TODAY’s OBJECTIVES:• Explain how the Cold War affected developing nations.• Describe superpower confrontations in Latin America affect WWII.• Identify Cold War conflicts in the Middle East.• Analyze Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union-China split.• Trace the origins of détente and its effects on the Cold War.• Describe the renewal of Cold War tensions in the 1980s.

AGENDA: Please begin Warm-up and get focused for class immediately.• WARM-UP, Examine Textbook map & answer questions pp. 873• LECTURE / DISCUSSION of homework CH 33, Section 4 - 5

ASSIGNMENT for NEXT TIME:• Read CH 34, Sections 4, Complete packet p. 12

CHAPTER 33, Section 4-5:Cold War Around the World

REMEMBER

MAJOR QUIZ on

CH 33: Section 4 – “Confrontations over Developing Nations” Text p. 871; Packet p. 7

Textbook, p. 871

Following WWII – the political grouping into three “worlds”:First World – United States & its alliesSecond World – U.S.S.R. & its alliesThird World – developing nations, many newly independent. nonaligned nations not officially aligned with the two superpowers.

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See Map, “Cold War

Hot Spots”; Textbook

p. 873

CH 33: Section 4 – “United States Counters Soviet Expansion” Text p. 872; Packet p. 7

1. How did revolution affect Cuba?At first, the economy, health care, & literacy improved; however, Castro’s harsh dictatorship violated human rights.

Following WWII – the political grouping into three “worlds”:First World – United States & its allies.Second World – U.S.S.R. & its alliesThird World – developing nations, many newly independent. nonaligned nations not officially aligned with the two superpowers.

Throughout the 1950s, the United States had supported Cuba’s unpopular dictator Fulgencio Batista. Though he used violent methods of suppression, he remained friendly to U.S. business interests in the country.

1959 – Fidel Castro leads a revolution in Cuba.

CUBA

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CH 33: Section 4 – “Face-Off in Latin America” Text p. 872; Packet p. 7

1961 – Castro turns back Cuban invasion at Bay of Pigs.

2. Why did the United States support the invasion? U.S. relations with Cuba had deteriorated as a

result of Castro’s economic policies. The U.S. was embarrassed by the failed invasion attempt.

Cuban poster warning before invasion showing a soldier armed with a Soviet-made RPD machine gun.

The new Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, believed the United States had been so embarrassed by the incident that it would not dare put up further resistance to Soviet expansion (including the support of communist leaders like Castro) in Latin America….

…..Kennedy was about to prove Khrushchev wrong.

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Missile sites in Cuba.

CH 33: Section 4 – “United States Counters Soviet Expansion” Packet p. 7

Maximum range of Soviet missiles in Cuba.

1962 – United States demands that Soviets withdraw missiles from Cuba.

Read, “The Cuban

Missile Crisis”

packet, p. 8

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CH 33: Section 4 – “The Cuban Missile Crisis” Text p. 872 Packet p. 7

T. Loessin / Akins High School

Missile sites in Cuba.

CH 33: Section 4 – “United States Counters Soviet Expansion” Packet p. 7

Maximum range of Soviet missiles in Cuba.

1962 – United States demands that Soviets withdraw missiles from Cuba.

Read, “The Cuban

Missile Crisis”

packet, p. 8

3. How was the Cuban missile crisis resolved?The U.S. blockade of Cuba and troops on alert in Florida led Khruschev to remove missiles in return for a U.S. promise not to invade Cuba (and, behind the scenes deal for the U.S. to remove its missiles in Turkey).

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4. What were the consequences of civil war for Nicaragua? A weakened economy, political unrest, many

died. Ortega eventually became President.

Luis Somoza (left) was the older brother of Antonio Somoza (right) who both succeeded their dictator father Antonio Somoza who had been assassinated in 1956. The father and his two sons ruled with harsh suppression of opposition in their country of Nicaragua. The younger Antonio’s excesses of power turned the population against him and civil war erupted in 1978.

1979 – Communist Sandinista rebels overthrow dictatorship in Nicaragua.

CH 33: Section 4 – “Civil War in Nicaragua” Text p. 873; Packet p. 7

Daniel Ortega was leader of the FSLN (or, Sandinista National Liberation army) and acquired most of his skill as a guerilla fighter as well as arms from Castro in neighboring Cuba. The U.S.-supported “Contras” failed after years of bloody civil war and Ortega became President in 1984. Despite the fact that most international observers declared the heavily-monitored election to be “fair”; the U.S. President Reagan condemned the election and ordered mines placed in Nicaragua's harbors (a violation of international law that was condemned by the United Nations). Recently, Ortega allowed for new free elections, and was defeated.

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CH 33: Sec. 1 – “U.S.-backed Secular Rule Clashes with Religious Values in Iran” Text p. 857

With Iran's great oil wealth, Mohammad Reza Shah became the pre-eminent leader of the Middle East, and self-styled "Guardian" of the Persian Gulf. In 1975, he abolished the multi-party system of government so that he could rule through a one-party state in auto- cratic fashion, which he claimed was a response, among other things, to the Soviet Union's support of Iranian Communist militias.

He took a number of major modernization measures, including extending suffrage to women, much to the discontent and opposition of the Islamic clergy. He instituted exams for Islamic theologians to become established clerics as well. These western-styled changes, his friendship with Israel and close ties to the U.S., as well as his secret police force (the SAVAK) angered Iran’s citizens, especially fundamentalist Muslims. In 1979, at the bequest of the Prime Minister Bakhtiar, the Shah left Iran in an attempt to quell the tensions between his secular government and Islamic clerics. It was then Bakhtiar dissolved SAVAK and freed all political prisoners, and allowed the Ayatollah Khomeini to return to Iran after years in exile, encouraging him as he creates a “Vatican-like” Islamic state in Qom.

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The Shah of Iran

The Iranian Revolution in 1979 transformed Iran from a pro-western constitutional monarchy, under Shah Pahlavi, to an Islamic theocratic republic under the rule of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. An alliance of liberal, leftist, and religious groups ousted the Shah; the second stage of the Revolution, often named the Islamic Revolution, saw the rise of the Ayatollah who opposed morally corrupting Western influences and turned Iran into a republic ruled strictly by Islamic law.

Under the Shah’s rule, living conditions for the Iranian people improved significantly, and many basic human and democratic rights were established (e.g. extending suffrage to women). But such western values were fiercely opposed by Mullahs who opposed the Shah. The Shah was denounced by many for being a puppet of the United States.

The Shah of Iran and U.S. President Jimmy Carter celebrate the Shah’s 1977 visit and trade terms with the U.S.

CH 33: Section 4 – “Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies” Text p. 874; Packet p. 7

1979 – the Islamic revolution sends Shah into exile.

5. Why did the Ayatollah Khomeini hate the United States?The U.S. had supported the Shah and his westernizing of Iran which the Ayatollah considered offensive to Islamic beliefs.

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CH 33: Section 4 – “Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies” Text p. 874; Packet p. 7

1979 – Islamic revolution sends Shah into exile.

5. Why did the Ayatollah Khomeini hate the United States?The U.S. had supported the Shah and his westernizing of Iran which the Ayatollah considered offensive to Islamic beliefs.

T. Loessin / Akins High School

Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran.

The Iran – Iraq War 1980 – 88Iraq invaded Iran following a

long history of border disputes

Saddam Hussein of Iraq

In 1979 the U.S. admitted the deposed Shah of Iran into a Houston hospital for medical treatment. For the Ayatollah, this was the last straw. With his blessing, Islamic revolutionaries stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran taking 60 Americans hostage.

Involved as it was in the heated dispute with Iran, the U.S. Carter administration made a decision to secretly aid the Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein – supplying him with weapons to fight Iran’s forces – weapons that, ironically would later be used against U.S. forces during the Persian Gulf war of 1990-91.

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Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran.

With the Ayatollah’s blessing, Islamic revolutionaries stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran taking 60 Americans hostage.

An attempt to rescue the American hostages held in Iran was authorized by President Jimmy Carter but failed – this debacle and Carter’s inability to resolve the Middle East oil embargo that had caused a severe energy crisis in the U.S. tainted Carter’s presidency.

Involved as it was in the heated dispute with Iran, the U.S. Carter administration made a decision to secretly aid the Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein – supplying him with weapons to fight Iran’s forces – weapons that, ironically would later be used against U.S. forces during the Persian Gulf war of 1990-91.

CH 33: Section 4 – “The Hostage Crisis” Text p. 874 - 875; Packet p. 7

On January 20, 1981, Iran agreed to free the hostages if demands were met. These included the return of the Shah's wealth to the Iranian people; an admission of guilt by the U.S. for its past actions in Iran; and a promise by the U.S. not to interfere in Iranian affairs in the future.

The Iranian Hostage Crisishad lasted 444 days.

Americans celebrated their return on January 20, 1981, the same day new President Ronald Reagan took office.

President Carter met these demands, and Iran allowed the hostages to go free.

THE IRAN-CONTRA SCANDAL

While the Iranian hostage crisis had ended in 1981 another hostage crisis would stain the next President’s record as well.

In 1983, members of Al-Dawa ("The Call"), a pro-Iranian militant organization, were imprisoned for their part in a series of truck bombs in Kuwait.

In response to the imprisonment, an ally of Al-Dawa, Hezbollah took 30 hostages, 6 of whom were American. Hezbollah demanded the release of the prisoners for these hostages.

Several members of the Reagan Administration - including the National Security Advisor Robert McFarlane, Col. Oliver North (a military aide to McFarlane) and Admiral John Poindexter (who replaced McFarlane when the sale of weapons initially failed) -

engaged in the sale of arms to Iran, an avowed enemy of the U.S. who was at the time involved in the Iran-Iraq War that killed over a million Iraqis. The weapons were sold at a 370 percent mark-up and the proceeds

from the sales were used to illegally fund the Contras, a guerrilla group the U.S. supported in Nicaragua’s civil war.

CH 33: Section 4 – “The Hostage Crisis” Text p. 875; Packet p. 7

President Reagan appeared before the American public and claimed the United States had not sold weapons to Iran. Later in a Presidential Address he clarified that facts showed that the administration had, in fact, done so. Reagan repeatedly denied that he himself had authorized the arms exchanges, but took full responsibility for what happened.

CH 33: Section 4 – “Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies” Text p. 874; Packet p. 7

1988 – U.N. ceasefire ends hostilities between Iran & Iraq.

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The Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran.

The Iran – Iraq War 1980 – 88Iraq invaded Iran following a

long history of border disputes

Saddam Hussein of Iraq.

Khomeini encouraged Muslim fundamentalists (strict believers) in the Middle East to overthrow their secular governments, hoping this would lead to a regional unification of Muslim states. However, this policy only heightened the tensions between Iran (majority Shi’a) and its neighbor Iraq (whose population belonged to the rival Sunni sect) led by the secular ruler Saddam Hussein.

Over a million people died in the war.

6. What part did the United States play in this Muslim war?The U.S. government at first aided Iraq and then, during the Reagan administration, secretly sold arms to Iran.

Iran would not be the only place in the Middle East in which Cold War tensions erupted….

CH 33: Section 4 – “Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan” Text p. 875; Packet p. 7

1989 – Soviet Union withdraws its forces from Afghanistan.

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The Soviet war in Afghanistan was a 10-year war between Soviet communist forces vs. anti-government insurgents. The Soviet Union supported the Marxist government while the Mujahideen insurgents (that included groups such as the Taliban) found support from a variety of sources including the United States - whose donation of American-made Stinger anti-aircraft missile systems did much damage to the Soviets. Ironically, the donation would come back to haunt the U.S. when it launched its military operation in Afghanistan in 2001 in order to oust the Taliban following the September 11 attacks.

The war killed about 15,000 Soviet troops and over a million Afghan Mujahideen rebels.

7. How was the Soviet involvement in Afghanistan similar to U.S. involvement in Vietnam? Both were costly wars that lasted longer than expected (10 years); both superpowers were overpowered by rebel guerilla forces.

AFGHANISTAN