Thesis 2nd Semester (Final)

DRUG ADDISTION IN PAKISTANI SOCIETY

By

Fahad Tauheed

Furqan Sajid

Muhammad Irfan Khan

Syeda Urooj Zehra

Tanveer Ahmed Tahir

MASTERS IN CRMINOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI

2010

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By

Fahad Tauheed

Furqan Sajid

Muhammad Irfan Khan

Syeda Urooj Zehra

Tanveer Ahmed Tahir

MASTERS IN CRMINOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI

DR. NABEEL AHMED ZUBAIRI

RESEARCH SUPERVISER

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CONTENT

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION--------------------------------------------------------------1

• Drug-------------------------------------------------------------------------------2

• Etymology------------------------------------------------------------------------4

• Medication-----------------------------------------------------------------------4

• Recreation-----------------------------------------------------------------------5

• Spiritual and Religious use---------------------------------------------------5

• Nootropics-----------------------------------------------------------------------5

• Drug Addiction-----------------------------------------------------------------6

• Types of drugs------------------------------------------------------------------6

• Quranic verses against drug addiction-------------------------------------7

• Narcotics control in Pakistan-------------------------------------------------7

• Drug abuse in Pakistan--------------------------------------------------------8

• Reasons & causes of drug abuse---------------------------------------------9

• Effects of drug abuse-----------------------------------------------------------9

• Drugs vs HIV -------------------------------------------------------------------11

• Injection & infection ----------------------------------------------------------11

• Drug use and unsafe sex------------------------------------------------------12

• Medication and drugs---------------------------------------------------------12

• Objective of study--------------------------------------------------------------13

• Hypothesis of study------------------------------------------------------------13

• Variables for hypothesis------------------------------------------------------14

• Independent Variables--------------------------------------------------------14

• Dependent variables-----------------------------------------------------------14

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CHAPTER 2 THEORATICAL FRAME WORK & REVIEW OF PREVIOUS

LITERATURE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15

• History-----------------------------------------------------------------------------16

• Trade of specific drugs---------------------------------------------------------17

• Related theories------------------------------------------------------------------19

• Sociological theory--------------------------------------------------------------20

• Psychological theory------------------------------------------------------------20

• Socio-psychological theory----------------------------------------------------21

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY--------------------------------------------22

• Type of study---------------------------------------------------------------------23

• Universe---------------------------------------------------------------------------23

• Sample-----------------------------------------------------------------------------24

• Method of data collection------------------------------------------------------24

• Pre-testing------------------------------------------------------------------------24

• Interview process----------------------------------------------------------------24

• Coding-----------------------------------------------------------------------------25

• Tabulation------------------------------------------------------------------------25

• Statistical method of analysis-------------------------------------------------25

• Chi square test-------------------------------------------------------------------25

• Degree of freedom---------------------------------------------------------------26

• Co-efficient of correlation-----------------------------------------------------26

CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION OF DATA--------------------------27

• Testing of hypothesis-----------------------------------------------------------67

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CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY & CONCLUSION----------------------------------------------71

• Summary--------------------------------------------------------------------------72

• Findings---------------------------------------------------------------------------73

• Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------------77

• Bibliography----------------------------------------------------------------------80

INTERVIEW SHEDULE -----------------------------------------------------------------------89

QUESTIONAIRE---------------------------------------------------------------------------------90

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CHAPTER # 01

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INTRODUCTION

Man’s wish to utilize the congenial prompt or narcotic effects upon the nervous system

has been uttered across the world in ancient as well as in the modern civilization. With

the time passes extreme luxury, in them, measured as deviant or criminal behavior. In

past few years it has come to know that drug addiction is a psychologically,

sociologically and economical problems.

• As the modern world faciliting a lot in the mean while giving tremendous rise to

many social problems for example: Unemployment, Over population, Poverty,

Unjustice, Economic, Emotional and social in securities, frustration, etc, which in

order to increasing the addiction of drugs.

• According to Robin (1975) Psycho active substances were known in almost every

corner of earth from time immemorial

• Drug addiction may be in form of wine, alcohol or lysergic acid diethyl amide,

hemp cannabis, opium derivatives, all or any of which decreases the efficiency

and health of an individual.

DRUG

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• Drug is very wider term and can be used for medicinal and non medicinal

purposes. Drug in context of phrases like drug problem or drug abuse is really a

short hand for socially disapproved ways (Mir:1997:1)

• Weissman has statement: Drug is any substance (other than food) which by its

chemical nature the structure of living organism (1978:44)

• According to Oxford Dictionary “A substance which when swallowed, inhaled or

human body induces drowsiness, sleep and insensibility according to its potency

and amount taken” (Murry, 1978:687)

• Ausubal defined it as “ any substance that is used to modifify or explore

physiological systems or pathological condition in a living organism”

• WHO (World Health Organization) has defined Drug as “Any substance that

when taken into the living organism may modify one or more of its function.

• A drug, broadly speaking, is any substance that, when absorbed into the body of a

living organism, alters normal bodily function.

• In pharmacology, a drug is "a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure,

prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or

mental well-being. Drugs may be prescribed for a limited duration, or on a regular

basis for chronic disorders.

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ETYMOLOGYDrug is thought to originate from Old French "drogue", possibly deriving later into

"droge-vate" from Middle Dutch meaning "dry barrels", referring to medicinal plants

preserved in them.

MEDICATION A medication or medicine is a drug taken to cure and/or ameliorate any symptoms of an

illness or medical condition, or may be used as preventive medicine that has future

benefits but does not treat any existing or pre-existing diseases or symptoms.

Medications are typically produced by pharmaceutical companies and are

often patented to give the developer exclusive rights to produce them, but they can also

be derived from naturally occurring substance in plants called herbal medicine Those that

are not patented (or with expired patents) are called generic drugs since they can be

produced by other companies without restrictions or licenses from the patent holder.

Drugs, both medicinal and recreational, can be administered in a number of ways:

• Orally, as a liquid or solid, that is absorbed through the intestines.

• Sublingually, diffusing into the blood through tissues under the tongue.

• Inhaled, (breathed into the lungs), as an aerosol or dry powder.

• Injected as a solution, suspension or emulsion

either: intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intraosseous.

• Rectally as a suppository, that is absorbed by the rectum or colon.

• Vaginally as a suppository, primarily to treat vaginal infections.

• Bolus, a substance into the stomach to dissolve slowly.

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• Insufflation, or snorted into the nose.

• Topically, usually as a cream or ointment. A drug administered in this manner

may be given to act locally or systemically

Many drugs can be administered in a variety of ways.

RECREATIONRecreational drugs use is the use of psychoactive substances to have fun, for the

experience, or to enhance an already positive experience. National laws prohibit the use

of many different recreational drugs and medicinal drugs that have the potential for

recreational use are heavily regulated. Many other recreational drugs on the other hand

are legal, widely culturally accepted, and at the most have an age restriction on using

and/or purchasing them. These include alcohol, tobacco, betel nut, and caffeine products.

SPIRITUAL AND RELIGIOUS USEThe spiritual and religious use of drugs has been occurring since the dawn of our species.

Drugs that are considered to have spiritual or religious use are called entheogens. Some

religions are based completely on the use of certain drugs.

NOOTROPICSNootropics, also commonly referred to as "smart drugs", are drugs that are claimed to

improve human cognitive abilities. Nootropics are used to improve memory,

concentration, thought, mood, learning, and many other things. Some no tropics are now

beginning to be used to treat certain diseases such as attention-deficit hyperactivity

disorder, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. They are also commonly used to

regain brain function lost during aging.

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DRUG ADDICTION

• According to Encyclopedia Americana the term has been defined as “The

compulsive use of drug is greater than amount is used in ordinary therapeutic or is

acceptable or in social custom, and that is harmful to the individual or society or

to both.”

• The term has been defined in the New Universe Library as “The carving for any

drug which is usually occurs in adequate or abnormal personality the underlying

object of drug taking is usually the desire to withdraw into a world of dreams and

fantasies (Muhammad:2003)

• According to WHO (World Health Organization), “Drug abuse is the

consumption of a drug apart from medical need or in the unnecessary quantity.”

TYPES OF DRUGS Drugs can be classified into eight

1. Opiods, i.e. opium, morphine, codeine, heroin, methadone and mercridine.

2. Sedative, i.e. alcohol, anti anxiety agents.

3. Cocaine and amphetamine drugs

4. Cannabinoids

5. Nicotine.

6. Psychedelies or hallucinogen including LSD. Mesaline and Psilocybin.

7. Psilocybin

8. Arylcyclohery lamines

9. Inhalants, Including nitrousoxide, other and toluene and miscellaneous group

made up of substances in tea and coffee (caffine), betelnut, kava and other plants

products (smith,1980:411)

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QURANIC VERSES AGAINST DRUG ADDICTION

All mighty Allah has strictly prohibited drug addiction in The Holy Book Quran, few

verses are as follows

• “O Ye who believe, intoxicants and games of chance and idols and disc inning

arrows are only infamy of Satan’s handwork. So, leave it asise in order that you

may succeeded. Satan seekth only to cast among you enmity and hatred by means

of intoxicants and games of chance, and to turn you away from the remembrance

of Allah, and from prayers. Will you desist?”

(Chapter 5: Verse 90-91)

• “O ye who believe, draw not near un to prayer yr are drunken, till ye know that

which ye lutte.”

(Chapter 4: Verse 43)

• “They question thee about strong drink and game of chance say in both s great sin,

and (some) utility for men, but the sin of them is greater that their usefulness.

(Chapter 11: Verse 219)

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NARCOTICS CONTROL IN PAKISTAN

The narcotics Control strategy of Pakistan included supply reduction and demand

reduction through law enforcement agencies and alternative development projects and

national and International Corporation. Due to coordinated and concerted efforts, the law

enforcement agencies of Pakistan were successful in seizures of considerable quantities

of drugs. As opium production increased in Afghanistan, heroin/ morphine based seizures

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in Pakistan have generally kept place. Pakistan made the largest number of seizures of

heroin/ morphine base since 2003 as compared to its neighbors in the Golden Crescent.

ANNUAL SEIZURES OF NARCOTICS IN PAKISTAN

YEAR OPIUM MORPHINE BASE HEROIN HASHISH

2003 5785.710 27777.550 6363.931 9123.245

2004 2495.112 21256.000 3487.550 135638.674

2005 6447.682 22196.800 2144.497 93994.402

2006 8997.380 32657.600 2819.072 115443.699

2007 15368.594 10989.000 2873.857 109530.456

2008 27242.620 7324.890 1896.465 134620.525

2009 6081.322 1353.000 433.531 124000.295

DRUG ABUSE IN PAKISTAN

According to the National Survey on Drug Abuse 1993, carried out by the Narcotics

Control Board, there were 3 million reported drug addicts in the country. Of these, 51%

were heroin abusers and 72% of the drug addicts were between the ages of 24 & 30 years.

According to UNODC Pakistan Recent figures estimate about 6 million addicts in

Pakistan

OPIATE USE IN PAKISTAN

PREVELENCE OF

OPIATE USE

(Percentage of Population)

PREVELENCE OF

OPIATE USE (In n

umber of users)

INJECTING DRUG

USERS PREVALENCE

(Percentage)

INJECTING DRUG

USERS (In number

of users)

NWFP 0.7 90,000.00 0.06 8,000.00

PUNJAB 0.4 200,000.00 0.2 10,000.00

SINDH 0.4 87,000.00 0.2 44,000.00

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BALUCHISTAN 1 45,000.00 0.1 4,500.00

PAKISTAN 0.7 628,000.00 0.14 | 125000

Source : Report of the UNODC 2006 National Assessment on Drug Use in Pakistan.

REASONS AND CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE There is no single reason for drug abuse. The causes of drug abuse ranges from

pharmacological to the environmental, social and psychological factors. Several reasons

may be behind drug abuse in Pakistan

1. Socio-political disruption

2. Economic Imbalance

3. Easy access due to ineffective law and order system

4. Rigid and outdated curriculum and teaching method

5. Inadequate recreational/community activity/ centers

6. Peer pressure, especially among young school children

7. Attempts to seek false sense of pressure/ relief

8. Weak parental influence / control

9. Addiction to initially prescribed drugs for pain / stress relief

10. Erosion of religious values

EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE

• EFFECTS ON INDIVISUAL People who use drugs experience a wide array of physical effects other than those

expected. The excitement of a cocaine effect, for instance, is followed by a "crash”: a

period of anxiety, fatigue, depression, and a strong desire to use more cocaine to alleviate

the feelings of the crash. Marijuana and alcohol interfere with motor control and are

factors in many automobile accidents. Users of marijuana and hallucinogenic drugs may

experience flashbacks, unwanted recurrences of the drug's effects weeks or months after

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use. Abrupt abstinence from certain drugs results in withdrawal symptoms. For example,

heroin withdrawal symptoms cause vomiting, muscle cramps, convulsions, and delirium.

With the continued use of a physically addictive drug, tolerance develops; i.e., constantly

increasing amounts of the drug are needed to duplicate the initial effect. Sharing

hypodermic needles used to inject some drugs dramatically increases the risk of

contracting AIDS and some types of hepatitis. In addition, increased sexual activity

among drug users, both in prostitution and from the disinhibiting effect of some drugs,

also puts them at a higher risk of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. Because

the purity and dosage of illegal drugs such as heroin are uncontrolled, Drug Overdose is a

constant risk. There are over 10,000 deaths directly attributable to drug use in the United

States every year; the substances most frequently involved are cocaine, heroin, and

morphine, often combined with alcohol or other drugs. Many drug users engage in

criminal activity, such as burglary and prostitution, to raise the money to buy drugs, and

some drugs, especially alcohol, are associated with violent behavior.

• EFFECTS ON FAMILY The user's preoccupation with the substance, plus its effects on mood and performance,

can lead to marital problems and poor work performance or dismissal. Drug use can

disrupt family life and create destructive patterns of codependency, that is, the spouse or

whole family, out of love or fear of consequences, inadvertently enables the user to

continue using drugs by covering up, supplying money, or denying there is a problem.

Pregnant drug users, because of the drugs themselves or poor self-care in general, bear a

much higher rate of low birth-weight babies than the average. Many drugs (e.g., crack

and heroin) cross the placental barrier, resulting in addicted babies who go through

withdrawal soon after birth, and fetal alcohol syndrome can affect children of mothers

who consume alcohol during pregnancy. Pregnant women who acquire the AIDS virus

through intravenous drug use pass the virus to their infant.

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• EFFECTS ON SOCIETY Drug Abuse affects society in many ways. In the workplace it is costly in terms of lost

work time and inefficiency. Drug users are more likely than nonusers to have

occupational accidents, endangering themselves and those around them. Over half of the

highway deaths in the United States involve alcohol. Drug-related crime can disrupt

neighborhoods due to violence among drug dealers, threats to residents, and the crimes of

the addicts themselves. In some neighborhoods, younger children are recruited as

lookouts and helpers because of the lighter sentences given to juvenile offenders, and

guns have become commonplace among children and adolescents. The great majority of

homeless people have either a drug or alcohol problem or a mental illness-many have all

three.

DRUGS VS HIV Drug use is a major factor in the spread of HIV infection. Shared equipment for using

drugs can carry HIV and hepatitis, and drug use is linked with unsafe sexual activity.

Drug use can also be dangerous for people who are taking anti-HIV medications. Drug

users are less likely to take all of their medications, and street drugs may have dangerous

interactions with HIV medications.

INJECTION AND INFECTION

HIV infection spreads easily when people share equipment to use drugs. Sharing

equipment also spreads hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and other serious diseases.

Infected blood can be drawn up into a syringe and then get injected along with the drug

by the next user of the syringe. This is the easiest way to transmit HIV during drug use

because infected blood goes directly into someone's bloodstream.

Even small amounts of blood on cookers, filters, tourniquets, or in rinse water can be

enough to infect another user. Blood on your hands - even small amounts - can also be

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dangerous when you help someone else find a vein; steady their arm, or when you pass

equipment. To reduce the risk of HIV and hepatitis infection, never share any equipment

used with drugs, and keep washing your hands. Carefully clean your cookers and the site

you will use for injection. A recent study showed that HIV can survive in a used syringe

for at least 4 weeks. If you have to re-use equipment, you can reduce the risk of infection

by cleaning it between users. If possible, re-use your own syringe. It still should be

cleaned because bacteria can grow in it. The most effective way to clean a syringe is to

use water first, then bleach and a final water rinse. Try to get all blood out of the syringe

by shaking vigorously for 30 seconds. Use cold water because hot water can make the

blood form clots. To kill most HIV and hepatitis C virus, leave bleach in the syringe for

two full minutes. Cleaning does not always kill HIV or hepatitis. Always use a new

syringe if possible.

DRUG USE AND UNSAFE SEX For a lot of people, drugs and sex go together. Drug users might trade sex for drugs.

Some people think that sexual activity is more enjoyable when they are using drugs.

Drug use, including alcohol, increases the chance that people will not protect themselves

during sexual activity. Someone who is trading sex for drugs might find it difficult to set

limits on what they are willing to do. Anyone using drugs is less likely to remember

about using protection, or to care about it.

MEDICATIONS AND DRUGS It is very important to take every dose of anti-HIV medications. People who are not

adherent (miss doses) are more likely to have higher levels of HIV in their blood, and to

develop resistance to their medications. Drug use is linked with poor adherence, which

can lead to treatment failure.

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Some street drugs interact with medications. The liver breaks down some medications

used to fight HIV, especially the protease inhibitors and the non-nucleoside analog

reverse transcriptase inhibitors. It also breaks down some recreational drugs, including

alcohol. When drugs and medications are both "in line" to use the liver, they might both

be processed much more slowly. This can lead to a serious overdose of the medication or

of the recreational drug.

An overdose of a medication can cause serious side effects. An overdose of a recreational

drug can be deadly. At least one death of a person with HIV has been blamed on mixing a

protease inhibitor with the recreational drug Ecstasy.

Some antiviral drugs can change the amount of methadone in the bloodstream. It may be

necessary to adjust the dosage of methadone in some cases. See the fact sheets for each of

the medications you are taking.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objective of the study to provide useful analytical knowledge about grounds and

penalties of drug addiction in Pakistani society especially in Karachi.

The specific objectives are as follows

• To identify the pattern of drug addiction

• To find out socio-economic and demographic trait of drug addicts.

• To investigate and establish correlation of factors, personal profile of drug

addicts (sex, age, marital status, occupation, qualification, income, type of

family)

HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY The following hypothesis have been devised for the present study

• Lower the age of drug abuse, higher will be the desire to give up.

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• The level of awareness about negative facts of drugs is likely to be related

with the level of education

• There is a relationship between the relationship of spouse and desire to

give up drugs

• Un-cordial relationship more drug abuse.

VARIABLES FOR HYPOTHESIS

In a hypothesis, there are two elements or variables

Independent

Dependent

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Age

Nature of family

Level of education

Relationship with spouse

Income

DEPENDENT VARIABLES

Dependency on drugs

Level of awareness about negative effects of drugs

Desire to give up drugs

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CHAPTER # 02

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THEORATICAL FRAME WORK AND REVIEW OF PREVIOUS

LITERATURE.

A theoretical framework has great significance while conducting research. A review of

literature for a research project serves essentially the same purpose as a guide book for a

journey. Both provide initial information on which to carry out the respective activity.

“The main goal to achieve in the literature review is developing a knowledge and

understanding of the previous work or activity in regard to the topic being researched,

The literature review also informs the investigator / researcher as to the main finding

trends, areas of debt or controversy, areas of neglect, and suggestions for additional

research” (Adams, 1985: 51-52)

HISTORY The illegal drugs trade has arisen as a result of drug prohibition laws. In the First Opium

War the Chinese authorities had banned opium but the United Kingdom forced the

country to allow British merchants to trade in opium with the general population.

Smoking opium had become common in the 1800s due to increasing importation via

British merchants. Trading in opium was (as it is today in the heroin trade) extremely

lucrative. As a result of this illegal trade an estimated two million Chinese people became

addicted to the drug. The British Crown (via the treaties of Nanking and Tianjin) took

vast sums of money from the Chinese government through this illegal trade which they

referred to as "reparations”. Mafia groups limited their activities to gambling and theft

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tianjin

until 1920, when organized bootlegging manifested in response to the effect of

prohibition. An example of the spectacular rise of the mafia due to Prohibition is Al

Capone's syndicate that "ruled" Chicago in the 1920s. The official rise of drug trade

started in 1954. The peak of drug selling was in 1979.

TRADE OF SPECIFIC DRUGS

• CANNABIS

While the recreational use of, and consequently the distribution of, cannabis is illegal in

most countries throughout the world. It is available by prescription in many more places,

however, including some US states, as well as Canada. Cannabis is also tolerated in some

areas, most notably the Netherlands.

A World Drug Report in 2006 by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

(UNODC) focused on what was termed The New Cannabis, referring to the distribution

of processed cannabis with a higher concentration of THC, and its alleged negative

impact on health.

• ALCOHOL In some areas of the world, particularly in and around the Arabian Peninsula, the trade of

alcohol is prohibited by law. For example, Pakistan bans the trade because of its large

Muslim population. Similarly, Saudi Arabia forbids the importation of alcohol into its

kingdom. Pure alcohol or liquids with high alcohol concentration, the threshold for which

varying in different jurisdictions, and usually measured as a percentage or proof value,

calculated by either volume or mass, are also restricted in many additional countries.

• TOBACCO

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While the purchase and use of tobacco is legal for adults in most countries throughout the

world, heavy taxation in some countries such as the United Kingdom has resulted in an

extensive market for its illegal trade. Tobacco products such as name-brand cigarettes

may be sold as low as one third of the retail price because of the lack of taxes which

would be imposed throughout the legal distribution process. It was estimated in 2004 that

smuggling a single truck containing up to 48,000 cartons of cigarettes into the United

States could lead to a profit of around US$2 million. The source of the illegally-traded

tobacco is often the proceeds from other crimes, such as store and transportation

robberies. A notable exception to the legal status of tobacco in most countries

internationally is the kingdom of Bhutan, which made the sale of tobacco illegal in

December 2004, and since this event, a large supply of tobacco has been made available

on the black market. In 2006, tobacco and betel nut were the most commonly seized

illicit drugs in Bhutan.

• HEROIN Heroin is smuggled into the United States and Europe from areas such as the Golden

Triangle (Southeast Asia); with Afghanistan currently being "the world's largest exporter

of heroin". In 2007, 93% of the opiates on the world market originated in Afghanistan.

This amounts to an export value of about $64 billion, with a quarter being earned by

opium farmers and the rest going to district officials, insurgents, warlords and drug

traffickers.

Heroin is a very easily smuggled drug because a small, quarter-sized vial can contain

hundreds of doses. From the 1930s to the early 1970s, the so-called French

Connection supplied the majority of US demand. Allegedly, during the Vietnam War,

drug lords such as Ike Atkinson used to smuggle hundreds of kilos of heroin to the U.S.

in coffins of dead American soldiers. Since that time it has become more difficult for

drugs to be imported into the United States than it had been in previous decades, but that

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does not stop the heroin smugglers from getting their product onto U.S. soil. Purity levels

vary greatly by region with, for the most part, Northeastern cities having the most pure

heroin in the United States report by the DEA,Camden, New Jersey and Newark, New

Jersey and Philadelphia, have the purest street grade A heroin in the country.

• METHAMPHETAMINE Methamphetamine is a favorite amongst many drug distributors. The most common

"street names" for meth are "crystal" and "ice" and "crystal meth". Methamphetamine is

sometimes used in an injectable form; placing users and their partners at risk for

transmission of HIV and hepatitis C. "Meth" can also be inhaled, most commonly

vaporized on aluminum foil, or through a test tube or light bulb fashioned into a pipe.

This method is reported to give "an unnatural high" and a "brief intense rush"

• TEMAZEPAM

Temazepam, which is a strong hypnotic benzodiazepine, is being illicitly manufactured in

clandestine laboratories (called jellie labs) to supply the increasingly high demand for the

hypnotic drug internationally. Most clandestine temazepam labs are in Eastern Europe.

The way in which they manufacture the temazepam is through chemical alteration of

diazepam, oxazepam or lorazepam. Clandestine "jellie labs" have been identified and

shutdown in Russia, Ukraine, Czech Republic, Latvia and Belarus.

RELATED THEORIES

• Harry Elmer Barnes stated in his theory regarding drug addiction in 1939, “It is

now definitely demonstrated that the most serious cases of drug addiction are the

result of neurotic conditions, namely mental and nervous disorders growing out of

deep seated mental conflicts in the individual. The narcotic drug produces a sense

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of euphoria or well being which temporarily removes the sufferer from this

mental conflicts and fear.”

• According to Becker, “An individual will be able to use marijuana for pleasure

only when he goes through a process of learning to conceive of it as an object

which can be used in the way. No one becomes a user without (1) learning to

smoke the drug in a way which will produce real effects; (2) learning to recognize

the effects and connect them with drug use (learning, in other words, to get high);

and (3) learning to enjoy the sensations he perceives. In the course of this process

he develops a disposition or motivation to use marijuana which was not and could

not have been present when he began to use, for it involves and depends on

conceptions of drug.”(Becker, 1953:235-242)

There are three major explanation of drug addiction

Sociological

Psychological

Socio-Psychological

• This one is offered by psychiatrists, and psychiatrists who note the almost

universal existence of personality defects among addicts which are most often

traits of inadequacy and dependency. At its simplest this view would hold that

there is large reservoir of “addiction-prone” personalities in any population, and

that “when accidental factors make narcotics available to these persons, many

become addicts.

• Sociological studies points out exceptionally high rates of addiction among

minority groups, to the much higher rate for males and to the fact that, in the large

metropolitan areas which have been studied, most cases of addiction come from

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the poorest, most deprived, most underprivileged areas. The inference is that

social pressure towards addiction must be operating, perhaps producing addicts

among relatively “normal” pressure.

• A socio-psychological approach, focuses on the process of becoming an addict,

the learning involved the gradual withdrawal from the wider culture increased

integration into a deviant subculture, the giving up of old and the formation of

new values and attitudes. (Lurie,1967: 22)

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CHAPTER # 03

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• According to Sharma: “Methodology refers to a system of principles and methods

of organizing and constructing theoretical and practical activity.” (Sharma,

1992:15-16)

• Collins Dictionary of Sociology (1991) has defined methodology as, “The

techniques and strategies employed within a discipline to manipulate data and

acquire knowledge.”

• The data which provides the relevant collected evidence by researcher is known

as methodology. Methodology consists of Type of study, Universe, Sampling,

Methods of data collection, Pre testing, Coding, Tabulation, Etc.

TYPE OF STUDY Each research has its own specific nature and objective. The present research is an

exploratory research, which can be defined as, “a preliminary study the major purpose of

which is to become familiar with a phenomenon that is to be investigated, so that the

major study to follow may be designed with greater understanding and precision”

(Sharma,1992: 315)

UNIVERSE The word universe is used to denote the cumulative from which the sample is chosen.

According to Earl Barbie, “A universe is the theoretical and hypothetical aggregation of

all elements, as defined for a given survey.” (Barbie, 1979:166)

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Since the topic of present study is “The patterns of Drug abuse in Pakistani Society”, in

selected areas of Karachi the researcher has selected the following areas as universe, after

a preliminary survey of various areas: Liyari, Sohrab Goth, Gulshan-e-Iqbal and DHA.

SAMPLE In the present study, researcher used snow ball sampling technique, Earle Babbie in his

book, the practice of Social Research (1986), defined it as “A non-probability sampling

method often employed in field research. Each person interviewed may be asked to

suggest additional people for interviewing” (Babbie, 1986: 559)

The researcher interviewed 19 willing respondents from Liyari, 57 from Sohrab goth, 16

from Gulshan-e-Iqbal & 8 from DHA. The total size of sample was 100.

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION In the present study, the interview schedule method has been used was consisted on 43

questions.

PRE TESTING Before the finalization of questionnaire, researcher interviewed 20addicted individuals.

According to Muhammad in his research on heroin addicts in Pakistani society, defined

as, ”Pre-testing of questionnaire is prerequisite of data collection. (Muhammad: 2003)

INTERVIEW PROCESS Before beginning of the actual data collection, the researcher visited many times

respondents through working in field,.

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CODING After the data collection each interview was given a specific serial number, which is

known as code number.

TABULATION Tabulation is an ordinary arrangement of data in columns and rows. “Tabulation is an

initial process in summarizing all the data from the individuals in any single item.”

(Hagood and Price, 1959:30)

STATISTICAL METHOD OF ANALYSIS For the test of hypothesis either accepted or rejected many statistical methods are used

such as CHI square test, analysis of variance, analysis of correlation and regression. The

selection of a suitable method depends on eminence of data.

The simplest method for research finding is Percentage Distribution, so in the study

percentage distribution are also drawn for each table.

CHI SQUARE TEST In the present study, Chi square test was implemented to verify the relationship between

two variables.

Therese L Baker has defined it as “An inferential statistic testing the hypothesis of

independence between two variables” (Baker 1994: 473)

The CHI Square test is computed by the formula:

X2 = ∑ (fo-fe) (fo-fe)

Fe

After implementation of the CHI square the computed result are evaluated in the

tabulated degree of freedom. If the value is higher than tabulated figure then null

hypothesis is rejected and alternate hypothesis is accepted.

30

DEGREE OF FREEDOM The number is must to know before the table is used. The formula for computation of

degree of freedom is:

df = (r-1) (c-1)

CO-EFFICIENT OF CORRELATION Co-efficient of correlation is tested when null hypothesis is rejected. The formula for

computation of Co-efficient of correlation is:

r = √x²/x²+N

31

CHAPTER # 04

32

PRESENTATION OF DATA IN SIMPLE TABLES AND

GRAPHS

Table-1 FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTUION OF THE

GENDER S no. Gender Frequency Percentage

1 Male 93 93%

2 Female 7 7%

100 100%

0102030405060708090

100

Frequency

MaleFemale

The above table and graph shows overall percentage distribution of the male and female

drug abusers. Out of 100 93% are male drug abusers and 7% are female drug abusers.

33

Table-2

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTUION OF THE

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO NATIVE LANGUAGE

S no. Native Language Frequency Percentage

1 Sindhi 5 5%

2 Punjabi 1 1%

3 Urdu 89 89%

4 Pashto 3 3%

5 Baluchi 2 2%

100 100%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Frequency

Sindhi PunjabiUrduPashtoBaluchi

The above table and graph shows overall percentage distribution of the respondents

according to their native language. Sindhi speaking are 5%, Punjabi 1%, Urdu 89%,

Pashto 3% and Baluchi speaking 2%.

34

Table-3


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO PLACE OF BIRTH

SNO Place of birth Frequency Percentage

1 Hyderabad 2 2%

2 India 1 1%

3 Islamabad 2 2%

4 Punjab 2 2%

5 Sindh 3 3%

6 Karachi 90 90%

100

010

2030

4050

607080

90

Frequency

HyderabadindiaIslamabadpunjabSindhKHI


according to their place of birth. 2% born in Hyderabad, 1% in India, 2% in Islamabad,

2% in Punjab, 3% in Sindh and 90% born in Karachi.

35

Table-4


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO MARITAL STATUS

S no

Marital

Status Frequency Percentage

1 Married 19 19%

2 Unmarried 78 78%

3 Separate 3 3%

100 100%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Percentage

MarriedUnmarriedSeparate


according to their marital status. 19% are married, 78% are Unmarried and 3% are

separated.

36

Table-5

FREQUENCY AND FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

OF THE RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO TYPE OF FAMILY

S no

Type of

Family Frequency Percentage

1 Joint Family 41 41%

2

Nuclear Family /

isolated 59 59%

100 100%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Frequency

Joint FamilyNuclear Family


according to their type of family. 41% respondents lives in joint family and 59

respondents lives in Nuclear family/ isolated.

37

Table-6


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF SIBLINGS

. no Siblings frequency percentage

1 Nil 3 3%

2 1-3 10 10%

3 4-6 39 39%

4 7-9 36 36%

5 10-12 12 12%

100 100%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

frrequency

Nil1-34-67-910-12


according to their siblings. 3% have nil, 10% respondents have 1-3, 39% 4-6, 36% have

7-9 and 12% have 10-12 siblings.

38

Table-7


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF CHILDREN

S no Children frequency percentage

1 Nil 85 85%

2 1-3 14 14%

3 4-6 1 1%

4 7-9 0 0%

5 10-12 0 0%

100 100%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

frrequency

Nil1-34-67-910-12


according to their number of children. 85% have nil, 14% respondents have 1-3, 1% 4-6,

0% have 7-9 and 0% have 10-12 children.

39

Table-8


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO LITERACY

S no Literacy frequency percentage 1 Yes 96 96%

2 No 4 4%

100

0102030405060708090

100

frrequency

YesNo


according to their literacy. 96% respondents are literate and 4% are illiterate.

40

Table-9


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO LEVEL OF EDUCATION

S no

Classes

Studied frequency percentage 1 Primary 4 4%

2 Secondary 21 21%

3 Matric 42 42%

4 Inter 14 14%

5 Degree 14 14%

6 Madarsa 1 1%

96 96%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

frrequency

PrimarySecondaryMatricInterDegreeMadarsa


according to their number of classes studied. 4% studied primary, 21% secondary, 42%

matric, 14% Inter, 14% studied till degree class.

41

Table-10


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THEIR NATURE OF

OCCUPATION

S o Occupation Frequency Percentage

1 Employed 24 24%

2 Business 6 6%

3 None 70 70%

100 100%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Frequency

EmployedBussinessNone


according to their occupation. 24% are employed, 6% runs business and 70% do not earn.

42

Table-11


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THEIR MONTHLY INCOME

S no

Monthly

Income Frequency Percentage 1 below or 5000 51 51%

2 5001-10000 10 10%

3 10000 & above 39 42%

100 100%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Frequency

below or 50005001-1000010000 & above


according to their monthly income. 51% earns below or 5000, 10 earns 5001-10000 and

42% earns 10000 and above.

43

Table-12


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH

SPOUSE/ FAMILY

S no Relationship Frequency Percentage

1 Cordial 5 5%

2 Regular 60 60%

3 Un-cordial 35 35%

100 100%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Frequency

CordialRegularUncordial


according to their relationship with spouse / family. 5% have cordial relationship, 60%

have regular and 35% have un-cordial relationship.

44

Table-13


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THEIR LIVING PATTERN

S no Living pattern Frequency Percentage

1 Wife & Children 1 1%

2 Parents 48 48%

3 Isolated 51 51%

100 100%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Frequency

Wife & ChildrenParentsIsolated


according to their living pattern. 1% lives with wife & children 48 with parents and 51%

lives isolated.

45

Table-14


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING FOLLOWING OF RELIGION

S no Follow religion Frequency Percentage

1 Yes 8 8%

2 No 89 89%

3 Up to some Extend 3 3%

100 100%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Frequency

YesNoUp to some Extend


according to following religion. 8% responded yes, 89% responded no and 3% follows

religion up to some extent.

46

Table-15


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO GOT RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

S no

Got religious

Education Frequency Percentage

1 Yes 8 8%

2 No 92 92%

100 100%

0102030405060708090

100

Frequency

YesNo


according to got religious education. 8% got their religious education, 92% responded not

get their religious education..

47

Table-16


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THEIR HOBBIES

S no. Hobbies Frequency Percentage 1 Adult films 2 2%

2 Car / Motor Bike Racing 11 11%

3 Outing / traveling 7 7%

4 games 7 7%

5 dogs/ pigeons 3 3%

6 drugs/ drinking 2 2%

7 fishing 6 6%

8 shooting 3 3%

9 games , study 2 2%

10 no 57 57%

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Frequency

Adult filmsCar / Motor RacingOuting / travellinggamesdogs/ pigeonsdrugs/ drinkingfishingshootinggames , studyno

The above table and graph shows overall percentage distribution according to their

hobbies. 2% hobby is to see adult movies, 11% car / motor bike racing , 7% Outing/

Traveling, 7% Games, 3% pigeons/dogs, 2% Drugs/Drinking, 6% fishing,3% shooting,

2% games/Study and 57% have no hobbies.

48

Table-17


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THEIR NUMBERS OF FRIENDS

S no. Number of friends Frequency Percentage 1 0-20 83 83%

2 21-40 8 8%

3 41-above 9 9%

100

0

10

20

30

4050

60

70

80

90

Frequency

0-2021-4041-above

The above table and graph shows overall percentage distribution according to their

numbers of friends. 83% respondents have 0-20 friends, 8% have 21-40 and 9% 41 and

above friends.

49

Table-18


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO SMOKE HABBIT

S no Smoke cigarette Frequency Percentage

1 Yes 98 98%

2 No 2 2%

100 100%

0102030405060708090

100

Frequency

YesNo


according to their smoking habits. 98% respondents said yes and 2% said no.

50

Table-19


RESPONDENTS BY USING MEDIAN ACCORDING TO THEIR

AGE AT STARTED SMOKING

S

no.

Age when started

smoking Frequency Percentage 1 less than 19 47 47%

2 19 9 9%

3 above than 19 44 44%

100

05

101520253035404550

Frequency

less than 1919above than 19

The above table and graph shows overall percentage distribution by using median

according to the starting age of smoking. 47% started smoking less than 19 years, 9% at

19 and 44% above than 19.

51

Table-20


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO DRUG USED FIRST TIME

S no

Drug use

first time Frequency Percentage

1 Heroin 0 0%

2 Charas 93 93%

3 Opium 0 0%

4 Beer 7 7%

5 Bhang 1 1%

100 100%

0102030405060708090

100

Frequency

HerioinCharasOpiumBeer Bhang


according to drug used first time. Heroin 0%, charas 93%, opium0%, beer 7% and bhang

1%

52

Table-21


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO DRUG START AGE

SNO Drug start age Frequency Percentage 1 10-19 28 28%

2 20-29 65 65%

3 30-ABOVE 7 7%

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Frequency

10-1920-2930-ABOVE


according to age when respondents started using drugs. 28% started at the age of 10-19,

65% started at the age of 20-29 and 7% started at the age of 30- above.

53

Table-22


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO DRUG USED PRESENTLY

S no

Drug presently

using Frequency Percentage

1 Heroin 43 43%

2 Charas 29 29%

3 Opium 0 0%

4 Beer 27 27%

5 Bhang 1 1%

100 100%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Frequency

HerioinCharasOpiumBeer


according to drug used presently. Heroin 43%, charas 29%, opium0%, beer 27% and

bhang 1%

54

Table-23


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO FROM WHERE THEY USE

DRUG

S

no. Where you use drug? Frequency Percentage 1 at home 2 2%

2 Foot path 2 2%

3 Friends 86 86%

4 In Mazars 3 3%

5 In my shop 1 1%

6 Sohrabgoth 5 5%

7 Sseaside 1 1%

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Frequency

at homeFoot pathFriendsIn MazarsIn my shopSohrabgothSseaside

The above table and graph shows overall percentage distribution according to where they

use drugs. 2% use at home, 2% on foot path, 86% with friends, 3% In Mazars, 1% In

their shops, 5% at Sohrabgoth and 1% at seaside.

55

Table-24


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO WITH WHOM THEY USE

DRUGS

S no.

With whom do you use

drugs? Frequency Percentage 1 alone 2 2%

2 friends 97 97%

3 sister 1 1%

100

0102030405060708090

100

Frequency

alonefriendssister

The above table and graph shows overall percentage distribution according to with whom

they use drugs. 2% uses alone, 97% with friends and 1% with sister.

56

Tables-25


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO FROM WHERE THEY BUY

DRUGS

S no. From where buy drugs Frequency Percentage 1 North Karachi 10 10%

2 Any liquor shop 3 3%

3 Gulshan 23 23%

4 Liyari 5 5%

5 Tower 3 3%

6 Sohrabgoth 56 56%

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Frequency

North KarachiAny liquire shopGulshanLiyariTowerSohrabgoth

The above table and graph shows overall percentage distribution according from where

they buy drugs.10% from north Karachi, 3% from any liquor shop, 23% from Gulshan,

5% from Liyari, 3% from Tower, 56% from Sohrabgoth.

57

Table-26


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO DAILY EXPENDITURE ON

DRUGS

S no

Daily Expenditure

on drugs Frequency Percentage

1 100+ 71 71%

2 200+ 23 23%

3 300+ 6 6%

100 100%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Frequency

100+200+300+


according to expenditure on daily basis on drugs. 71% pays 100+, 23% pays 200+ and 6

pays 300+ each day on drugs.

58

Table-27


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO DRUG INTAKE

S no

Daily drug

intake Frequency Percentage

1 Once 33 33%

2 Twice 60 60%

3 Thrice or above 7 7%

100 100%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Frequency

OnceTwiceThrice or above


according to intake of drugs on daily basis. 33% intakes once, 60% twice & 3% Thrice or

above a day.

59

Table-28


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO PATTERN OF USING DRUGS

S no Usage of Drug Frequency Percentage 1 Inhale 15 15%

2 panni with pipe 21 21%

3 drink 26 26%

4 injection 7 7%

5 papper 31 31%

100

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Frequency

Inhalepanni with pipedrinkinjectionpapper

The above table and graph shows overall percentage distribution according the usage of

drug. 15% inhales, 21% panni with pipe, 23% drink,7% injection and 31% on paper.

60

Table-29


RESPONDENTS BY USING MEDIAN ACCORDING TO USAGE OF

DRUGS SINCE

S no. Using Drug since Frequency Percentage 1 1-11 yrs 46 46%

2 12 yrs 40 40%

3 12- above yrs 14 14%

100

05

101520253035404550

Frequency

1-11 yrs12 yrs12- above yrs

The above table and graph shows overall percentage distribution by using median

according to their usage of drugs since. 46% using since 1-11 yrs, 40% using since 12yrs

and 14% using since 12 and more yrs.

61

Table-30


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO EITHER ANY RELATIVE DRUG

ADDICTED

S no

Addicted

Relative Frequency Percentage

1 Yes 6 6%

2 No 94 94%

100 100%

0102030405060708090

100

Frequency

YesNo


according to either any relative is drugs addicted. 6% says yes and 94% says no.

62

Table-31


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO BY WHOM DRUGS WERE

INTRODUCED

Sno

Who introduced

drugs Frequency Percentage 1 Friends 99 99%

2 relative 1 1%

100 100%

0102030405060708090

100

Frequency

Friendsrelative

The above table and graph shows overall percentage distribution according to by whom

the drugs were introduced. 1% relative and 99% by friends.

63

Table-32


REASON FOR DRUG ADDICTION

Sno. Reason for using Drugs Frequency Percentage 1 For fun 9 9

2 Family issues 10 10

3 Enjoyment 60 60

4 Gathering 3 3

5 Relaxation 3 3

6 Sex 11 11

7 Uncordial married life 4 4

100 100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

For funFamily issuesEnjoyment GatheringRelaxationSex uncordial married life

Percentage

The above table and graph shows overall percentage distribution according to the reason

for drug usage: 60% used drugs for enjoyment, 11% used drugs for sex, 10% used drugs

due to family issues, 9% used drugs for fun, 4% used drugs due to un-cordial married life,

3% used drugs due to gathering and 3% used drugs for relaxation.

64

Table-33


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO AWARENESS OF NEGATIVE

EFFECTS OF DRUGS

S no

Awareness of

negative effects Frequency Percentage 1 Yes 94 94%

2 No 6 6%

100 100%

0102030405060708090

100

Frequency

YesNo


according to awareness of negative effects of drugs. 94% says yes 6% says no.

65

Table-34


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THEIR SELF IMAGE

S no self image Frequency Percentage 1 bad 14 14%

2 v bad 69 69%

3 no change 12 12%

4 guilt 1 1%

5 good 4 4%

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Frequency

badv bad no change guilt good

66

The above table and graph shows overall percentage distribution according to their self

image.14% says bad, 69% very bad, 12% no change, 1% guilt and 4% good.

Table-35


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO CRIMINAL INVOLMENT

S no

Criminal

involvement Frequency Percentage 1 Yes 48 48%

2 No 52 52%

100 100%

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

Frequency

YesNo

67


according to involvement in crime. 48% respondents are involved in criminal offences

and 52% are not involved.

Table-36


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO DESIRE TO GIVE UP DRUGS

S no

Desire to give up

drugs Frequency Percentage

1 Yes 64 64%

2 No 36 36%

100 100%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Frequency

YesNo

68


according to desire to give up drugs. 64% says yes and 36% say no.

Table-37


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO REHABILITATION

TREATMENT

S no

Rehabilitation

treatment Frequency Percentage

1 Yes 2 2%

2 No 98 98%

100 100%

0102030405060708090

100

Frequency

YesNo

69


according to rehabilitation treatment. 2% got rehabilitation treatment and 98% said no.

Table-38


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO FROM WHICH NATION OF

PEOPLE THEY BUY DRUGS

S no

From which nation of

people you buy drugs

mostly? Frequency Percentage baloch 11 11%

chiristians 14 14%

hindus 16 16%

pathans 59 59%

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Frequency

baloch chiristians hindus pathans

70

The above table and graph shows overall percentage distribution according from which

nation people they buy drugs mostly. 11% buy from Baluch, 14% from Christians, 16%

form Hindus and 59% from Pathans.

Table-39


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO FROM WHICH PLACE THEY

GET QUALITY DRUGS

S no

From which sellers or

place you got quality

drugs. Frequency Percentage 1 dha II 8 8%

2 gulshan 16 16%

3 liayari 19 19%

4 sohrab goth 57 57%

100

71

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Frequency

dha II gulshan liayari sohrab goth

The above table and graph shows overall percentage distribution according from which

place they get quality drugs, 8% from DHA II, 16% Gulshan e Iqbal, 19 from Liyari and

57% from Sohrabgoth.

Table-40


RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THEIR SOURCE OF INCOME

S no

Source of

income Frequency Percentage 1 Job 22 22%

2 earning 39 39%

3 begging 39 39%

100

72

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Frequency

Jobearningbegging

The above table and graph shows overall percentage distribution according to their source

of income. 22% by doing job, 39% by earning and 19% by begging.

TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS Contingency Table-1

Ho :

There is no relationship between age of abusers and desire to give up

HA:

Lower the age of drug abuser higher will be the desire to give up.

73

Q no. 36 & 21

Table no. 36 & 21

Average age of Drug abuser Total

Desire to give up drugs 10-24 25-29 30-above

Yes 44 12 7 63

No 32 5 0 37

Total 76 17 7 100

Chi square x²OBT = 5.380

The table value of Chi square at 2df and 0.05 level of significance = 5.991

As obtained value of Chi-square ( x²OBT) is less than its table value at 2df and 0.05

level of significance, therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted, that is “There is no

relationship between age of abusers and desire to give up”

Contingency Table-2

Ho :

There is no relationship between relationship with spouse/family and desire to give up

HA:

There is a relationship between relationship with spouse/family and desire to give up

74

Q no. 36 & 12

Table no. 36 & 12

Relationship with spouse / family Total

Desire to give up drugs Cordial Regular Un-cordial

Yes 4 42 18 64

No 1 18 17 36

Total 5 60 35 100



As obtained value of Chi-square ( x²OBT) is less than its table value at 2df and 0.05

level of significance, therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted, that is “There is no

relationship between relationship with spouse/family and desire to give up.”

Contingency Table-3

Ho :

There is no relationship between the level of education and the awareness about negative

effects of drugs

HA:

There is a relationship between the level of education and the awareness about negative

effects of drugs

75

Q no.33 & 9

Table no. 33 & 9

Level of Education Total Awareness about Negative

effects of Drugs Lower Average Higher

Yes 5 60 23 88

No 6 3 3 12

Total 11 63 26 100



Co-efficient of correlation (r)=10.04

As obtained value of Chi-square ( x²OBT) is greater than its table value at 2df and

0.05 level of significance, therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative

hypothesis is accepted, that is “There is a relationship between the level of education and

the awareness about negative effects of drugs”. The relationship indicated by the value of

co-efficient of correlation is 10.04, which is moderately significant.

76

CHAPTER # 05

77

SUMMARY

Pakistan is today notorious for many things, but in the last 20 years, drug production and

addiction has increasingly become just one of them. The issue of drug addiction is often

overshadowed by the many of the country's other human development problems, such as

poverty, illiteracy and lack of basic health care. But the fact is, drug abuse is rapidly

growing in Pakistan and in South Asia in general. While Bangladesh, India, Nepal and

Maldives all suffer from this, Pakistan is the worst victim of the drug trade in South Asia.

Today, the country has the largest heroin consumer market in the south-west Asia region.

It wasn't always this way. Pakistan became a major exporter of heroin in the 1980s,

following the influx of Afghan refugees escaping the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in

1979.

The major consequence of this has been a significant increase in domestic consumption

of heroin in Pakistan. Heroin was once upon a time a drug which was virtually unknown

in the country until the late 1970s. Today, Pakistan is not only one of the main exporters

of heroin; it has also become a net importer of drugs. It is estimated that about 50 tons of

opium are smuggled into Pakistan for processing heroin for domestic use. Almost 80

percent of the opium processed in Pakistan comes from neighboring countries.

Widespread drug abuse may be indicated by the fact that almost five percent of the adult

population is using drugs in Pakistan. As a proportion of drug abusers, heroin users have

increased from 7.5 percent in 1983 to a shocking 51 percent a decade later in 1993.

Drug production for Pakistan's domestic market is estimated at close to $1.5 billion. It

appears that only three percent of the gross profits from the illegal opium industry remain

within Pakistan.

Like many of the countries other human development problems, the issue of drug abuse

touches the most vulnerable: the majority of drug users in South Asia belong to the

78

poorest strata of society. In addition, the presence of a large drug industry in Pakistan

leads to a redistribution of income from the poor to a few rich individuals who control the

drug trade. This not only makes the gap between the rich and the poor as well as income

inequality even worse, it also erodes Pakistan's social cohesion and stability.

Although almost all South Asian countries have enacted strict laws for fighting drug

trafficking and drug use, these measures have produced very disappointing results.

One problem is that corruption has also touched the fight against drug abuse in Pakistan

and other South Asian countries, since drug traffickers often escape punishment by

giving bribes to get out of being held accountable for their actions. But Pakistan is not

alone in fighting this disease.

With the globalization of the drug abuse problem in the last two decades, the

situation has gone from bad to worse, so much so that the United Nations Commission on

narcotic drugs no longer discusses individual situations. It has argued that the solution

does not lie in the hands of individual countries. It has to be worked out through mutual

efforts by South Asian countries.

FINDINGS

Following the brief summary of the findings revealed from the simple data tables.

1. Shows overall percentage distribution of the male and female drug abusers. Out of

100 93% are male drug abusers and 7% are female drug abusers.

2. Shows overall percentage distribution of the respondents according to their native

language. Sindhi speaking are 5%, Punjabi 1%, Urdu 89%, Pashto 3% and

Baluchi speaking 2%.

3. Shows overall percentage distribution of the respondents according to their place

of birth. 2% born in Hyderabad, 1% in India, 2% in Islamabad, 2% in Punjab, 3%

in Sindh and 90% born in Karachi.

79

4. Shows overall percentage distribution of the respondents according to their

marital status. 19% are married, 78% are Unmarried and 3% are separated.

5. Shows overall percentage distribution of the respondents according to their type

of family. 41% respondents lives in joint family and 59 respondents lives in

Nuclear family/ isolated.


siblings. 3% have nil, 10% respondents have 1-3, 39% 4-6, 36% have 7-9 and

12% have 10-12 siblings.


number of children. 85% have nil, 14% respondents have 1-3, 1% 4-6, 0% have 7-

9 and 0% have 10-12 children.


literacy. 96% respondents are literate and 4% are illiterate.


number of classes studied. 4% studied primary, 21% secondary, 42% matric, 14%

Inter, 14% studied till degree class.


occupation. 24% are employed, 6% runs business and 70% do not earn.


monthly income. 51% earns below or 5000, 10 earns 5001-10000 and 42% earns

10000 and above.


relationship with spouse / family. 5% have cordial relationship, 60% have regular

and 35% have un-cordial relationship.

13. Shows overall percentage distribution of the respondents according to their living

pattern. 1% lives with wife & children 48 with parents and 51% lives isolated.

80

14. Shows overall percentage distribution of the respondents according to following

religion. 8% responded yes, 89% responded no and 3% follows religion up to

some extent.

15. Shows overall percentage distribution of the respondents according to got

religious education. 8% got their religious education, 92% responded not get their

religious education..

16. Shows overall percentage distribution according to their hobbies. 2% hobby is to

see adult movies, 11% car / motor bike racing , 7% Outing/ Traveling, 7% Games,

3% pigeons/dogs, 2% Drugs/Drinking, 6% fishing,3% shooting, 2% games/Study

and 57% have no hobbies.

17. Shows overall percentage distribution according to their numbers of friends. 83%

respondents have 0-20 friends, 8% have 21-40 and 9% 41 and above friends.


smoking habits. 98% respondents said yes and 2% said no.

19. Shows overall percentage distribution by using median according to the starting

age of smoking. 47% started smoking less than 19 years, 9% at 19 and 44% above

than 19.

20. Shows overall percentage distribution of the respondents according to drug used

first time. Heroin 0%, charas 93%, opium0%, beer 7% and bhang 1%

21. Shows overall percentage distribution of the respondents according to age when

respondents started using drugs. 28% started at the age of 10-19, 65% started at

the age of 20-29 and 7% started at the age of 30- above.

22. Shows overall percentage distribution of the respondents according to drug used

presently. Heroin 43%, charas 29%, opium0%, beer 27% and bhang 1%

23. Shows overall percentage distribution according to where they use drugs. 2% use

at home, 2% on foot path, 86% with friends, 3% In Mazars, 1% In their shops, 5%

at Sohrabgoth and 1% at seaside.

81

24. Shows overall percentage distribution according to with whom they use drugs. 2%

uses alone, 97% with friends and 1% with sister.

25. Shows overall percentage distribution according from where they buy drugs.10%

from north Karachi, 3% from any liquor shop, 23% from Gulshan, 5% from

Liyari, 3% from Tower, 56% from Sohrabgoth.

26. Shows overall percentage distribution of the respondents according to expenditure

on daily basis on drugs. 71% pays 100+, 23% pays 200+ and 6 pays 300+ each

day on drugs.

27. Shows overall percentage distribution of the respondents according to intake of

drugs on daily basis. 33% intakes once, 60% twice & 3% Thrice or above a day.

28. Shows overall percentage distribution according the usage of drug. 15% inhales,

21% panni with pipe, 23% drink,7% injection and 31% on paper.

29. Shows overall percentage distribution by using median according to their usage of

drugs since. 46% using since 1-11 yrs, 40% using since 12yrs and 14% using

since 12 and more yrs.

30. Shows overall percentage distribution of the respondents according to either any

relative is drugs addicted. 6% says yes and 94% says no.

31. Shows overall percentage distribution according to by whom the drugs were

introduced. 1% relative and 99% by friends.

32. Shows overall percentage distribution according to the reason for drug usage:

60% used drugs for enjoyment, 11% used drugs for sex, 10% used drugs due to

family issues, 9% used drugs for fun, 4% used drugs due to un-cordial married

life, 3% used drugs due to gathering and 3% used drugs for relaxation.

33. Shows overall percentage distribution of the respondents according to awareness

of negative effects of drugs. 94% says yes 6% says no.

34. Shows overall percentage distribution according to their self image.14% says bad,

69%very bad, 12% no change, 1% guilt and 4% good.

82

35. Shows overall percentage distribution of the respondents according to

involvement in crime. 48% respondents are involved in criminal offences and

52% are not involved.

36. Shows overall percentage distribution of the respondents according to desire to

give up drugs. 64% says yes and 36% say no.

37. Shows overall percentage distribution of the respondents according to

rehabilitation treatment. 2% got rehabilitation treatment and 98% said no.

38. Shows overall percentage distribution according from which nation people they

buy drugs mostly. 11% buy from Baluch, 14% from Christians, 16% form Hindus

and 59% from Pathans.

39. Shows overall percentage distribution according from which place they get

quality drugs, 8% from DHA II, 16% Gulshan e Iqbal, 19 from Liyari and 57%

from Sohrabgoth.

40. Shows overall percentage distribution according to their source of income. 22%

by doing job, 39% by earning and 19% by begging.

CONCLUSION The present research was planned and conducted to find out the facts about drug

addiction in Pakistani society, included the sample of this study. The data acquires have

been analyzed and following conclusion has been drawn regarding drug addiction in

Pakistani society.

1. Majority of drug users are males

2. Majority of drug abusers are Urdu speaking

3. Majority of drug abusers born in Karachi

4. Majority of drug abusers are unmarried

5. Majority of drug abusers live in nuclear family system or isolated.

6. Majority of drug abusers have 7-9 siblings

83

7. Majority of drug abusers have no off springs

8. Majority of drug abusers are literate

9. Majority of drug abusers educational level is average,

10. Majority of drug abusers donot earn

11. Majority of drug abusers earns below 5000

12. Majority of drug abusers have regular relationship with their family

13. Majority of drug abusers living pattern is to live isolated

14. Majority of drug abusers follows religion

15. Majority of drug abusers did not get their religious education

16. Majority of drug abusers do not have hobbies

17. Majority of drug abusers have 0-20 friends

18. Majority of drug abusers have smoking habits

19. Majority of drug abusers started smoking in the age less than 19 years.

20. Majority of drug abusers used charas for the first time

21. Majority of drug abusers started using drugs in the age of 20-29

22. Majority of drug abusers use Heroin

23. Majority of drug abusers uses drugs with their friends

24. Majority of drug abusers intakes drugs with their friends

25. Majority of drug abusers get drugs from Sohrabgoth

26. Majority of drug abusers pays 100+ per day on drugs

27. Majority of drug abusers intake drugs twice

28. Majority of drug abusers pattern of intake drug is drink & panni with pipe

29. Majority of drug abusers using drugs since 1-11 years

30. Majority of drug abusers do not have any relative drugs addicted

31. Majority of drug abusers were introduced drugs by friends

32. Majority of drug abusers uses drugs for enjoyment

33. Majority of drug abusers have awareness about negative effects of drugs

34. Majority of drug abusers have very bad self image

84

35. Majority of drug abusers are not involved in criminal offences

36. Majority of drug abusers desire to give up drugs

37. Majority of drug abusers did not get treatment for rehabilitation

38. Majority of drug abusers buy the drugs from Pathans

39. Majority of drug abusers get the quality drugs from Sohrabgoth

40. Majority of drug abusers earns

85

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INTERVIEW SHEDULE

95

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

Masters in Criminology

Department of Sociology

University of Karachi

Karachi


Researcher’s Name:

Research Supervisor’s Name: Dr. Nabeel Ahmed Zubairi

CODE NO.__________ AREA:__________________

PERSONAL PROFILE:

1. Name: ___________________________________________________________

2. Age: _____________________________________________________

3. Gender: _____________________________________________________

4. Native Language____________________________________________________

5. Place of Birth ______________________________________________________

6. Marital Status

a) Married b) Un married c) Separate

7. In which type family u live

a) Joint Family b) Nuclear Family

8. How many siblings you have?

a)Nil b)1-3 c)4-6 d)7-9 e)10-12

9. How many children you have?

a)Nil b)1-3 c)4-6 d)7-9 e)10-12

10. Are you literate?

a) yes b) No

96

11. Level of education

a)Nil b) Madarsa c)Primary d)Secondary

e)Matric f)Inter g)Degree

12. What is your occupation?

a)Employed b) Business c)None

13. What is your Monthly income?

a)1-5000 b)5001-1000 c)1000 above

14. How is your relationship between you and your spouse and family?

a)Cordial b)Regular c)Un-cordial

15. With whom you are presently living?

a)Wife & children b) Parents c)Isolated

16. Do you follow your religion?

a)Yes b)No c)Up to some extent

17. Did you get your religious education?

a)Yes b)No

18. What are your Hobbies?______________________________________________

19. Number of friends?__________________________________________________

DRUGS PROFILE:

20. Do you smoke cigarette?

a) Yes b) No

21. Age at started smoking:______________________________________________

22. Which drug you used first time?

a)Heroin b)Charas c)Opium d)Beer e)Bhang

23.Age when you started taking drugs?____________________________________

24.Which type of drugs you are using presently?

a)Heroin b)Charas c)Opium d)Beer e)Bhang

25. Where do you use drugs?_____________________________________________

97

26. With whom you use drug?____________________________________________

27. From where you buy drugs?__________________________________________

28. Expenditure on drugs per day?

` a)100+ b)200+ c)300+

29)How many times you use drugs per day?

a)Once b)Twice c)Thrice or more

30. Pattern of using drugs? _______________________________________________

31. How long you have been using drugs? __________________________________

32.Had your any relative drug addicted?

a)Yes b)No

33. Who introduced drugs to you?_________________________________________

34. Reason for using drugs?______________________________________________

35. Were you aware of negative effects of drugs?

a)Yes b)No

36. What is your self image after using drugs?_______________________________

38. Are u ever been involved in criminal offences?

a)Yes b)No

39. Do you desire to give up drugs?

a) Yes b)No

40.Had you got the treatment for the drug addiction?

a) Yes b)No

41.From which nation of people you buy drugs mostly?________________________

42.From where you get quality drugs?______________________________________

43. What is your source of Income?________________________________________

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Documents

Thesis 2nd Semester (Final)