The Science of Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy• the study of internal

and external structures and the physical relationship between body parts

• Greek – a cutting open

Physiology• the study of how living

things perform their vital functions

These two subjects are interrelated because “structure determines function”

Anatomy can be categorized based on the degree of structural detail under consideration:

Microscopic anatomy:• considers structures

that can NOT be seen without magnification

• the boundaries are established by the limits of the equipment used (BAT)

Macroscopic anatomy:• considers the

structures that can be seen without magnification

• aka gross anatomy

Which is which?

• Classify each as either anatomy or physiology– mass of a liver– The cross section of a brain– The pumping of blood through an artery– The size of a female tarsal bone– The exchanging of oxygen in the lungs– How a muscle contracts

Review…

• Anatomy or Physiology?– Stomach acids

digesting food– The gray matter of the

brain– Pigmentation of the

skin– Blinking of the eyes

• Macroscopic or microscopic– Diseased lung– Bones– Hair root bulb– Sense receptors on

the tongue

Levels of organization:

There are 6 different levels, each increasing in complexity

Chemical or Molecular Level

• atoms combine to form molecules [i.e. proteins, DNA, enzymes, etc..] with complex shapes

• the shape of the molecules determines its function

• different molecules interact to form organelles

• each types of organelle has a specific function

• organelles perform vital functions that keep the cell alive

• cells represent this level

Cellular Level

Tissue Level

tissue is composed of similar cells working together to perform a specific function

Organ Level

organs consist of two or more different tissues that work together to perform a specific function

Organ System Level

when different organs work together to perform a specific function

Organism Level

all of the organ systems of the body working together to maintain life and health

Each level of organization depends on the others, and damage at the cellular, tissue, or organ level can affect the entire system

Because all parts of a system are interdependent, damage to one component will ultimately affect the system as a whole

Your summary of Levels of Organization

• For your summary please make a flow chart molecules to organism– Off of each level give examples

Bell Ringer…1. What level(s) of organization would be

considered microscopic anatomy? Gross anatomy?

2. Give an example for each level of organization

Bell Ringer…

• Anatomy or Physiology?– Stomach acids

digesting food– The gray matter of the

brain– Pigmentation of the

skin– Blinking of the eyes

• Macroscopic or microscopic– Diseased lung– Bones– Hair root bulb– Sense receptors on

the tongue

Bell Ringer…Tell if anatomy of physiology…

– Measuring an organ’s size, shape, and weight

– Chemistry principles– Measuring the acid

content of the stomach– Observing a heart in

action– Dynamic– Dissections

– Experimentation– Observation– Can be studied in

dead specimens– Often studied in living

things– Principle of physics– static

Necessary Life Functions…

• All highly complex living things must:– Maintain boundaries– Move– Respond to environmental changes– Carry out metabolism

• Take in and digest nutrients

– Dispose of wastes– Grow– Reproduce themselves

Requirements of Organisms…

• Human life depends upon the following environmental factors:– Water– Food– Oxygen– Heat– pressure

Water…

• The most abundant substance in the body (60 – 80% of our body weight)

• It is required for a variety of metabolic processes, and it provides the environment in which most of them take place

• Transports substances within the organisms• Important in regulating body temperature

Food (nutrients)…

• Any substance that provides organisms with necessary chemicals (nutrients) in addition to water

• Supply energy and raw materials for building new living matter

Oxygen…

• A gas that makes up about one-fifth of the air

• It is used in the process of releasing energy from nutrients

• The released energy is used to drive metabolic processes

Heat…

• A form of energy that is present in our environment

• If varies in either direction, can cause problems• It can be a product of metabolic reactions and it

partly controls the rate at which these reactions occur– In general – the more heat, the more rapid the

reactions will take place• Remember: temperature is a measure of the

amount of heat present

Pressure…

• Is the application of forces on an object or substance

• It plays an important role in breathing

• It also plays an important role in hydrostatic pressure (the pressure exerted by a liquid)– Blood pressure – which keeps blood flowing

through blood vessels

Which is which?• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and minerals• Essential for normal operation of the respiratory system

and breathing• Single substance accounting for over 60% of body

weight• Required for the release of energy from foodstuffs• Provides the basis for body fluids of all types• When too high or too low, physiological activities cease,

primarily because molecules are destroyed or become nonfunctional