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02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli

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Three Dimensional Radiative Gasdynamics of Entering Space Vehicles

Sergey T. SurzhikovInstitute for Problems in Mechanics Russian Academy of Sciences


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The prologue …

STARDUST, the fourth of NASA’s Discovery-class missions, was launchedon 7 February 1999.

The spacecraft performed a close flyby of the comet Wild-2, coming within149 km of the comet nucleus.

The cometary’s samples were collected by extending a collection tray on aboom into the gas/dust free stream emanating from the Comet, in which theparticles were trapped in a material called aerogel.

Atkins K.L., Brownlee D.E., Duxbury T., Yen C.W., Tsou P., and Vollinga J.M., “STARDUST: Discovery’s InterStellar Dust and Cometary Sample Return Mission,” 1997 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vol.4., Inst. Of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Piscataway, NJ, Feb. 1997. pp.229-245.

Desai P.N., Lyons D.T., Tooley J., Kangas J., “Entry, Descent, and Landing Operations Analysis for the Stardust Entry Capsule,” J. of Spacecraft and Rockets. 2008. Vol.45. No. 6. pp.1262-1268.

3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles


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The prologue …

Upon Earth return on the morning of 15 January 2006, the entrycapsule containing the cometary's samples was released from themain spacecraft and descended through the Earth’s atmosphere,decelerating with the aid of a parachute for a successful landing atthe U.S. Air Force’s Utah Test and Training in northwest Utah.

STARDUST was the first mission to return samples from a comet.

NASA



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The STARDUST Sample Return Capsule (SRC) entered

the Earth’s atmosphere at velocity of 12.6 km/s.

This is the highest energy vehicle entry ever undertaken.

The prologue …3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles


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Challenging problem:Investigation of energy transfer mechanisms in high

temperature nonequilibrium gases

- Radiative gasdynamics of space vehicles- Species conversion in high temperature gases (problems of

chemical kinetics in nonequilibrium conditions)- Excitation/depletion of internal degree of freedoms of atoms and

molecules- Energy exchange mechanisms between separate energy states in atoms and

molecules- Energy exchange probabilities

- Electronic energy conservation- Radiation heat transfer and radiative gasdynamic interaction- Interaction of high temperature nonequilibrium gases with

surfaces of space vehicles



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Peculiarities of the thermo-physical processes at super-orbital velocities (Fire-II, Stardust, …)

• Typical velocities for super-orbital re-entry conditions: more than 11 km/s.

• Translational temperature behind shock wave reaches more than ~50 000 K.

• Ionization and atomic processes dominate at generation of plasma behind shock wave

• Radiation heating becomes compatible (and larger) than convective heating

STARDUST: Temperature distributions along forward stagnation line at t=42 s.

Shang J.S., Surzhikov S.T., “Simulating Nonequilibrium Flow for Ablative Earth Reentry,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. 2010. Vol.47. No.5

RadGD interaction



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Radiative Gas Dynamics in Non-LTE conditionsRadiative Gas

DynamicsRadiation Heat Transfer

Optical model:Absorption coefficients, emission coefficients, scattering coefficients and scattering indicatrix

Cross-sections of the elementary radiative processes

Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics

Gas Dynamics Chemical Physics Radiative Model

Radiation Transfer Model

Methods for solving RHT

problems

Quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry

Physical kinetics



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Radiative Gas Dynamics in Non-LTE conditionsRadiative Gas

DynamicsRadiation Heat Transfer

Optical model:Absorption coefficients, emission coefficients, scattering coefficients and scattering indicatrix

Cross-sections of the elementary radiative processes

Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics

Gas Dynamics Chemical Physics Radiative Model

Radiation Transfer Model

Methods for solving RHT

problems

Quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry

Physical kinetics



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NERAT-3D – three dimensional code(Non-Equilibrium Radiative Aero Thermodynamic code)

• Structured multi-block grids• Laminar and turbulent regimes• Physical-Chemical kinetics• Radiation heat transfer + Spectral optical properties

(ASTEROID code)



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Chemical Kinetics

Thermodynamic and transport properties

Radiation Heat Transfer (RHT)

Spectral Optical Properties Physical Kinetics

Radiative Gas Dynamics

ASTEROID

Databases

DatabasesDatabases

Schematic representation of general elements of RadGD codes



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CFD/RadGD modelImpulse conservation stage. The Navier-Stokes equations



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CFD/RadGD modelEnergy conservation stage



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CFD/RadGD modelThermodynamics & Mass conservation of species

is the effective diffusion coefficient

is the reaction rate for species s (mass source due to chemical reactions)



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CFD/RadGD modelThe chemical kinetic model



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CFD/RadGD model.Vibration energy conservation equations

Vibrational modes: Air: N2 (m=1), O2, (m=2), NO (m=3)

Air+CO2: N2 (m=1), O2(m=2), CO2 (m=3,4,5), CO (m=6)



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CFD/RadGD modelRadiation heat transfer equation

is the spectral intensity

is the spectral absorption coefficient

Spectral and group model of CO2(97%)- N2(2.3%)-Ar(0.7%): T=7333 K, p=1 атм Line-by-line calculation: 3 106 spectral points



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Numerical simulation methods

• Time relaxation method• Flux-corrected methods for the Navier-Stokes equations • Implicit method with using SOR on lines for mass conservation

equations (for chemical species) • Implicit method with using SOR on lines for energy

conservation equation• P1-approximation of the spherical harmonics method (SHM) for

radiation heat transfer equation• Discreet Ordination Methods for radiation heat transfer equation• Ray-tracing method was used for prediction of radiation heating

of spacecraft surface



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NERAT-3D prediction

Hollis B.R., Collier A.S. Turbulent Aeroheating Testing of Mars Science Laboratory Entry Vehicle in Perfect-Gas Nitrogen. AIAA Paper 2007-1208. 2007. 20 p.

Code verification3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles


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Numerical simulation results for some entering space vehicles

Exomars



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Exomars: Velocity Vx, T, Tv (CO2-1)Alpha=150

Catalytic surface

Case SC1

NERAT-3D prediction



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Exomars: Mass fractions CO2 and COAlpha=150

Catalytic surface

Case SC1

NERAT-3D prediction



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Exomars: Convective and radiative heatingAlpha=150Case SC1

Catalytic surface

Radiation heat flux

Convective heat flux



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STARDUST

Olynick D., Chen Y.-K., Tauber M.E. “Aerothermodynamics of the Stardust Sample Return Capsule,” J. Spacecraft and Rockets. 1999. Vol. 36. No. 3. P.442-462.



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t = 42 s

t = 54 s

t = 60 s

Radiative gas dynamics of STARDUST at angle of attack 80. The Earth’s atmosphere: V=12.4 km/s



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National Space Agencies separately and in cooperation are in the process of designing and building the next generation of Crew Exploration Vehicles, which are currently being developed to transport humans to the International Space Station, the Moon, and eventually Mars.



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ISS CEV (International Space Station Crew Exploration Vehicle)

NASA’s Exploration Systems Architecture. Final Report. NASA-TM-2005-214062.November 2005. 758 p.

NERAT-3D prediction

H=75 km, V=7.7 km/s



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New Russian Space Vehicle

NERAT-3D prediction

H=75 km, V=7.7 km/s

Convective and radiative heating



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Radiative gas dynamics of large scale space vehicles has the following peculiarities:

• Large stand-off (~30-40 cm)• Large zone of nonequilibrium flow (~5 cm)• Radiative heating compatible with convective

heating even for orbital re-entry• High degree of inhomogeneity of convective

heating of space vehicle surface at angle of attack



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Creation of gasdynamic, physical, chemical,radiative models of high temperature gases andplasmas is one of the challenging problems ofmodern physical mechanics and heat transfer

theory for wide fields of applications.



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The author thanks:

• Prof. Mario Capitelli

• Russian Academy of Sciences• Bari University (Italy)• S.P.Korolyov Rocket Space Corporation “Energia”• CNES (France)• AFRL (summer scholar programs)• Write State University, OH, Dayton• Ecole Centrale, EM2C (France)



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Dear Mario,I Wish you a many more good and prosperous years, and many more

to come …Sergey

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Three Dimensional Radiative Gasdynamics of Entering Space ...users.ba.cnr.it/imip/cscpal38/capitelli2011/pdf/monday_4th/Surzhiko… · Three Dimensional Radiative Gasdynamics of Entering