HAP Chapter 5 NotesTissues

I. IntroductionA. Tissues

1. Def – a group of cells that are organized into groups and layers.2. Types (Table 5.1)

a. Epithelialb. Connectivec. Musculard. Nervous

3. Extracellular Matrixa. Non-livingb. Supports cellsc. Transmits signals

II. Epithelial Cells

A. General Characteristics1. covers organs2. forms inner linings of body cavities3. lines hollow organs*always has an exposed surface*basement membrane – adheres epithelial layer to other tissues4. Other characteristics

a. Lack blood vesselsb. Readily dividec. Tightly packed

5. Types of epithelial cellsa. Squamous – thin and

flattenedb. Cuboidal – cube shapedc. Columnar – tall and elongated

*simple – single layer*stratified – two or more layers

III. Simple Squamous

A. Def – pg.931. Characteristics

a. Substances pass easily (filtration and diffusion)

b. Location… alveoli (lungs) O2 CO2

capillaries

blood and lymph vessels covers membranes that line

body cavitiesc. Easily damaged

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P201/Epithelium/simple_squamous_400x_PA021955md.JPG

IV. Simple cuboidal

A. Def – pg. 931. Characteristics

a. Acts as a coverb. Location…

ovarieslines kidneys, salivary, and thyroid glandspancreas and livers

c. Secretion and absorptionhormones

V. Simple Columnar

A. Def – pg. 931. Characteristics

a. Nuclei are located near basement membrane.b. Can contain cilia or microvillic. Good protectors of underlying tissued. Contain goblet cells - secretionse. Location…

female reproductive tubesdigestive tract

VI. Pseudostratified Columnar EpithelialA. Def – pg. 94

1. Characteristicsa. Pseudo = falseb. Nuclei are located at different

levelsc. Have ciliad. Goblet cellse. Location…

respiratory tract (mucous/flem)

VII. Stratified squamous epitheliumA. Def – pg. 95

1. Characteristicsa. Generally thickb. Push old ones towards the surfacec. Location…

skin (epidermis / dermis)-keratin (protein)

oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, anal canal

VIII. Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A. Def – pg. 951. Characteristics

a. Protective liningb. Location…

glands (mammary, sweat, salivary, pancreas)

male and female reproductive tubules

IX. Stratified columnar epitheliumA. Def – pg. 95

1. characteristicsa. Superficial cells – columnarb. Deep cells – cuboidalc. Location…

urethra and vas deferenspharynx

X. Other epithelium types

A. Transitional1. characteristics

a. specialized to change due to tensionb. ability to change shapec. Location…

urinary tractB. Glandualar

1. characteristicsa. Produce secretions and substancesb. Form glandsc. types

1. Exocrine gland – secrete into ducts that lead into the skin

or lining of digestive tractmerocrine – watery proteinapocrine – small portions

of cellsholocrine – cells break off and lyse.

2. Endocrine gland – secrete into tissue or blood

A. Characteristics1. multiple…

framework, support, protection, store fat, repair tissue, protect against

infections, produce blood cells…B. Cell Types

1. Fibroblast – most commona. Large and star shapedb. Produce fibers

XI. Connective Tissue

2. Macrophagesa. White blood cells – phagocytosis

scavengers ability to move

3. Mast Cellsa. Heparin – prevents blood clottingb. Located near blood vesselsc. Produce histamine

allergies and inflammation

C. Connective Tissue Fibers (fibroblasts)1. Collagenous – thick threads

a. Great strengthb. Ex: ligaments and tendons

2. Elastic – thin fibersa. Elastin proteinb. Stretch easy and return to normal

shapec. Ex: vocal cords

3. Reticlular – thin fibersa. Form delicate supporting networksb. Hold organs in place

D. Categories of Connective Tissue1. Loose Connective Tissue

a. Description – delicate thin membraneb. Mainly fibroblastsc. Binds skin to organs (usually muscles)d. Large blood supply

2. Adipose Tissuea. Description – energy storage centerb. Adipocytes – store fat droplets within cells.c. Location…

-underneath skin-around organs (protection)-in between muscles

3. Dense Connective Tissuea. Description – closely packed collagenous fibers and elastic fibers.b. Strong yet stretchyc. Location…

tendons and ligamentsd. Poor blood supply = slow tissue repair

4. Cartilagea. Description – rigid connective tissue

that provides support and protection.b. Chondrocytes – cells that produce collagenous fibers.c. Little/no blood supply = poor healing

d. Types of cartilage Hyaline – most common

(collagenous) - ends of bone, tip of nose, throat

Elastic – (elastic)- more flexible than hyaline- ears and larynx

Fibrocartilage – tough (collagenous)- shock absorber- spinal column, knees, pelvic girdle- meniscus

5. Bone Tissuea. Description – most rigid connective tissue

b. mineral salts (calcium)c. Purpose

a. Supports body structuresb. Protects body structuresc. Attachment site for musclesd. Red marrow – white blood

cellsd. Osteocytes – bone laying cells

6. Blood Tissuea. Description – transports materialsb. Helps to maintain stability

(homeostasis)c. Types

Red BC’sWhite BC’sPlatelets

A. Def – ability to contract in response to stimuli

B. Characteristics 1. elongated2. ability to contract

C. Types of Muscle Tissues1. Skeletal2. Smooth3. Cardiac

XII. Muscle Tissue

D. Skeletal 1. Characteristics

a. Connect bonesb. Voluntaryc. Contain striationsd. Allow movement

E. Smooth1. Characteristics a. No striations b. Shorter in length c. Found in internal organs

-stomach, intestine, urinary bladder d. Involuntary

F. Cardiac1. Only found in the heart2. striated3. involuntary