The Respiratory System

This Lecture is Devised by Dr. Mohammed Qasim & Dr. Rasha Ali

Baghdad College Of Medicine

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Respiratory System

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Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

•Name the parts of the respiratory system.

•Define combining forms used in building words that relate to the respiratory system and its parts.

•Comprehension of English language

Lectures can be downloaded and viewed from this site

• http://www.comed.uobaghdad.edu.iq/PageViewer.aspx?id=1

Student Duties • 1- Read the lecture before attending

• 2- Print out the Formative assessment of this lecture and hand it to the lecturer ‘solved’. It is your homework. You should write on it your name, the date, your group and the name of your lecturer.

• A piece of advice: Take a look at the exercises of the lecture before your actual reading, it will help you design your strategy of studying.

• Note (1): The methodology of the exercises in your formative assessment in this lecture and in the other lectures of the terminology module are similar to your Summative exam.

• Note (2): If you encounter new terms not available in your lecture, look it up using a dictionary or invest your e-learning skills to look it up in the website .

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Structure and Function

The respiratory system performs two major tasks:

•Exchanging air between the body and the outside environment known as external respiration

•Bringing oxygen to the cells and removing carbon dioxide from them referred to as internal respiration

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Inhale/Exhale

The passage of air from the external environment to the lung capillaries, bloodstream and out consists of one inhalation and one exhalation.

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Combining Forms & Abbreviations [adenoid(o)] Combining Form Meaning

adenoid (o) alveol (o) bronch (o) bronchiol (o) capn (o) epiglott (o) laryng (o)

adenoid; gland

alveolus

bronchus

carbon dioxide

larynx

epiglottis

bronchiole

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Combining Forms & Abbreviations [lob(o)] Combining Form Meaning

lob (o) mediastin (o) nas (o) or (o) ox (o) pharyng (o) phon (o)

lobe of the lung

mediastinum

nose

mouth

oxygen

pharynx

voice, sound

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Combining Forms & Abbreviations [phren(o)] Combining Form

Meaning

phren(o) pleur(o) pneum (o) rhin (o) spir (o) steth (o) thorac (o)

diaphragm

pleura

air

nose

breathing

chest

thorax

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Pathology

Inflammatory

Conditions

adenoiditis

bronchitis

epiglottitis

laryngitis

laryngotracheobronchitis

pharyngitis

rhinitis pneumonitis

sinusitis tonsillitis

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Breathing Patterns

Breathing Patterns

eupnea

Bradypnea:

tachypnea

hypopnea

hyperpnea

dyspnea

apnea

orthopnea

Term Analysis Meaning

Apnea A- (without); -pnea (breathing)

Without breathing

Bradypnea Brady- (slow); -pnea (breathing)

Abnormal slowness of respiration

Dyspnea Dys- (difficult or painful); -pnea (breathing(

Painful or difficult breathing

Orthopnea Ortho (means straight); -pnea (breathing)

Discomfort or difficulty in breathing while lying flat; difficulty is relieved by sitting up

Tachypnea Tachy- (fast); -pnea (breathing)

Abnormal slowness of Breathing

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Upper Respiratory Infection Upper respiratory infection is a term that covers an infection of some or all of the respiratory tract.

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a term for any disease with chronic obstruction of the bronchial tubes and lungs such as:

•Emphysema •Chronic Bronchitis

Asthma: a Greek word meaning a panting. This disease has narrowing of the bronchi leading to dyspnea, wheezing and coughing.

Normal bronchiole

Asthmatic bronchiole, showing constriction

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Hemoptysis Hemoptysis

Hem/o (blood); -ptysis (spitting). Lung or bronchial hemorrhage that results in the spitting of blood.

Cystic Fibrosis

From the Greek word kystis (bladder, pouch); from the Latin word fibra (fiber); -osis (abnormal condition). Disease of the exocrine glands that causes secretion of abnormally thick mucus which leads to chronic obstruction.

Atelectasis

(ateles) is Greek meaning “incomplete”; -ectasis means (expansion). Collapsed alveoli leading to collapse of a lung or part of a lung.

Pneumonia

Pneumon/o (air, lung); ia (condition). Inflammation of a lung caused by Infection, chemical inhalation or trauma .

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Disorders of the Pleura Disorders of the Pleura

Pneumothorax

•Pneumon/o (air, lung); from the Greek word thorakos (breastplate, chest) •Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity. Empyema

•Pus in the pleural cavity.

Hemothorax

•Hem/o (blood); -thorax from the Greek word thorakos (breastplate, chest). •Blood in the pleural cavity.

Pleural Effusion

•Escape of fluid into the pleural cavity.

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Otorhinolaryngologists Otorhinolaryngologists are physicians that specialize in disorders of the upper respiratory tract.

Surgical Removal Conditions

•Tonsillectomy •Laryngectomy

•Lobectomy

•Adenoidectomy •Pneumonectomy

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Surgical Repair

Surgical Repair

bronchoplasty

rhinoplasty

laryngoplasty

tracheoplasty

septoplasty

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Surgical Incisions Surgical Incisions

Tracheostomy tube

•Laryngotracheotomy

•Sinusotomy

•Thoracotomy

•Tracheotomy

•Endotracheal intubation is the insertion of a tube through the nose or mouth, pharynx, larynx and into the trachea to establish an airway.

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Pharmacology

Antibiotics, antihistamines and anticoagulants are used for respiratory disorders just as with other system disorders.

Medications specific to Respiratory Conditions:

Bronchodilators

•Dilate the bronchial walls

Expectorants

•Promote coughing and expulsion of mucus

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Mechanical Devices Mechanical Devices that aid in Respiration

Ventilators

•Actually serve as a breathing substitute for patients who can not breathe on their own.

Nebulizers

•Deliver medication through the mouth or nose to ease breathing problems

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Agents to Treat Respiratory Conditions Agents Used to Treat Respiratory Conditions

Antitussive

Decongestants

Expectorants

(relieves coughing)

(decreases and prevents mucus buildup)

(promotes coughing and expelling of mucus)

• Formative assessment for Respiratory system:

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Apply Your Knowledge Part 4

Hiba has very thick respiratory secretions. She visits a local pharmacy looking for something to help her with her dry cough.

Which of the following types of medication should Hiba consider taking?

A. Expectorant B. Antitussive C. Antibiotic

Answer: A. Expectorant

Case study (asthma) Read the following excerpt from an Emergency Room

record and answer the questions.

• Chief complaint: wheezing ,difficulty breathing.

• Present illness: this-8-y-old male with a history of asthma, comes in acute distress. Moms states he was around a neighbors cat when he started have difficulty in breathing .A home nebulizer treatment did not relieve his dyspnea, so she brought him in.

• Examination: well-developed ,well-nourished 8-y-old in acute distress ,pulse oximetry 87% cyanosis noticed of lips and nail bed, oxygen in place, audible wheezing heard throughout lungs.

• Impression: acute exacerbation of asthma

• Plan:1-start nebulizer with bronchodilater

• 2-oxygen via nasal cannula

• 3-monitor pulse oximetry

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• Cyanosis indicates the skin and nails appear ----------- .

• A) blue

• B) red

• C) white

• D) normal

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• The bronchodilator was to help------ the respiratory passageway

• A)close

• B)clean

• C)open

• D)non of the above

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Q.2 Answer the Following:

• 1-gas exchange occurs in bronchi (true/false)

• 2-respiratory problems may be treated with all except----------.

• A)bronchodilators

• B)bronchoconstrictors

• C)expectorants

• D)mucolytics

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• 3-obstructive lung diseases include all except:

• A)asthma

• B)emphysema

• C)cystic fibrosis

• D)atelectasis

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Q3. Match the term in Column A with the correct definition in Column B.

Column A Column B

1-......................... Alveoli A. The lid or flap that helps prevent food and drink from entering the trachea

2- ........................ Diaphragm B. The ” voice Box”

3-......................... Pulmonary C. Indicating something in or associated with lungs.

4- ........................ Trachea D. The major muscle of the respiratory system

5-........................ Epiglottis E. Tiny “sacs” in the lungs that receive oxygen from the bronchioles and transfer it to the capillaries.

6- ........................ Pneumonia, pneumonitis

f. The “windpipe”: air flows through it to the bronchi

7-........................larynx G. Inflammation of a lung, caused by infection, chemical inhalation or trauma

Column A Column B

8- ..................................... Bronchioles H. Incision into the trachea

9- .................................... Asthma I. Inner lining of the lung

10- .................................. Pharynx J. The smallest extension of the bronchi, which pass air directly to the alveoli

11- .................................. Emphysema K. A lung disease characterized by reversible inflammation and constriction

12- .................................. Bronchitis L. Throat

13 - ................................. Dyspnea M. Narrowing of a bronchial tube

14- ..................................tracheotomy N. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes

Column A Column B

15- .................................... Bronchiostenosis

O. Difficult breathing

16- ................................... Apnea .inspection using a bronchoscope

17-................................. Visceral pleura Q. Absence of breathing

18- ............................... Bronchoscopy R. Condition in which the alveoli are inefficient due to distension

Q4. Write the medical terms for each definition

Definition Medical term

1- the process of breathing in

2- spitting up of blood

3- inflammation of the sinus

4- difficulty in speaking

5- Air in the pleural cavity

6- incision into the pleura

Q5. Use bronch/o or bronchi/o to build the following terms 1- Inflammation of the bronchi

2 drug used to open bronchi

3- drug used to constrict bronchi

4- chronic dilation of the bronchioles

Q6. Use the suffix –itis & –pnea to build the following terms

1- rapid breathing

2- inflammation of the larynx

3- slow breathing

4- Inflammation of the bronchi

5- Painful or difficult breathing

6- inflammation of the sinus

7- difficulty breathing while lying down

8- inflammation of the epiglottis

Q.7 Multiple Choices

• 1-expectoration of blood is called

A- hematemesis B- hemoptysis

C- anosmia D- dysphonia

2- what is the term for slow breathing?

A- bradyphasia B- tachypnea C- bradypnea D- tachyphasia

3- which procedure involves making an opening in the trachea to facilitate breathing?

A- intubation B- tracheocentesis

C- tracheoplasty D- tracheostomy

4- what is the surgical puncture of the lung?

A-pneumoconiosis B- pneumocentesis

C- pneumomelanosis D- pneumogenesis

5- what is pleurisy (pleuritis)?

A- effusion of fluid into the air/tissue of the lung

B- softening of the lung

C- engorgement of the pulmonary vessels with fluid

D- inflammation of the membrane that surrounds the lung and lines the walls of the chest cavity.

6- which of the following is the same as pharyngodynia?

A- sore throat

B- inflammation of the pharynx

C- examination of the throat

D- a fungal condition of the pharynx

7- what is another term for pneumonia?

A- pleuropneumonia B- Pneumonitis

C- pulmonary oedema D- Bronchopathy

8- what is the collapse of part of a lung or alveoli?

A- asthma B- atelectasis

D- cystic fibrosis D- brochiolitis

9- what is lobectomy?

A- incision of the lung B- excision of a lung

C- excision of a lobe of an organ

D- bilateral incision of the skull

10- what type of drug is used to decrease the viscosity of mucus?

A- antipyretic B- mucolytic

C- antibiotic D- diuretic