Thinking and Intelligence - Weebly

Chapter 7

Thinking and Intelligence

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7.1 What Is Cognition?

Learning Objectives

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7.2 Language

Learning Objectives

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COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE,>KDR>DB ?B FQ PMLHBK PFDKBA LO TOFQQBK E>P PMB@FCF@ @LJMLKBKQP� > IBUF@LK >KA DO>JJ>O� Lexicon OBCBOPQL QEB TLOAP LC > DFSBK I>KDR>DB� 4ERP IBUF@LK FP > I>KDR>DBsP SL@>?RI>OV� Grammar OBCBOP QL QEB PBQLC ORIBP QE>Q >OB RPBA QL @LKSBV JB>KFKD QEOLRDE QEB RPB LC QEB IBUF@LK &BOK[KABW � #>FOKP �� &LOFKPQ>K@B �%KDIFPE�DO>JJ>O�AF@Q>QBP�QE>Q�JLPQ�SBO?P�OB@BFSB�>K�p�BAq�>Q�QEB�BKA�QL�FKAF@>QB�M>PQ�QBKPB�

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Table 7.1 Stages of Language and Communication Development

Stage Age Developmental Language and Communication

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http://openstaxcollege.org/l/language

The Meaning of Language

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7.3 Problem Solving

Learning Objectives

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Table 7.2 Problem-Solving Strategies

Method Description Example

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Table 7.2 Problem-Solving Strategies

Method Description Example

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Table 7.3 Summary of Decision Biases

Bias Description

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LINK TO LEARNING



http://openstaxcollege.org/l/Apollo13

Table 7.3 Summary of Decision Biases

Bias Description

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Figure 7.11

LINK TO LEARNING


http://openstaxcollege.org/l/CogBias

7.4 What Are Intelligence and Creativity?

Learning Objectives

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Multiple Intelligences Theory T>P ABSBILMBA ?V (LT>OA '>OAKBO > (>OS>OA MPV@ELILDFPQ >KA CLOJBOPQRABKQ LC %OFH %OFHPLK� '>OAKBOsP QEBLOV TEF@E E>P ?BBK OBCFKBA CLO JLOB QE>K �� VB>OP FP > JLOBOB@BKQ ABSBILMJBKQ >JLKD QEBLOFBP LC FKQBIIFDBK@B� )K '>OAKBOsP QEBLOV B>@E MBOPLK MLPPBPPBP >Q IB>PQBFDEQ FKQBIIFDBK@BP� !JLKD QEBPB BFDEQ FKQBIIFDBK@BP > MBOPLK QVMF@>IIV BU@BIP FK PLJB >KA C>IQBOP FK LQEBOP'>OAKBO �� Table 7.4 ABP@OF?BP�B>@E�QVMB�LC�FKQBIIFDBK@B�

Table 7.4 Multiple Intelligences

IntelligenceType Characteristics Representative

Career

,FKDRFPQF@FKQBIIFDBK@B

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EVERYDAY CONNECTION


7.5 Measures of Intelligence

Learning Objectives

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Intellectually Disabled Criminals and Capital Punishment

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4EB @LROQ >IPL AB@FABA QE>Q QEBOB T>P > PQ>QB IBDFPI>QROB @LKPBKPRP >D>FKPQ QEB BUB@RQFLK LC QEB JBKQ>IIVOBQ>OABA >KA QE>Q QEFP @LKPBKPRP PELRIA PQ>KA CLO >II LC QEB PQ>QBP� 4EB 3RMOBJB #LROQ ORIFKD IBCQ FQ RM QLQEB PQ>QBP QL ABQBOJFKB QEBFO LTK ABCFKFQFLKP LC JBKQ>I OBQ>OA>QFLK >KA FKQBIIB@QR>I AFP>?FIFQV� 4EB ABCFKFQFLKPS>OV >JLKD PQ>QBP >P QL TEL @>K ?B BUB@RQBA� )K QEB !QHFKP @>PB� > GROV AB@FABA QE>Q ?B@>RPB EB E>A J>KV@LKQ>@QP TFQE EFP I>TVBOP >KA QERP T>P MOLSFABA TFQE FKQBIIB@QR>I PQFJRI>QFLK� EFP )1 E>A OBMLOQBAIV FK@OB>PBA�>KA EB T>P KLT PJ>OQ BKLRDE QL ?B BUB@RQBA� (B T>P DFSBK >K BUB@RQFLK A>QB >KA QEBK OB@BFSBA > PQ>V LCBUB@RQFLK >CQBO FQ T>P OBSB>IBA QE>Q I>TVBOP CLO @L ABCBKA>KQ� 7FIIF>J *LKBP� @L>@EBA *LKBP QL iMOLAR@B >QBPQFJLKV >D>FKPQ -O� !QHFKP QE>Q AFA J>Q@E QEB BSFABK@Bj �,FMQ>H� �� !CQBO QEB OBSBI>QFLK LC QEFP JFP@LKAR@Q�!QHFKP�T>P�OB PBKQBK@BA�QL�IFCB�FJMOFPLKJBKQ�

Atkins v. Virginia �� EFDEIFDEQP PBSBO>I FPPRBP OBD>OAFKD PL@FBQVhP ?BIFBCP >OLRKA FKQBIIFDBK@B� )K QEB !QHFKP@>PB� QEB 3RMOBJB #LROQ AB@FABA QE>Q FKQBIIB@QR>I AFP>?FIFQV does >CCB@Q AB@FPFLK J>HFKD >KA QEBOBCLOB PELRIA>CCB@Q QEB K>QROB LC QEB MRKFPEJBKQ PR@E @OFJFK>IP OB@BFSB� 7EBOB� ELTBSBO� PELRIA QEB IFKBP LC FKQBIIB@QR>IAFP>?FIFQV ?B AO>TK� )K ->V �� QEB 3RMOBJB #LROQ ORIBA FK > OBI>QBA @>PB �Hall v. Florida QE>Q )1 P@LOBP@>KKLQ�?B�RPBA�>P�>�CFK>I�ABQBOJFK>QFLK�LC�>�MOFPLKBOhP�BIFDF?FIFQV�CLO�QEB�AB>QE�MBK>IQV��2L?BOQP��

THE BELL CURVE4EB OBPRIQP LC FKQBIIFDBK@B QBPQP CLIILT QEB ?BII @ROSB > DO>ME FK QEB DBKBO>I PE>MB LC > ?BII� 7EBK QEB ?BII@ROSB FP RPBA FK MPV@ELILDF@>I QBPQFKD QEB DO>ME ABJLKPQO>QBP > KLOJ>I AFPQOF?RQFLK LC > QO>FQ FK QEFP @>PB FKQBIIFDBK@B FK QEB ERJ>K MLMRI>QFLK� ->KV ERJ>K QO>FQP K>QRO>IIV CLIILT QEB ?BII @ROSB� &LO BU>JMIB FC VLR IFKBA RM >II VLRO CBJ>IB P@ELLIJ>QBP >@@LOAFKD QL EBFDEQ FQ FP IFHBIV QE>Q > I>ODB @IRPQBO LC QEBJTLRIA ?B QEB >SBO>DB EBFDEQ CLO >K !JBOF@>K TLJ>K� �s�qn�s�q� 4EFP @IRPQBO TLRIA C>II FK QEB @BKQBO LCQEB ?BII @ROSB OBMOBPBKQFKD QEB >SBO>DB EBFDEQ CLO !JBOF@>K TLJBK Figure 7.14� 4EBOB TLRIA ?B CBTBOTLJBK TEL PQ>KA @ILPBO QL �s��q� 4EB P>JB TLRIA ?B QORB CLO TLJBK LC >?LSB�>SBO>DB EBFDEQ� QELPB TELPQ>KA @ILPBO QL �s��q� 4EB QOF@H QL CFKAFKD > ?BII @ROSB FK K>QROB FP QL RPB > I>ODB P>JMIB PFWB� 7FQELRQ >

WHAT DO YOU THINK?



I>ODB P>JMIB PFWB FQ FP IBPP IFHBIV QE>Q QEB ?BII @ROSB TFII OBMOBPBKQ QEB TFABO MLMRI>QFLK� ! representativesample FP > PR?PBQ LC QEB MLMRI>QFLK QE>Q >@@RO>QBIV OBMOBPBKQP QEB DBKBO>I MLMRI>QFLK� )C CLO BU>JMIB VLRJB>PROBA QEB EBFDEQ LC QEB TLJBK FK VLRO @I>PPOLLJ LKIV VLR JFDEQ KLQ >@QR>IIV E>SB > OBMOBPBKQ>QFSBP>JMIB� 0BOE>MP QEB TLJBKsP ?>PHBQ?>II QB>J T>KQBA QL Q>HB QEFP @LROPB QLDBQEBO >KA QEBV >OB >II FK VLRO@I>PP� "B@>RPB ?>PHBQ?>II MI>VBOP QBKA QL ?B Q>IIBO QE>K >SBO>DB QEB TLJBK FK VLRO @I>PP J>V KLQ ?B > DLLAOBMOBPBKQ>QFSB P>JMIB LC QEB MLMRI>QFLK LC !JBOF@>K TLJBK� "RQ FC VLRO P>JMIB FK@IRABA >II QEB TLJBK>Q�VLRO�P@ELLI �FQ�FP�IFHBIV�QE>Q�QEBFO�EBFDEQP�TLRIA�CLOJ�>�K>QRO>I�?BII�@ROSB�

Figure 7.14 !OB�VLR�LC�?BILT >SBO>DB��>SBO>DB��LO�>?LSB >SBO>DB�EBFDEQ�

4EB P>JB MOFK@FMIBP >MMIV QL FKQBIIFDBK@B QBPQP P@LOBP� )KAFSFAR>IP B>OK > P@LOB @>IIBA >K FKQBIIFDBK@BNRLQFBKQ )1� /SBO QEB VB>OP AFCCBOBKQ QVMBP LC )1 QBPQP E>SB BSLISBA ?RQ QEB T>V P@LOBP >OB FKQBOMOBQBAOBJ>FKP QEB P>JB� 4EB >SBO>DB )1 P@LOB LK >K )1 QBPQ FP �� Standard deviations ABP@OF?B ELT A>Q> >OBAFPMBOPBA FK > MLMRI>QFLK >KA DFSB @LKQBUQ QL I>ODB A>Q> PBQP� 4EB ?BII @ROSB RPBP QEB PQ>KA>OA ABSF>QFLKQL PELT ELT >II P@LOBP >OB AFPMBOPBA COLJ QEB >SBO>DB P@LOB Figure 7.15� )K JLABOK )1 QBPQFKD LKBPQ>KA>OA ABSF>QFLK FP �� MLFKQP� 3L > P@LOB LC �� TLRIA ?B ABP@OF?BA >P pLKB PQ>KA>OA ABSF>QFLK ?BILTQEB JB>K�q (LT TLRIA VLR ABP@OF?B > P@LOB LC �� >KA > P@LOB LC �� !KV )1 P@LOB QE>Q C>IIP TFQEFK LKBPQ>KA>OA ABSF>QFLK >?LSB >KA ?BILT QEB JB>K ?BQTBBK �� >KA �� FP @LKPFABOBA >SBO>DB >KA �� LC QEBMLMRI>QFLK�E>P�)1�P@LOBP�FK�QEFP�O>KDB��!K�)1�P@LOB�LC��LO�>?LSB�FP�@LKPFABOBA�>�PRMBOFLO�IBSBI�


Figure 7.15 4EB�J>GLOFQV�LC�MBLMIB�E>SB�>K�)1�P@LOB�?BQTBBK��>KA��

/KIV �� LC QEB MLMRI>QFLK E>P >K )1 P@LOB ?BILT �� !JBOF@>K 0PV@ELILDF@>I !PPL@F>QFLK ;!0!< ��! P@LOB LC �� LO ?BILT FKAF@>QBP PFDKFCF@>KQ @LDKFQFSB ABI>VP J>GLO ABCF@FQP FK >A>MQFSB CRK@QFLKFKD >KA AFCCF@RIQV JBBQFKD p@LJJRKFQV PQ>KA>OAP LC MBOPLK>I FKABMBKABK@B >KA PL@F>I OBPMLKPF?FIFQVq TEBK@LJM>OBA QL P>JB�>DBA MBBOP !0! �� M� �� !K FKAFSFAR>I FK QEFP )1 O>KDB TLRIA ?B @LKPFABOBAQL E>SB >K FKQBIIB@QR>I AFP>?FIFQV >KA BUEF?FQ ABCF@FQP FK FKQBIIB@QR>I CRK@QFLKFKD >KA >A>MQFSB ?BE>SFLO!JBOF@>K !PPL@F>QFLK LK )KQBIIB@QR>I >KA $BSBILMJBKQ>I $FP>?FIFQFBP �� &LOJBOIV HKLTK >P JBKQ>IOBQ>OA>QFLK QEB >@@BMQBA QBOJ KLT FP FKQBIIB@QR>I AFP>?FIFQV >KA FQ E>P CLRO PR?QVMBP� JFIA JLABO>QB PBSBOB >KA MOLCLRKA Table 7.5� The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychological Disorders IFPQP @OFQBOF>CLO�B>@E�PR?DOLRM�!0! ��

Table 7.5 Characteristics of Cognitive Disorders

IntellectualDisabilitySubtype

Percentage ofIntellectually DisabledPopulation

Description

-FIA �� OA��QL��QE�DO>AB�PHFII�IBSBI�FK�OB>AFKD �TOFQFKD �>KAJ>QE��J>V�?B�BJMILVBA�>KA�IFSB�FKABMBKABKQIV

-LABO>QB �� ">PF@�OB>AFKD�>KA�TOFQFKD�PHFIIP��CRK@QFLK>I�PBIC�@>OBPHFIIP��OBNRFOBP�PLJB�LSBOPFDEQ

3BSBOB �� &RK@QFLK>I�PBIC�@>OB�PHFIIP��OBNRFOBP�LSBOPFDEQ�LCA>FIV�BKSFOLKJBKQ�>KA�>@QFSFQFBP

0OLCLRKA �� ->V�?B�>?IB�QL�@LJJRKF@>QB�SBO?>IIV�LOKLKSBO?>IIV��OBNRFOBP�FKQBKPFSB�LSBOPFDEQ

/K QEB LQEBO BKA LC QEB FKQBIIFDBK@B PMB@QORJ >OB QELPB FKAFSFAR>IP TELPB )1P C>II FKQL QEB EFDEBPQO>KDBP� #LKPFPQBKQ TFQE QEB ?BII @ROSB >?LRQ �� LC QEB MLMRI>QFLK C>IIP FKQL QEFP @>QBDLOV� 0BLMIB >OB@LKPFABOBA DFCQBA FC QEBV E>SB >K )1 P@LOB LC �� LO EFDEBO LO PRMBOFLO FKQBIIFDBK@B FK > M>OQF@RI>O>OB>� ,LKD >DL MLMRI>O ?BIFBC PRDDBPQBA QE>Q MBLMIB LC EFDE FKQBIIFDBK@B TBOB J>I>AGRPQBA� 4EFP FAB>T>P AFPMOLSBK QEOLRDE > DOLRKA?OB>HFKD PQRAV LC DFCQBA @EFIAOBK� )K �� ,BTFP 4BOJ>K ?BD>K >



ILKDFQRAFK>I PQRAV LC LSBO �� @EFIAOBK TFQE )1P LSBO �� 4BOJ>K �� (FP CFKAFKDP PELTBA QE>QQEBPB @EFIAOBK ?B@>JB TBII�BAR@>QBA PR@@BPPCRI >ARIQP TEL TBOB FK C>@Q TBII�>AGRPQBA 4BOJ>K � /ABK �� !AAFQFLK>IIV 4BOJ>KsP PQRAV PELTBA QE>Q QEB PR?GB@QP TBOB >?LSB >SBO>DB FK MEVPF@>I ?RFIA >KA>QQO>@QFSBKBPP AFPMBIIFKD >K B>OIFBO MLMRI>O KLQFLK QE>Q EFDEIV FKQBIIFDBKQ MBLMIB TBOB pTB>HIFKDP�q 3LJBMBLMIB TFQE SBOV EFDE )1P BIB@Q QL GLFK -BKP> >K LOD>KFW>QFLK ABAF@>QBA QL FABKQFCVFKD OBPB>O@EFKD >KACLPQBOFKD FKQBIIFDBK@B� -BJ?BOP JRPQ E>SB >K )1 P@LOB FK QEB QLM �� LC QEB MLMRI>QFLK >KA QEBV J>V ?BOBNRFOBA�QL�M>PP�LQEBO�BU>JP�FK�QEBFO�>MMIF@>QFLK�QL�GLFK�QEB�DOLRM�

What’s in a Name? Mental Retardation

)K QEB M>PQ� FKAFSFAR>IP TFQE )1 P@LOBP ?BILT �� >KA PFDKFCF@>KQ >A>MQFSB >KA PL@F>I CRK@QFLKFKD ABI>VP TBOBAF>DKLPBA TFQE JBKQ>I OBQ>OA>QFLK� 7EBK QEFP AF>DKLPFP T>P CFOPQ K>JBA� QEB QFQIB EBIA KL PL@F>I PQFDJ>� )KQFJB� ELTBSBO� QEB ABDO>AFKD TLOA iOBQ>OAj PMO>KD COLJ QEFP AF>DKLPQF@ QBOJ� i2BQ>OAj T>P COBNRBKQIV RPBA >P> Q>RKQ� BPMB@F>IIV >JLKD VLRKD MBLMIB� RKQFI QEB TLOAP iJBKQ>IIV OBQ>OABAj >KA iOBQ>OAj ?B@>JB >K FKPRIQ� !PPR@E� QEB $3- � KLT I>?BIP QEFP AF>DKLPFP >P iFKQBIIB@QR>I AFP>?FIFQV�j ->KV PQ>QBP LK@B E>A > $BM>OQJBKQ LC-BKQ>I 2BQ>OA>QFLK QL PBOSB QELPB AF>DKLPBA TFQE PR@E @LDKFQFSB ABI>VP� ?RQ JLPQ E>SB @E>KDBA QEBFO K>JB QL$BM>OQJBKQ LC $BSBILMJBKQ>I $FP>?FIFQFBP LO PLJBQEFKD PFJFI>O FK I>KDR>DB� 4EB 3L@F>I 3B@ROFQV !AJFKFPQO>QFLKPQFII RPBP QEB QBOJ iJBKQ>I OBQ>OA>QFLKj ?RQ FP @LKPFABOFKD BIFJFK>QFKD FQ COLJ FQP MOLDO>JJFKD �'L>A� ��%>OIFBO FK QEB @E>MQBO� TB AFP@RPPBA ELT I>KDR>DB >CCB@QP ELT TB QEFKH� $L VLR QEFKH @E>KDFKD QEB QFQIB LCQEFP ABM>OQJBKQ E>P >KV FJM>@Q LK ELT MBLMIB OBD>OA QELPB TFQE ABSBILMJBKQ>I AFP>?FIFQFBP� $LBP > AFCCBOBKQK>JB DFSB MBLMIB JLOB AFDKFQV� >KA FC PL� ELT� $LBP FQ @E>KDB QEB BUMB@Q>QFLKP CLO QELPB TFQE ABSBILMJBKQ>ILO�@LDKFQFSB�AFP>?FIFQFBP��7EV�LO�TEV�KLQ�

WHY MEASURE INTELLIGENCE?4EB S>IRB LC )1 QBPQFKD FP JLPQ BSFABKQ FK BAR@>QFLK>I LO @IFKF@>I PBQQFKDP� #EFIAOBK TEL PBBJ QL ?BBUMBOFBK@FKD IB>OKFKD AFCCF@RIQFBP LO PBSBOB ?BE>SFLO>I MOL?IBJP @>K ?B QBPQBA QL >P@BOQ>FK TEBQEBO QEB@EFIAsP AFCCF@RIQFBP @>K ?B M>OQIV >QQOF?RQBA QL >K )1 P@LOB QE>Q FP PFDKFCF@>KQIV AFCCBOBKQ COLJ QEB JB>K CLOEBO >DB DOLRM� 7FQELRQ )1 QBPQFKDoLO >KLQEBO JB>PROB LC FKQBIIFDBK@Bo@EFIAOBK >KA >ARIQP KBBAFKD BUQO>PRMMLOQ JFDEQ KLQ ?B FABKQFCFBA BCCB@QFSBIV� )K >AAFQFLK )1 QBPQFKD FP RPBA FK @LROQP QL ABQBOJFKB TEBQEBO >ABCBKA>KQ E>P PMB@F>I LO BUQBKR>QFKD @FO@RJPQ>K@BP QE>Q MOB@IRAB EFJ COLJ M>OQF@FM>QFKD FK PLJB T>V FK >QOF>I� 0BLMIB >IPL RPB )1 QBPQFKD OBPRIQP QL PBBH AFP>?FIFQV ?BKBCFQP COLJ QEB 3L@F>I 3B@ROFQV !AJFKFPQO>QFLK�7EFIB )1 QBPQP E>SB PLJBQFJBP ?BBK RPBA >P >ODRJBKQP FK PRMMLOQ LC FKPFAFLRP MROMLPBP PR@E >P QEBBRDBKF@P JLSBJBKQ 3BSBOPLK �� QEB CLIILTFKD @>PB PQRAV ABJLKPQO>QBP QEB RPBCRIKBPP >KA ?BKBCFQP LC)1�QBPQFKD�

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DIG DEEPER


7.6 The Source of Intelligence

Learning Objectives

"V�QEB�BKA�LC�QEFP�PB@QFLK �VLR�TFII�?B�>?IB�QL�k $BP@OF?B�ELT�DBKBQF@P�>KA�BKSFOLKJBKQ�>CCB@Q�FKQBIIFDBK@Bk %UMI>FK�QEB�OBI>QFLKPEFM�?BQTBBK�)1�P@LOBP�>KA�PL@FLB@LKLJF@�PQ>QRPk $BP@OF?B�QEB�AFCCBOBK@B�?BQTBBK�>�IB>OKFKD�AFP>?FIFQV�>KA�>�ABSBILMJBKQ>I�AFPLOABO

! VLRKD DFOI ?LOK LC QBBK>DB M>OBKQP IFSBP TFQE EBO DO>KAJLQEBO FK ORO>I -FPPFPPFMMF� 4EBV >OB MLLOoFKPBOFLRP MLSBOQVo?RQ QEBV AL QEBFO ?BPQ QL DBQ ?V TFQE TE>Q QEBV E>SB� 3EB IB>OKP QL OB>A TEBK PEB FP GRPQ� VB>OP LIA� !P PEB DOLTP LIABO PEB ILKDP QL IFSB TFQE EBO JLQEBO TEL KLT OBPFABP FK 7FP@LKPFK� 3EBJLSBP QEBOB >Q QEB >DB LC � VB>OP� !Q � VB>OP LC >DB PEB FP O>MBA� $ROFKD QEB KBUQ PBSBO>I VB>OP PBSBO>IAFCCBOBKQ J>IB OBI>QFSBP OBMB>QBAIV JLIBPQ EBO� (BO IFCB RKO>SBIP� 3EB QROKP QL AORDP >KA PBU QL CFII QEB ABBM ILKBIV SLFA FKPFAB EBO� (BO JLQEBO QEBK PBKAP EBO QL .>PESFIIB QL IFSB TFQE EBO C>QEBO TEL FJMLPBP PQOF@Q?BE>SFLO>I BUMB@Q>QFLKP RMLK EBO >KA LSBO QFJB EBO TFIA IFCB PBQQIBP LK@B >D>FK� 3EB ?BDFKP QL BUMBOFBK@BPR@@BPP FK P@ELLI >KA >Q �� VB>OP LIA ?B@LJBP QEB VLRKDBPQ >KA CFOPQ !COF@>K�!JBOF@>K CBJ>IB KBTP>K@ELO p$>QBP >KA %SBKQP q K�A�� 4EB TLJ>Ko/MO>E 7FKCOBVoDLBP LK QL ?B@LJB > JBAF> DF>KQ HKLTKCLO�?LQE�EBO�FKQBIIFDBK@B�>KA�EBO�BJM>QEV�

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algorithm

analytical intelligence

anchoring bias

artificial concept

availability heuristic

cognition

cognitive psychology

cognitive script

concept

confirmation bias

convergent thinking

creative intelligence

creativity

crystallized intelligence

cultural intelligence

divergent thinking

dysgraphia

dyslexia

emotional intelligence

event schema

fluid intelligence

Flynn effect

functional fixedness

grammar

heuristic

hindsight bias

Key Terms

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intelligence quotient

language

lexicon

mental set

morpheme

Multiple Intelligences Theory

natural concept

norming

overgeneralization

phoneme

practical intelligence

problem-solving strategy

prototype

range of reaction

representative bias

representative sample

role schema

schema

semantics

standard deviation

standardization

syntax

trial and error

triarchic theory of intelligence

working backwards

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Summary

7.1 What Is Cognition?)K QEFP PB@QFLK VLR TBOB FKQOLAR@BA QL @LDKFQFSB MPV@ELILDV TEF@E FP QEB PQRAV LC @LDKFQFLK LO QEB ?O>FKsP>?FIFQV QL QEFKH MBO@BFSB MI>K >K>IVWB >KA OBJBJ?BO� #LK@BMQP >KA QEBFO @LOOBPMLKAFKD MOLQLQVMBP EBIMRP NRF@HIV LOD>KFWB LRO QEFKHFKD ?V @OB>QFKD @>QBDLOFBP FKQL TEF@E TB @>K PLOQ KBT FKCLOJ>QFLK� 7B >IPLABSBILM P@EBJ>Q> TEF@E >OB @IRPQBOP LC OBI>QBA @LK@BMQP� 3LJB P@EBJ>Q> FKSLISB OLRQFKBP LC QELRDEQ >KA?BE>SFLO >KA QEBPB EBIM RP CRK@QFLK MOLMBOIV FK S>OFLRP PFQR>QFLKP TFQELRQ E>SFKD QL pQEFKH QTF@Bq >?LRQQEBJ��3@EBJ>Q>�PELT�RM�FK�PL@F>I�PFQR>QFLKP�>KA�OLRQFKBP�LC�A>FIV�?BE>SFLO�

7.2 Language,>KDR>DB FP > @LJJRKF@>QFLK PVPQBJ QE>Q E>P ?LQE > IBUF@LK >KA > PVPQBJ LC DO>JJ>O� ,>KDR>DB>@NRFPFQFLK L@@ROP K>QRO>IIV >KA BCCLOQIBPPIV AROFKD QEB B>OIV PQ>DBP LC IFCB >KA QEFP >@NRFPFQFLK L@@ROP FK >MOBAF@Q>?IB PBNRBK@B CLO FKAFSFAR>IP >OLRKA QEB TLOIA� ,>KDR>DB E>P > PQOLKD FKCIRBK@B LK QELRDEQ >KAQEB�@LK@BMQ�LC�ELT�I>KDR>DB�J>V�FKCIRBK@B�@LDKFQFLK�OBJ>FKP�>K�>OB>�LC�PQRAV�>KA�AB?>QB�FK�MPV@ELILDV�

7.3 Problem Solving->KV AFCCBOBKQ PQO>QBDFBP BUFPQ CLO PLISFKD MOL?IBJP� 4VMF@>I PQO>QBDFBP FK@IRAB QOF>I >KA BOOLO >MMIVFKD>IDLOFQEJP >KA RPFKD EBROFPQF@P� 4L PLISB > I>ODB @LJMIF@>QBA MOL?IBJ FQ LCQBK EBIMP QL ?OB>H QEB MOL?IBJFKQL PJ>IIBO PQBMP QE>Q @>K ?B >@@LJMIFPEBA FKAFSFAR>IIV IB>AFKD QL >K LSBO>II PLIRQFLK� 2L>A?IL@HP QLMOL?IBJ PLISFKD FK@IRAB > JBKQ>I PBQ CRK@QFLK>I CFUBAKBPP >KA S>OFLRP ?F>PBP QE>Q @>K @ILRA AB@FPFLKJ>HFKD�PHFIIP�

7.4 What Are Intelligence and Creativity?)KQBIIFDBK@B FP > @LJMIBU @E>O>@QBOFPQF@ LC @LDKFQFLK� ->KV QEBLOFBP E>SB ?BBK ABSBILMBA QL BUMI>FK TE>QFKQBIIFDBK@B FP >KA ELT FQ TLOHP� 3QBOK?BOD DBKBO>QBA EFP QOF>O@EF@ QEBLOV LC FKQBIIFDBK@B TEBOB>P '>OAKBOMLPFQP QE>Q FKQBIIFDBK@B FP @LJMOFPBA LC J>KV C>@QLOP� 3QFII LQEBOP CL@RP LK QEB FJMLOQ>K@B LC BJLQFLK>IFKQBIIFDBK@B� &FK>IIV @OB>QFSFQV PBBJP QL ?B > C>@BQ LC FKQBIIFDBK@B ?RQ FQ FP BUQOBJBIV AFCCF@RIQ QL JB>PROBL?GB@QFSBIV�

7.5 Measures of Intelligence)K QEFP PB@QFLK TB IB>OKBA >?LRQ QEB EFPQLOV LC FKQBIIFDBK@B QBPQFKD >KA PLJB LC QEB @E>IIBKDBP OBD>OAFKDFKQBIIFDBK@B QBPQFKD� )KQBIIFDBK@B QBPQP ?BD>K FK B>OKBPQ TFQE "FKBQ� 7B@EPIBO I>QBO ABSBILMBA FKQBIIFDBK@BQBPQP QE>Q >OB PQFII FK RPB QLA>V� QEB 7!)3�)6 >KA 7)3#�6� 4EB "BII @ROSB PELTP QEB O>KDB LC P@LOBP QE>QBK@LJM>PP�>SBO>DB�FKQBIIFDBK@B�>P�TBII�>P�PQ>KA>OA�ABSF>QFLKP�

7.6 The Source of Intelligence'BKBQF@P >KA BKSFOLKJBKQ >CCB@Q FKQBIIFDBK@B >KA QEB @E>IIBKDBP LC @BOQ>FK IB>OKFKD AFP>?FIFQFBP� 4EBFKQBIIFDBK@B IBSBIP LC >II FKAFSFAR>IP PBBJ QL ?BKBCFQ COLJ OF@E PQFJRI>QFLK FK QEBFO B>OIV BKSFOLKJBKQP�(FDEIV FKQBIIFDBKQ FKAFSFAR>IP ELTBSBO J>V E>SB > ?RFIQ�FK OBPFIFBK@V QE>Q >IILTP QEBJ QL LSBO@LJBAFCCF@RIQ L?PQ>@IBP FK QEBFO RM?OFKDFKD� ,B>OKFKD AFP>?FIFQFBP @>K @>RPB J>GLO @E>IIBKDBP CLO @EFIAOBK TEL>OB IB>OKFKD QL OB>A >KA TOFQB� 5KIFHB ABSBILMJBKQ>I AFP>?FIFQFBP IB>OKFKD AFP>?FIFQFBP >OB PQOF@QIVKBROLILDF@>I FK K>QROB >KA >OB KLQ OBI>QBA QL FKQBIIFDBK@B IBSBIP� 3QRABKQP TFQE AVPIBUF> CLO BU>JMIB J>V E>SB BUQOBJB AFCCF@RIQV IB>OKFKD QL OB>A ?RQ QEBFO FKQBIIFDBK@B IBSBIP >OB QVMF@>IIV >SBO>DB LO >?LSB>SBO>DB�

Review Questions

1. #LDKFQFSB�MPV@ELILDV�FP�QEB�?O>K@E�LCMPV@ELILDV�QE>Q�CL@RPBP�LK�QEB�PQRAV�LC�========�

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Critical Thinking Questions

25. $BP@OF?B�>�PL@F>I�P@EBJ>�QE>Q�VLR�TLRIA�KLQF@B�>Q�>�PMLOQFKD�BSBKQ�

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Personal Application Questions

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