thuong mai dien tu Chuong 5

7/28/2019 thuong mai dien tu Chuong 5

1/196

C h u r c m g 5O N G D U N G T H U O N G M A I Dim T6T RONG DO ANH NGHIEP

5.1. Xay d ung hg thong thuong mai dintir trong doanh nghibC ong nghe thong tin la tap hgp cac phucmg phap k hoa hoc, ding nghe

va cong cu ky thuat hien dai de san xuA t va truyen dua, thu thap, xir 13'/, luutrit va trao doi thong tin so. (K hoan 1 Dieu 4 L uat Cong nghe thong tinnam 2006 ).

H e thing thong tin hieu theo nghia rang la tap hop va k et hop c ila cacphan cimg, phan m6m va c ac he mang tniyen thong dugc x ay chmg v a sirdung de thu thap, tao va tai tao, phan phii va chia se thong tin nham phv cvu cac muc tieu cua t6 chirc.

H inh 5.1: C ac thinh phlin ciia H TT T

N gu O n: Founda t ions o f In form at ion Sy s t e m , D . S .Y adas197


2/196

Ch irc nang cita he thong thong tin bao gO m :- Nhap dithu thap v a nhan dir lieu dt xir 1Sr.- Xir 15r duhuytn d6 i du l ieu thanh thong t in c6 nghia v6 i nguo i

sir dung.- X uat thong t in : phan phei thong t in dtn nhfing nguO i hoac hoat d6ng

can sir dung thong t in do.- Luu frit thong tin.- Cu ng cap thon g tin phL hO i: nhim ho trg qua tr inh kit 'm tra, danh g ia

lai va hoan thien he thong.5 .1 .1 . L ieu t r i r w esb i t e thw ang m ai d ien t ir5.1.1.1. M Ot so phi:m g phap ltru trir w ebsiteBan chat cu a web si te la tap hop cac t rang web (webpages) c lued clang

cac t rang web san C O (cac trang t inh) hoac ca c trang we b dugc to ra t ir cactai nguyen va co sa du l ieu (cac trang dO ng) . Luu fr it website la mo t trongcac van de quan trang nit& cu a thucm g m ai dien tir.Viec l tru t r i r websi te thucm g m ai dien t i r bao gom ca km frit d ir l ieu( thon g t in vt doanh ng hiep, san x uat , kinh doa nh, khach ha ng. . .) , he thon gphan m ' e m xir ly cac g iao dich dien tir (mu a ban trirc tuy6n, quan 1 S T hoa don,dich vu khach h ang.. .) va nhitng nOi dung khac tren website (catalogue dient ir , bao ca o, ta i nguyen s6 . .. ). Thy theo quy m o ci ta he thong thucm g m aidien t ir m a so luting, cA u hinh dm he thong may chii can sir dung a lu ucac website thuon g m ai dien t ir se khac nhau .Hien nay, ca mOt s6 phuong phap co ban dt km tra cac websi te thucm gm ai dien t ir nhu sau :-Tv dku tv mua cac m ay chit ve lap dat tai co sO cua doanh nghiep,

thue chuyen g ia th it t ke va x ay dung he thong m ang ciing nhu c ai dat cacphan m tm can thi tt d t quan tr i he thong m ay chi t cua doanh nghiep.

+ Nhugc ditm: Chi phi dau to xay dung he thOng may chit dm riengdoanh nghiep rat lan, vt co ses ha tang, vt may m6c, thitt bi, chi phi thuethitt ke he thong va quan tri he thong sau nay. D giam thitu chi phi hatang, doanh n ghiep co tht van dL to m ay chi t nhtrng thue cht) de dat may198


3/196

chi t ta i cac nha cu ng cap dich vg nay. Nhu vay, tranh dau to xay dun g cacphimg may chit von c tieu chuan ky thuat rat cao va tranh thud duongt ruyen r ieng de ket n6 i den cac m ay chi' cua m inh. C ach lam n ay van dambao dug c b i m at thong t in c i la doanh nghiep do cac m ay chi t dugc l t ru g it ita i cac phimg du gc bao m at cao. Hien nay, ta i Viet Nam , he th6 ng m ay chitcua cac ngari hang, twang dai hoc, hai quan, thud... thu6ng dugc to xaydung va van hanh ben t rong t 6 chirc.

+ iru diem : Mire dO an toan ciia thong tin va chit dOng trong van h anhhe th6n g c i ing nhu nan g , cap , ma rang sau nay. Ben canh do , kha nang toxay dung, quan he thong m ay ch it thucm g m ai d ien t ir c im g la mO t nangluc canh t ranh quan t rong cu a cac doanh nghiep khi tham g ia k ink doanhdien tir.

- Thue m ay chit cua cac nha cu ng cap dich vu ( thud cht i t ren mO t maychit hoac thud mO t s6 m ay chit). Theo dO , cac doanh nghiep tra phi a co thes ir dung m Ot phan dung lugng 6 ding teen ma y chit de km trir website hoacthud mO t s6 m ay chit cua nha cung cap dich vu a sir dung. CO the sir dungket hop hinh thirc nay vai hinh thirc tren. Thom chi nhiing doanh nghiephang dau trong thucm g m ai dien tir nhu G oogle ding thud ngoai dich vu luutit website.

+ Lru diem : Cac c hi phi xay dung co s6 ha tang, lap at dtr im g truyen,duy tr i va qua n tr i cac m ay chit do nha cu ng cap dich vu thuc hien. Doanhnghiep chi phai tra phi thud dich vu hang thang. Doanh nghiep tan dungdugc duong truyen t6 c dO cao cu a nha cung cap dich vu.

+ Nhugc diem: Mirc dO bao mat thong tin khong dugc bao dam dodoanh nghiep khong kiem so at hoan toan fl i tt ing ma y chit km trir th8ng tincua m inh. Do do, phucmg phap nay thu6ng phii hop vori cac he th6ng thucmgmai dien tir nh6, cac website chi co chirc nang giai thieu, quang ba sanpham , dich vu . .. chua c chirc nang thanh toan truc tuyen va cac ch irc nangcao ca p khac nh u pha n tich dit l ieu (data m ining) hay chia se thong tin giitacac d6 i tac (B2B integration).

5.1.1.2. D uem g Internet thud rieng (leased line Internet) cho c ac m ay c hi .'Khi doanh nghiep mu6 n xay chmg he th6ng m ay chit cua r ieng m inh vah e th6 ng na y (tat tai trung tam l tru tru di t l ieu dm doan h nghiep thi doanh

199


4/196

truyen nay con cao, chua phu hgp v6i phanlam cac doanh nghiep vira vanho hien nay.

Bang 5.1: D anh sach cac nha cung c ap dich vu Internet Jontai Viet Nam

STT Te n cling ty Website1 VDC home.vnn.vn2 FPT www.fpt.vn3 Vietel www.vietel.com.vn4 NetNam www.netnam.vn

Nguan: www.vnnic.com.vn ,20105.1 .1 .3. M ay cini w ebCac m ay chi' web not chung thuamg c6 b o n b o . , 6 cung dung lugng

chay l ien tvc 24/7, va b0 v i x i r ly c6 t6c d0 cao hcm cac m ay tinh ca nhanth8ng thuo.ng. Nhieu m ay chii web sir dung nh ieu be vi xir 1 S T . Yeu cau coban d l o i vO i cac m ay chi ' la kha nang hoat dO ng l ien tuc 24/7 va xir 1 5 7 d6ngthai nhieu thong tin khi nhieu ngu ari dung cu ng truy cap dua ra. Vi vay, cacm ay chil web sir dung nhieu phan cung nen chimg thuam g c6 gia dat hcm cacm ay tram th6 ng thuamg. Cac m ay tinh ca nhan tot hien nay, thong thuam ggia chi khoang USD 1.000 USD 3.000 trong khi do cac may chit webthuamg co g ia t ir USD 6 .00 0 den USD 40 0 .000 . Cac cong ty ban m ay ch i'web nh u Dell , Gateway, Hewlett Packard va Sun, tat ca cac c ong ty nay delico cong cu ho t rg cau hinh t ren t rang web dm h 9 de khach hang c6 the xemva hra ch9n cau hinh may chu cho phu hgp.

5.1 .1 .4. R anh gia nang luc cl ic ' m ay c lu i w ebCac yet i t6 anh h uang den t6c d0 thuc th i cua may chi t bao g6 m : phan

cung, phan mem he dieu hanh, phan m em m ay chu, t6c de ket noi , s6 lugngnguai d img, va loai trang web dang phan ph6 i . Kh i danh g ia h ieu rang c i iam ay chi ' web, chung to can b ie t chinh xac nhang yet i t6 nao dang dugc dova dam b ao rang cac yeu t6 do IA quan trong l ien quan den viec sir dling cua

20 2


5/196

m ay chit web. MO t nhan t6 khac anh hu Ong den hieu nang ci ta m ay chit webd6 la t6c dO ket n6i. MOt may chit dugc ket not bang mOt duon T3(44,736Mbps) se co kha nang phan ph6i cac trang web tai cac may tramnhanh hcm neu dung du6 ng T1 (1 ,544 Mbps) .

S6 lugng nguai dung m a m ay chit co the phuc vu va quan 1 S T dugc cungla mO t yeti t 6 quan trong. Dieu nay c6 the gay kh6 khan c ho viec do dac beivi cac ket qua b i anh huang bO i t 6 c dO du On g truyen ctia may chit , t6c dOthrong t ruyen dm m ay t ram , va kich thuac c i ta t rang web dugc ph an ph6 i .Hai y6u t6 de danh gia khi do t6 c dO phan phat trang web dm m Ot m ay chitweb d6 la thong luong v a then gian dap im g. Thong lugng a da y dugc hieula s6 lugng yeu eau m a phan cung va phan m em m ay chit co the x ir ly dugct rong mO t don vi thOri gian. ThOi gian dap un g la thOi gian can thiet a m aychit xirlSimO t yeu cau .

Vol nhang he th6 ng webs ite nho, s6 ng ued truy nhap i t, nen c6 the sirdung cac m ay chit vOi bff) vi xir ly dOng P entium t6c dO 3.0 Ghz, RA M 2Gbtres len la chA p nhan dugc. Con yen cac he th6 ng lon, s6 lucmg giao dich 16 n,nhieu nguixi truy cap, can sir dung nhieu m ay chit co cA u hinh m anh hon v aco he thO ng m ang dug c th ie t ke hgp ly , phan chia cac g iao d ich c a n xi/ . 1 S iqu a thiet bi can bang tai. Vi du, voi cac doanh nghiep lon nhu Amazon,A libaba. . . thi he th6 ng m ay chit khong pha i chi co 1 m a co the len tai hangnghin may chit tao thanh met mpg phan ph6i, cac may chit nay c6 thekhong tap t rung m O t cht ; m a dugc dat ra i rac ta i mO t s6 d ia d iem t ren thegiai nham tang t lic de xir ly len nhanh !that c6 the dugc cho khach hang.De co the lua chon dug c phan cun g tot cho ma y chit web, chung ta cothe s i r dung phuong phap kiem tra ten nhieu yeti t 6 ket hop. De CO the thuchien dugc v iec kiem tra, tat nhien chimg ta phai ca i dat ca phan c i rng lanphan m em cho m ay chit . Dieu nay se kh6 thuc hien dugc khi chimg ta chuat ra t ien m ua m ay chit dO. Tuy nhien, chung ta c6 the sir dung cac test ing labsd'ec lap ci ta cac ding ty khac, vi du nhu Mindcraf t , de kiem tra phan cun g,phan mem dm he th6ng . Mindcraf t cung cap nh ieu bao cao va cac th6ng keso sanh tong hop dm phan cimg va he dieu hanh va cac san phA m phan memm ay chit web. (Tham khao them www.m indcraft .com )

203


6/196

5.1.1.5. H e diL him h cho cac m ay cha webHe dieu hanh co nhiem vu thuc thi chucmg trinh va phan phoi tai

nguyen nhu bO nha , khO ng g ian lt ru t r ir cho chucm g t rinh . Phan m em hedieu hanh c l ing cung cap ca c d ich vu n hap xu at ta i cac th ie t b i ket n6 i vonmay t inh nhu ban phim, man hinh va may in . MO t may t inh m u6 n hog dO ngdugc phai d trgc ca l dat phan m em he dieu hanh a dieu khien viec thuc thicac chu cm g trinh. V6i cac he thiing lan, he dieu han h con phai theo doi hoat

&O ng ci ta nhieu ngu aci s ir dung khac nha u khi h9 cling dang nhap vao heth6ng va phai dam bao ho g dOng cua nh Ung nguad s ir dung nay khong gaycan tra nhau.

Phan lan cac may chit web dugc cai dat mot trong cac he dieu hanhsau: Microsoft Windows NT Server, Microsoft Windows 2000 Server,Microsoft Windows 2003 Server, Linux, hoc cac he diet' hanh dira teenUNIX nhir Solaris hoc FreeBSD va cac phien ban cao cap han. Nhieuding ty tin rang cac san pham dm hang M icrosoft thi dcm gian, nhan vien heth6ng thong t in dm ho c6 the hoc va s i r dung ch im g de han la cac he d ieuhanh dua t ren he th6 ng UN IX . Cac cong ty khac th i lo l ing ye van de yeukem trong bao m at do viec tich hap gicra cac phan m em irng dun g va he dieuhanh cita cac san pham cita Microsoft . Ma y chit web chay tren nen UNIX thiphi bien hcm , va nhieu ngu oi sir dung t in rang v iec cai dat m ay chit web trenUNIX se bao mat hcm.

Linux la mo t he dieu hanh m a ngutm m ar, de cai dat, nhanh v a hieu qua.Phan m em m a ngu 'On m a dugc phat t rien bad mot cong di ing cac lap tr inhvien, h9 tao ra cac phan m em va cung cap mien phi cho nhim g nguoi quantam co the tai xu6 ng. Cac lap trinh vien khac sir dung cac phan m em n ay sirad6 i, t it)/ bien hoac pha t trien chim g. Cac lap trinh v ien co the cu ng cap phienban da cai l ien cu a h9 trO lai cong dl ing de m 9i ngtrad sir dung v a t iep tucphat trien.

S6 Luang cac cong ty ban m ay chit web da bao g im luon he d ieu hanhLinux trong eau hinh ngam dinh clang ngay cang tang len. Ma c dit he dieuhanh Linux c6 the ta i m ien phi ti r In ternet , phan Lan cac cong ty van m uachimg thong qua cac nha phan ph6i thucmg mai. Cac nha phan ph6i sanpham he dieu hanh Linux da cung cap them mot s6 phan mem hi lu dung nhu

20 4


7/196

cac t ien ich cai dA t va m et ban hgp deng ho t rg cho he d ieu hanh. Cong typhan phei Linux phien ban thucmg m ai ban cac phien ban cua he dieu hanh

cac t ien ich cho m ay chii web bao gem : Caldera, Mandrake, Red Hat, vaSuS E. Hang S un ban phan c l ing m ay ch il web d ing v6 i he d ieu hanh dv at ren nen UN IX nhu Solaris .

5.1.1.6. Phein m em m ay chii webDo la cac phan m em m a m ay chil web phai ca i dA t de cac website co

the hoat deng tren nen cac phan mem nay. Gieng nhu m uen cai dA t va danhm ay bang MS Word th i m ay tinh pha i dugc ca i dA t MS Windows . Met s6phan m em phe b ien nhdt h ien nay dang dugc dung lam m ay chil web nhu:Apache Server, Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) va Sun JavaSystem W eb Server ( JSW S) (thuang dugc goi bang cac ten khac nhu S unO NE, iPlanet Enterprise Server, va N etscape Enterprise). Thir hang ve m ircde phi ; b ien nay da dugc t ich luy thong qua dieu t ra dugc thvc h ien bC 's iNetCraft , m et cong ty to van ve m ang 6 A nh. Netcraft dieu t ra d6 i vai tongs6 trang web dang ten tai va do mirc dO lien quan den tinh phe bien cuaphan mem may chi ' web.

Netcraft chi ra rang, th i truang cua phan m em m ay chii web trong metvai nam On day da di vao on dinh . Nhin chung A pache chiem khoang 65den 70% thi phan, Microsoft I IS chiem khoang 20 den 25 0/0 thi phan. Theodieu tra cua m et tap chi m ay tinh, thi phan cua c ac phan m em m ay chii webding rat khac nhau d6 i vai may chil web ding Ong va m ay chii web not be.

(0 M ay chz i w eb A pacheA pache la t en c ii a met nhem pha t tr ien phan m em . Rob M cCool pha ttrien Apache trong khi dang lam viec tai tnrang dai hoc dm Illinois taiNC SA vao nam 1994. Met vai webm aster t ren the g ia i dd tao ra phan m areng r ieng cho m ay chil de h9 co the dieu khien cac thay dOi cua minh choh e thong (dugc b iet den va i cai ten "patches" co ngh ia la cac "mieng va").H e thOng nay bao gem m et N thong nhan g6 c vai rat nhieu m anh (patches)do do n o du gc biet den \Teri ten pi la "a patchy server" hay ggi dan g ian la" apache". A pache hien nay co the download m ien phi teen internet .

A pache dA thong t ri trong l inh vi .rc web to nam 1996 boi 15, do apache20 5


8/196

la m ien phi va hog dO ng ra t h ieu qua . A pache m anh Mn m ire m a d ing tyIBM cim g s i r dung t rong cac goi im g dung cho m ay chir WebS hpere . Cacphan m em m ay ch ir web k i rk nhu Zeus , d ing dugc phat t r ien dua t ren m angu6 n m a dm A pache. Hien nay, c khoang ti r 6 5-70% m ay chir Web teenthe giai sir dung A pache, nglifa la A pache dirge sir dung mO t each rOng raiIran tat ca cac phan m em may chi ' Web khac hgp la i. A pache chay dugc trennhieu he dieu hanh nhu FreeBSD-UNIX, HP-UX, Linux, MicrosoftWindows, SCO -UNIX , va Solairis .

(ii) M ay chu w eb M icrosoft Internet Inform ation Server (IIS )Mat s6 webs i te ch i chay dugc t ren nen m ay ch i ' web dm M icrosof t la

I IS , v i du la cac websi te dugc v ie t bang non ner A SP v a dot .Net . May chi 'web IIS dugc g an kern theo trong phien ban hien hanh cira he diet ' hanh m aychit Windows dm M icrosft. IIS dugc sir dung nhieu trong cac m ang Intranetbai V I do c nhieu cong ty da tucm g th ich cac san pham dm Microsof t vaicac san pham chuan cua ho.

IIS co the phir hgp vai ca cac website nho ding nhu cac he th6ngthucm g m ai dien t i r lan. Theo dieu tra teen the giai cc!, khoang 20 -25 phant ram cac m ay chit web sir dung phan m em IIS nay. Trong mO t vai t ram O nday, s6 lugng trang web sir dung IIS da giam xu6 ng, nguyen nhan la do IISc nhieu 18 h6 ng ve bao m at va da bi cong khai. Cac 18 h6 ng nay lam chothe m ay chir chay IIS de bi tan cong.

(iii) M ay cha w eb Java Sy stem W eb Serv er caa Sun M icrosystem s (SunON E, iPlanet, N etscape)

Sun Java S ystem Web S erver (JSWS ) dugc phat tr ien dua t ren chucm gtrinh m ay ch it web NC SA va dugc b iet den c lua i mot s6 ten nhu Sun ON E,Netscape Enterprise Server, va iPlanet Enterprise Server. Khi AOL muaNetscape nam 1999, cong ty nay c i d cong tac vai Sun M icrosystem s de het rg va t iep tuc phat t r ien san pham Netscape. Su cong tac nay dugc pi ten laiPlanet va hog d6ng dm no keo dai 3 nam va het han vao thang 3 nam 200 2.Khi ket thirc, iPlanet troy thanh m Ot phan dm Sun beri vi may chi" web va cacphan m em thucm g m ai dien ti t m a iPlane t ban a co quan 116 cha t the va ihog dang k inh doanh dm Sun km dm Tim e Warner .

206


9/196

Load-begancingswitch

Sun JSW S la san pham thucm g m ai, tuy nhien chi phi ban quyen cila nola chdp nhan ducfc. Mirc phi dm n o thay d6i tuy thuO c vao nang luc cua b0vi xir ly ciia m ay chii ma no cai Tat len, tuy nhien phan Ian w ebsite tra vmm irc phi ti r USD 1 .40 0 den US D 5 .00 0 cho v iec mua ban quyen nay. Phanm em c il a Sun d ing hog dO ng dugc t en nh ieu he d i eu hanh nhu: HP_UX ,Solaris va ca Windows. Theo danh gia m ai day, chi c khoang 5 % m ay chilweb sir dung Su n JSWS . Tuy nhien mO t s6 w ebsi te n6 i tieng nhdt , tap napnhdt lai van Bang sir dung phan mem may chi' nay dm Sun, dien hinh laBM W, Dilbert , E*TRA DE, Excite, Lycos va Sc hwab.

5.1.1.7. He thong can bang tai cho cac m ay chei w ebsi te thw ang m aidien tom o t b o chuyen m ach can b ang tai ( load balancing switch) la mO t thikbi mang co the d ieu khien phan phi cong v iec cho cac m ay chi t vao no v achia luting thong t in den vao m ay chii co kha nang da p img tot nhA t trongtong th& i diem . Trong m Ot he th6 ng can b ang tai don gian, dir lieu di vaowebsite tir internet se di qua b o dinh tuyen cua website sau do den b0chuyen m ach can bang ta i , b0 ch uyen m ach nay se phan t ich va huon g dul ieu den m ay chil web co kha n ang dap img t o t rill& luting dir lieu n ay trongs6 cac m ay chil cua doanh nghiep.

H inh 5.2. H O thong can bing tai cho cac may chii web

N gudn: A l ias, 200 3, Ecomm erce for M anagers.

207


10/196

H inh 5.3. Hg thtmg can W ing tai cho cac may chit web

N gw in: A l ias, 2003, Ecom m erce for M anagers.Trong m et he th6 ng ca n bang tai phirc tap, dik lieu di vao co the g apnhieu ham m et be dinh tuyen t ren dm m et websi te lan , sau do no du gchuang ta i met nhom cac m ay chit co chirc nang xac dinh. Ca be chuyenm ach can bang t a i va 'l an mem dieu khien co the CO gia tir 10 .00 0 den50 .000 USD, dien hinh la cac san phA m nhu E-load, Loadrunner, Serverlronva Silkperform er.

5.1.1.8. Djch v u hat tru web site v a phuun g phap danh giaHien nay co ra t nhieu nha cung cA p dich vu Internet hO t rq dich v u

host ing (cho thue kho ng gian t ren cac m ay chi t de cai dat webs i te) . Vaydoanh ngh iep nen dip vao cac t ieu chi nao de dua ra lua chip phu hqp nhA tv o n nhu eau sir dung cua m inh. Met so tieu chi chung to co the tham khao del ira chce met nha cung cA p dich vu nhu:-Nang luc h6 try phtin cerng: Cho biet c A u hinh m ay chit dugc nh a

cung cA p dich v1,1 sir dung, toc de dm be vi xir 15 , , dung lacing be nha, he208


11/196

di 'e 'u hanh du gc cai dat teen may chi ' . Dieu nay se t ic dOng den kha na ng xirl y cac giao dich cua w ebsite thuang m ai dien t ir . Vi du m ay chi ' co kha nan gxir 15, bao nhieu g iao dich, bao nhieu khach ha ng c the t ruy cap ang thaivao may

- K h a n a n g h a ir e ' p la in m e m : Ch o biet may chi ' se hO trg cac websitethuang mai dien tir nao, co phi' h9p vbi cong nghe dugc sir dung de xaydung we bsite cua doa nh nghiep hay khong. Tuy nhien, thtrem g nha cu ng capco nh ieu m ay ch i' khac nhau va c kha nang dap img m qi cong nghe xaydung we bsi te ph6 b ien . Ma c du vay, doanh nghiep van can hru 5 / den cacyeu t 6 ca ban nhu cong nghe xay dung website cua doanh nghiep, ngon ngcrl ap tr inh dug c s i r dung de v ie t m a ngu6 n, ca sb d i r l ieu dug c xay dung tenphan m em nao. Hien nay c rat nhieu ngon ngit cho phep cac lap t r inh vienxay dung mOt website mOt cach nhanh chong nhu ASP, PHP, Java,Dot.net ,... vai moi ngon ngit doi hoi mOt chtrang trinh webserver khacnhau; vi du voi A SP thi chay teen m oi truang window vO l webserver la IIS,Php c the chay tren ca windows, Unix, Linux va webserver co the laApache Server, con vai website dugc viet bang java thi can c TomcatServer. Ve ca sb dit lieu cling c rat nhieu he q u a n tri khac nhau nh u O racle,Microsoft SQL, MySQL... Ngoai ra con mOt s6 tien ich khac c the lienquan d 'e 'n he th6n g web si te khi xay dung ngu eri lap t r inh se he t ke trongdanh sach yeu eau ve he th6 ng, dua vac do ch img to se b ie t dugc lua ch9nnha cung c ap dich vu c ht; trg phan m em n hu the nao cho phu hap voi yeueau cua phan mem website cua minh.

- T e d n g u y i n m g n g : Ben canh cac t ieu chi ve phan cling, phan me m dachi ra, con phai xem xet den tai nguyen mgng c ua nha cu ng cap dich vv. Yudiem lOn nhat cim viec thue dich vu hosting lab cho se tan dung dugc& rang truyen t6c di) cao c san cua nha cu ng cap. Nhu v ay khi lua chcon nhacung cap dich vu, phai tim hieu xem nha cung cap dich vu do co ding dunglugng ra vao Internet la bao nhieu, co bao nhieu khach hang dan g sir dungdich vu dtremg truyen cua nha cu ng cap dich vu do, t ir do du doan dugc toedO khach hang se t ruy cap dugc vao w ebsi te cua m inh. Thong thuem g, khithue dich vu hosting, doanh nghiep se phai tra gia tren dun g lugng ltru trft vathong lugng m gng ( lugng thong t in truyen qua ma n trong mO t don vi theri

209


12/196

gian). Nhu vey ve Ca ban, doanh nghiep phai tinh dugc "kich thuac"website, du b ao dun g luting luu ter trong tucm g lai, tinh "thong luting" trungbinh hien tai va du bao "thong lut ing" trong tucm g lai dua vao c hien lugcphat t rien website de dua ra su lua chgn d ich vu phu h gp vai nhu c eu thuct h , tranh deu to lang phi.- K in h n g h if m v a u y t in : Kinh nghiem va uy tin thuang the hien a khanang bao m et, xir 1S, cac su c6 , thai gian can thiet de xir 15 , cac su c 6 . .. cacyeu t6 na y giup web site cua doan h nghiep co kha nang hoat O ng l ien tuccao nhet.

- flQi n g f i k y t h u f t : DOi ngii ky thuet cua nha cung cep dich vu ch iutrach nhiem ve ca duy tri hoat dOng , dam bao an town d6 i von website cuadoanh ng hiep va xir ly cac su c6 phat sinh. S6 luting va ch .& luting cua dOinet ky thuet la dieu kien ca ba n a dam bao ve ch at lut ing dich vu va thaigian de khac phuc cac su c6 mang co the xay ra.

- G M t h an k dich vu phai trong kha nang ng'an sach cua cong ty.5.1.1.9. D ich vu ho sting cho cac w ebsite thuang m ai dien tee1 3 4 hra chgn nha cung ce p dich vu hosting, truck het doanh nghiep can

t inh den uy tin cua nha cung cep v a khach hang m a doanh nghiep hue:mg tai.Vi du, neu doan h nghiep xuet kh au m u & quang ba ra thi truong nu6 c ngoai,doanh nghiep nen tim m O t nha cung cep dich vu hosting gen vri khach hangnhet a ang t6 c d8 cho khach hang khi troy nhep website. Trong twang hgpdoanh nghiep mu6 n xay dung m Ot he th6 ng websi te thuang m ai dien t ir degiai thieu cac san phem voi khach hang trong nu oc thi doanh nghiep nenBang ky dich vu hosting voi mO t nha cung cep dich vu n8i dia.

Yu diem cu a viec host ing a nu ac ngoai la cac nha cung cep dich vunuac ngoai thulmg C O ca kr ha ding man g, ding nhu dOi ngii ky thuet tot,dieu do se co lgi trong viec duy tr i hoat dO ng on dinh cu a he thong. Tuynhien, trong truang hcfp gip su c6 (CO the do bi hacker ten cong) thi do se lam Ot ter ngai khi thuang luting v& i nha cung cep ley lai quyen cua he thong,do do khi lua chgn nha cung cap dich vu host ing nuac ngoai chting to canphai then trong xem xet ve u y tin cua co ng ty do. Trong khi do, neu lua c hgnnha cung cap dich vu hosting trong nu& thi thi truang, cong nhu ca sa ha210


13/196

t ang mang khong to t bang oh cac nha cung cap d ich vu nu & ngoai , t uynhien no co loci the ve mat bao m at va ho troy khi bi tan cong. MOt yeu to khaccan xem xet la gia thanh thue dich vu hosting cila cac nha cung cap dich vuhosting nuorc ngoai thu&n g c6 gia re han rat nhieu so voi cac dich vu tuang& rang cua nha cung cap dich vu trong nuac.

5 .1 .2 . P h a n m e m g id i p h d p C h u a n g m g i d i e n t i r c h o d o a n h n g h ie p5.1.2.1. W ebsite thuang m gi dien to (i). DO C diem dig W ebsite thuang m gi dien tirCac website thucm g m ai dien t ir can hoat dOng lien tuc 24/7 du la mo

hinh nao. Nhimg website deu can dugc chay ten cac m ay chii du manh dexir ly khi lugng truy cap cao nhat. Ben canh you cau hoat dOng nhanh v a ondinh, cac we bsite thucm g m ai dien t i r giao dich can sir dung n hang ph anm em hiOu qu a va de nang cap khi lugng truy cap website tang. Cac websiteth8ng tin nhu tin tuc, bao cao , thong tin so h6 a. .. can dap ling nhu ca u timkiem thong t in nhanh va chinh x ac. Thong t in can hien thi nhanh n hat tenman hinh cua ngueri xem. Nhin chung yeti cau hoat dOng van la 24/7 nIumgm ire dO nhanh va o n dinh co the thap han so v ai cac website thuang m aidiOn tir giao dich. Yeu cau v e phan c ling cling co the thap h cm , tuy nhien yeucau v e xir ly lut ing truy cap dO ng co the cao ha n, do cac we bsite t in tuc,thong tin a hu but khach truy cap han.

(ii). Cac chtic nang ca ban c4a w ebsite thuang m gi dien ticPhan m em website thucmg m ai diOn tir co the co nhang nhiOm vu khacnhau, tir viec cung cap catalog trung bay san pham truc tuyen den viOc

don hang ter dOng . MOt giai phap thuang m ai diOn tir co ban phai co nhangchirc nang co ban sau:

- Catalog trung bay san pham ;- Gk .) mua hang;- X u ly giao dich dat hang, hgp ding, thanh town...Cac website thucm g m ai diO n tir km, phirc tap han cling sir dung 'then

phan mem co cac chirc nang teen va co them nhimg cong cu ho trg cac hoat211


14/196

Ong thucmg m ai dien t ir khac. Phan m em trung gian (m iddleware) n6i keth e th6 ng thucm g m ai dien tir voi cac he thong thong tin dm ding ty (quan 15 /hang ton kho , xir 1 . S T don hang, ke toan). Ben canh do co cac gal phan m emchuyen thuc hien mot s6 chirc nang nhu: phan mem ERP, phan m em S CM ,phan mem CR M, phan mem quan tri nOi dung (CMS) va phan mem quan tritri thirc (NM).

W ebsite catalog dien titDoanh nghiep sir dung catalog tnm g bay the san pham hoac dich vu cuam inh. Giting nhu trong cua hang ban le t ruyen th6n g, nha kink doanh gian

hang truc tuyen co the nham hang hoa thanh tong khu theo nhcm g t ieu chirieng v ii ten goi cac gian hang tucm g to nhu gian hang truyen thong. Tronghau het cac gian hang truyen thong, m 6 1 san pham chi de trong mO t vi tri nhatBinh, tuy nhien voi gian hang truc tuyen, met san pham co the ducyc phan loafo nhieu chim g loai hang khac nh au. Vi du: giay chay co the vira duqc pha nloai trong khu giay hoac khu clung cu the thao.

MO t trang web thucm g m ai nho co the co m et cata log tinh don gian.Catalog tinh la mot danh muc don gian duqc viet bang nem ngO HTML,hien thi trong m ot hoac m ot s 6 t rang web. De them va o, x6a di , hoac thayd6 i met m uc hay m ot san pham trong danh m uc, ding ty phai sira lai phanlenh HTML cua m ot hoac met s6 trang. Cac trang web thuong m ai ion honthuang sir dung au truc catalog dOng.

Catalog Ong luu t it thong t in ve cac m uc han g t rong cac co so , dalieu, thuang tren m ot m ay tinh rieng biet c6 the truy cap tai m ay chit . MO im uc hang trong catalog Ong c6 the duoc hien thi yen nhieu hinh anh hoacthong tin chi tik. M'Ot cong cu t im kiem se cho phe p khach hang t im kiemhang He va xem xet lieu mat hang do c6 san ban hay khong. Pham m emcata log dung thuang & roc gan kern trong met b0 phan mem thuong m aidien tir ton goi, tuy nhien m gt s 6 ding ty viet phan m em catalog rieng, saudo not vOi co soy du lieu san pham cua ding ty m inh.

(iv). Gici m ua hang trong thucm g m gt dien toKhi thuong m ai dien t i r m ai phat tr ien, khach hang chon san pham ho

quan tam bang cach dien vao met m A u (form) vai cac lua chip ve s6 lugng,212


15/196

m a se sa n pham , don gia ,. .. trong n ht ing he p nhap se l ieu r ieng biet . Dieunay gay ldio chiu cho khach hang trong truang hgp khach hang tai m et thaidiem guy& d inh mua nh ieu han m et san pham. MCA van de kh i mua hangtr irc tuyen bang cach dien vao mA u m ua hang la nguai mu a phai dien vaom a san pham , gia ca va c ac thong t in khac ve san pham tnrac khi h9 co theden tai trang web dat ha ng. Han n tra, khach han g doi khi lchong nha l ieu h9da kich vao n ut gir i don ha ng hay chu a. Ket qua la , h9 co the vira gin dathang 2 lan cho m et don hang (k ich chuO t ha i lan vao nut da t hang) , hoacnghi rang h9 da gui rei nen khong an vao nut dat hang nfra. Do do, muahang theo each tren thuam g clan tai nham 1 n va m ac lOi trong qua trinh dathang. Nhang han the cua hinh thirc dal hang bang cach dien vao mA u dadugc khac phuc bang phan mem giO mua hang.

Ngay nay, gi6 mua hang la met tieu chuan a thuc h ien thuong m aidien tir ban le . Gio m ua hang luu trir cac san pham m a nguoi m ua TA ' chgn,cho phdp nguad mu a co the xem la i nhang m at hang minh da chip dua vaogio, them vao giO mat hang mai hoac be bat di san pham nao do. De dathang, khach hang chi can don g ian kich chuet vao san pham do, tat ca cacthong t in ve san pham bao gem gia ca , m o ta , m a san pham hay cac thongt in khac deu dugc to & Ong tun t ru t rong g io mua hang. Khi khach hang dachon hang x ong, ho chi can nhan nu t thu t h ien v iec m ua hang, phan m emgio m ua han g se to dO ng t inh toan tong se san pha m , tong gia tr i t in thanhtoan ding nhu cac chi phi van chuyen hay thu 'e . Phan m em Gio m ua hangdm m et so website thucm g m ai d ien t ir con cho phep khach hang chgn sanpham dua vao gi6, de giO vao met ngan ao, va khach hang sau vai ngayquay tra la i mai quy& B inh chgn m ua hoac thanh toan . Met se phan m emgio mu a hang dug c ban dec lap de cac cong ty to ket not vao web si te banhang dm m inh. Gio mu a hang hien dai ding la me t cong cu canh tranh trongThuang m ai dien t ir .

(v). X ft ly cac giao dich thuang m ai dien ticKhi nguai mua quyet Binh m ua hang bang each nhan v ao nut Checkoutt ren trang web , khi do trang w eb thuc hien quy tr inh x ir ly giao dich: phan

m em thuong m ai dien t i r thuc hien bat cu m et t inh toan can thiet nao, v i duchi& khau dua tren se lugng hang mua, thue, chi phi van chuyen,... Khi

213


16/196

Ch eckout, ca Ichach han g vi ngueti ban deu chuyen sang giao dien giao dichan toan. X ir lSt giao dich c6 the la phan ph irc tap nhat cua v iec ban hang tructuyen. Tinh town thue v a chi phi van chu yen la nhiing phan quan trang trongqua t r inh nay, va cac nh a quan t r i m ang phai thuem g xuyen Idem t ra mirethue suA t d ing nhu chi phi van chuyen de dam ba o m irc g ia dang dugc apdung la mirc g ia d im g. MOt s6 phan mem cho phep may chi i web A T dOngcap nha t thong tin gia van c huyen ba ng cach ket n6 i tivc t iep tai cac ding tyvan chuyen.

5.1.2.2. W ebsite clang v a cow ding nghe x ay dung w ebsite clangMicrosoft da phat t rien mO t ding nghe tao t rang web dO ng va dug c s irdung rang rai hien nay la Active Server Pages (ASP). Sun Microsystems

cling & A ' phat trien mO t ding nghe tuang to g9i la Java S erver Pages (JSP ),va hiep hOi ma ngu6 n m 6 A pache Software Foundat ion c l ing phat tr ien mO tngon n gft lap tr inh tucm g to la PH P (H ypertext Preprocessor) . Gan day,mOt ding nghe tuang to dugc Macromedia xay dung voi ten g9i lA ColdFusion. Day la bOn ding nghe ph6 bien nhA t dugc sir dung a xay dung cacwebsite . Trong nhang ding ngh e nay, cac cau lenh cha y teen m ay chu dugct rOn an vO i nhang cau lenh HTML de tao ra cac t rang web dO ng, ti rc la c6nOi dung khac nhau. Vi du, ASP cho phep nguori lap trinh web sir dungnhan g ngO n nair lap tr inh khac nhau nhu VB Sc ript, Jscript, hoac P eri . Javala ng8n ngit lap tr inh do Sun tao ra, cl ing c6 the dugc sir dung de tao ra ca ctrang web dO ng. Nhftng in -1g dung do dugc g9i lA Java Servlets.

Nhieu nhA chuyen mon van cho rang cac cong nghe tao trang web dOngchua thuc su giai guy& dugc viec lap trinh web. HQ cho rang, phucm g phapxay dung cac trang web n hu vay chi chuyen nhiem v u cua nh ling ngues i vittcac t rang web HTM L sang nhang ngu en vie t lenh A SP (hoac JSP hay PHP).

MO t s6 du an dan g dugc trien khai nharn giai guy& van de tao cac trangweb d'6n g tr iet de ham . Du an A pache C ocoon Project lA mO t trong nhangdu an dien hinh. A pache Cocoon IA m Ot ca the xay dung web cho phdp nguoilap trinh truy van du l ieu nga y ter cac trang HTM L va tao ra cac trang webdm % nhieu dinh clan khac nhau. Chinh t inh nang cho phep tao ra cac t rangweb du& nhieu d inh c lang khac nhau tao nen the m anh c i ia C ocoon. Theophuan g phap nay, cac trang web dug c km tr i l duai clang cac the HTML v a214


17/196

cac the nay se hinh thanh nOi dung that dm cac trang web. Cac thOng tin dugcyeu eau se dugc x ir ly bad cac ling dung Java s ervlet, cac ling dung na y se doccat the HTML va lua chon cac nOi dung du gc yeu cau. Thay vi hien thi trangweb, Cocoon c6 the xay dung nOi dung diing nhu yeu cau. Vi du, ngutridung yeu cau mot f ile A dobe Portable Docum ent Format (PDF) de doc tenthiet b i s6 cam tay PDA , met websi te s i r dung cong nghe C ocoon co the taora nhcm g thong tin duai clang PDF tir nhting file HTM L. Nhieu chuyen giat rong nganh co ng nghe thong t in tin twang rang cong nghe C ocoon va cacding nghe tucm g to ciia M icrosoft (Microsoft .Net famework) va Oracle sedem lai nhung phucmg phap tot hcm de xay dung cac trang web dOng .

(i. M Ot so cong cu phat trien w eb phij bienMac du cac cong C u nay thuang dugc s ir dung a xay dung cac w ebsite

nho, tuy nhien chimg cling c6 the dug c sir dung de xa y dung cac thanh phanrieng le cua cac we bsite thucm g m ai dien t ir c6 qu y mo trung binh bang eachtao ra ca t t rang w eb va cac cong cu quan ly websi te . Vi du , phien ban ganday cua chuang t r inh M acromedia Dreamweav er d 'A t ich hop luon ca m oitnrong phat tr ien . Nhu vay d6 i vai cac nhA thiet ke web c6 kinh nghiem hoc6 the sir dung de tao ra cac thanh phan cila m et trang web dO ng de nhu taora m et trang web finh.

MO t cong cu thiet ke web khac kha ph6 bien d6 IA Microsoft Frontpagecl ing c6 the dugc s i r dung de xay dung khunt cua cac w ebsi te thuang m aidien tir. Cac thAnh phan con lai cua cac trang web dOng nhu tao danhm uc hang h 6 a, dich vu khach h ang, xix lS7 cac phien giao dich co the dugcvie t b6 sung bang cac cong cu phat tr ien web khac chang han nhu Visua lStudio.NET cua hang M icrosoft .

Sau khi tao xon g web site voi cac con g cu pha t trien nay, nguai thiet kecan mua 1)6 sung them cac thA nh phan phan mem t ien ich khac nhu gio m uahang, phan mem quan tri nOi dung. Cuoi cling lA tao ra cac phan mem trungchuyen de ket n6 i website vA o cac phan m em voi ca sa d ir lieu san c6 cu acong ty.

Viec mua v a sir di. .m g cat phan m em thuong m ai dien tir nhin chung ladat hon so vO i viec sir dung cac dich vu thucm g m ai ciia nha cung cap dich

215


18/196

vu, yeti chi phi hang nam co the t ir 2 .00 0 den 50 .000 do la My. Cac phanm em thuang m ai dien tir c6 gia thanh trtmg binh chi cho phep ket n6 i tai cacca sa dir lieu ve danh m uc san pham. S au khi da ket not duac ten ca sey ditlieu danh m uc san pham , no cho phe p cap nhat , thay d6i thong t in. Thamchi, m 6 t vai he thOng c on cho phep ket not tai he thOng quan tri tai nguyen(ERP) cua town b6 doanh nghiep. Dieu nay cho phep cac citing ty khong phaichay & O ng thoai nhieu he thO ng trim g lap nhau va gia tri dm h e thong dangc6 duqc t rai r6 ng ra cho mgt vai he thOng phan mem . Ba he thOng thuangmai dien tir ph6 bien hien nay cho cac doanh nghiep vira la IntershopEnfini ty Mul t is ite , WebS phere Com m erce Sui te dm IBM va C om m erceServer 200 2 dm hang Microsoft .

(h). M g't so pluin m em qua,: tri not dung w ebsite thuang m gi dien toPhan lan cac phan m em thuang mai dien tir deu CO cac t inh nang

d6 ng va t ien t ich de tao ra cac t rang w eb m A u, nhu trang chit , t rang giaithieu, trang lien he. . . Tuy nhien p han lem cac doanh nghiep muO n tuy biencac trang web vo n dac thu rieng cua m inh, phit h9p von san ph am , dich vu vanganh nghe kinh doanh. De m ua m ot phan mem quan tri n6i dung websitethuang m ai dien t ir , can pha i kiem tra cac t inh 'tang nham dam bao thanvien cua con g ty co the thvc hien duqc cac thao tac thtkm g xu yen phai xir l yd6 i yen he thong nhu cap nhat, thay doi, b 6 sung, xir ly cac dan dat hang, ketoan, thue. . . Ve ca ba n, phan m em can dap img yeu cA u dan gian h6 a cacthao tac cua ngtr6 i sir dung d6 i von c ac con g viec xir ly dir lieu v a giao dichhang ngay.

Khi thuang m ai dien tir phat tritn, cac doanh nghiep CO xu htrong tim cacgiai phap m oi nham sir dung web v a internet de chia se thong t in gifta cacthan vien, khach hang , nha cung cap va cac d6 i t ic cua m inh. Phan m emquan tri n6i dung hi) tra quan 1S , khO i luang lan ca c thong tin, van b an, hinhanh... lien quan den co ng viec kinh doanh . Ved sv phat trien nha nh chon g citacong ng he khO ng day, va cac thiet bi lchong day nhu dien thoai di d6ng , maytinh cam tay, PDA , viec quan tri n6 i dung se gift') than vien chia xe thong tina dang ha n, giam thai gian, chi phi giao dich.

Khi cong ty can co nhieu each khac nhau de truy nhap den tai nguyenthong tin nhu thong tin cac san phA m , quy each, gia ca, huong dan sir dung...216


19/196

co the xem xet giai phap quan tr i va s i r dung thong t in thong qua cac phA nm em quan t ri no t dung . B a co n g t y d a n g d i m d a u v e c u n g ca p g i d i p h d pquiin trj nfii dung trin thi Documentum, Vignette vaW e b m e t ho d s . P h an m e m q u a ff t r j t r O i d u n g co g i d k h o d n g t i r 2 00 .000 d i n500.000 USD .

(iii) . M ot so phiin m em quan tri h e thong d ieing tin trong d oanh nghiepNgay nay s6 lugng cac cong ty s ir dung phA n m em quan t ri nOi dung

(CMS ) dang ngay can tang len . 11A u he t cac phA n m em quan t ri no t dungdugc thiet ke ra a rg giup cac con g ty quan tri ta t ca cac thong tin trong nO ibe doanh ngh iep. Mk du gia thanh da giam xu6 ng do viec thay the cac hinhthirc luu tr ir thong tin truyen thong tren giay t6 sang luu tnt dinh clang thent ir , m et vai ding ty bat au nhA n ra rang gia t r i d ich thuc cua nhim g van bando la thong t in chua dung trong cac h e thing thong t in nay. Do vA 'y, ho batdA u t im kiem cac he th6 ng co the gifip hg qua n tr i cac tr i thirc hcm la viecchi bieu di& c ac van ban ha y hinh thirc ci ta tr i thirc. Ck phA n m em nhu vA ydugc ggi IA phA n m em quan tri t r i f ink (Knowledge M anagement) .

Phan m em quan t r i t ri th i rc g iup cac cong ty b6n v iec ch inh sau: thuthA 'p va to chic thong t in , chia se thong t in cho ngu oi s ir dung, nang c aonang luc cim nguoi sir dung trong cong tac, luu fru cac tr i thin thu dug c quaviec sir dung thong t in sao cho ngu6 i sir dung trong Wo ng lai c6 the hoc hadkinh nghiem cua nhang nguei sir dung hien hanh. Plan mem quan tri trith irc c l ing bao g6 m cac cong c u cho phep d9c cac van ban d ien t ir (v i duduoi dinh long Microsoft Word hoc Adobe PDF), anh quet cila van ban,thong diep dien tir, t in nhan , hoc cac trang w eb. Phan m em quan tr i tri thirccung bao g 6 m cac d ing cu t im kiem m ph cho phep s i r dung ngi 'r nghia vacac thuA t town th6ng ke de trg giup ngu6 i dA ng t im kiem ca c nei dung va cacta i nguyen khac de t rg giup ngu iyi dA ng trong viec nghien cfru ding nhu raquyet dinh.

Ck phA n m em quan t r i t ri th ir c dugc chA o bad mot s6 nhA cung capphA n m em lon bao g6m IBM Lotus Discovery Server, Microsoft SharePointTechnologies. Ben cph do, ding cao 2 cong ty nho ham cung cap phA n m emquan tri tr i thirc khac do IA Entopia Q uantum va. M iro W orlds TechnologiesScopeware. T6ng tri gia cho viec cai at phAn mem quan tri tri thirc bao

217


20/196

g6m ca phan cling, ban quyen phan mem, phi to van thuong khoang to50 . 000 den 1 .000 .000 USD.

( iv)Phdn edm phan tich du l ieu (D ata M ining)Ch uang tr inh may chit web c6 the thu thap dugc cac thong tin ve nguad

sir dung khi h9 truy nhap vao web site, cac thong tin nhu a i dang truy nhap,truy nhap trong bao lau , bat du truy nhap vao luc nao, luc nao thi ket thitc,va ngu ati s ir dung da vao nhimg trang nao. Da lieu thu thap dugc nay sedugc luu tr ir trong file nha t 14 (log file). Tuy nhien, t6c dO tang truam g citatep nhat 14 , nay la rat nhanh, dac biet la nhimg trang web ph t) bien thi c6 theco han g tram n ghin ngu oi truy nhap trong m ot ngay. Viec phan tich cac fi lenhat 14 nay mot cach can than se thu dugc nhieu ket qua c6 lgi cho hoatdO ng kinh doanh. De nam dugc y ngl ila cua cac thong t in trong "nhat 14",thong thuam g ch img to phai s ir dung phan m em phan t ich du l ieu dm nhacling cap thir ba. Chu ang trinh nay c6 chirc nang tong h gp thong t in t ir "nhatkS, " va dua ra cac bao cao cu the nhu bao nh ieu ngu at i s ir dung t ruy nhaptrang web m ot ngay, gief, phut hoa c thad gian nao thi s6 ngtriyi sir dung tangdOt bien, hay trang nao trong website dugc nhieu nguad x em nhat, muc naodugc truy nhap nhieu nhat. Cac chucm g tinh phan tich "nhat ky website" phibien phai ke den cac san pham dm A nalog, Keyl im e Software, Urchin WebA nalytics, Web S ide Story va W ebtrends.

(v) T ien ich L ink-heck ing va quan tri w ebsite doanh nghiepMO t website quan tri chuyen dung bao g6 m m gt tap cac co c i te chuan ,

bat du vai link-checking. Link-checker kiem tra tong trang tren websitexem co trang nao bi 18i, bi hong, hay c6 bat kY sit c6 nao do. NO ding cungcap dugc thong tin ve cac tep "m6 coi", tire la cac tep khong dugc bat kyt rang w eb nao l ien ket den t rong websi te . M Ot co the quan t rong khac cuawebsite quart tr i la kiem tra t inh hieu l i ,rc cua c ac script va HTM L. MO t vaiding cu quan tr i khac cif) the xac dinh dugc 18i ve cac trang va m a ngu6 n,l iet ke danh sa ch ca c duan g l ien ket hi 18i, va giri ket qua bao tr i den ng uadquan tri qua thu dien tit .

D6 i vai trang web dm cong ty, viec thuam g xuyen theo doi kiem tra cacduam g lien ket la rat quan trong. MO t vai phan m em m ay chit web khong co218


21/196

t inh nang kiem tra duelng l ien ket. MO t l ien ket ch et (dead l ink), la l ien ketkhi truy nhap an n o se thong bao loi thay vi hien thi nOi dung ciia lien ket d6 .

Mqt vA i cong cu nhu Macromedia Dreamweaver dugc bao g6m ca cothe kiem tra duamg lien ket . HA u het cac phA n m em kiem tra lien ket la cacchuan g tr inh cha y r ieng biet . MO t trong c ac chu ang tr inh kiem tra lien ketdo IA Elsop LinkScan m a doanh nghiep c6 the ta i mien phi phien ban dungthir t ir Internet. Ket qua dm cong viec kiem tra lien ket co the dugc dua rangay tren cfra s6 cua trinh duyet web hoac dugc giri thu dien tir an mOtnguiyi cu the. Ben canh viec kiem tra cac lien ket chuang trinh kiem trawebsite con c6 the kiem t ra chinh to va cac thanh phA n c6 cA u t ruc khac cuatrang web.

(v i ). M Ot so cac nha cung d ip d ich vu thuang m ai (CS P Com m erceS erv ice Prov ider) co. ban

Sir dung dich vu luu tr il web dia mO t nha cung cA p dich vu tha y vi tomua mOt may chili rieng dong nghia vai viec gbh nang nhan su va dingnghe da chuyen tir doanh nghiep sang nha cung cAp dich vu luu tra web(web host ing providers). Cac C SP co nhang lgi the tucmg to nhu loi the dmcac nhA cung cA p dich vu in ternet (ISP) , t rong do co v iec phan b6 chi phicua m Ot we bsite lan cho nhieu "nguad thue" webs ite nho han. Ngo ai ra, chiphi thA p la lgi the lan nhA t vi nhA cung cA p dich vu luu t it da mu a m ay chil ,cai dat va chiu trach nhiem van hanh m ay chii.

CS P cung cA p mien phi hoac voi gia re cac phA m m em thuang mai dient ir de xay dung cac trang web thuang m ai dien ti t m a cac trang web na y saudo lai dugc luu trir tren may cua CSP. Cac dich vu nay thuemg co giakhoang 20USD/thang, va phA n m em nay dugc gan t ruc t iep vA o websi te cuaCS P, cho phep doanh nghiep ngay lap t i rc xay dung va luu t i t dugc websi tecua m inh vai g iao d ien cua phA n m em nay. Cac dich vu nay dugc th ie t kecho cac doanh n ghiep Who kink doanh truc tuyen, chi ban mO t so it cac mathang ( thuem g kh6ng qua 50 nh6m hang) va co lugng g iao d ich t uang do inho (thuang it han 20 giao dich mOi ngay). ValueWeb, hoat dO ng tir nam1996, la mOt vi du thanh cong dien hinh cua cac CS P.

219


22/196

CS P ki lu M all-Sty leian hang )Cac CS P kieu Ma l l-s tyle cung cap c ho cac doanh nghiep nho ke t no t

In ternet nhtm g cong cu tao t rang w eb. Chi phi luu t r it websi te hang thangthtrang cao hcm so von chi phi ti r nha cung ca p dich vv website g6c. MO t vainha cung cap dich vv ding thu phi theo phA n t ram va/hoac phi co d inh chomoi giao dich von khach hang. Nhcm g nha cung cap dich vv nay cung cungcap nhang cong cu chat lucm g cao, cac mA u gian hang, giao dien c a sir dungva kha nang tao trang web nhan h va thuan t ien.

Cac C SP kieu M all -Style cung cap phA n m em gib m ua hang hoac chophep s ir dung phan m em gi6 m ua hang t i r cac nha cung cap khac . HQ dingthvc hien quy tr inh xir ly thanh toan v O i khach hang s ir dun g the t in dunghoac hinh thirc thanh toan khac. CS P thay mat cho ng u6 i ban thvc hien viecchap nhan thanh toan b ang the tin ch im g. Mac du doanh nghiep dang tra phihang thang cho C SP, trang web khon g phai hien thi bat k S i banner quang caonao, dieu nay gia tang m irc dO tap trung cu a khach han g. Lqi ich thin to cuaCS P kieu M all style la h9 cung cap cac cong cu duy tr i va xay dim g webs itec6 chat lucmg cao hcm so yen cac CSP co sor . Trong cac mo hinh thanh congdien hinh cua cac CSP kieu Mall-style c6 eBa y Stores va Yahoo! Store.

Djch v u thw ang m gi dien t ir caa Y ahoo!S toreYahoo!Store la mO t trong se d ich vv c6 ch i ph i cao nhat t rong nhom

cac CS P kieu Mal l. Yahoo!Store hoat dOng nhu m O t nha cung cap dich vuluu tit web khong chi cho hang ngan cira hang nho, ma cho ca nhi-mg tenWei lan nhu K ennedy Cen ter Space Sho p hay tap chi Roll ing Stone. NM -m gcong ty nay van lap gian hang tren Yahoo ben canh website r ieng cu a h9, sirdung Yahoo !Store nhu m O t cong cu ban le g ia tang huOn g ton cac khachhang cua Yaho o. Cac cong ty khac neu kh6 ng ban nhimg san pharn chinhcua hQ trvc t ier) ta i khach hang t ren mpg c6 the dung Yahoo!Store nhu mO ttoy rai quang cao cho nhimg khach hang ghe tham Yahoo.

Doanh nghiep c6 the tao, thay dei va duy tri cira hang tren Yahoo thongqua t r inh duyet web. Yah oo luu tit tat ca cac t rang we b t ren m ay chi ' dmYahoo. Yaho o cl ing xir 1 S T cac giao dich thanh toan ten mOt may chi' antoan . Kh i mO t doanh nghiep dang kSt s ir dung g ian hang t ren Yahoo, ten220


23/196

trang web dm doanh nghiep se la ten mien cap 2 dm Yahoo. Vi duhttp://store.yahoo.com/BoldImpressions neu ten ding ty la BoldImpression.

De n ang cap va du y t ri g ian han g, doanh nghiep t ruy cap voi ten t ruycap va m at khau ci la m inh, sau do sir dung cac cong cu truc tuyen de sira d6inOi dung trang web, them vao hoac xoa bat cac muc hang va thuc hiennhiMg thao tac khac. Doanh nghiep ding c the s ir dung M anager , mot sanpharn phan mem do Yahoo cung cap a kiem tra cac thon g t in thong ke,thiet lap cac phuo ng thirc thanh town , chon hinh thirc giri hang phi ' hop v athay c i 6 1 cac cai dat. Kha ch vieng tham Yahoo truy cap gian hang thong quaduimg link Yahoo! Shopping tren trang chu dm Yahoo.

5 . 1 .3 . M 'O t s g ia i p hd p t hw o n g mc d d r e n t e r c ho d o a nh n g h ie p T e r n5.1.3.1. Intershop E nf inityIntershop Enfinity Mu ltiSite la giai phap thuong m ai dien tir cho phe p

doanh nghiep t rang bay va t im kiem san pham , g io m ua hang , x ir ly g iaodich vori the t in dung truc tuyen va kha nan g ket not voi cac he th6 ng thongt in v a co sa di t l ieu khac c ifa doan h ng hiep. Intershop Enfini ty M ult iSi tegem be, cong cu ho fro cai dat, cong cu tao catalog va quan tr i dit lieu, dengthiyi phan me m nay ding cung cap nhieu mA u gian hang du cfc thiet ke san.Viec quan tr i va thay d6 i s6 l ieu cho gian hang duoc thuc hien qua Internetthong qua m ot tr inh duyet web ho ac truc tiep tren m ay chit. Module quan lyhang ten kho theo doi lucm g hang ten kho v a cho phdp qu an ly ra soa t s6lucmg t img m ix hang con san co , k iem soat va thong ke cac g iao d ich xuatnhap hang. Phan m em cho phep doanh nghiep ap dung cac b ien phap Victien thucmg mai khac nhau, vi du nhu chit khau dirge thuc hien a dang,ngu iyi quan IS , chi can xac d inh nguyen tic chit khau va khoang thori gianap dung chi t khau rei cap nhat vao phan m em . MO t ph 'a 'n quan tong dm h eth6n g nay la modu le quan tr i co sa dit

Intershop Enfinity M ult iSite co the van ha nh vO i nhieu co sa da lieukhac nhau, v i du nhu DB 2 (co so M l ieu dm IBM) hoac cac co so d ir l ieucifa Oracle. Phan m em nay ding tich hop co ng cu g iri em ail to dOng , co thegiri xac nha n don han g to dOn g tai khach hang. Enfinity ding h6 tro d6i voicac cong ngh'e bao m at nhim thuc hien cac giao dich an town. Cong c u thong

221


24/196

ke cho phep xay dung nhieu loai bao cao giiip theo cloi hoat deng cuawebsite, s6 khach troy cap ding nhu cac thao tac, hanh vi ci ta khach ha ngtren website.

5.1.3.2. IB M W ebS phere Com m erce Professional Edit ion (Phcin m emW ebSphere T hrong m gi cz ia IBM Phien ban Chuy en nghiep)

IBM xay dung phan m em IBM WebS phere Comm erce ProfessionalEdit ion gam m et s6 phan m em phit hap cho v iec ban hang t ruc tuy6n cuacac doanh nghiep vita va lOn. Phan mem nay bao gam: cac mlu catalog, quyt r inh cai dat va cac dog cu t ien t ien cho viec tao c atalog de ha trg ding tyt rong viec tao ra m et trang w eb thuan g m ai dien t ir hap din va hieu qua.IBM W ebSphere Com merce P rofessional Edit ion dugc sir dung cho ca mohinh B2B va B2C , dang then c6 the ket not de dang voi cac 1 1 0 thong thongtin hien hanh cua doanh nghiep nhu quan tri nhan su , cac ca so dit lieu hangtan kho, he thong m ua sam truc tuyen, quan tri quan he khach hang.

IBM W ebSphere Com merce c6 the chay dugc t ren nhieu he dieu hanhkhac nhau. Doanh nghiep co the khOi dA u yen met gian hang nho, sau donang cap thanh gian hang kin hon. Phan m em c 6 cong cu de xay dung cacgian hang dien tir met cach de dang. Cac chirc nan khac nhu thanh toan, hat rg khach hang. .. c6 the dugc ba sung bang cach thuc hien cac lenh c6 s inhoc viet ma. Doanh n ghiep co de clang cap nhat cac san pham , gia ca vahinh anh san pham. IBM W ebS phere Com m erce Professional Edition clingcho phep dang tai cac san pham co the download dugc t ir m ang, nhu bannhac hoc phan mem .

Mac du WebSphere dua ra rat nhieu lua chon v'e cac chirc ruing,chuem g tr inh t ien ich va ca c lenh de doanh ngh iep co the tao ra m et gianhang tut tuyen theo so thich, a sir dung du gc doanh n ghiep can co laptr inh vien v iet yen ngo n net JavaS cript, Java h oc C + + . Phan mem nay co tatca nha ng dac thit cila met web site thuan g m ai dien tit t ieu chu an, bao gamcac cong cu tao gio m ua hang, thOng bao b ang em ail sau khi thuc hien xongdon han g, ho trq giao dich an toan, khuyen m ai va giam gia, theo dO i thuchien don hang, l ien ket ten he thOng ke toan doanh n ghiep va quai l Viwebsite tn irc tiep hoc tir xa qu a trinh duyet web.222


25/196

5.1.3.3. M icrosoft C om m erce S erv er (cac phien ban tit 20 0 2 den nay)Microsoft Com m erce Server cho phep doanh nghiep ban san pham va

dich vu t ren mpg bang cach s ir dung cac ding cu nhu: quan l5r khach hang,xir ly giao dich, quan ly san pham va dich vu , m arketing theo khach hang.Microsoft Com m erce Server thiet lap mo t quy tr inh huang dA n nguari dungxay dung nen website thong qua mot s6 btrac, tuy nhien ngueyi quan lSrwebsi te pha i v ie t b6 su ng m ot s6 doan m a chuang t rinh nhat d inh de dambao phan mem nay dap irng nhang yeu eau sir dung. Cong cu VisualStudio.NET , dugc cung cA p kern yen Microsoft Com merce Server cho phepdoanh nghiep c6 the thud hien cac tuy bien d6 1 van website da xay dung.

Ngoai ra , Microsoft Com merce S erver cung cA p them cac ding cu gi tipdoanh ngh iep g 'an ket von khac h hang, to dOng thud h ien va ket f ink donhang va phan t ich cac thong t in ban hang. Com m erce Server cung cA p dingcu cho v ied quang cao, khuyen m ai, ban han g, dac biet c6 the ca b iet h6 a cacdich vu doi yen tong khach hang .

Microsoft Com merce Server 200 2 cung cA p cac bao cao theo clang dinhsari de phan tich hoat &Ong cua website va phan tich s6 lieu ban hang.Microsoft Com merce Server 200 2 ding cung cA p ding cu gio mua hang, xacnhan hoan tat mu a hang bang em ail, va ho t rg giao dich an town. Phan m emnay c6 the ket n6i voi cac he thong ke toan cua doa nh nghiep, ding thin nhaquan ly ding c6 the theo doi town b e, hog dOn g kinh doanh thong qua t r inhduyet web.

5.1.3.4. Phein mem thwang mai align to danh cho doanh nghiep lan(Enterprise-Class)Tren thi tnriYng hien nay ding c6 mot s6 san pham danh cho doanh

nghiep lan van cu6 ng dO giao dich cao, quy m o lern nhu IBM W ebSphereCom m erce Business Edition, Oracle E-Business Suite, va Broadvision One-To-One Com merce

Phan m em thuang mai dien t it danh cho doanh nghiep lorn cung cap cacding cu l ien ket va ho t rg cho cac hoat & Ong m ua sam , san xuA t va ban hangdia doanh nghiep. Phan lan cac ding ty thuong mai B2B d cit hang tai cacdOi tac cung cA p von cac quy trinh da dugc thong nhA t giaa cac ben. De ban

223


26/196

san pham , phan m tm thuang m ai d ien t ir cung cap cac chuan cho g iao d ichthuang mai dien tir nhu xir 15/ va hoan thien giao dich dam bao an toan,chinh xac han. Vi du, phan mtm c 6 tht twang tac voi he th6 ng quan l5r hangton kho cua cO ng ty va t ien hanh nhu ng d i tu ch inh phu hop, tao dan m uahang voi nhang mat hang c6 lu ting eon kho g iam xu6 ng m irc thap va nhapclit lieu ke toan trong he th6 ng ERP hoac he th6 ng l tru

Trong tru tmg hop giao dich B2C , khach hang s ir dung tr inh duyet webcua m inh de tim kiem catalog san pham . VOi hang s6 h6 a khach hang c6 thttai san pham trkrc t iep tir website, hoac c6 the ditn vao dan hang a mua bancung. M ay chi t dugc n6 i yen cac he th6 ng khac, Om he t i ll ing quan tr i ca sodu lieu, may chii ban hang va may chu cho cac img dung. Ca se dir lieuthuang chira hang t r ieu dO ng thong t in v t cac san pham , g ia ca , *m g hang

thong t in va lich sir mu a hang dm khach han g. Th6 ng ke cac giao dichmu a sam cua khach hang cho phep websi te dua ra cac gqi 5 , hay de xuat vaikhach hang thtrim g xu yen dac biet khi ho troy lai tham cac m uc han g c6 lienquan.

C ac cong ty luu fr it d ir l ieu v t khach hang , qua t r inh khach ha ng t ruycap web se dugc l tru vao c a str dir l ieu len, s ir dung nhim g cong cu chu yendung de phan t ich nhang dir l ieu nay nham cai thien m6 i quan he \Teri khachhang. Nhang dir lieu nay thutmg gom cac thong tin dm thug khach hang,cac t rang web ho x em , thai g ian v ieng tham teen m Oi t rang, cac san phamducrc xem va mua... quan ly to t tat ca cac hog dOn g nay, cac webs itethuang m ai dien t i r lan thuting sir dung m odule phan m tm qua n ly quan hekhach hang (CR M). Ben canh do, cac cong ty ding s ix dung cong c u de t ichhop he th6ng san xuat cua minh voi he th6ng thong tin dm nha cung cap,khi d6 websi te thuang m ai dien t ir c6 them m odule phan mtm quan tr i cungimg (SC M).

Sir dung hieu qua cac cong cu ten cho phep doanh nghiep ket notkhach han g, doanh ng hiep va nha cun g cap. Chia se thong t in giaa cac benla mO t Ong l%rc de thu but khach hang truy cap website cua doanh nghiep,d6 ng thai nha cung cap ding co thong t in de len ke hoach cung cap bleu quava kip thOi han. Phan mtm thuang mai dien tir cung co them cac modulecho phep ter Ong quan l5 , va thay do i thong t in tren web site.224


27/196

5.1.3.5. Phcin m em quail tri quan h e ved khach hang (CRM Custom erRe lationship M anagem ent)

Muc dich cua CR M la tim hieu nhu eau nhA t dinh cua tong khach hangva sau d6 tiny bin san pham hoac dich vu a dap img nhang nhu cA u d6 .Thong thuang, khach hang se san sang tra gia cao han cho cac san phA m vadich vu m a dap img chinh xac nhu cau cua hg . Mac di ' cac cong ty co the cocac ky thua t CRM khac nhau, song cac cong ty k'm co the d 'au tu nhangphan mem tu dOng hoa hA u het n lang hoat dOng cua CRM .

Ph'an mem CR M phai nhan so l ieu t ir phan mem tac nghiep thuc h iencac hoat &O ng nhu: tu & Ong h6a ban hang , phuc vu khach hang va quangcao. Phan m em nay ding giup thu thap dir lieu ve cac thao tac ci ta khachhang t ren trang web dm doanh nghiep. Phan m em CR M sir dung cac dir lieunay a giiip cac nha quan ly tin hanh phan tich chin lugc marketing, m8hinh hanh v i khach hang, My bin san pham dich vu , .. . de dap img nhu cA ucua m ot hoac mot Whom khach hang nhA t d inh . Dan g ian nha t , CR M s i rdung cac th8ng t in ve khach han g a ban cho h9 nhieu san pham han hoacsan pham co lqi ich cao han. Vai tinh nang cao km, CRM thuong xuyent ruyen dat cho khach hang nhang kinh nghiem mu a hang tot va hqp 1$, nhAt.CR M dong v ai tro rat quan trong trong viec duy tri su trang thanh cita khachhang v ai doanh nghiep, dac biet trong tr trimg h qp quy trinh m ua han g m atnhieu th6i g ian va ph i rc tap nhu th ie t ke va l ip da t m ay m 6 c theo yeu eaucua khach hang, th iet ke san pham phan m em , cung cap cac giai phap tongthe ve san xuat . ..

MOt s 6 cong ty tu viet phan mem CR M sir dung tu van tir ben ngoai vanhan luc ci ta c l ing ty. Trong nhi tng nam gar ' day, cac nha sa n xu A t phanm em da nang cao chA t lugng va t in ich trong phan mem CR M. Do d6 , caccong ty lan co xu hugng mu a toan bO phan mem CR M thay v i tu dau tu dephat triln nhang phan mem nay.

5.1.3.6. Philn m em quan tri day chuy 'n cung z ing (SC M )Ph an m e m S C M h o t rg doanh nghiep trong viec phOi h9p hoat dOng

cim doanh nghiep vo7 cac nha cung cap de dug c cung img (IL vao nhanh va225


28/196

hieu qua nhat. Phan mem SCM thuang c6 hai chirc nang ca ban: len Icehoach va thuc h ien ke hoach . HA u he t cac d ing ty deu cung cap phA n m emSC M v on hai chirc nang tren vai m ire d6 c hi tie t khac nhau. Phan m em lapke hoach S CM gifip cong ty dua ra cac du bao dua t ren nhimg th6 ng t in dmcac thanh v ien t rong day chuyen cung f rng . Phan m em thuc h ien ke hoachSC M gifip cong ty thuc h ien cac nhiem v u nhu quan t r i kho hang va phanph6i. Hien nay c6 hai ding ty cung cap phan mem SCM hang du la i2Technologies va M anugistics.

San pharn i2 Technologies g6 m cac b0 phan quail 15/ viec lap ke hoach venhu eau, lap ke hoach cung (mg v a dap frng nhu eau d6 . Module lap ke hoachdanh gia lu t ing cA u gom nhieu thuat toan khac nhau duac tuy bien phu hapvon timg thi tr iremg. Module nay c6 nhiem vu xem xet cach thirc mua sam cuakhach hang va dua ra nhang du bao. Module lap ke hoach ding ph6i happhan phan ph6i , du bao mire hang ton kho, mua hang va phan b6 hang cungimg. Modu le thuc h ien dan hang c6 nh iem v u thuc h ien viec quan t ri donhang, xac m ink khach hang v a thuc hien dan hang.

San phain Manugist ics SCM bao Om module lap Ice hoach g6c von chircm ing dieu 'chi& cac yeu t6 khac cila he th6 ng; m odule quan tri van tai, lap Icehoach san xuat, lap ke hoach mu a hang va quark 1y nguyen vat lieu.

Chi ph i t ip dung phA n m em SC M ra t khac nhau tay thuc vao mO t s6diem trong day chuytn cung frng nhu cfra hang ban 16 , kho hang, trong tamphan ph6 i va cac nha may san xuat

5.1.3.7. He thong qu an try nguO n luc doanh nghiep tich hop (ER P)Nhitu websi te B2B phai co kha nang ke't n6 i von cac he thong thong tin

not bo cua doanh nghiep, viec nay duqc thuc hien thong qua phan memQuin 1S , ngutn luc doanh nghiep (ERP). Phan mem ERP la he th6ng catm odule phan mem duac t ich hap thanh mO t he th6 ng nham quan 15 , mai hoatd6 ng cua doanh ng hiep, t ir ke toan, quan 15 , m ua hang, san xuat , market ing,l en ke hoach, quan t r i du an , va cac chirc nang quan 1 S T t ien. Cac nha cu ngcap phan mem ERP ch it Ou hien nay O m Baan, O racle, PeopleSo fft (hiennay thuc O rac le ) va SA P.226


29/196

Phat trail) h'4 & Ong Thiet ke he tilting X ay dung 4 ' thong Thir nghi'On 4 tilting X ay chrng Tai Ruhtrang clan

VtIn M inh h timing Cai a t4h6ng Van hanh h O thong Baa tri he thOng

5.2. Trien k hai dv an thiroug m ai coign tir trong doanh nghib5 .2 .1 . C d c p h w o n g p h d p t r i a n k h a i d u a n t h t r a n g m g i d i e n t ir t r o n g

d o a n h n g h t e ptritn khai du an thucm g m ai dien t ir trong doan h ngh iep, nha quan l yc6 the lua chan m ot t rong cac phuang phap sau:

- Doanh nghi'ep sir dung nguO n nO i tut de xay dung he thO ng, xay dungphan m 6 'm img dung thuang m ai dien t ir .

- Doanh nghiep mua he thOng ben ngoai .5 .2 .2 . Q u y t r in h x a y d v n g p h i m m 'd m r i n g d u n g t h w a n g m a i d i e n t e r5 .2 .2 .1 . Phumg phap SD L C (Sy s tem Dev e lopm ent L i fe Cycle )Phucm g phap SDLC can c6 ten la phucm g phap thac nu6 c (Waterfa ll) -

tri 'en khai du an he tilling thong tin theo tirng bua c (nhu thac nu 6 c)H inh 5.4: Phtrcrng phi') SD L C

L ap ke ho#ch Lap ke hoach MO to N thOng

N gudn: Trang 376, Inform ation T echnology, S ixth Edition,Pearson International EditionC d c b it & t r ia n k h a i

thuc hien phuang phap nay doanh nghiep can thuc hien lA n lucr t 9buorc bad t im g bu6 c c6 m Oi l ien he m at th ief v ai nhau, btrac tnrac lam ti& nde cho buck sau.

227


30/196

Giai don 1: Li.ip ke hoch (Definition Phase):B u c k I . L l i p k e h o o c h ( F e a s ib i li t y a n a l y s i s )Trong buck dau tien nay c a n xac dinh cu the he thO ng thong t in can xay

dung. Ba nO i dung can de cap den la pham vi dm he thO ng, lqi ich kinh t 6m a he thOng se m ang lai va ke hoach van hanh.

Ban ke ho ach cua du an ca n chi ra m uc dich xa 'y dung he t il ting thongtin a thuc hien nhimg ding viec gi, nhang ket qua m a he thO ng se m ang lai,nhang img du ng nao se dugc t r ien khai, lam the nao de c6 dugc cac phA nm em frng dung do va he thOng can mot ca s o f d u l ieu nhu the na o. MO t yeucau het s i re quan t r9ng la can phai xac d inh dugc pham vi hoat Ong dm hethong: d6i tugng phuc vu ci la he thOng, cac hoat dOng cu the dm h e thong.V e m at kinh t e , dOi du an c a n phan t ich xem can phai dA u tu bao nhieucho du an, du tru nhang chi phi co the giam b at; nhiing nguOn thu c6 the taora (doanh thu co du gc t ir viec tang Vic dO ra quyet dinh, cai then quy tr inhlap ke hoach va quan 13'T hay c6 them nhung c o hO i kinh doanh m ai); ding

nhu nhimg lgi ich khac m a N thOng co the m ang l a i cho boa t Ong chungdia doanh nghiep . Ben canh do, d i n g c a n luu $ r rang, nhang lgi ich kinh t em a he thO ng thong t in m ang la i khong ch i la nh im g lg i ich co the do demdugc m a con c6 ca nhimg 19i ich vo h inh nhu: he t i lt ing se gifip DN cai thendich vu khac h hang , gitip DN c6 nhfing thong tin chinh xac, ding tin cay vaday du de dua ra cac quy6t dinh kinh doanh m ot cach nhanh chang, c la l ieuse dugc xu 1$r nhanh hon . Mat khac, v iec danh g ia nhim g lg i ich m a du anmang lai ding can phai xem xet nhang rui ro co the gap phai. Khong nent r ien khai mot du an co m ire dO riu ro cao m a lqi ich thap.

Viec xac dinh s6 t ien dau tu can thiet cho du an la het suc quan trQn g.Tn.rac het can h ach toan ch i phi theo ke hoach thuc hien du an c u the theotuA n hoac theo thing va du kien .chi phi tong the cho town bO qua t r inh l ipdat va van hanh he thOng.

228


31/196

Bang 5.2. Chi phi dinh cho 'L ay dtrng hg thOngC ac hoot d9ng % tong chi phi .nh tieATha(U S Dollar)

G iai down L ap ke hoachLap k6' hoach 5 50.000Mo to he th6ng 25 250.000G iai down p hat trien 14 ' tiltingThiet k6 N th6ng 15 150.000X ay dung he theing 15 150.000Kim dinh he th6ng 13 130.000X ay chmg tai lieu huemg dan 12 120.000G iai down van hanh 14 thongGem Cai dat, Van hanh va Baotri he th6 ng 15 150.000Total 100% 1.000.000

T rang 377, M anaging Inform ation T echnology, S ixth Ed i tion,Pearson International Edition

M at khac, ban ke hoach can x ay dung ke hoach thuc hien du an baog6m nhiem v u, cac ngutm lac can huy dOng va khung thiri gian thuc hien.Kh ung then gian thuc h ien chinh la d inh ra cac m 6 c thuc h ien du an lanhi-mg thO i diem quan trQng danh dau n hitng nhiem vu du gc hoan thanh.

B u y i t 2 : M o t o h ? t h o n g ( r e q u i r e m e n t s d e f in i t io n )Sau khi ban ke hoach da dugc thOng qua thi buoc tiep theo la mo to he

th6ng. MO t ban mo to he th6ng day du, chinh xac se guy& dinh viec doanhnghiep xay dung dugc m ot he th6 ng thong tin phit hgp va co chitin lucre phattrien he th6 ng dung dan. Ng trgc lai, neu ban m 8 to he th6ng thong tin ldfongchuan xac se dan den viec doanh n ghiep phai be, ra rat nhieu chi phi de xaydung m Ot he th6 ng lchong phit hop va tham chi con phai chi nhieu han s6tindAu to ban au de si ra ai he thong.

229


32/196

Do t inh chat quan tong a buck nay ma cac chuyen gia ding nghe thongtin an tham khao y kien cua nhcm g ngoai se s ir dung he thOng v a nhangnguiyi chiu trach nhiem van hanh he thOng . Co the sir dung cac phu crng thircda dang a lay S, tuang xay dung ban m6 to he titling dia cac ben co lienquan. Can x in y kien chi dao cua cac lanh dao, phong van tong C a nhan hoactheo nhom cac da i d ien cua d ing dO ng nhang ngu ai se s ir dung he thO ngthong tin. Ngoai ra nen nghien ciru cac tai lieu co lien quan nhu cac kehoach kinh doanh , nhang y kien than phien ve he thO ng hien tai , cac ban m oto cong viec chuyen mon dm cac bo phan, hay tham chi la cac ding trinhnghien cunt ve cac he thong tucm g tu. Nhttng nguO i thuc hien ban m 8 to c6the quan sat qua trinh tac nghiep cua cac nhan v ien trong doanh n ghiep t ir dac6 the nam bat dugc nh ung kho khan, tra ngai va cac loi thuon g gap de t ir d6xay dung dugc mot he thOng se hO trg khac phuc nhang nhugc diem d6 .

Ban m o to nay nen tap trung m o to cac quy tr inh, cach thirc luu ch uyenva trao dO i dir l ieu han la mo to ve cach thlk lap dat va van han h he thO ngthong t in . Ban m o to can neu dugc nhang yeu cau cu the d6 i vai he thOng denhimg nguoi ch iu t rach nh iem xay dung he th iing co the theo doi va thuchien dung theo m o td. Trong qua tr inh xay dung b an m o to c6 the na y sinhnl if ing y kien bat dO ng gif ra nhan g ngoa i se s i r dung he thO ng, do d6 cacchuyen g ia can dua ra nhang phan t ich cu the va ch inh xa c de cc! ) the da tdugc su dO ng thuan, ngoai ra doanh nghiep ding co the thue cac chu yen giat ir van ben ngoai de co the nhanh chong xay dung dug c m ot ban m o to hethOng phu hop.Ke t qua cila buck nay la ban M 8 to he ti lt ing thong tin cu the bao g6 mm 8 to cac yeti to dau vao v a dau ra cua he thO ng, va cac quy trinh dugc sirdung de chu yen hea cac di" l ieu dau v ao thanh nhim g ket qua theo yeu cau.Ban m o to co the day hang tram tang vai cac so dO, mo hinh m ieu to chi tietve he thong. DOng thoi trong d6 nen dua vao phan tich chi phi ding nhunhang ke t qua du kien thu duck t ir he thO ng nay va ke h oach ph at t rien duan t ier) theo. Sau khi lap ban m o to he thOng can yeu cau nhang n guiYi se sirdung he thOng ky xac nhan ve nhung yeu eau dO i vai he thOng th6 ng t in.

230


33/196

G iai doon 2: Phat train 14 thong (C onstruction Phase)M r & 3: T h iit k g h e th i ing (Sy s tem D es ign)Trong buck nay, cac chuyen gia he thong thong tin se dua tren Ba n m o

to he thong trong buac 2 6 thiet ke ca sa ky thuA t cho he thong . Cacchuyen gia se dua ra quyet dinh se sir dung cac thiet bi phA n ding gi va phA nm em 14 thong nao de v an hanh he thong, thiet ke cA u triic va nOi dung ca sadu lieu, va quyet dinh dung cat thiet bi truyen thong nao cho he then.Nhu ng not dung can thiet k6 bao gem : giao dien ngua r i s ir dung, cach thircto chirc dir lieu, eac h thirc khai thac he thong qua m ang , quy trinh xir ly dirl ieu. Thiet ke m et he thing phii harp la rat quan trong bad t inh chA t k y thuAtdia he thong khong the be su ng sau nay, no phai dugc thiet ke phu hop chohe thong nga y t ir ban au .

Met he thong tot la he thing co cac cong cu quan ly dA y du nham dambao dir lieu dm he thong luo n chinh xac va cac thO ng tin ma 14 t iming cun gcA p luon chuA n xac. Ben canh di , he thong nay phai co de t in coy cao, bA tci r khi nao xay ra su c6 , he thong au co the hei phuc v a t iep tuc hog dO ngm a khong bi m at du l ieu . He thong can ho g dO ng l ien tuc va khong bi tacdi:mg bari cac thay dei nho tir mO i truemg ben ngoai. He thong ding cung cA pcho m ay t inh cua nh ang ngu ad dung ca c img du ng l ien quan de dir lieu cothe dugc t rao dei de dang. He thing can ho at deng hieu qua, nhanh ch ingdap img cac yeu cA u dugc giri den, xir ly tot va kip thad cac dir lieu du gc giriden va truyen dir lieu di, luu tit tot dir lieu va sir dung triet de cac taingu yen tren m ay t inh. He thon g can c o t inh l inh ho g va d ay di ' dir lieu decung cA p cho nguad dung ding nhu cac chuyen vien he thong. He thong canco cac l ira ch9n de dA u vao va dA u ra cua no co the tucmg th ich dugc vOiphA n cung va mol t tru ing cac phan mem img dung dm no va co the a clangthay din hay bao duong. Cuei cimg he th6ng can "than thien" voi nguaridung: aII, a sir dung.

Nham dam bao cho he thong dugc th ie t k'e chinh xac va dA y du, cacchuyen gia he thong can lien tuc thin nghiem he thong truac vai cac dennghiep, sau do la cac n guari dung bang cac h sir dung cac m e hinh de h9a.

Ket qua c o dugc a buo.c nay la met ban thiet ke chi t it de cung ca p chocac lap tr inh vien va cac nhan vien ky thuA t. Ban thiet ke can dirge the hien

231


34/196

duoi nhieu gO c dO khac nhau nha dugc tao ra bai rA t nhieu cac loaf cong cu,nhu N eu di bleu thi cA u true he thong. Ban thiet ke can m ieu to chi tiet cacca sa du l ieu va cac chu cm g t r inh img du ng cho he thing. Ding thin candua ra m Ot ban ke hoach thtrc hien cac buac t iep theo trong giai clop nay.Sau do, ban thiet ka nay can dugc cac nguai dung v a nhung ng uai quan 1 S The thong thong qua truck khi thvc su bat tay vao x ay dtm g he thong thongtin trong doanh nghiep.

B u o y 4 : X d y & p i g h e t h o n g (S y s t e m B u ild i n g )Tai bulk nay cac chuyen gia se thtrc hien xay dung 1 1 0 thong mOt each

thtrc to dtra ten nhi ing gi d 'a dugc thiet ke a biz& truce. D6 la xay dtmggiao dien ngua i sir dung, xay dung ca sa dor l ieu, xay dtmg cac thanh phA ncua m ang va v iet cac chu ung tr inh xir ly do. lieu. Cac chuyen g i a 1 1 0 thongthong t in la nhirng nguoi se chiu trach nhiem dux h ien cac hoat On g nay.Tuy nhien nguai diing cong dong v ai to quan trong trong viec g6 p y chonhimg thieu sot va ho trg cac chuyen gia khi can lam ro cac y'eu cau neu ratrong ban mo to cong nhu ban thiet ke he thong.

B w o r 5 : K a m d i n h h e t h o n g (S y s t e m T e st in g )Day la btrac het size quan trong v a thai gian danh cho buck nay C O the

ngang ban g vai thai gian dung de thiet ke va xay dung h e thong. Muc dichdia buck nay la de dam bao he thong dugc tao ra phu hgp vai cac yeu cA udugc dua ra tnror do, va xem he thong hog O ng co hieu qua khong va t inhbao m at ciia he thong co tot khong.

Tnrac hat cac chuyen v ien he dicing thong t in l ien han h chay thir hethong, sau do se cha y thir cho ngu ai dung kiem tra.

Cac c huyen vien he thong chiu trach nhiem kiem dinh he thong de dambao tao ra mot 1 1 0 thong c6 chA t lugng cao v a hoat Ong hieu qua. Quy trinhkiem dinh se la: talk tien can tin hanh ki0m tra tong phA n viec, kiem traxem cac nhom c6 tucm g tac vai nhau khong, cu6i ding la kiem tra town bOhe thong v a chay thir toan bO he thong. Cac loi ci ta he thong c6 the dugcphat hien qua tat ca cac khau trong qu a tr inh chay thir . Tuy nhien v iec sirachi-7a cac 1 8 1 nay se rA t khO khan & khau cu6i ding khi rA t nhieu bO phan da232


35/196

dugc IC & not vori nhau. Do do, can danh pha n lan thai gian cho viec phathien va sira loi a khau kitm tra cuOi ding nay.

Nhan g nguai sir dung he thO ng ding tham gia vao hoat dOng kitm dinhhe thOn g. Day lA buck kitm tra cuOi cung de quytt dinh xem nguai dung c6chip nhan he thOn g khong. Ngu ai dung se chay th ir he thOng de danh g ianang luc hoat dOng dm he thOng co dap O ng yeu cau cua ho khong. Viecnguai dung tham gia vao giai down ch ay thir nghiem h e thOng n ay se dambao cho viec ho se chip nhan s ir dung he thOng m Oi va hoat dO ng nay dingse cung ca p cho ngua i dung kiln thirc ca ban ve he thO ng dat nen m ing chokhau huan luyen nguai dung he thOng sau nay.

B w e r c 6 : X i ly d u n g t a i lie u h u f m g d im (D o c u m e n t a t io n )TA i lieu huang din he thOng la nhimg thO ng t in We t sire can thi tt nharn

cung c lap cho c ac thanh v ien t rong dO i du an t rong qua t r inh phat t r itn hethOn g boi he thong thong t in rat pht 'rc tap va khon g tht bitu dat htt dugc khim o to bang lai noi.

G iai clop 3 : L ip d#t va van M inh 14 thong (Implementation Phase)B w 4 c 7 : C a i d f it he t h o n gCac chu yen vien he thOng va ca ngu6 i dimg se cung tham g ia tich cuc

vao bu ac nay. Cac hoat dO ng can thuc h ien bao ge m chuytn du l ieu t i r hethOng di sang he thO ng m ai . Nguo i dim g se phai tham gia vao v iec chuytndOi du l ieu, ben canh do, nhung di!' lieu di co tht khong chu in xac va khongday du nen can cac ngu ai dim g kitm dinh lai va loai bo bat.

MO t hoat dOng khac ding rat quan trong IA t 6 chirc tap huin cho nhim gnguai se s i r dung he thO ng m ai c ling nhu nhi tng ngu6 i se chil i anh hua ngbei hoat dOng cua h e thOng . Cac lap tap huin can dugc len lich sao cho dambao m oi ngu0 i da dugc trang bi day du ky nang khi he thOng dugc dua vaovan hA nh nhung cu ng khong nen to chirc cac lap tap huin qua sem vi nhuvay m 9i nguai se quen nhun g kiln thirc da dugc h9c.N goai ra , cac chu yen vien he thO ng se ch i t' tract ' nhiem l ip dat phancung va cA i dat cac phan mem img dung va m ang t ruytn thong.

233


36/196

Viec chuyen di sang he thong man se lA m et qua tr inh khO khan de ivar i nguO i dimg bbi he thong m an se lA m thay dei cac hoat deng cua doanhnghiep. Nguari dimg khon g chi phai hgc each sir dung he thong mad ma conphai thay di th6i quen lam viec cita h9. Them ch i cac phan mem irng dungc the rat hoan hao nhu ng viec van hanh he thong c6 the that bai neu nguaridimg kh8ng m uen dimg he thong hoac khong b iet each s ir dung no nhu thenao. Vi vay qua trinh chuyen di can dugc thuc hien het sire can than.

Doanh nghiep c6 the s i r dung cac chi t in lugc sau de chuyen doi nguar idimg to he thong di sang sir dung he thong m ai.

Ch ien lugc va n hanh son g song (Paral lel Strategy): Doanh ngh iep vanduy t ri he thong cu hoat deng song son g var i he thong m ad cho den khi hethong m ai chay tot va di vao en dinh. Day la chi tin lugc c huyen dei "thantong" bai no cho phe p doanh ngh iep sir dung he thong cu trong tnrong hgphe thong m ei gap true frac. Tuy nhien, se rat kho quan l 5 r cac hoat Ong dmdoanh nghiep bai nhan vien se ph ai ding thari s i r dung ca h ai he t il ting vaphai so sanh ket qua vai nhau de khang dinh dugc he thong m ei hoat dOngtot . Hon nita, khi c6 su trai ngugc gitra ket qua ci ta hai he thong thi lai canphai kiem tra lai xem nguyen nhan la do dau va sira lai, vi vay, viec lienhanh sir dung hai he thong song so ng rat kW) khan va cang thang.

H inh 5.5: Chien lime v an hanh song song

N guon. T rang 381, M anaging Inform ation Techn ology, S ixth Edition,Pearson In ternational Ed ition

Ch iin hrov v an hanh thi diem (Pilot Strategy )Ch ien lugc na y rat thich hop khi c6 the sir dung he thon g m ei cho m etphan cu a doanh ng hiep. Mu c dich cua chit in lugc nay IA a phat hien va giai

quy6 t cA ng nhieu cac van a c the nay s inh t rong qua t r inh van h A nh hethong truOc khi sir dung he thong cho town be to chtrc. Vi du, tai nhimg234


37/196

doanh nghiep c6 n hieu chi nhanh, thi c6 the sir dung thi diem he th6 ng m antai m O t chi nhanh va thu thap cac kink nghiem trong viec chuyen di dir lieucling nhu g iai guy& cac 18i phat sinh truac khi van hanh he th6 ng trong towndoanh ngh iep. Neu trong qua tr inh van hanh thi diem N th6ng gap lOi nangthi di the tr i hoan v iec irng dun g trong town do anh ng hiep cho den khi giaiquyet duorc van 6 do m O t each triet de. Ch ien lugc thi diem nay rat pha hopkhi c6 to ngai ve nhim g rai ro 16 m c6 the xay ra d6i voi t6 chirc khi van hanhi* th6ng mOi.

H inh 5.6. Chien hrqc van hanh thi diem h thong m6 i

N gudn: T rang 381, M anaging Inform ation Techno logy, Six th Edition,Pearson In ternational Ed ition

Ch ian lucre b (tc thang (Phasing S trategy )DiSi voi cac doanh nghiep co he th6 ng lOn v a phirc tap thi nen chuyendi N thong t im g buac mO t. Doanh nghiep se chia nho he th6 ng thanh cacN th6ng nh6 t rong m6 i tucmg quan von nhau va van hanh cac he th6ng nhotheo tang buO c nhat dinh m Ot cach logic de cu6 i cling co the lien ket cac heth6ng nay lai voi nhau thanh mO t i* thiing m oi hoan chinh. Vi du, van m O tN th6n g xir lST dan hang va quan 1S t kho hang lOn thi truac het doanh nghiepcan chuyen d6i cach thirc nhap va xir 1S dan hang, sau do chuyen aiphuang tha t quan lS , kho hang bang cac phan m em m ay tinh va cuo i d ingm ai la lien ket hai N th6ng nay voi nhau.

H inh 5.7. Chien hrqc Igic thang

N gudn: T rang 382, M anaging Inform ation Techn ology, S ixth Edition,Pearson International Edition

23 5


38/196

CNA hrov thay thi toan bo (Cutover Strategy)Trong chitin lucre nay, doanh ngh iep loaf bo hoan town he thO ng cu khi

van hanh he thOng m ai. Day la chit in lucre c t inh ruf ro cao nhA t nhung dayla chitin lucre phit hop khi doanh n ghiep gip kho khA n trong viec cl ing hievan han h C a hai he thOng v a no ding g iup doanh nghiep th ich nghi vai heth6ng m ai nhanh hon.

H inh 5.8. C hien l u q c thay the toin bq

N guem : T rang 382, M anaging Inform ation T echnology, S ixth Edition,Pearson In ternational Ed ition

B u r k 8 : V g n h a n h h e t h O n gT4i btrac nay, thong thuan g dO i du an se giai tan va trach nhiem d6 i vai

he th6 ng thong t in se dugc chu yen giao cho dO i net van hanh m ay tinh vahO to ky thuat . Trong qua t r inh chuyen giao nay, de dam bao c the dua hethOng v ao hoat dO ng thi dOi du an can giao lai cac tai lieu huo ng dart cho dO inet van hanh he tilting. Tai lieu huang dan bao gOm cac tai lieu ky thuatdanh cho cac chuyen vien he thOng nh img ngtrai se van hanh va b ao tr i hethOng va cac tai lieu danh cho ngu ai dung he thOng.

B urk 9: Be lo t r i h e t h o n gMuc dich cua buoy nay nhim kiem soat va ho t rg he thOng m ai de dambao no dap img dugc nh i ing muc t ieu khac nhau cua doanh nghiep . Co ngviec truck tien la bao tri chinh sta. Sau khi he thOng dugc dua vao hoatdO ng va phat sinh cac Van de thi phai lien hanh hoat &O ng bao t r i he th6ngde sira chfra cac 18i da lchong dug c phat hien va sira chira trong giai doanchay thir . Hoa t dOn g bao tr i hoan thien he thO ng nhu thay d6i quy tic quart1 ) ", he thOng hay si r dung cac phA n m em va phA n c ling m ai can dugc thuchien nham b ien d 6 1 he thong cho phu hop vai nhang thay d O i t rong m oit ruang cua doanh nghiep . Ben c4nh do, sau m ot thoi g ian dua he th6ng vao23 6


39/196

sir dung thi cac ngua d dung , dac biet la lanh dao se dua ra rat nhieu y kiencai tien he thOng to nhim g thay d6 i nho den yeu eau thay the cac m o-duntrong he thOng , do do cac ky thuat vien se phai bao tri de nang cap he thO ng.Cu Oi cling la bao tri m a rOn g, thay d6 i he ' thOng ten quy m a lan de phu hapvon m oi trutmg m ai. Do m oi tr trang kinh doanh va cong ngh e thay dO i ratnhanh nen N I phan van hanh he thO ng can len ke hoach dinh kS , nang cap hethOng. C hi ph i danh cho cong tac duy t ri he thOng thuang ch iem khoang70% ding chi phi cho town b6 chi phi phat trien 110 thOng.

De tao ra su thay d6i cho m O t he thOng thi cac chuyen vien bao tr i hethOng can xa c dinh chucm g trinh nao can sira dOi va phan nao trong chucm gt r inh do can thay dOi va can ph ai hieu r8 cau trac ci la he thOng thon g quacac tai l ieu hu ang dln. Do do khi tao ra su thay doi trong he thO ng thi cl ingcan thay d6i dOn g thai cac tai l ieu hua ng dan W ang img. Neu kh8ng sira d6itai lieu huang clan thi se clan den nhimg hau qua rat to lon do thong t in trongta i lieu bi cu va khong chinh xac se c lan den nhirng chi c lan sai cho cac kythuat vien trong qua tr inh va n hanh v a duy tr i he thO ng. Hon ara, khi thuchien cac thay dOi d6i von he thOng thi co the xay ra hieu im g lien hoan do lanhcm g thay d6i nay c the tao ra nhim g tac dOng khong the du tinh trirac dOiyeti mO t so phan trong he thOng.

2.1.1.2 . Dank gici phw m g phap S DL C(I) U Z I diem- Qu y trinh trien khai cif) cau trim het sirc chat the tir ma to yeu cau doi

von h e thong, thiet ke, phat tr ien, kiem dinh he thO ng v a cuO i cling la vanhanh h e t il ting. He thOn g cac bu ck t r i6 n khai ra t lb rang, cu the v on v iecphan deg nhiem vu ra t ro rang cho cac chuyen gia cong ng he thong t in vanguai s ir dung; de ra cu the cac m oc hoan thanh cac n hiem vu , cac nguyentac can tuan thu , cac yeu ca u chi t iet ve ket qua se dat dugc . Do do, dOi duan co the xay dung dugc m O t he thOng thong tin hoan chinh dung thtri gianvon chi phi khong vug t qua ngan sach dugc cap.

- Ngua i s ir dung tham gia t ich cu t va o qua t r inh th ie t ke va x ay dunghe tilting do de h9 se chii d6n g va de clang sir dung he thO ng m ai;

237


40/196

(ii) N huac diem- Thai gian de tr ien khai du a n fat dai va chi phi cho du a n lam . Do vay

c6 the xay ra t inh tang cac yeu cau dua ra d6 i vo i he th6 ng a bulk mo C a,thiet ke he th6 ng khong co n phil hop vai m O i truing cua doanh ng hiep vonluon thay doi rat nhanh chO ng, t rong khi cac buac phat t rien he thOng luonphai thuc hien dung cac yeu cau da dugc dat ra a buck tn.rac. Neu mu6ndieu chinh cac yeu cau thi phai quay 10 cac bu lk ban dau de sira dOi nen ratm at thai gian Ting nghia voi ton kem them nhieu chi phi va l ien dO du an sebi charn lai.

- Tinh phu thuO c gi ira cac buac thuc hien du an rat cao nen neu a bu ckt ruck co su th ieu chinh x ac th i se c lan den sa i so t a cac buac sau va de s i radO i thi phai lam lai t ir dau. N goai ra, do dp luc phai thuc hien dim g tien dOda dat ra a btrac tn.rac nen c 6 the clan den tinh trong day nhanh tic dO bangcach lam cau tha; hau qua la chat lut ing ciza he thing se khOng duoc dam bao.

5.2.2.2. Phum g phap dui nghiem (Prototy ping M ethodology )Phuong phap xay dung he th6ng thir nghiem la qua t rinh xay dung mO t

he thing thir nghiem that nhanh ch6 ng nham me) to va danh gia he thOng denhUng ngu ai sir dung c6 the xac dinh cac yeu cau cu the v a chinh sira trongqua trinh sir dung he thong thir nghiem do.

Neu nhu phucmg phap SDLC rat phi' hop khi can xay dung mOt hethong lan va phirc tap thi phucm g phap thir nghiem nay lai la giai phap khikh6 mo to ro rang, cu the chirc nang cua he th6ng hay can ngay mOt heth6 ng de dimg thir nham thich nghi vai su thay dO i cua moi twang.

Cele buoy trljn khai du an he thong thong tin theo phuang phap thtinghiem

B w o r 1 : X d c d jn h ca c yen a u co ' b a n e t & ye t i h f t ho n gCa c chuyen gia d ing nghe thong t in va ngu tri s ir dung c img nhau x ay

dung cac yeu cau co ban d6i vai he th6ng: sir dung nhang dir lieu nao denhap vao he th6 ng, quy trinh xir 157 dir lieu, va cac lc& qua dat duoc. Nhun gyeu cau nay chi la nhang diem chinh, la diem khai dau de xay dung hethOng ch ir 'thong phai la ban m o to hoan chinh he thong.238


41/196

Bu6Cr ien hg th6t ithit nghiem ban dA u& chi rahay dot cArt thiefDirdc 3 - Sir thing h thong thug n ghiem1 3u6 c Danh gia he thong de c tua.vao van hanh 13trrc 4 -t o ' i h e t h O n gH inh 5.9. C ac bink trien k hai

N guem : Trang 388, M anaging Inform ation Technology , Six th Edition,Pearson International Edition

Bu r 2: Pht i t t r im ,: hg thong t i in nghrem ban d al,Dua teen cac yeti eau ca ban dugc a t ra, cac chuyen gia se xay dung hg

th6 ng thir nghiO m b an du. Buac phat trien hg th6 ng nay c6 the dien ra trongvai ngay hoc vai tuanhuO c vao quy mo va dO phirc tap dm hgSau khi hoan thanh, hg th6ng thir nghiOm ban du se dugc dua v ao s ir dungthin nghiOm.

23 9

7/28/2019 thuong mai dien

Documents

thuong mai dien tu Chuong 5