

disorder Episodes of severe

breathing difficulty Coughing Wheezing

Inflammation of lining of airway, production of thick mucus, tightening of muscle around the airways

Bronchiectasis Bronchi/o = bronchi -ectasis = enlargement

Chronic dilation of bronchi or bronchioles from an earlier lung infection

Emphysema Progressive loss of

lung function due to decrease in alveoli & enlargement of alveoli

Chest may assume barrel shape in effort to expand the lungs

Smoker’s respiratory syndrome (SRS) Cough, wheezing,

hoarseness, pharyngitis, difficult breathing, susceptibility to respiratory infections

Allergic rhinitis rhin/o = nose -itis = inflammation

Allergic reaction to airborne allergens that cause an increased flow of mucus

Croup In infants & children

Obstruction of larynx Hoarseness Barking cough

Diphtheria Caused by diphtheria bacteria Acute infection of throat & upper respiratory

tract

Epistaxis Nose bleed

Influenza (flu) Acute viral respiratory infection spread by

respiratory droplets More common in colder months

Pertussis (whooping cough) Contagious bacterial infection of upper

respiratory tract characterized by paroxysmal cough

Rhinorrhea rhin/o = nose -rrhea = abnormal flow

Excess flow of mucus from the nose

Pharyng/o = pharynx Laryng/o = larynx Pharyngitis? Pharyngorrhagia? Pharyngorrhea? Laryngoplegia? Laryngospasm? Laryngitis?

Voice disorders Aphonia

a- = without phon/o = voice

Loss of ability to produce normal sounds

Dysphonia dys- = difficult,

bad phon/o = voice,

sound Hoarseness,

weakness or loss of voice

Trache/o = tracheaBronch/o = bronchus Tracheitis? Tracheorrhagia? Bronchitis? Bronchorrhagia? Bronchorrhea?

Pleurisy Inflammation of the pleura in the thoracic

cavity

Pleuralgia pleur/o = pleura -algia = pain

Pain in the pleura or side

Pneumothorax pneum/o = air or lung -thorax = chest

Accumulation of air in pleural space

Pleural effusion Accumulation of fluid

in pleural space that prevents lungs from fully expanding

Empyema (pyothorax) Accumulation of pus in pleural cavity

Hemothorax hem/o = blood -thorax = chest

Accumulation of blood in pleural cavity

Hemoptysis hem/o = blood -ptysis = spitting

Spitting of blood or blood tinged sputum from the lungs

Pulmonary edema Accumulation of fluid in lungs

Pneumorrhagia pneum/o = lungs -rrhagia = bleeding

Bleeding from the lungs

Atelectasis Collapsed lung; lung fails to expand

Tuberculosis Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium

tuberculosis, usually involving lungs

MDR-TB: multiple drug resistant tuberculosis

Pneumonia Inflammation of lungs in which the lungs fill

with pus & other liquids Bacterial pneumonia: can be prevented with

vaccination Viral pneumonia Lobar pneumonia: one or more lobes involved Bronchopneumonia: begins in bronchioles Double pneumonia: both lungs Aspiration pneumonia: foreign substance inhaled

into lungs

Mycoplasma pneumonia Also called walking pneumonia Milder, longer lasting form, caused by

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia Opportunistic pneumonia, often of AIDS

patients

Pneumoconiosis Abnormal condition caused by dust in the

lungs after years of exposure Anthracosis: black lung disease (coal dust) Asbestosis (asbestos particles) Byssinosis: brown lung disease (cotton, hemp

dust) Silicosis: grinder’s disease (silica dust or glass)

Pulmonary fibrosis Formation of scar tissue that replaces alveolar

walls

Cystic fibrosis Genetic disorder in which the lungs are

clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus

Breathing disorders -pnea: breathing Eupnea Tachypnea Bradypnea Apnea Dyspnea Hyperpnea Hypopnea

Cheyne-Stokes respirations Alternating patterns of hyperpnea, hypopnea

and apnea

Anoxia an- = without ox/o = oxygen

Absence of oxygen from inspired gases

Asphyxiation Suffocation Interruption of breathing

Cyanosis cyan/o = blue -osis = condition

Bluish discoloration of the skin from lack of oxygen

Hypoxia hypo = deficient ox/o = oxygen

Subnormal oxygen levels in cells

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Crib death Usually between ages of 2 weeks & 1 year

Procedures of the Respiratory System

Respiratory rate (RR) One respiration equals one inhalation & one

exhalation Normal range: 15 to 20 breaths per minute

Phlegm Thick mucus secreted

by the tissues of the respiratory passages

Sputum: phlegm that is ejected through the mouth

Spirometry Testing method that

uses a spirometer to record volume of air inhaled or exhaled

Tuberculin skin testing Mantoux method or PPD: small amount of

harmless tuberculin protein injected in arm

You should be able to figure out: Bronchoscopy Laryngoscopy Septoplasty Sinusotomy Pharyngoplasty Pharynogostomy Laryngectomy Laryngoplasty

Tracheoplasty Tracheorrhaphy Tracheotomy Tracheostomy Pneumonectomy Lobectomy Pleurectomy Thoracotomy Thoracostomy

Thoracentesis Puncture of the chest with a needle to obtain

fluid form the pleural cavity

Bronchoconstrictor Agent that narrows openings of the air

passages

Bronchodilator: an agent that expands the opening of the air passages